OF THE IRevp ^ovh State Deterinar^ CoUeee AT Cornell lUnivetstt^ RA 639.R5°7T9l'5'™""'""""'' •Jsndbook of medical entomology 3 1924 000 299 010 Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924000299010 Some early medical entomology. Athanasius Kircher's illustration of the Italian tarantula and the music prescribed as an antidote for the poison of its bite, (1643). HANDBOOK OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY WM. A. RILEY, Ph.D. Professor of Insect Morphology and Parasitology, Cornell University and O. A. JOHANNSEN, Ph.D. Professor of Biology, Cornell University ITHACA, NEW YORK THE COMSTOCK PUBLISHING COMPANY 1915 COPYRIGHT, I9I5 BY THE COMSTOCK PUBLISHING COMPANY, ITHACA, N. Y. Press of W. F. Humphrey Geneva, N. Y. PREFACE THE Handbook of Medical Entomology is the outgrowth of a course of lectures along the lines of insect transmission and dissemination of diseases of man given by the senior author In the Department of Entomology of Cornell University during the past six years. More specifically it is an illustrated revision and elaboration of his "Notes on the Relation of Insects to Disease" published January, 191 2. Its object is to afford a general survey of the field, and primarily to put the student of medicine and entomology in touch with the discoveries and theories which underlie some of the most important modem "work in preventive medicine. At the same time the older phases of the subject—the consideration of poisonous and parasitic forms—^have not been ignored. Considering the rapid shifts in viewpoint, and the development of the subject within recent years, the authors do not indulge in any hopes that the present text will exactly meet the needs of every one specializing in the field,—still less do they regard it as complete or final. The fact that the enormous literattu-e of isolated articles is to be found principally in foreign periodicals and is therefore difficult of access to many American workers, has led the authors to hope that a summary of the important advances, in the form of a reference book may not prove unwelcome to physicians, sanitarians and working entomologists, and to teachers as a text supplementing lecture work in the subject. Lengthy as is the bibliography, it covers but a very small fraction of the important contributions to the subject. It will serve only to put those interested in touch with original sources and to open up the field. Of the more general works, special acknowledgment should be made to those of Banks, Brumpt, Castellani and Chalmers, Comstock, Hewitt, Howard, Manson, Mense, Neveau-Lemaire, Nuttall, and Stiles. To the many who have aided the authors in the years past, by suggestions and by sending specimens and other materials, sincerest thanks is tendered. This is especially due to their colleagues in the Department of Entomology of Cornell University, and to Pro- fessor Charles W. Howard, Dr. John Uri Lloyd, Mr. A. H. Ritchie, Dr. I. M. Unger, and Dr. Luzerne Coville. VI Preface They wish to express indebtedness to the authors and publishers who have so willingly given permission to use certain illustrations. Especially is this acknowledgment due to Professor John Henry Comstock, Dr. L. O. Howard, Dr. Graham-Smith, and Professor G. H. T. Nuttall. Professor Comstock not only authorized the use of departmental negatives by the late Professor M. V Slingerland (credited as M. V. S.), but generously put at their disposal the illus- trations from the Manual for the Study of Insects and from the Spider Book. Figures 5 and iii are from Peter's "Der Arzt und die Heilkunft in der deutschen Vergangenheit." It should be noted that on examining the original, it is found that Gottfried's figure relates to an event antedating the typical epidemic of dancing mania. Wm. a. Riley. Cornell University, O. A. Johannsen. January, 1915. 8 CONTENTS CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION i_3 insects. 1. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS vi line II, for Heilkunft read Heilkunst. 1 line 2, for tarsi read tarsus. 6-56 32 line 21, and legend under fig. 23, for C. (Conorhinus) abdominalis read Melanolestes abdominalis. 47 legend under figure for 33c read 34. .atrodectus. Other 92 line 22 and 25, for sangiusugus read sanguisugus. 116 legend under fig. 83, for Graham-Smith read Manson. 136 line 10, from bottom, insert "ring" after "chitin". 137 line 3, for meditatunda read meditabunda. 145 line 7, from bottom, for Rs read Rj. 158 line 20, for have read has. 212 after the chapter heading insert "continued". 219 line 10, from bottom, for Comohinus read Conorhinus. 266 line I, fig. 158J refers to the female. 272 line 5, insert "palpus" before "and leg". 281 line 6, for discodial read discoidal. 281 last line, insert "from" before "the". ^ qj. giant water- 284 hne 5, for "tubercle of" read "tubercle or". , , ^emipterai- reported 305 lines 19, 28,44, page3061inesi,9, 22, 27, 30, page307line7, page 309 lines 8, 1 1, for R^+j read M,+j. 309 legend under fig. 168 add Bureau of Entomology. 312 line 36, for "near apex" read "of M,+j.". 313 running head, for Muscidffi read Muscoidea. 314 line 29, for "distal section" read "distally M,+j". 315 legend under fig. 172, for Pseudopyxellia read OrtheUia, for Lyperosia read Hamatobia, for Umbana read urbana. >isoning by nettling 323 and 325 legends under the figures, add "After Dr. J. H. *^^^'' ^^°°^ plasma. 328 line 7 from bottom for Apiochata read Aphioch»ta. CHAPTER III PARASITIC ARTHROPODS AFFECTING MAN 57-130 Acarina, or mites. The TrombidiidaE, or harvest mites. > The Ixodoidea, or ticks. Argasidas. IxodidiB. Treatment of tick bites. The mites. Dermanyssidae. Tarsonemidje. Sarcoptidce, the itch mites. Demode- cidae, the follicle mites. Hexapoda, or true insects. Siphunculata, or sucking lice. Hemiptera. VIII Contents The bed-bug. Other bed-bugs. Parasitic Diptera, or flies. Psychodidae, or moth flies. PhlebotominEe. Culicidas, or mosquitoes. SimuKidas, or black-flies. Chironomidae, or midges. Tabanidae, or horse-flies. Leptidas or snipe-flies. Oestrid^, or bot-flies. Muscidse, the stable-fly and others. Siphonaptera, or fleas. The fleas affecting man, the dog, cat, and rat. The true chiggers, or chigoes. CHAPTER IV ACCIDENTAL OR FACULTATIVE PARASITES 131-143 Acarina, or mites. Myriapoda, or centipedes and millipedes. Lepidopterous larvae. Coleoptera, or beetles. Dipterous larvas causing myiasis. Piophila casei, the cheese skipper. Chrysomyia macellaria, the screw- worm fly. CaUiphorinae, the blue-bottles. Muscinae, the house or typhoid fly, and others. Anthomyiidas, the lesser house-fly and others. Sarcophagidse, the flesh-flies. CHAPTER V ARTHROPODS AS SIMPLE CARRIERS OF DISEASE 144-163 The house or typhoid fly as a carrier of disease. Stomoxys calcitrans, the stable-fly. Other arthropods which may serve as simple carriers of pathogenic organisms. CHAPTER VI ARTHROPODS AS DIRECT INOCULATORS OF DISEASE GERMS 164-174 Some illustrations of direct inoculations of disease germs by arthropods. The r61e of fleas in the transmission of the plague. CHAPTER VII ARTHROPODS AS ESSENTIAL HOSTS OF PATHOGENIC ORGAN- ISMS 175-185 Insects as intermediate hosts of tape-worms. Arthropods as intermediate hosts of nematode worms. Filariasis and mosqui- toes. Other nematode parasites of man and animals, CHAPTER VIII ARTHROPODS AS ESSENTIAL HOSTS OF PATHOGENIC PRO- TOZOA 186-211 Mosquitoes and malaria. Mosquitoes and yellow fever. Contents ix CHAPTER IX ARTHROPODS AS ESSENTIAL HOSTS OF PATHOGENIC PRO- TOZOA 212-229 Insects and trypanosomiases. Fleas and lice as carriers of Trypanosoma lewisi. Tsetse-flies and nagana. Tsetse-flies and sleeping sickness in man. South American trypanosomiasis. Leishmanioses and insects. Ticks and diseases of man and animals. Cattle tick and Texas fever. Ticks and Rocky Mountain Spotted fever of man. CHAPTER X ARTHROPODS AS ESSENTIAL HOSTS OF PATHOGENIC PROTO- ZOA (Continued) 230-240 Arthropods and Spirochsetoses of man and animals. African relapsing fever of man. European relapsing fever. North African relapsing fever of man. Other types of relapsing fever of man. Spirochsetosis of fowls. Other spirochete diseases of animals. Typhus fever and lice. CHAPTER XI SOME POSSIBLE, BUT IMPERFECTLY KNOWN CASES OF ARTHROPOD TRANSMISSION OF DISEASE 241-256 Infantile paralysis, or acute anterior poliomyelitis. Pellagra. Leprosy. Verruga peruviana. Cancer. CHAPTER XII KEYS TO THE ARTHROPODS NOXIOUS TO MAN 257-317 . Crustacea. Myriapoda, or centipedes and millipedes. Arachnida (Orders of). Acarina or ticks. Hexapoda (Insecta). Siphunculata and Hemiptera (lice and true bugs). Diptera (mosquitoes, midges, and flies). Siphonaptera (fleas). APPENDIX Hydrocyanic acid gas against household insects 318-320 Proportion of ingredients. A single room as an example. Fumigating a large house. Precautions. Lesions produced by the bite of the black-fly 321-326 BIBLIOGRAPHY 327-340 INDEX 341-348 CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION EARLY SUGGESTIONS REGARDING THE TRANSMISSION OF DISEASE BY INSECTS Until very recent years insects and their allies have been considered as of economic importance merely in so far as they are an annoyance or direct menace to man, or his flocks and herds, or are injurious to his crops. It is only within the past fifteen years that there has sprung into prominence the knowledge that in another and much more insiduous manner, they may be the enemy of mankind, that they may be among the most important of the disseminators of disease. In this brief period, such knowledge has completely revolutionized our methods of control of certain diseases, and has become an import- ant weapon in the fight for the conservation of health. It is nowhere truer than in the case under consideration that how- ever abrupt may be their coming into prominence, great move- ments and great discoveries do not arise suddenly. Centuries ago there was suggested the possibility that insects were concerned with the spread of disease, and from time to time there have appeared keen suggestions and logical hypotheses along this line, that lead us to marvel that the establishment of the truths should have been so long delayed.