WEALTH FROM OCEANS

Analysis of existing marine assessments in the South West Pacific For the United Nations Regional Regular Process workshop, Brisbane Australia, 25th to 27th February, 2013.

Piers Dunstan, Karen Evans, Tim Caruthers and Paul Anderson

Wealth From Oceans Citation Dunstan, PK, Evans K, Caruthers T and Anderson P. (2013) . Updated analysis of existing marine assessments in the South West Pacific. CSIRO Wealth from Oceans and the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme. Important disclaimer CSIRO advises that the information contained in this publication comprises general statements based on scientific research. The reader is advised and needs to be aware that such information may be incomplete or unable to be used in any specific situation. No reliance or actions must therefore be made on that information without seeking prior expert professional, scientific and technical advice. To the extent permitted by law, CSIRO (including its employees and consultants) excludes all liability to any person for any consequences, including but not limited to all losses, damages, costs, expenses and any other compensation, arising directly or indirectly from using this publication (in part or in whole) and any information or material contained in it.

Contents

Acknowledgments ...... 4 1 Introduction ...... 5 2 Methodology ...... 6 3 Summary of the Preparatory Report...... 7 4 Inventory of Assessments ...... 10 5 Completed Templates from the Workshop Breakout Groups ...... 47

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Acknowledgments

Funding for this work was provided by the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, Australian Government. The participants at the workshop produced the final tables, using a preparatory report as a starting point.

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1 Introduction

The Pacific Ocean, covering one-third of the world’s surface, is not only the Earth’s largest ocean but also hosts the greatest marine biodiversity on our planet. As a result of this biological diversity and high productivity, commercial fisheries and other valuable natural resources such as oil, deep sea mineral deposits and pharmaceutical constituents are abundant offshore. Ecosystem services such as coastal protection, artisanal fisheries, aquaculture, and tourism are supported inshore and provide significant income for local communities. These resources are therefore essential to human livelihoods of Pacific island peoples as well as the global community. Contrasted against this, human pressure on the Pacific Ocean and its resources is increasing and there is a need to chart a sustainable future. Assessing ecosystem condition of the marine and coastal habitats of the southwest Pacific can inform policy setting and decision making for sustainable management of these extensive natural resources, essential for maintaining livelihoods of Pacific island peoples. Pacific island countries have requested this information to support national marine management, as a result this is a key component of the 2011-2015 strategic plan of the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP), and is a component of the Pacific Oceanscape Framework, a visioning document to implement better and more fully integrated management of the Pacific Ocean. The southwest Pacific input within the global marine assessment of the UN Regular Process can provide additional input and support to these regional and national marine management processes. The report summarizes the available assessments and current knowledge on immediate and long-term concerns and threats to the southwest Pacific coastal and marine ecosystems, providing input to the UN Regular Process (UNRP) and the determination of knowledge gaps requiring specific focus in the future development of the UNRP.

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2 Methodology

The preparatory report is based on a survey of literature and assessments undertaken in February 2013 to support the UN regional regular process workshop. When compiling the database of assessments major national and international organisations were identified and the most recent assessments were sourced. The report is focused on recent assessments, particularly those undertaken after the initial Assessment of Assessments. The completed template presented in Annex C.1 will be used as an informative tool to make the first appraisal of progress in the assessment procedures across the southern Pacific and assess current uncertainties and gaps in scientific knowledge. The method relied on a regional approach to identifying assessments that can meet one or more of the key assessment topics, biophysical, food security and safety, socioeconomic and marine biological diversity. Due to the time available, the initial data base and report focuses on broad scale region and global assessments at the expense of identifying national assessments. Using the initial assessment as a starting point, institutions conducting assessments were identified and recent assessments were sourced. As in the initial assessment, Australia, New Zealand and the United States produce significant reports dealing with biophysical and marine biological aspects. These are National State of the Environment reports, coupled with significant data holdings on the physical state of the current and future oceans. The majority of reports dealing with food security are derived from fisheries and are sourced from the intergovernmental fisheries agencies (eg SPC, FAO and WCPFC). A major source of socioeconomic data is the PRISM database, maintained by SPC and the reports produced by ESCAP. UNEP has also produced reports dealing with pollutants for the Pacific Ocean. The preparatory report was used by participants at the workshop to begin the process of identifying reports, data and information that can be used in the Assessment of Assessments’. The final report presents the results each of the workshop groups and the suggested reports and contacts for the authors of the Assessment. The body of this report is broken into four parts, one for each topic of the assessment. The reports, assessments and data relevant to each topic have been identified and listed in a table in each section, grouped into preliminary topics. It should be noted that there is often considerable overlap between topics and the reports listed in each section should be regarded as preliminary only. For example, state of the environment reports tend to cover both biological and physical aspects of the environment and should be considered in both topics. The report does not contain the full list of assessments identified and annex 1 should be consulted when undertaking the final assessment.

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3 Summary of the Preparatory Report.

The preparatory report was used as the starting point for the workshop. It listed 182 different reports and data sets that could be used in the Assessment of Assessments. The preparatory report was broken into four sections, corresponding to the working groups for the UNRRP workshop. A total of 22 assessments were identified in the preliminary work to inform discussion on the biophysical aspects of the South West Pacific. By the nature of biophysical systems, the assessments all deal with region or global scale analyses. Some of these assessments are data portals that provide access to national and regional climatologies such as sea surface temperature and salinity (eg the Australian Ocean Data Network & the NODC ocean archive system). A significant number of assessments deal with climate change, particularly the Pacific Climate change data portal, which houses the assessment for the south Pacific and associated data.

Biophysical

data SOE Climate Change

A total of 18 assessments dealt with food security and safety aspects. The majority of these reports deal with fisheries. Three reports are focused at a national scale, the United States, Cook Islands and Solomon Islands. Most of the assessments are at a regional scale, dealing with the status of regional migratory species such as Tuna. Data and reports from the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) and the Western Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC) are important indicators of the stocks of status of important food and income sources. A number of technical reports from FAO put the status of Pacific stocks, by catch indicators and mariculture in a global context.

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Food Security

Reef resources Aquaculture Climate Change Fisheries

A total of 23 of the assessments dealt with the socioeconomic aspects of the south west Pacific Ocean. A number are global analyses that deal with different aspects of pollution and shipping. The reports on pollution are UNEP publications that detail the status of different pollutants in the worlds oceans. Several of the reports are produced by the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific and deal with the state of the environment and the status of economic growth and sustainability. There are also reports for UNEP that include aspects of sustainable growth. Finally, there are the reports that detail the natural resources of the region and specific countries, including population demographics.

Socio-economic

SOE Resources Shipping Pollution Socio-Economic

The largest groups of assessments identified dealt with marine biological diversity aspects. This has the largest number of identified assessments, with a total of 49 identified in the initial summary of assessments. The largest numbers of assessments detail State of the Environment Reports for the region and for individual PICTS. These deal with either the whole of the environment or with specific species or components of ecosystems. There are also a large number of assessments describing the status of reef ecosystems for particular PICTS and the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Networks also produces a global assessment of the status of reefs. There are also reports detailing the status and management of MPA networks,

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cetaceans and turtles. Finally, there are significant data collections that have occurred in the region and are available on the internet.

Marine Biodiversity

data Reef SOE Climate Change Mammals and Turtles MPAs

The reports were summarised by working group topic and spatial scale. Regional reports were the most common (77 reports) for all topics except biophysical. This is a consequence of the number of global climate reports. There were 47 national reports and 58 global reports.

90

80

70

60 Marine Biological 50 Socio-Economic 40 Food Security 30 BioPhysical 20

10

0 Global National Regional

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4 Inventory of Assessments

This inventory of assessments should be read in conjunction with the completed templates from the workshop in section 5 of this report. These templates identify additional information of relevance to the development of a Global Marine Assessment, including further information sources, organisations that may be well positioned to contribute to particular aspects, and observations pertinent to the development of regional input into the Global Marine Assessment. Biophysical aspects

Name of Assessment: Full Reference: Full Text Reports/Output URL: Classification/Type of Group Organisation: Activity:

Climate change and the Johnson JE, Marshall PA (editors) (2007) http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/resources-and- within country assessment Climate Change Great Barrier Reef Great Barrier Reef: a Climate change and the Great Barrier publications/publications/climate-change- Marine Park vulnerability assessment Reef. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and-the-great-barrier-reef-a-vulnerability- Authority and Authority and Australian Greenhouse assessment Australian Office, Australia Greenhouse Office Pacific climate change data http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/pccsp/ data holding Climate Change Bureau of portal Meteorology

State of the Climate 2012 CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology http://www.bom.gov.au/inside/publications.s national assessment Climate Change CSIRO and the (2012) State of the Climate 2012. CSIRO html Bureau of and the Bureau of Meteorology, Meteorology Australia Intergovernmental Panel Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/p global assessment Climate Change IPCC on Climate Change Fourth Marquis M. Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller ublications_and_data_reports.shtml#1 Assessment Report HL (eds) (2007) Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the Intergivernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

National Adaptation Plan http://unfccc.int/national_reports/napa/item national assessment Climate Change Individual of Action s/2719.php countries with GEF, UNDP and UNFCCC Implications of expected Pernetta JC and Hughes PJ (eds) (1990) http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/Publicatio regional assessment Climate Change UNEP climate changes in the Implications of expected climate ns/Reports/RSRS/ South Pacific region: an changes in the South Pacific region: an overview overview. UNEP Regional Sea Reports and Studies No 128. United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi. Coping with climate Chapman L, Künkel N (2010) Coping with http://www.sprep.org/att/irc/ecopies/pacific Climate Change SPC/GTZ change in the Pacific Island climate change in the Pacific Island _region/671.pdf region. Sector report: region. Sector report: adaptation to adaptation to climate climate change related to marine- and change related to marine- land-based natural resources. Secretariat and land-based natural of the Pacific Community and resources Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit GmbH, Suva.

The Pacific climate change Clarke JM, Whetton PH, Hennessy KJ http://www.pacificclimatefutures.net/main/ web based information Climate Change CSIRO Marine & science program climate (2011) Providing Application-specific tool Atmospheric futures Climate Projections Datasets: CSIRO’s Research Climate Futures Framework. Pages 2683- 2690 in F Chan, D Marinova and RS Anderssen (eds.) MODSIM2011, 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Perth, Western Australia. December 2011. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand. Vulnerability of tropical Bell JD, Johnson JE, Hobday AH (eds) http://www.spc.int/climate- regional assessment Climate Change Secretariat of the Pacific fisheries and (2011) Vulnerability of tropical Pacific change/fisheries/assessment/ Pacific aquaculture to climate fisheries and aquaculture to climate Community change change. Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Noumea.

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Marine climate change Poloczanska ES, Hobday AJ, Richardson http://www.oceanclimatechange.org.au national assessment Climate Change Australian impacts and adaptation AJ (eds) (2012) Marine climate change Government report card for Australia impacts and adaptation report card for Department of 2012 Australia 2012. Climate Change and Energy Efficiency Projected climate change Hobday AJ, Lough JM (2011) Projected http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/126.htm journal article Climate Change CSIRO Marine & in Australian marine and climate change in Australian marine and Atmospheric freshwater environments freshwater environments. Marine and Research Freshwater Research 62: 1000-1014. Climate and oceanic Salinger J, Bell J, Evans K, Hobday AJ, http://www.springer.com/earth+sciences+an journal article Climate Change Stanford fisheries: recent Allain V, Brander K, Dexter P, Harrison d+geography/atmospheric+sciences/journal/ University observations and DE, Hollowed AB, Lee B, Stefanski R 10584 projections and future (2012). Climate and oceanic fisheries: needs recent observations and projections and future needs. Climatic Change. Published online December 2012. doi: 10.1007/s10584-012-0652-9. Pacific Island mangroves in Gilman E, Van Lavieren H, Ellison J, http://wpcouncil.org/library.html regional assessment Climate Change UNEP a changing climate and Jungblut V, Wilson L, Areki F, Brighouse rising sea G, Bungitak J, Dus E, Henry M, Sauni I, Kilman M, Metthews E, Teariki-Ruatu N, Tukia S, Yuknavage K (2006) Pacific Island mangroves in a changing climate and rising sea. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No 179. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi. Sea-level rise and Aarup T, Church JA, Wilson WS, http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001 global assessment Climate Change UNESCO-IOC variability. A summary for Woodworth PL (eds) (2010) Sea-level 893/189369e.pdf policy makers rise and variability. A summary for policy makers. UNESCO-IOC, Paris.

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Marine and Ocean http://www.bom.gov.au/marine/index.shtml data holding data Bureau of Meteorology Pacific tropical cyclone http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/trac data holding data Bureau of data portal ks/ Meteorology

Global mean sea level http://geodata.grid.unep.ch/options.php?sel data holding data CSIRO Marine &

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NODC Ocean archive http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/General/getdata. data holding data National system html Oceanographic Data Center, NOAA The global ocean IOC/UNESCO (2009) The Global Ocean http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001 global assessment data UNESCO-IOC observing system - a Observing System – A Summary for 856/185696e.pdf summary for policy makers Policy Makers. UNESCO-IOC, Paris.

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Socio-economic aspects

Name of Assessment: Full Reference: Full Text Reports/Output URL: Classification/Type of group Organisation: Activity: Global mercury UNEP (2013) Global Mercury http://www.unep.org/publications/contents/ global assessment Pollution UNEP assessment 2013. Sources, Assessment 2013: Sources, Emissions, pub_details_search.asp?ID=6282 emmissions, releases and Releases and Environmental Transport. environmental transport. UNEP Chemicals Branch, Geneva. GESAMP: long-term GESAMP (1990) GESAMP: long-term http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/Publicatio subject area assessment Pollution UNEP/GESAMP consequences of low-level consequences of low-level marine ns/Reports/RSRS/ marine contamination: an contamination: an analytical approach. analytical approach UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 118. United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi. GESAMP: pollutant GESAMP (1990) GESAMP: pollutant http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/Publicatio subject area assessment Pollution UNEP/GESAMP modification of modification of atmospheric and oceanic ns/Reports/RSRS/ atmospheric and oceanic processes and climate: some aspects of processes and climate: the problem. UNEP Regional Seas some aspects of the Reports and Studies No. 117. United problem Nations Environment Program, Nairobi. GESAMP: the state of the GESAMP (1990) GESAMP: the state of http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/Publicatio global assessment Pollution UNEP/GESAMP marine environment the marine environment. UNEP Regional ns/Reports/RSRS/ Seas Reports and Studies No. 115. United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi. GESAMP: organosilicons in GESAMP (1986) GESAMP: organosilicons http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/Publicatio global assessment Pollution UNEP the marine environment in the marine environment. UNEP ns/Reports/RSRS/

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Regional Sea Reports and Studies No. 78. United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi. GESAMP: arsenic, mercury GESAMP (1988) GESAMP: arsenic, http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/Publicatio global assessment Pollution UNEP and selenium in the mercury and selenium in the marine ns/Reports/RSRS/ marine environment environment. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 92. GESAMP Reports and Studies No. 28. United Nations Environment Programe, Nairobi. GESAMP: cadmium, lead GESAMP (1985) GESAMP: cadmium, lead http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/Publicatio global assessment Pollution UNEP and tin in the marine and tin in the marine environment. ns/Reports/RSRS/ environment UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 56. GESAMP Reports and Studies No. 22. United Nations Environment Programe, Nairobi. Marine Pollution risk Anderson E, Judson B, Tu'itupou S, http://www.sprep.org/att/irc/ecopies/pacific regional assessment Pollution SPREP assessment for the Pacific Thaman B (2003) Marine pollution risk _region/384a.pdf Islands region assessment for the Pacific Islands region. Volume 1: main report. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Apia. Anthropogenic Morrison RJ, Denton GRW, Bale Tamata http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/articl regional assessment Pollution University of bigeochemical impacts on U, Grignon J (2013) Anthropogenic e/pii/S0967064513000714 Wollongong coral reefs in the Pacific bigeochemical impacts on coral reefs in Islands - on overview the Pacific Islands - on overview. Deep Sea Research II published onliune 16 February 2013. Proceedings of the Bowmer T, Kershaw PJ (eds) (2010) http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0019/001 global assessment Pollution UNESCO-IOC GESAMP International Proceedings of the GESAMP 922/192205e.pdf workshop on micro-plastic International Workshop on plastic particles as a vector in particles as a vector in transporting trnasporting persistent, persistent, bio-accumulating and toxic bio-accumulating and toxis substances in the oceans. GESAMP substances in the oceans. Reports and Studies No. 82. UNESCO-IOC, Paris. Joint Group of Experts on http://www.gesamp.org/publications publications database Pollution GESAMP the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental

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Protection (GESAMP) publications Ship-generated marine Fotu ST (2008) Ship-generated marine http://www.sprep.org/att/irc/ecopies/pacific regional assessment Pollution University of pollution in nine posrts in pollution in nine posrts in the Pacific - _region/364.pdf the South the Pacific - identification identification and prevention. Doctor of Pacific and prevention Philiosophy thesis, University of the South Pacific. Ocean and coastal Ocean and Coastal Management 42 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journ journal special issue Resources Elsevier Ltd management in the south (1999) (special issue) al/09645691/42/6-7 Pacific Enhanced seamount Allain V, Kerandel J-A, Andréfouët S, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/articl data holding Resources Secretariat of location database Magron F, Clark M, Kirby DS, Muller- e/pii/S0967063708000824 the Pacific Karger FE (2008) Enhanced seamount Community location database for the western and central Pacific Ocean: screening and cross-checking of 20 existing datasets. Deep-Sea Research I 55: 1035-1047 Natural resource data Hill L, Pernetta J (1988) Natural resource http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/Publicatio regional assessment Resources UNEP bank for the South Pacific data bank for the South Pacific. UNEP ns/Reports/RSRS/ Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 88. SPREP Reports and Studies No. 30. United Nations Environment Programe, Nairobi. The state of marine Brikeland C, Green A, Guilbeaux M, http://www.sprep.org/att/IRC/eCOPIES/Coun within country assessment Resources Helen Reef resources of Helen Reef in Donaldson T, Emilo D, Kirkendale L, tries/Palau/32.pdf Resource the year 2000: results of Mangel J, Myers R, Weng K, van Woesik Management scientific and community R (2003) The state of marine resources Program monitoring surveys, April of Helen Reef in the year 2000: results of 24 to May 3, 2000. scientific and community monitoring surveys, April 24 to May 3, 2000. Helen Reef Resource Management Program, Koror. Community consultations Palau Conservation Society (2003) http://www.sprep.org/att/irc/ecopies/countri national assessment Resources Palau on marine and terrestrial Community consultations on marine and es/palau/63.pdf Conservation resources terrestrial resources. Submitted as Society information for Palau's National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan.

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Conservation and Minsistry of Fisheries (???) Conservation http://www.sprep.org/att/IRC/eCOPIES/Coun information sheet Resources Ministry of management of marine and management of marine resources. tries/tonga/35.pdf Fsiheries, resources. Green snail and Green snail and trochus campaign. Tonga trochus protection Ministry of Fisheries, Tonga. campaign Marine resources of the Fisk D, Axford J, Power M (2004) Marine http://www.sprep.org/att/IRC/eCOPIES/Coun national assessment Resources SPREP Tokelau Atolls. Nukunono resoucres of the Tokelau Atolls. tries/tokelau/8.pdf Marine Resource Nukunono Marine Resource Management Plan. Management Plan December 2004. Background report South Pacific Regional Environment December 2004 Programme, Apia. Marine resources Geo-Marine Inc (2005) Marine resources http://www.sprep.org/att/IRC/eCOPIES/Coun regional assessment Resources Geo-Marine assessment for the assessment for the Marianas operating tries/Commonwealth_of_Northern_Marianas Inc Marianas operating area area. Final report prepared for the /14.pdf Department of the Navy Commander, US Pacific Fleet. Geo-Marine Inc, Plano. Aquatic Commons http://aquaticcommons.org/ publications database Resources UNESCO/IOD Commercial activity - http://geodata.grid.unep.ch/options.php?sel data holding Shipping National shipping ectedID=2167&selectedDatasettype=16 Centre for Ecological Analaysis and Synthesis (NCEAS) Building resilience in SIDS: Kaly UL, Pratt C and Mitchell J (2005) http://www.vulnerabilityindex.net/Files/EVI% regional assessment Socio-Economic South Pacific the environmental Building resilience in SIDS: the 20Final%20Report%202005.pdf Applied vulnerability index environmental vulnerability index. Geoscience SOPAC and UNEP. Commission State of the Environment State of the environment in Asia and the http://www.unescap.org/esd/environment/s regional assessment Socio-Economic United Nations in Asia and the Pacific Pacific 2000. Economic growth and oe/ Economic and sustainability. United Nationas ESCAP, Social Bangkok. Commission for Asia and the Pacific State of the Environment State of the environment in Asia and the http://www.unescap.org/esd/environment/s regional assessment Socio-Economic United Nations in Asia and the Pacific Pacific 2005. Economic growth and oe/ Economic and sustainability. United Nationas ESCAP, Social Bangkok. Commission

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for Asia and the Pacific GESAMP: choosing priority GESAMP (1990) GESAMP: choosing http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/Publicatio subject area assessment Socio-Economic UNEP/GESAMP organochlorines for priority organiochlorines for marine ns/Reports/RSRS/ marine hazard assessment hazard assessment. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 120. GESAMP Reports and Studies No. 42. United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi. Marine and coastal UNEP-WCMC (2006) Marine and coastal http://www.sprep.org/att/irc/ecopies/global/ global assessment Socio-Economic UNEP ecosystems and human ecosystems and human wellbeing. A 300.pdf wellbeing. A synthesis synthesis report based on the findings of report based on the the Millenium Ecosystem Assessment. findings of the Millenium United National Environment Ecosystem Assessment Programme, Nairobi. Annotated bibliography on Cohen P, Valemei AD, Goven H (2008) http://www.sprep.org/att/irc/ecopies/pacific regional assessment Socio-Economic WorldFish socio-economic and nnotated bibliography on socio- _region/423.pdf Centre ecological impacts of economic and ecological impacts of marine protected areas in marine protected areas in Pacific Island Pacific Island countries countries. WorldFish Bibliography No. 1870. The WorldFish Center, Penang. Economic value of the Seidel H, Lal PN (2010) Economic value http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/economi regional assessment Socio-Economic IUCN Pacific Ocean to the Pacific of the Pacific Ocean to the Pacific Island c_value_of_the_pacific_ocean_to_the_pacific Island coutries and countries and territories. IUCN, Gland. _island_countries_and_territories_p.pdf territories Estimating the total O'Garra T. 2007. Estimating the total http://www.spc.int/fame/en/fame-digital- national assessment Socio-Economic CRISP economic value (TEV) of economic value (TEV) of the Navakavu library the Navakavu LMMA LMMA (Locally Managed Marine Area) in (Locally Managed Marine Vitu Levu Island (Fiji). Coral Reef Area) in Vitu Levu Island Initiatives for the Pacific (CRISP), (Fiji) Noumea. Importance of household Bell J, Bright P, Gillett B, Keeble G, http://www.spc.int/coastfish/en/publications regional assessment Socio-Economic Secretariat of income and expenditure Kronen M, Passfield K, Ryan C (2008) /digital-library.html the Pacific surveys and censuses for Importance of household income and Community management of coastal expenditure surveys and sensuses for and freshwater fisheries management of coastal and freshwater fisheries. SPC Fisheries ewsletter 127: 34-39.

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Building capacity and Clua E. 2007. Building Capacity and http://www.spc.int/coastfish/en/publications regional assessment Socio-Economic CRISP cooperation for Cooperation for Sustainable /digital-library.html sustainable development Development of Pacific Coastal of Pacific coastal resources Resources Forum,Townsville-Australia, forum. Townsville - 3-7 September 2007. Coral Reef Australia 3-7 September Initiatives for the Pacific (CRISP), 2007. Noumea. PRISM Online mapping http://www.spc.int/prism/online-mapping web-based information Socio-Economic Secretariat of tool the Pacific Community Pacific data catalogue http://www.spc.int/prism/data-catalog web-based information Socio-Economic Secretariat of tool the Pacific Community Ecosystems and human Alcamo J et al. (2003) Ecosystems and global assessment Socio-Economic UNEP well-being: a framework human well-being: a framework for for assessment assessment. A report of the coneptual frameowkr working group of the Millenium Ecosystem Assessment. Island pdf.wri.org/ecosystems_human_wellbeing.pd Press Washington DC. f An approach to UNEP (1990) An approach to http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/Publicatio subject area assessment SOE UNEP environmental impacts environmental impacts assessment for ns/Reports/RSRS/ assessment for projects projects affecting the coastal and marine affecting the coastal and environment. UNEP Regional Seas marine environment Reports and Studies No. 122. United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi. Pacific Ocean synthesis: Center for Ocean Solutions (2009) Pacific http://www.centerforoceansolutions.org/?q= regional assessment SOE Center for scientific literature review Ocean synthesis: scientific literature projects/pacific-ocean-initiative Ocean of coastal and ocean review of coastal and ocean threats, Solutions threats, impacts, and impacts, and solutions. The Woods solutions Center for the Environment, Stanford University. California. An index to assess the Halpern BS, Longo C, Hardy D, McLeod http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v488 global assessment SOE University of health and benefits of the KL,Samhouri JF, Katona SK, Kleisner K, /n7413/abs/nature11397.html California global ocean Lester SE, O’Leary J, Ranelletti M, Rosenberg AA, Scarborough C, Selig ER. Best BD, Brumbaugh DR, Chapin FS, Crowder LB, Daly KL, Doney SC, Elfes C,

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Fogarty MJ, Gaines SD, Jacobsen K, Karrer LB, Leslie HM, Neeley E, Pauly D, Polasky S, Ris B, St. Martin K, Stone GS, Sumaila UR, Zeller D (2012) An index to assess the health and benefits of the global ocen. Nature 488: 615-620. Economic of coastal zone Ram-Bidesi V, Padma Narsey L, Conner N http://www.iucn.org/about/union/secretariat regional assessment SOE IUCN management in the Pacific (2011) Economic of coastal zone /offices/oceania/oceania_resources_and_pub management in the Pacific. IUCN, Suva. lications/?11738/Economics-of-coastal-zone- management-in-the-Pacific The Coastal Policy The Coastal Policy statement and http://www.doc.govt.nz/publications/conserv 3 statement and implementation plan ation/marine-and-coastal/new-zealand- implementation plan coastal-policy-statement/new-zealand- coastal-policy-statement-2010/; http://www.doc.govt.nz/publications/conserv ation/marine-and-coastal/new-zealand- coastal-policy-statement/new-zealand- coastal-policy-statement-2010-national- implementation-plan/ Expert Risk Assessment of MacDiarmid, A.et al. (2011) Expert Risk 3 Activities in the New Assessment of Activities in the New http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/oceans Zealand Exclusive Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone and /managing-our-oceans/niwa-risk- Economic Zone and Extended Continental Shelf. WLG2011- assessment.pdf Extended Continental 39, National Institute of Water and Shelf. Atmopsheric Research (NIWA), Wellington, New Zealand. 138p. (Published in May 2012 by the Ministry for the Environment. Pub. N. CR124). CAENZ (2003) Economic CAENZ (2003) Economic opportunities in http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/oceans 3 opportunities in New New Zealand's Oceans. Informing the /economic-opportunities-oceans- Zealand's Oceans. development of oceans policy. Centre jun03/economic-opportunities-oceans- Informing the for Advance Engineering, Private bag jun03.pdf development of oceans 4800, Christchurch. 32p. policy. CAENZ (2006) A report on CAENZ (2006) A report on possible 3 possible governement governement interventions to promote http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/oceans interventions to promote the sustainable development of New /government-interventions-ocean-resources-

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the sustainable Zealand's ocean resources. Prepared for may06/government-interventions-ocean- development of New the Ministry for the Environment. Centre resources-may06.pdf Zealand's ocean resources for Advanced Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. 55p. NZGSDW (1999) New NZGSDW (1999) New Zealand Guidelines http://www.maritimenz.govt.nz/Publications- 3 Zealand Guidelines for Sea for Sea Disposal of Waste. No. 180-1. and-forms/Environmental-protection/Sea- Disposal of Waste Maritime Safety Authority of New disposal-of-waste.pdf Zealand, Wellington. pp. 88. The Exclusive Economic The Exclusive Economic Zone and 3 Zone and Continental Shelf Continental Shelf (Environmental http://www.legislation.govt.nz/bill/governme (Environmental Effects) Bill Effects) Bill. Ministry for the nt/2011/0321/latest/DLM3955428.html Environement. The Exclusive Economic Makgill, R.; Dawson, K.; De Wit, N. 3 Zone and Continental Shelf (2012) The Exclusive Economic Zone and (Environmental Effects) Bill Continental Shelf (Environmental Effects) Bill. Resource Management Journal, (April 2012). The Exclusive Economic Makgill, R.; Logan, A. (2012) The 3 Zone and Continental Shelf Exclusive Economic Zone and (Environmental Effects) Bill Continental Shelf (Environmental Effects) Bill. Lawtalk, 789 (17 (February 2012)). A Global Map of Coastal Ghermandi, Andrea, and Paulo Nunes. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abst 3 Recreation Values: Results "A Global Map of Coastal Recreation ract_id=1904842 from a Spatially Explicit Values: Results from a Spatially Explicit Meta-Analysis Meta-Analysis." In press. Recreational water quality Environmental reporting by Ministry of http://www.mfe.govt.nz/environmental- 3 in NZ Environment: Recreational water quality reporting/report-cards/water- in NZ quality/2012/index.html New Zealand Threat New Zealand Threat Classification http://www.doc.govt.nz/publications/conserv 3 Classification System System ation/nz-threat-classification-system/ Treasures of the Sea - Treasures of the Sea - extra 3 extra amendments amendments Market research study: a Daw, J; Mulawin, R; Trotman, A (2008). 3 review of the Environment Market research study: a review of the New Zealand 2007 report Environment New Zealand 2007 report.

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Prepared for the Environment by Peter Glenn Research, 35p

Biodiversity aspects

Name of Assessment: Full Reference: Full Text Reports/Output URL: Classification/Type of Biodiversity Organisation: Activity: Category. 1 =coastal, 2=shelf, 3=deep sea, 4=pelagic,5 = all Global open oceans and Vierros M, Cresswell I, Escobar Briones global assessment 3,4 UNESCO-IOC deep seabed (GOODS) E, Rice J, Ardron J (eds) (2009) Global biogeographic open oceans and deep seabed (GOODS) classification biogeographic classification. UNESCO unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001824/18 Technical Series 84. UNESCO-IOC, Paris. 2451e.pdf International Whaling http://data.marinemammals.gov.au/portal/ca web based information 2,3,4 Australian Commission catch data tch.cfm tool Government Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities and the International Whaling Commission The distribution of S.J. Baird, D. Tracey, S. Mormede, M. http://www.doc.govt.nz/Documents/conserv 2,3 protected corals in New Clark. (2012) The distribution of ation/marine-and-coastal/marine- Zealand Waters. protected corals in New Zealand Waters. conservation-services/pop-2011-06- Prepared for DOC. NIWA Client Report protected-coral-distribution-draft-final- No: WLG2012-43 report.pdf Marine Environment Marine Environment Classification http://www.doc.govt.nz/Documents/conserv 2,3

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Classification optimised for optimised for demersal fish Leithwick, ation/marine-and-coastal/marine-protected- demersal fish J., Dey, K., Julian, K. (2006). areas/MCU1.pdf Development of a marine environmental classification optimised for demersal fish. Prepared for Department of Conservation. NIWA Project: DOC06213 - Leithwick, J., Dey, K., Julian, K. (2006). Development of a demersal fish community map for New Zealand’s Exclusive Economic Zone. Prepared for Department of Conservation. NIWA Client Report: HAM2006-062 A Benthic-optimised A Benthic-optimised Marine http://fs.fish.govt.nz/Doc/23073/AEBR_88.pd 2,3 Marine Environment Environment Classification (BOMEC) for f.ashx Classification (BOMEC) for New Zealand waters. Leathwick et al New Zealand waters. (2012). A Benthic-optimised Marine Environment Classification (BOMEC) for New Zealand waters. New Zealand Aquatic and Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 88, 54 p. Patterns of Deep-Sea Bors EK, Rowden AA, Maas EW, Clark http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi% 2,3 Genetic Connectivity in the MR, Shank TM (2012) Patterns of Deep- 2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0049474 New Zealand Region: Sea Genetic Connectivity in the New Implications for Zealand Region: Implications for Management of Benthic Management of Benthic Ecosystems. Ecosystems PLoS ONE 7(11): e49474. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049474 Habitat-forming cold- Habitat-forming cold-water corals show http://www.int-res.com/ 2,3 water corals show affinity affinity for seamounts in the New for seamounts in the New Zealand region Dianne M. Tracey1,*, Zealand region Ashley A. Rowden1, Kevin A. Mackay1, Tanya Compton2 1National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand, 2National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Hamilton, New Zealand Variation in demersal fish Variation in demersal fish species http://www.int-res.com/ 2,3

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species richness in the richness in the oceans surrounding New oceans surrounding New Zealand: an analysis using boosted Zealand: an analysis using regression trees J. R. Leathwick1,*, J. boosted regression trees Elith2, M. P. Francis3, T. Hastie4, P. Taylor1 1National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, PO Box 11115, Hamilton, New Zealand 2School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia 3National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Private Bag 14901, Wellington, New Zealand 4Sequoia Hall, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4065, USA Development of a Leathwick, JR; Francis, M; Julian, K 2,3 demersal fish community (2006). Development of a demersal fish map for New Zealand's community map for New Zealand's Exclusive Economic Zone. Exclusive Economic Zone. NIWA Client Report: HAM2006-062, 21pp Development of a benthic- Leathwick, JR; Rowden, A; Nodder, S; 2,3 optimised marine Gorman, R; Bardeley, S; Pinkerton, Baird, environment classification SJ; Hadfield, M. Currie, GOH, A (2009). for waters within the New Development of a benthic-optimised Zealand EEZ. marine environment classification for waters within the New Zealand EEZ. Final Report prepared as part completion of Objective 5 of BEN200601 for Ministy of Fisheries. 52p Great Barrier Reef Outlook GBRMPA (2009) Great Barrier Reef http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/corp_site/info_s within country assessment 1,2,3 Great Barrier Report 2009 outlook report 2009. Great Barrier Reef ervices/publications Reef Marine Maarine Park Authority, Townsville. Park Authority Marine protected areas. Gabrié C, Clément T, Mercier JR, You H http://www.sprep.org/att/irc/ecopies/global/ global assessment 1,2 French Global Review of FGEFs (2010) Marine protected areas. Review 448.pdf Environment cofinanced project of FGEF's cofinanced project http://www.ffem.fr/jahia/webdav/site/ffem/ Facility experiences experiences. French Global Environment users/admiffem/public/Publications/Executiv Facility e%20Summary.pdf Reefbase global database http://www.reefbase.org/global_database/d publications database 1,2 ReefBase

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efault.aspx ReefBase Online http://www.reefbase.org/gis_maps/default.a web-based information 1,2 Reefbase Geographic Information spx tool System (ReefGIS) International Coral Reef http://www.reefbase.org/resource_center/p publications database 1,2 Reefbase Symposium (ICRS) ublication/icrs.aspx Proceedings Marine environment Andrews GJ, Holthus PF (1989) Marine http://www.sprep.org/att/irc/ecopies/countri within country assessment 1,2 SPC survey: proposed Aleipata environment survey: porposed Aleipata es/samoa/135.pdf Islands National Park, Islands National Park, western Samoa western Samoa Ecological assessment and Palau International Coral Reef Centre http://www.sprep.org/att/publication/00055 national assessment 1,2 SPREP community monitoring (2007) Ecological assessment and 0_IWP_PTR42.pdf plan for marine protected community monitoring plan for marine areas in Yap State, FSM protected areas in Yap State, FSM. SPREP, Apia. State of the coral reefs of National CTI Coordinating Committee of http://www.coraltriangleinitiative.net/progra national assessment 1,2 National CTI Papua New Guinea. Coral Papua New Guinea (2012) State of the ms-and-projects/adb-reta-7307/the-state-of- Coordinating Triangle marine resources: coral reefs of Papua New Guinea. Coral the-coral-triangle-report-sctr Committee of their status, economies Triangle marine resources: their status, Papua New and management economies and management. National Guinea CTI Coordinating Committee of Papua New Guinea. State of the coral reefs of Sulu R, Boso DN, Vave-Karamui A, Mauli http://www.coraltriangleinitiative.net/progra national assessment 1,2 National CTI Solomon Islands. Coral S, Wini-Simeon L (2012) State of the ms-and-projects/adb-reta-7307/the-state-of- Coordinating Triangle marine resources: coral reefs of Solomon Islands. Coral the-coral-triangle-report-sctr Committee of their status, economies Triangle marine resources: their status, Solomon and management economies and management. Solomon Islands Islands National Coordinating Committee Marine biodiversity of the Edward A (2002) Marine biodiversity of http://www.sprep.org/att/IRC/eCOPIES/Coun national assessment 1,2 FSM Federated States of the Federated States of Micronesia. tries/FSM/42.pdf Department Micronesia Report prepared for the FSM National of Economic Strategy and Action Plan Project. FSM Affairs Department of Economic Affairs. Mediated Modelling of van den Belt, M, McCallion, A., Wairepo, 1,2 Coastal Ecosystem S., Hardy, D., Hale, L. and Berry, M.2012,

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Services: A case study of Mediated Modelling of Coastal Te Awanui Tauranga Ecosystem Services: A case study of Te Harbour, Manaaki Taho Awanui Tauranga Harbour, Manaaki Moana project Taho Moana project, ISSN 2230-3340 Predictive models of small Francis MP, Morrison MA, Leathwick J, 1,2 fish presence and Walsh C, Middleton C. Predictive abundance in northern models of small fish presence and New Zealand harbours abundance in northern New Zealand harbours. Estuarine coastal and Shelf Science 2005; 64 (2-3); 419-435 Conservation, Gabrie C (2011) Conservation, www.spc.int/.../ENG_2011_Conservation_ma regional assessment 1,2 CRISP/SPC management and management and development of coral nagement_developmen... development of coral reefs reefs in the Pacific - building on the in the Pacific - building on results of six years of research, the results of six years of collaboration and educatio. Secretariat research, collaboration of the Pacific Community, Noumea. and education Status of the Coral Reefs of Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network http://www.gcrmn.org/publications.aspx regional assessment 1,2 Global Coral the World (2008) Status of the Coral Reefs of the Reef World: 2008. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Monitoring Network and Reef and Network Rainforest Research Center, Townsville Status and potential of Govan H (2009) Status and potential of http://www.sprep.org/att/publication/00064 regional assessment 1,2 CRISP locally-managed marine locally-managed marine areas in the 6_LMMA_Report.pdf areas in the south Pacific: south Pacific: meeting nature meeting nature conservation and sustainable livelihood conservation and targets through wide-spread sustainable livelihood implementation of LMMAs. targets through wide- SPREP/WWF/WorlFish-ReefBase/CRISP. spread implementation of LMMAs Marine biodiversity law in Beurier J-P, Guilloux B, Zakovska K http://www.sprep.org/att/irc/ecopies/pacific regional assessment 1,2 University of Fiji, Solomon and Vanuatu (2009) Marine biodiversity law in Fiji, _region/513.pdf Nantes Islands Solomon and Vanuatu Islands. University http://www.crisponline.net/Portals/1/PDF/09 of Nantes, Nantes. 04_C2A_TVE_Navakavu.pdf A global map of human Halpern BS, Walbridge S, Selkoe KA, http://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/globalmarine global assessment 5 National impacts to marine Kappel CV, Micheli F, D'Agrosa C, Bruno Centre for

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ecosystems JF, Casey KS, Ebert C, Fox HE, Fujita R, Ecological Heinemann D, Lenihan HS, Madin EMP, Analaysis and Perry MT, Selig ER, Spalding M, Steneck Synthesis R, Watson R (2008) A global map of (NCEAS) human impact on marine ecosystems. Science 319: 948-952. Global ocean protection: Toropova C, Meliane I, Laffoley D, http://www.iucn.org/about/union/secretariat global assessment 5 IUCN present status and future Metthews E, Spalding M (eds) (2010) /offices/oceania/oceania_resources_and_pub possibilities Global ocean protection: presetn status lications/?7040/global-ocean-protection and future posibilities. IUCN, Gland. Global Environment UNEP (2012) Globval Environment http://www.unep.org/geo/geo5.asp global assessment 5 UNEP Outlook 5 Outlook 5. Environment for the future we want. United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi. Guidelines for the rapid Secretariat of the Convention on http://www.sprep.org/att/irc/ecopies/global/ global assessment 5 Secretariat of ecological assessment of Biological Diversity (2006) Guidelines for 226.pdf the biodiversity in inland the rapid ecological assessment of Convention of water, coastal and marine biodiversity in inland water, coastal and Biological areas marine areas. CBD Technical Series No Diversity 22. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal. Global Biodiversity Secretariat of the Convention on http://www.cbd.int/gbo3/ global assessment 5 Secretariat of Outlook 3 Biological Diversity (2010) Global the Biodiversity Outlook 3. Secretariat of the Convention on Convention on Biological Diversity, Biological Montreal. Diversity OceanDocs http://www.oceandocs.net/ publications database 5 UNESCO/IOD Ocean Biogeographic http://www.iobis.org/ web based information 5 UNESCO-IOC Information System tool Census of Marine Life http://db.coml.org/comlrefbase/ publications database 5 Census of bibliographic database Marine Life Census of Marine Life http://www.comlsecretariat.org/reports- publications database 5 Census of Secretariat Reports and other-documents/ Marine Life other docs CephBase Wood JW, Dau CL, Lee P, O'Dor RK www.cephbase.dal.ca data holding 5 Dalhousie (2000) CephBase: testing ideas for University cephalopod and other species-level

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databases. Oceanography 13: 14-20. Marine mammals plan of UNEP (1988) Marine mammals plan of http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/Publicatio global assessment 5 UNEP action: evaluation of its action: evaluation of its development ns/Reports/RSRS/ development and and achievements. UNEP Regional Seas achievements Reports and Studies No. 102. United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi. International Tropical http://www.reefbase.org/resource_center/p publications database 5 Reefbase Marine Ecosystems ublication/itmems.aspx Management Symposium Global International UNEP (2006) Challenges to International http://www.unep.org/dewa/giwa/ global assessment 5 UNEP Waters Assessment Waters - Regional Assessments in a Global Perspective. United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi Global sysnthesis. A report UNEP (2010) Global sysnthesis. A report http://www.sprep.org/att/irc/ecopies/global/ global assessment 5 UNEP from the regional seas from the regional seas conventions and 490.pdf conventions and action action plans for the marine biodiversity http://marinebiodiversityseries.org/reports/2 plans for the marine assessment and outlook series. UNEP, -global-synthesis-report.html biodiversity assessment Nairobi. and outlook series The status of marine Jacob P (2002) The status of marine http://www.sprep.org/att/IRC/eCOPIES/Coun national assessment 5 ??? resources and coral reefs resources and coral reefs of Nauru. tries/Nauru/3.pdf of Nauru Pages 207 - 214 in ??? (eds). Coral reefs in the Pacific: status and monitoring, resources and management. ???? State of the Environment http://www.sprep.org/Pacific-Environment- national assessment 5 Individual Report Information-Network/country-profiles- countries with directory SPREP http://www.cbd.int/kb/Results?q=fiji 5 Review of marine turtle Tekinene M (2010) Review of marine http://www.sprep.org/att/publication/00093 within country assessment 5 SPREP legislation in Tuvalu turtle legislation in Tuvalu. South Pacific 6_Tuvalu_turtle_legislation_review.pdf Regional Environment Program, Apia. Republic of the Marshall Kabua EN, Edwards F (2010) Republic of http://www.sprep.org/att/publication/00093 within country assessment 5 SPREP Islands (RMI) marine turtle the Marshall Islands (RMI) marine turtle 5_RMI_turtle_legislation_review.pdf legislation review legislation review. South Pacific Regional Environment Program, Apia. Review of marine turtles Masolo T, Ramohia P (2010) Review of http://www.sprep.org/att/publication/00093 within country assessment 5 SPREP legislation in Solomon marine turtles legislation in Solomon 4_Solomon_turtle_legislation_review.pdf

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reserves/2012/index.html ftp://ftp.nodc.noaa.gov/pub/data.nodc/coris/ 5 library/NOAA/CRCP/project/20367/biogeogra phic_assessment_samoa.pdf http://www.aires- 5 marines.fr/Documentation/AER-Polynesie- francaise State of the marine Brodie JE, Arnould C, Eldredge L, http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/Publicatio regional assessment 5 UNEP/SPREP environment in the South Hammond L, Holthus P, Mowbray D, ns/Reports/RSRS/ Pacific region Tortell P (1990) State of the marine environment in the South Pacific region. UNEP regional seas reports and studies No. 127. SPREP Topic Review No. 40. United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi. http://www.spc.int/DigitalLibrary/FAME/Coll 5 ection/PROCFish_C Report of the Western South Pacific http://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/mar/rweb 5 Regional Workshop to Facilitate the sa-wspac-01/official/rwebsa-wspac-01-sbstta- Description of Ecologically or Biologically 16-inf-06-en.pdf Significant Marine Areas. UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/16/INF/6 Pacific environment and SPREP (2012) Pacific environment and http://www.sprep.org/library-information- regional assessment 5 SPREP climate change outlook climate change outlook. Secretariat of resource-center/publications the Pacific Regional Environment Program, Apia. global assessment Cochrane K, De Young C, Soto D, Bahri T (eds) ? cc (2009) Climate change implications for fisheries and aquaculture: overview of current scientific knowledge. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No 530. FAO, Rome 5 Review of critical marine Bleakley C (2004) Review of critical http://www.sprep.org/att/publication/00036 regional assessment 5 SPREP habitats and species in the marine habitats and species in the 5_Bleakly_Report.pdf Pacific islands region Pacific islands region. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Apia. Pacific Environment McIntyre M (2004) Pacific Environment http://www.unep.org/geo/GEO_Regions.asp regional assessment 5 UNEP

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AIMS data centre http://data.aims.gov.au/metadataviewer/fac data holding 5 Australian es/search.xhtml Institute of Marine Science Divisional data centre http://www.marine.csiro.au/datacentre/ data holding 5 CSIRO Marine & Atmospheric Research Australian Ocean Data http://portal.aodn.org.au/webportal/ data holding 5 Integrated Network Marine Observing System Large Marine Ecosystem Sherman K, Hempel G (editors) (2009) http://www.lme.noaa.gov/index.php?option= regional assessment 5 UNEP Portal The UNEP large marine ecosystem com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=4 report. A perspective on changing 1 conditions in LME's of the worlds regional seas. UNEP regional seas report and studies No. 182. United National Environment Program, Nairobi. Data to inform the CBD Dunstan P, Fuller M (2011) Data to http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=RWEBSA- regional assessment 5 CSIRO Marine western South Pacific inform the CBS western South Pacific WSPAC-01 & regional workshop to regional workshop to facilitate the Atmospheric facilitate the description of description of ecologically or biologically Research ecologically or biologically significant marine areas. CSIRO Marine significant marine areas and Atmospheric Reserarch, Hobart. State of the Cetacean Stachowitsch M, Parsons ECM, Rose NA http://iwc.int/socer regional assessment 5 International Environment Report (eds) (2004). State of the Cetacean Whaling Environment Report (SOCER) 2004. Commission Paper SC/56/E29 presented to the International Whaling Commission Scientific Committee. State of the Cetacean Stachowitsch M, Rose NA, Parsons ECM http://iwc.int/socer regional assessment 5 International Environment Report (eds) (2009). State of the Cetacean Whaling Environment Report (SOCER) 2009. Commission Paper SC/61/E1-DRAFT presented to the International Whaling Commission Scientific Committee.

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Pacific Islands regional SPREP (2008) Pacific Islands regional http://www.sprep.org/library-information- regional assessment 5 SPREP marine species marine species programme 2008 - 2012. resource-center/publications programme 2008-2012 Secretariat of the Pacific Rregional Environment Programme, Apia Pacific Islands regional SPREP (2013) Pacific Islands regional http://www.sprep.org/library-information- regional assessment 5 SPREP marine species marine species programme 2013 - 2017. resource-center/publications programme 2013-2017 Secretariat of the Pacific Rregional Environment Programme, Apia The Coral Triangle Atlas http://ctatlas.reefbase.org/ web-based information 5 ReefBase tool Ensemble analysis of the Hobday AJ (2010) Ensemble analysis of www.elsevier.com/locate/pocean journal article 4 CSIRO Marine future distribution of large the future distribution of large pelagic & pelagic fishes off Australia fishes off Australia. Progress in Atmospheric Oceanography 86: 291-301. Research The deepest ocean on Kelsey E (2008) The deepest ocean on http://www.sprep.org/att/IRC/eCOPIES/Coun regional assessment 3 Global Ocean earth: a scientific case for earth: a scientific case for establishing tries/Commonwealth_of_Northern_Marianas Legacy establishing the Mariana the Mariana Trench National /9.pdf Trench Marine National Monument. Global Ocean Lagacy http://www.globaloceanlegacy.org/resources Monument /deepest_ocean.pdf Coral reef status report http://www.reefbase.org/resource_center/p publications database 2 Reefbase ublication/statusreport.aspx Reefs at risk revisited Burke L, Reytar K, Spalding M, Perry A http://www.wri.org/publication/reefs-at-risk- global assessment 1 World (2011) Reefs at risk revisited. World revisited Resources Resources Institute, Washington DC. Institute World network of UNESCO MAB (2011) World network of http://unesdoc.unesco.org/Ulis/cgi- global assessment 1 UNESCO-MAB biosphere reserves 2010: biosphere reserves 2010: sites for bin/ulis.pl?catno=207049&gp=1&lin=1&ll=1 sites for sustainable sustainable development. UNESCO MAB, development Paris. Ecosystemes de lagons de Intes MA (1991) Ecosystemes de lagons http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/Publicatio national assessment 1 UNEP la Polynesie francais de la Polynesie francais. PNUE Rapports ns/Reports/RSRS/ et etudes des mers regionales No 137. SPREP rapports et etides No 51. Programme des Nationas Unies pour l'environment, Nairobi. Case study: the Funafuti Berdach JT (2003) Case study: the http://www.sprep.org/att/irc/ecopies/countri within country assessment 1 James T Conservation Area, Funafuti Conservation Area, Funafuti es/tuvalu/58.pdf Berdach Funafuti Atoll, Tuvalu. Atoll, Tuvalu. Drawing lessons for future http://www.adb.org/Projects/PRES/pres_cas Consulting

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Drawing lessons for future marine conservation planning and e_funafuti.pdf Services marine conservation management. James T Berdach planning and management Consulting Services, Hawaii. Conserving the marine The University of Queensland (2007) http://www.sprep.org/att/IRC/eCOPIES/Coun project proposal 1 The University biodiversity of Marovo Conserving the marine biodiversity of tries/Solomon_Islands/38.pdf of Queensland Lagoon, Solomon Islands: Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands: development of development of environmental environmental management initiatives that will management initiatives conserve the marine biodiversity and that will conserve the productivity of Marovo Lagoon, Solomon marine biodiversity and Islands. The University of Queensland, productivity of Marovo Brisbane. Lagoon, Solomon Islands. Demographic baseline Crosset KM, Clement CG, Rohmann SO http://www.sprep.org/Pacific-Environment- national assessment 1 NOAA report of US territories and (2008) Demographic baseline report of Information-Network/country-profiles- countries adjacent to coral US territories and countries adjacent to directory reef habitats coral reef habitats. NOAA, National Ocean Service, Silver Spring. A controlling factor Hume, T; Snelder, T Waetherhead, M 1 approach to estuary Liefting, P (2007). A controlling factor classification. approach to estuary classification. Journal of Ocean and Coastal Management Volume 50, Issues 11-12, Pages 905-929. A new approach to Hume, T; Snelder, T Waetherhead, M 1 claddifying New Zealand's Liefting, P, R Shankar, U; Hicks, M estuaries (2003). A new approach to claddifying New Zealand's estuaries. Paper No. 66 in Kench P. and Hume T (eds) Proceedings of Coasts and Ports Australasian Conference 203, Auckland, New Zealand. 9p CDRom ISBN 0-473- 09832-6 Water quality studies on Naidu S, Aalbersberg WGL, Brodie JE, http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/Publicatio regional assessment 1 UNEP/SPREP selected South Pacific Fuavao VA, Maata M, Naqasima M, ns/Reports/RSRS/ lagoons Whippy P, Morrison RJ (1991) Water quality studies on selected South Pacific

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ATTA

5 Completed Templates from the Workshop Breakout Groups

Group1 Biophysical aspects.

Overall Points Related to Completing the Table and the Biophysical Aspects Part of the South West Pacific Assessment Topics (e.g. Relevant Studies, Documents, Reports and Other Sources of Information (refer Priority Individuals & Information Gaps Comments Oceans’ roles in to the Inventory list) Institutions to Engage Task: note sub-topics lacking hydrological cycle) (email; who suggested) Task: identify relevant sources of information, including but not limited to the information and Sub-Topics Inventory list Task: list key individuals (e.g. Freshwater and institutions, flexes…) to Include including participants, in the SW Pacific who are important to Assessment engage in writing this Task: review and topic (note: the authors add any new will contact them topics or sub- regarding becoming part topics of the Global Pool of Experts and then contributors) Oceans’ roles in Broad studies of the SW Pacific Region and associated regions-contributes to all 1. Bureau of • River discharges both Capacity hydrological cycle chapters Meteorology (BOM), freshwater volume and building Bio- (Chapter 4) Australia nutrient inputs. physical 1. The Marine Climate Change - Impacts and Adaptation Report Card for 2012 2. James Cook modelling. • Freshwater http://www.oceanclimatechange.org.au/content/index.php/2012/home/ University (JCU), • Biogeochemical fluxes into the Australia understanding of ocean ocean, sea ice, 2. Climate Change Vulnerability of Fisheries in Tropical Ocean 3. Secretariat of the system in region sea level http://www.spc.int/climate-change/fisheries/assessment/e- Pacific Community (capacity building • Socioeconomic book/files/mobile/index.html#1 (SPC) needed). implications of 4. Institut de ocean 3. Climate change and the Great Barrier Reef: a vulnerability assessment, Recherche pour le • Science products and warming, sea

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level change, Johnson JE, Marshall PA (editors) (2007) Climate change and the Great Développement synthesis from global and Barrier Reef. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and Australian 5. (IRD) , Noumea science studies in region freshwater Greenhouse Office, Australia, 6. Hawaiian Institute of to enable assessments fluxes http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/resources-and- Geophysics and impacts to be • Changes in publications/publications/climate-change-and-the-great-barrier-reef-a- 7. National Oceanic identified. chemical vulnerability-assessment and Atmospheric composition of Administration • Social economic impacts seawater – 4. Pacific Climate Change Science Project (NOAA) freshwater fluxes, sea salinity and http://www.cawcr.gov.au/projects/PCCSP/ 8. Japan Agency for level and El Nino, nutrients – Marine –Earth changes in ocean and their Science and 5. Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M. Averyt KB, Tignor M, socioeconomic Technology circulation. Miller HL (eds) (2007) Contribution of working group I to the fourth implications (Jamstec) assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007. • 9. Pacific Islands Ocean Ocean heat Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Observing System transport, ocean (PacIOOS) Hawaii 6. Southwest Pacific Ocean Circulation and Climate Experiment (SPICE) | CLIVAR 10. Pacific Islands Global circulation, http://www.clivar.org/organization/resources/southwest-pacific-ocean- Ocean Observing and patterns – circulation-and-climate-experiment-spice System (PIGOOS) El Nino – and SPREP their Sea Level Rise socioeconomic 11. Secretariat of the implications • GLOSS Database (rise in sea level network) Pacific Community http://www.gloss-sealevel.org/ Applied Geoscience and Technology • Pacific Climate Change Science Project (PCCSP) Division (SOPAC) for http://www.cawcr.gov.au/projects/PCCSP/ chapters 4 and 5 http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/pccsp/ 12. The Commonwealth Scientific and • Cazenave, A. and R.S. Nerem. (2004). “Present-day sea level change: Industrial Research observations and causes”. Reviews of Geophysics, 42, RG3001. Organisation (CSIRO), Australia • Hay, J. et al. (2003). “Climate Variability and Change and Sea-level Rise in the 13. LEGOS Pacific Islands Region: A Resource Book for Policy and Decision Makers, www.legos.obs- Educators and Other Stakeholders”. Apia, South Pacific Regional Environment mip.fr Programme. 14. Flinders University, Australia 15. National Institute of

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Freshwater Fluxes Water and Atmospheric • Durack, Wijffels, J. Climate, 23, 4342-63, 2010 Research (NIWA)

16. University of the • Climate change and the Great Barrier Reef: a vulnerability assessment, South Pacific (USP) Johnson JE, Marshall PA (editors) (2007) Climate change and the Great 17. University of Barrier Reef. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and Australian Tasmania (UTAS), Greenhouse Office, Australia, Australia http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/resources-and- 18. The Australian publications/publications/climate-change-and-the-great-barrier-reef-a- Institute of Marine vulnerability-assessment Sciences (AIMS)

19. International Seabed • OzCoasts http://www.ozcoasts.gov.au Authority 20. University of Socioeconomic implications Wollongong (sea • Major vulnerability report level) http://www.spc.int/climate-change/fisheries/assessment/e- book/files/mobile/index.html#1

• Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M. Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL (eds) (2007) Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Changes in chemical composition of seawater • DATA: IOC –related IOCCP – global program http://www.ioccp.org/DataProds.html

• SCRIPPS Institute of Oceanography, University of San Diego

• Impacts of atmospheric anthropogenic nitrogen on the open ocean RA Duce, J LaRoche, K Altieri, KR Arrigo, AR Baker… - science, 2008 - sciencemag.orgsciencemag.org

• Pre-industrial and contemporary fluxes of nitrogen through rivers: a global assessment based on typology

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PA Green, CJ Vörösmarty, M Meybeck, JN Galloway… - Biogeochemistry, 2004 – Springer

• Riverine nitrogen export from the continents to the coasts EW Boyer, RW Howarth, JN Galloway… - Global Biogeochemical …, 2006 - agu.orgagu.org

• Current nitrogen inputs to world regions EW Boyer, RW Howarth, JN Galloway… - … and the nitrogen …, 2004 - books.google.com

• Goship data http://www.go-ship.org/About.html (will have nutrient data available)

Ocean Heat Transport • ARGO program (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA))

• Southwest Pacific Ocean Circulation and Climate Experiment (SPICE) | CLIVAR http://www.clivar.org/organization/resources/southwest-pacific-ocean- circulation-and-climate-experiment-spice

• Stern, N. (2007). “How Climate Change Will Affect People Around the World.” The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. : 65-103.

Sea/air interaction • International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project – global program 1. Secretariat of the • Ocean chemistry (Chapter 5) www.ioccp.org. Pacific Regional observations (pCO2, Environment nutrients) • Atmospheric Programme (SPREP) fluxes, oxygen • Pacific Climate Change Science Program (PCCSP) 2. Bureau of • Socioeconomic impacts production, http://www.pacificclimatefutures.net/ Meteorology carbon dioxide (BOM)JCOMM • sequestration Meteorological 3. National Institute of phenomena and ocean • Hurricanes • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC) Assessment Water and acidification and typhoons, Atmospheric

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monsoon, • State of the Climate 2012, http://www.bom.gov.au/inside/publications.shtml Research (NIWA, • Effects of multiple trade winds , CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology (2012) State of the Climate 2012. Ocean Acidification, stresses • Trends in CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology, Australia carbon meteorologica sequestration) Expertise gaps l phenomena 4. New Zealand • EM-DAT Database – www.emdat.be and their Metservice • Socioeconomic –

socioeconomic 5. Geoscience Australia anthropology, • Stern, N. (2007). “How Climate Change Will Affect People Around the implications (GA) economics, social science World.” The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review Cambridge, • Ocean 6. The Commonwealth • Meteorological Cambridge University Press. : 65-103. acidification Scientific And • Ocean acidification

and the Industrial Research • Monsoon socioeconomic • Impacts of atmospheric anthropogenic nitrogen on the open ocean Organisation (CSIRO) • Trade winds and implications RA Duce, J LaRoche, K Altieri, KR Arrigo, AR Baker… - science, 2008 - 7. University of hurricanes sciencemag.org Tasmania (UTAS), Australia 8. Secretariat of the Trends in meteorological Pacific Regional Environment • UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC Programme (SPREP) 9. University of the • Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology South Pacific (JCOMM) 10. Fiji Meteorological Centre • Mimura, N., Nurse L., McLean, R.F., Agard, J., Briguglio L., Lefale, P., Payet, R. 11. Bureau of and Sem, G., (2007). “Small Islands”. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Meteorology Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth 12. University of Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. O. F. Waikato C. M.L. Parry, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson. Cambridge, 13. Secretariat of the Cambridge University Press. 687-716. Pacific Community Applied Geoscience and Technology Division (SOPAC) - Ocean Acidification socioeconomic • European Project on Ocean Acidification (EPOCA) www.epoca-project.eu

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Primary • IOC – UNESCO Harmful Algal Bloom Program 1. National Institute of • Science products and Large data and production, cycling http://ioc-unesco.org/hab/ Water and synthesis from global socioeconomic of nutrients, Atmospheric science studies in region gaps surface layer and Research (NIWA) to enable assessments • Repeat Hydrography (nutrients) plankton (Chapter 2. The Commonwealth and impacts to be www.cchdo.ucsd.edu/maps/pac_aust.html 6) Scientific and identified.

Industrial Research • Primary • Secretariat of the Pacific Community Applied Geoscience and Technology Organisation (CSIRO) production • Lack of understanding of Division (SOPAC) – STAR 2012, Kuchinke M and Lenton A “Ocean acidification 3. University of distribution open ocean ecosystem and ENSO: Decadal trends in the western equatorial Pacific sea surface Queensland (UQ) • Surface layer function. aragonite saturation state” 4. University of and plankton, http://www.sopac.org/sopac/star/STAR%20Abstracts%20vol2012_16Oct201 Tasmania (UTAS) factors • 2.pdf 5. CSIRO Plankton Finer scale coastal areas influencing the specialists (biological surface layer 6. University of New processes/ecosystems) and species South Wales (UNSW variation Zooplankton) • Socioeconomic • Socioeconomic implications of primary implications of production trends and primary other factors affecting production food webs (knowledge trends and and expertise). other factors affecting food webs Ocean-sourced • Fiji Ministry of Tourism (2006). “Adaptation to Climate Change in the Tourism 1. Secretariat of the • Understanding of Carbonate carbonate Sector in the Fiji Islands: Summary Report of the Initial Stakeholder Pacific Community impacts of multiple production – production Workshop.” Fiji Ministry of Tourism with the United Nations World Tourism Applied Geoscience stresses on carbonate longevity of (Chapter 7) Organisation and the United Nations Environment Programme, Suva, Fiji. and Technology production rates. islands. This Division (SOPAC) has not had a • Role of ocean- • Stern, N. (2007). “How Climate Change Will Affect People Around the 2. University of • Socioeconomic lot of focus to sourced World.” The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review Cambridge, Victoria, Australia impacts/consequences. date. carbonate Cambridge University Press. : 65-103. 3. University of Interference and cost to production in Wollongong, society – loss of tourism, the formation Australia coastal protection, of atolls and 4. Australian Defence amenity, population beaches and Force Academy pressures (gaps in potential 5. University of the

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impacts of South Pacific (USP) knowledge and ocean 6. James Cook expertise). acidification University (JCU), Australia

7. The Australian Institute of Marine Sciences (AIMS) 8. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) 9. Marsay University 10. University of Sydney

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Group2 Food security and safety aspects

Overall Points Related to Completing the Table and the Food Security and Food Safety Part of the SW Pacific region Assessment Topics Relevant Priority Individuals & Institutions to Information Gaps Comments Sources of Engage (email; who suggested)

Information

Capture fisheries (Chapter 11) Sub-tropical & Tropical oceanic fisheries, Common consensus Climate Change considerations. Offshore fisheries and migratory, large scale small scale-fisheries on baselines coastal fisheries separated. Offshore fisheries has much • Commercial fish and shellfish Organisations – Pacific Islands Forum more data available. stocks status and factors Data on artisanal & As per the Fisheries Agency (FFA), Secretariat of the affecting large-scale coastal fisheries What baseline are we using? preliminary Pacific Community (SPC) , Secretariat of industrial, artisanal, and (PICTs) inventory the Pacific Regional Environment Number of databases available but only when an recreational sectors and their Programme (SPREP), Western and Central Data on assessment, such as the WCPFC year book, is prepared socioeconomic implications Pacific Fisheries Commission (WFPFC) , recreational should these be included 1. Large scale tuna fisheries Southeast Asian Fisheries Development fisheries (Australia, large scale, including Priorities: Center (SEAFDEC), National Oceanic and New Zealand) bycatch and discards Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Fish & Livelihoods and coastal fisheries, assessing it, it is 2. Tropical tuna fisheries Limited knowledge Wildlife, Western Pacific Regional Fishery significant scale of national dependence, important small scale fisheries, available of large Management Council (WPRFMC) , The source of protein including bycatch and scale fisheries and Parties to the Nauru Agreement (PNA) , discards their ecosystem food security and its significance for protein, key species. University of the South Pacific (USP), The 3. Deep sea non-migratory impacts Australian National Centre for Ocean Gender. Role of women in livelihoods and markets in 4. Subtropical oceanic Resources and Security (ANCORS), The Patchy data, need fisheries migratory Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial to qualify results 5. Temperate fisheries Consistent with increased trends to ebm, there are Research Organisation (CSIRO), James Cook when 6. Invertebrate fisheries growing assessments on bring in ecosystems University (JCU, Australia), The Australian using/analysing the 7. Coastal lagoon components and tropic interactions National University (ANU), University of data 8. Other British Columbia, University of Hawaii, Contribution of wcpo fisheries to food security (role of • Other fish and shellfish stocks South Pacific Regional Fisheries this region in providing high value species to the globe, status and factors affecting Management Organisation (SPRFMO), not limited to feeding just the region) markets, trade, artisanal and recreational TRAFFIC, World Wildlife Fund (WWF), market trades, profitability, cost of fisheries (fuel, labour, sectors and their International Union for Conservation of trends of where crews and labour come from). socioeconomic implications Nature (IUCN), PEW, Greenpeace, Food • Tuna as development aspiration, utilising these resources Effects of pollution and the and Agriculture Organization (FAO), for SID development. socioeconomic implications International Seafood Sustainability • Scale, location and impact on Foundation (ISSF), Australian Bureau of Flow of benefits and conservation burden issues. fish stocks of illegal, Page 54

unreported and unregulated Agricultural and Resource Economics and Assessment of trends in access revenue and percentage fishing Sciences (ABARES), Marine Stewardship of landed value. • Projections of status of fish Council (MSC), Australian Fisheries Heavily impacted by climate change. and shellfish over the next Management Authority (AFMA), Birdlife decade International Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing activities. Coastal/lagoon Other social and economic aspects Assessment includes the implementation of international Organisations – Secretariat of the Pacific of fisheries and sea-based food fisheries agreements that reflects the institutional Community (SPC) , Worldfish, Food and (Chapter 15) instruments and social/cultural concerns, and an Agriculture Organization (FAO), University assessment of these consequences. • Health benefits and of the South Pacific (USP), Secretariat of contamination risks the Pacific Regional Environment Assess status of management against the targets. Programme (SPREP), The Australian • Employment and injuries Trends of level of fisheries under management, and the National Centre for Ocean Resources and • Socioeconomic implications of range of measures. fisheries in social structure Security (ANCORS), James Cook University • Implementation of (JCU, Australia), The Commonwealth Increased interest in WCPO and therefore increased international fisheries Scientific and Industrial Research effort. Organisation (CSIRO), the council, National agreements Development, technical changes in fleet structure, Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Long-distance transport of techniques, capacities, subsidies. landed fish and shellfish (NOAA), World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Conservation International (CI), The Nature Management responses to social concerns regarding Conservancy (TNC), The Australian Institute food security of Marine Sciences (AIMS), Arafura and Needs on recreational fisheries/charter Timor Seas Ecosystem Action Program fisheries/fisheries related tourism (ATSEA), The Australian National University (ANU), CDU, The Australian Institute of Impacts of land based pollution, varies by island. Marine Sciences (AIMS), University of Reclamation and urbanisation/infrastructure impacts on Hawaii capture fisheries, waste impacts Temperate fisheries, other, deep seas, SBT

Organisations - South Pacific Regional Ciguatera, access, food safety issues, and food safety Fisheries Management Organisation matters. (SPRFMO), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), The Information requirements/institutional requirements to Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial meet food safety, heavy metals(a gap) and other export Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian requirements (i.e. competent authorities) Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA), Institutional capacity to rest international fisheries Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), agreement and reporting requirements The Australian National Centre for Ocean

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Resources and Security (ANCORS), The Social licence and certification for capture fisheries Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies Employment in both oceans and coastal ports, (IMAS) , Fisheries Research and infrastructures, observers, processing, crews. Development Corporation (FRDC), Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Air transport Resource Economics and Sciences Employment benefits and costs (i.e. injuries, deaths, (ABARES), Commission for the processing etc) Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT), Deepsea conservation coalition, Processing dependents, shore based activities. World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Deep water Economics of transhipment, group/NZ industry, Birdlife International, University of Massey, University of Marine ornamentals Queensland (UQ, Australia), University of Auckland, Centre of Oceans Solutions Aquaculture & mariculture As per the Organisations – Secretariat of the Pacific Pearls & shrimp significant particularly for cook islands (Chapter 12) preliminary Community (SPC), University of the South (just pearls), French Polynesia & New Caledonia inventory Pacific (USP), Australian Centre for • Economic magnitude, location Aus/nz – sbt, lobster, salmon, oysters etc International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), and species of aquaculture James Cook University (JCU), The Many PI states have aquaculture/mariculture activities of activities and their ecosystem Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial small levels, some are local significance, but many with and socioeconomic impacts Research Organisation (CSIRO), Worldfish, weak technical, weak infrastructure, and high costs • Impacts of chemical pollution World Wildlife Fund (WWF), The Nature and contamination of wild Lack of business developed and donor proponent Conservancy (TNC), Conservation fisheries support for business International (CI), French Research Institute • Projections of aquaculture for Exploration of the Sea (IFREMER), activities over the next Cawthorn Inst., The National Institute of Future scenarios – alteration of the pearl market – food decade Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), security as growing driver for aquaculture/mariculture to Fisheries Research and Development part fill looming gap in capture fisheries food security - Corporation (FRDC), Australian Bureau of development of smaller finfish operation – beche de Agricultural and Resource Economics and mere farming - research trials underway - development Sciences (ABARES), The Institute for Marine in boutique aquaculture mariculture operations – and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), Food and partnerships (PPS) and government Agriculture Organization (FAO) Fish stock propagation (Chapter As per the Fish stock propagation – giant clam, trochus, grouper, 13) preliminary mangrove, coral, beche de mere, sea horse inventory • Rebuilding depleted stocks • Ecosystems and

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socioeconomic impacts of artificial propagation on natural ecosystems Seaweeds and other sea-based As per the Farmed seaweeds, wild seaweeds, invasive seaweeds, food (Chapter 14) preliminary Invasive seaweeds originating from commercial inventory • Economic magnitude and operation location of food other than Some operations throughout the region, locally fish and shellfish and their significant (tonga,Fiji, xx) but not very significant ecosystem and socioeconomic regionally impacts Blue carbon opportunity Oceans and seas as sources of As per the See above See above See above food (Chapter 10) preliminary inventory

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Group3 Socioeconomic aspects

Overall Points Related to Completing the Table and the Food Security and Food Safety Part of the SW Pacific region Assessment Topics Relevant Studies, Documents, Reports and Other Priority Individuals & Institutions Information Gaps Comments Sources of Information (refer to the Inventory list) to Engage (email; who suggested) Scientific Costanza et al., “The Value of the World’s Ecosystem International Union for Ecosystem service Participants considered understanding of Services” - this document identified 17 ecosystem Conservation of Nature (IUCN) assessment and modelling this to be an important ecosystem services services. Blue Carbon Working Groups for the south-west Pacific topic for the Regular (Chapter 3) region Process. It was felt that “Ecosystem Goods and Services in Marine Protected World Bank it would be useful if the • Shoreline Areas” (New Zealand, still under review) Secretariat of the Pacific Regular Process report protection Great Barrier Reef Water Quality Protection Plan Community (SPC) – Secretariat highlighted ecosystem • Carbon storage of the Pacific Community Applied services as a framework • International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Natural products Geoscience and Technology concept. and UNEP, and GRID Arendal studies on Blue Carbon (i.e. ornamental Division (SOPAC) - shoreline fish, shells…) World Bank WAVES Group studies protection • Jobs & livelihoods Earth Economics – EVT Toolkit Ecosystem Services Partnership – Oceania Chapter (meeting in Bali Other suggested topics: TEEB (for oceans is in progress) Carbon and heat in November 2013) UNEP GRIP Arendal –Green Economy in a Blue World, absorption; as well as Marine Ecoservices Partnership, SIDS study under preparation other services as Duke University identified in Costanza et al. United Nations System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) Aesthetic, cultural, Patterson and Glavovic., “Ecological Economics and National Institute of Water and Reports capturing The breakout group felt religious and spiritual Oceans, Coasts,” (chapter on cultural issues by Charlotte Atmospheric Research (NIWA) traditional knowledge and that this might be an ecosystem services Sunde) (work on traditional knowledge in cultural uses of oceans in important topic for the derived from the sea relation to the role of marine and the region. region. UNESCO WHC – reports and assessments for relevant (Chapter 8) coastal environments, and how World Heritage sites in the region this is taken into account • Human interactions Management planning documents based on co- regarding decision making etc) with the oceans on management or incorporation of traditional knowledge aesthetic, cultural, University of Auckland and customary use – e.g. in New Zealand, Australia, religious and

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spiritual levels, LMMAs. University of Sydney including burials at United Nations University Centre sea, and ways in for Traditional Knowledge which these interactions may be UNESCO World Heritage Centre affected by other World Indigenous Network, changes. including May 2013 Conference

American Museum of Natural Other suggested topics: History, New York Traditional

knowledge? Shipping (Chapter 17) Waigaini Convention reporting International Maritime Reporting under the Hydrographic work Organisation(IMO) Waigaini Convention (surveys etc.) and the • Economic Pacific Islands Marine Contingency Plan (PACPlan) impact on socio- significance of associated reports Secretariat of the Pacific Regional economic issues to be shipping and trend Environment Programme (SPREP) Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment included under Chapter over the next Programme (SPREP), Shipping Movement Report for the South Pacific Tourism 17 potentially, decade Pacific Organisation (SPTO), regarding identification of this as • Harmful impacts cruise shipping a cross cutting issue from pollution, New Zealand Rena response related studies Australian Maritime Safety acoustics, disasters, Particularly sensitive Sea Area (PSSA) reports, Great Authority (AMSA) reports on transport of Barrier Reef (GBR) 1990 , Torres Strait 2005 The Breakout group Australian shipping incidents, and invasive species believes that shipping is UNDP, Glo-ballast study on ballast water and invasive Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and hazardous, likely to increase, and noxious substances species Authority (GBRMPA) for the associated issues may • Great Barrier Reef (GBR) Shipping-related Fiji work on invasive species - Secretariat of the Pacific intensify, however the industries and Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) World Ocean Council Breakout group is not commerce aware of relevant Toxicity of Tributyltin (TBT) study for the GBR, Great studies Other suggested sub- Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA) Need to clarify how topics: Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission vessels other than (WFPFC) , monitoring and surveillance efforts and “ships” are addressed PSSAs achievements, especially VMS, plus state cooperation (eg fishing vessels, (e.g. The Parties to the Nauru Agreement (PNA) , and yachts) Piracy Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA))

Safety of life at sea, and occupational health and Page 59

safety/working conditions (for all vessels, including smaller vessels) Ports (Chapter 18) Reports on ports along the Queensland coast International Maritime Ports was thought to be Organisation(IMO) a topic of interest for • Economic Australian Government white paper on port Fiji, Papua New Guinea, significance of development Port management authorities Tahiti, New Caledonia, ports and trend Pacific Island Forum Secretariat Guam, Hawaii, Australia over the next (PIFS), regarding the role of ports New Zealand decade and shipping/boating in trans • Nuclear free shipping Ports development national crime and regional (and access to ports) and maintenance security and socioeconomic identified as a possible implications Secretariat of the Pacific subtopic of interest Community (SPC) As with shipping, World Association for expected growth issue Waterborne Transport and for the region driven by Infrastructure (PIANC) tourism (cruise ships), and mineral exports Submarine cables and Carter et al., 2009 - UNEP WCMC report on cables and United Nations Environment Understanding of See contacts for pipelines (Chapter 19) pipelines Programme World Conservation international standards and offshore hydrocarbon Monitoring Centre (UNEP WCMC) state of compliance (regarding pipelines) • Economic magnitude and ISCPC (International Cable Vulnerability of cables and Links to food security – location of cables Protection Committee) pipelines in the region (e.g. impacts on inshore and pipelines and what is the risk exposure) fisheries and other socioeconomic livelihoods implications

• Pollution

Other suggested topics:

Socio-economic impacts of interactions with cables and pipelines (e.g. fisheries interactions, leading to loss of communication) Page 60

Absence of bandwidth in internet cabling to SIDS and associated development implications Coastal, riverine and United Nations Environment Programme Global - United Nations Environment Dispersal modelling (river atmospheric inputs Programme of (UNEP GPA) Programme Global - Programme outflows) from land (Chapter 20) of (UNEP GPA) Sick Water Implications for coastal • Source of pollution, http://www.unep.org/pdf/SickWater_screen.pdf Secretariat of the Pacific Regional fisheries and other coastal including municipal Environment Programme (SPREP) livelihoods (identified as a UNEP - Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) Program wastes, industrial priority issue, noting several Secretariat of the Pacific wastes, and Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment examples of negative events Community (SPC) /Secretariat of agricultural runoff Programme (SPREP) - POPs and PICs Program (e.g. dead zones) this in the the Pacific Community Applied • region) Eutrophication Global Environment Facility (GEF), Global International Geoscience and Technology • Desalinization Waters Assessment (GIWA) Report Division (SOPAC)

Other suggested topics: Denton report on heavy metals Australian estuaries database assessment reports Salt water intrusion into freshwater aquifers Great Barrier Reef Water Quality Plan studies, especially synthesis reports by Brodie et al OS 2020 Bay of Islands http://www.os2020.org.nz/bay- of-islands-coastal-survey-project/ Secretariat of the Pacific Community Applied Geoscience and Technology Division (SOPAC) Freshwater Resources Database Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) Regional Waste Management Strategy Offshore hydrocarbon Yannick Beaudoin ed. - global assessment of gas Geoscience Australia info on the issue of Gas hydrate considered industries (Chapter 21) hydrates, UNEP, GRID Andreal distributive fairness, such as to be a key emerging The National Offshore Petroleum taxation, royalty, regulation issue for the region, • Scale and International Energy Assessment (IEA) and British Safety and Environmental etc. especially for New significance and Petroleum (BP), assessments of hydrocarbon resources Management Authority Zealand socioeconomic (NOPSEMA), National Offshore Papua New Guinea An Options Analysis for the Commercial and implications Petroleum Titles Administrator Large amounts of

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• Impacts from Economic Development of Offshore Methane Hydrates (NOPTA), Australian Government information relevant data and exploration as a Future Energy Option For New and equivalent New Zealand studies are held by Current information on • Zealand, http://www.med.govt.nz/sectors- agencies, including on the issue private companies, and Disasters petroleum potential beyond industries/natural-resources/oil-and-gas/petroleum- of best practice are not available in the Australia, New Zealand and Other suggested topics: expert-reports/Extract-CAENZ-report-pdf public domain Australian Government Defence Papua New Guinea MacDiarmid, A., et al. Expert Risk Assessment of Science and Technology Relevant primarily only Carbon capture and Activities in the New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone Organisation(DSTO), regarding to Australia, New storage (CCS) and Extended Continental Shelf. Ministry for the underwater noise Zealand, and Papua Environment, Wellington, New Guinea Impacts throughout the The Australian Institute of Marine life cycle (exploration, http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/oceans/managing- Sciences (AIMS) our-oceans/niwa-risk-assessment.pdf production etc.) APPEA (Australian industry Australian Energy Resource Assessments association) Gas hydrate exploitation (potential) Secretariat of the Pacific Community Applied Geoscience Australian CO2CRC, regarding CCS and Technology Division (SOPAC), CCOP and ESCAP -

studies on minerals and petroleum potential in south- west Pacific region McDermot et al., New Zealand Ministry for Environment (assessment study of impacts of hydrocarbon activities) Other marine-based International Energy Agency (IEA) Understanding of ocean OTEC is a potential energy industries energy potential in the emerging issue for the National Oceanic and (Chapter 22) region, (as well as globally?) region – already trialled Atmospheric Administration in Hawaii • Scale of wind, (NOAA) wave, ocean International Renewable Energy thermal and tidal Agency (IRENA) power generation • Environmental Secretariat of the Pacific benefits and Community (SPC) impacts Secretariat of the Pacific • Expected economic Community Applied Geoscience performance and Technology Division (SOPAC) • Significant socioeconomic Oceanor aspects The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Other suggested topics: Organisation (CSIRO) Energy

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Transformed Flagship OTEC opics and Sub-Topics Relevant Sources of Info Priority Individuals & Inst. Information Gaps Comments Offshore mining Secretariat of the Pacific Community Applied Geoscience Secretariat of the Pacific Cultural impacts of offshore Need to capture industries (Chapter 23) and Technology Division (SOPAC), studies on aggregate Community Applied Geoscience mining excavation of sand and mining and Technology Division (SOPAC) gravel, and extraction of • Sand and gravel Contamination of aggregate minerals from sand mining and Secretariat of the Pacific Community Applied Geoscience New Zealand Ministry of by salt, leading to building socioeconomic and Technology Division (SOPAC), study Review of Pacific Economic Development, and infrastructure Understanding cultural implications Marine Minerals (in progress) regarding offshore mining deterioration impacts may be a • potential priority issue Status of non New Zealand, assessment of offshore hydrocarbon Comprehensive assessments sand/gravel mining activities International Seabed Authority of resource potential, activities (ISA) particularly non-sand and Link for irons and other marine minerals in New gravel Zealand,http://www.nzpam.govt.nz/cms/minerals/facts- and-figures The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and Geoscience Australia (GA), map of Australian mineral resources, as well as the New Zealand equivalent Papua New Guinea Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Solid waste disposal Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Knowledge of pollution risks Identified by the (Chapter 24) Programme (SPREP), WWII Wrecks Database (location Environment Programme associated with WWII Breakout group as a and tonnage information provided, useful for potential (SPREP), WWII shipwrecks wrecks risks is still limited priority topic for • Types and amounts loss of oil) discussion dumped into the London Convention Secretariat UXO studies are limited sea and trend over Brewer et al., Impacts of gold mine waste disposal on and Craig Vogt, regarding LC/LP regarding scope and depth Waste disposal is largely the next decade tropical pelagic ecosystems studies a land based issue, however there may be London Convention, International Assessment of Marine Mineral Policy Institute Additional topic oceans impacts related and riverine mine tailing disposal covered in discussion: to this that are covered Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment elsewhere Secretariat of the Pacific World War II ship Programme (SPREP), report on nuclear testing impacts Community Applied Geoscience Fishing industry waste wrecks and UXO Pacific Island Forum Secretariat (PIFS), study on and Technology Division (SOPAC), disposal at sea should

Unexploded ordnance (UXO) regarding mine tailings be picked up in fishery Mining tailings disposal related chapters of the

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Domestic waste Great Barrier Reef studies on dredge spoil dumping PIFS, regarding UXO report disposal Secretariat of the Pacific Regional

Environment Programme (SPREP) Industrial waste disposal

Nuclear testing impacts and nuclear waste disposal Marine Debris (Chapter UNEP GPA Studies National Oceanic and Regional responses to 25) Atmospheric Administration this issue are critical, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the south-west • Causes (NOAA) Studies Pacific can provide a • Approaches to United Nations Environment UNEP/Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Report global example of how combating marine Programme (UNEP) on ghost fishing to do this debris International Maritime The United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Derelict fishing gear Organisation (IMO) Other suggested topics: Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea (UNICPOLOS) should be captured Report on marine debris Secretariat of the Pacific Regional here and/or in fisheries Environment Programme (SPREP) related chapters Micro plastics Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), Report on (identified as a costs of marine debris in the Asia Pacific region particular priority) The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) ghost net studies Land/sea physical Webb and Kentch study, 2010 Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Regional specific interaction (Chapter 26) Environment Programme (SPREP) information International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), – NETA • Magnitude and Economics of Coastal Zone Management in the Pacific location of land International Geosphere and Australian sea level rise mapping reclamations and Biosphere Program habitat USA, Source to Sink Program (sediment deliveries) Land-Ocean Interactions in the modifications Coastal Zone (LOICZ) • Erosion of land by the sea and National Institute of Water and socioeconomic Atmospheric Research (NIWA) implications • Sedimentation changes and trend over the next

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decade

Other suggested topics:

Extreme weather events and impacts

Sea level rise

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Group4 Marine biological diversity aspects

The participants identified the need for need regular, national, coordinated SOE reporting, greater university trained graduates able to contribute/fill positions, mechanism in-country to capture all the data collected. The region needs resources in the form of sustainable long-term funding and infrastructure in the form of research boats, centralised data structure system at national and international level and equipment (sampling etc).

Topics (e.g. Coastal Relevant Studies, Documents, Reports and Other Sources Priority Individuals & Institutions to Engage Information Gaps Comments sediment habitats) and of Information (refer to the Inventory list) (email; who suggested)

Sub-Topics (e.g. Overall Task: identify relevant sources of information, including Task: list key individuals and institutions, status of major groups…) Task: note sub-topics but not limited to the Inventory list including participants, who are important to to Include in the SW pacific lacking information engage in writing this topic (note: the region Assessment authors will contact them regarding Task: review and add any becoming part of the Global Pool of Experts new topics or sub-topics and then contributors) Coastal (0 – 50 m depths) Seagrasses – seagrasswatch.org whole list of publications James Cook University (reefs, segrass) Resilience to changing sediment habitats (across across Asia and Pacific – status reports impacts, terrestrial, University of Perpignan Via Domitia – Coastal Chapters 34-43) over-fishing, climate Assessment of seagrasses – ifrecor – Hily, V et al 2010 University of the South Pacific (USP) change, national • Overall status of major Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme disaster groups of species and Bird Life Pacific (SPREP) - Coastal Ecosystems habitats within this Status and trend in International Union for Conservation of regime 2008, Atlas des mangroves de nouvelle-caledonie, Virly. S. seagrass distribution Nature (IUCN) - Coral Reefs • and trends Status and trends of, IUCN Mangrove Ecosystems for Climate Change Adaptation

and threats to, marine & Livelihoods (MESCAL) Project Mangroves – lack of ecosystems, species status and trend – MESCAL Project - sub-regional mangrove project and habitats that are could not accurately threatened, declining Compendium of Marine Species from New Caledonia – say if increasing or or otherwise in need of Second Edition, January 2007, Payri Clause E. (ED) decreasing – attention incomplete Tropical Fisheries, Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) – Vulnerability of Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture Non-commercial fish • Significant of the Pacific to Climate Change species – lack of data, on status and trend socioeconomic aspects CRISP Report – Analyse Ecoregionale Marine de la Nouvelle in relation to the – Caledonia, December Animals in the coastal conservation of marine environment – International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) species and habitat insufficient status, Report 2012 trend and threat data Page 66

World Heritage Listed Marine Area – 2006, Les Lagons de and marine mammal Nouvelle – Caledonie : Diversite Recuifale et Ecosystems information Assoicies In-shore water quality State of the Environment Report 2011, Marine Chapter – gap http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2011/report/marine- Lack of information on environment/ ecosystem functioning and connectivity – we www.pifsc.noaa.gov/cred/ don’t have any information to make a decision on this.

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