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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Z eeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48 1 0 6 -1 3 4 6 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9307811 Women who shattered the glass ceiling: Postpositivist inquiry into the aspirations, values, motives and actions of women serving as CEOs of Cooperative Extension Systems Maddy, Deborah Jones, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1992 UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 WOMEN WHO SHATTERED THE GLASS CEILING: Postpositivist Inquiry into the Aspirations, Values, Motives and Actions of Women Serving as CEOs of Cooperative Extension Systems DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University by Deborah Jones Maddy, B.S. Fam.Res., M.S. Educ.Com. ****** The Ohio State University 1992 Dissertation Committee: Approved by: Dr. Richard W. Clark, Adviser <?</- Dr. Nikki L. Conklin Adviser Dr. Janet L. Henderson Department of Agricultural Education DEDICATION This study is dedicated: ...to my husband, Bill, for your love and devotion, and the many sacrifices you made to make my dream come true. Thank you for sharing in my life and this degree. ...to my parents, Maurice and Mary Lou Jones, for always believing in me. Thank you for allowing me the freedom to explore the world and its options. Throughout my life, I have been secure and happy in your love. ...to the women who allowed me into their days. This is your success story. Thank you for blazing the path so that I might follow. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many who have played an important role in my quest for the terminal degree. I take this opportunity to thank those individuals who have assisted, guided, coached and counseled this graduate student in her professional growth and development while at The Ohio State University. I am grateful to Dr. Richard Clark for serving as my adviser during the past five years. Thank you for permitting me to design a program of study and research that met my needs and allowed me to discover my strengths. I truly appreciate your willingness to explore a new paradigm with me. To Dr. Jo Jones, Dr. Emmalou Norland, Dr. Nikki Conklin, and Dr. Jan Henderson, thank you for giving of your time and energies to assist in my academic pursuits. I am grateful for you encouragement, guidance and insights. You are friends and colleagues, but you also serve as role models for me and other women who aspire to excellence. Also, special thanks to Dr. Howard Klein for advising the human resource management area of my graduate program. Thank you Dr. Patti Lather for introducing me to the postpositivist paradigm it was love at first encounter. A special appreciation goes to Carla Menelle, Barb Hanniford, and Dr. Sue Cummings, dear friends and fellow graduate students. I enjoyed our internal partnering sessions and learned much from discussing and debating the merits of qualitative research with you. Our thoughts and prayers are with you, Carla. Sincere thanks to Gail Gunderson for serving as my peer-debriefer. I am grateful that you made time in your busy schedule as Extension professional, graduate student, wife, and mother to assist with my data analysis. Your insights were both challenging and supporting; you kept me honest and the inquiry credible. Balancing work and school is not an easy task, but with the support and understanding of my supervisors, Jim Helt and Dr. John Stitzlein, I was able to complete the degree. Thank you for being flexible and responsive to my needs. Financial assistance for this study came from; National Association of Extension 4-H Agents; Epsilon Sigma Phi, Alpha Eta Chapter; and the George Gist Graduate Research Scholarship. Thank you. I have been fortunate to be blessed with an abundance of good people to call family and friends. My loving thanks to each of you you helped to shape the person I have become. iv VITA February 12, 1953 Born - Buckhannon, West Virginia May 1975 B.S. Family Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown West Virginia June 1, 1976 Extension Agent, Maryland Cooperative Extension Service, Carroll County, Westminster, Maryland August 1981 M.S. Educational Communications, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York March 1, 1982 Extension Agent, Ohio Cooperative Extension Service, Warren County, Lebannon, Ohio December 1, 1984 Extension Agent, Ohio Cooperative Extension Service, Cuyahoga County, Cleveland, Ohio August 1, 1989 Assistant Extension Specialist, Ohio Cooperative Extension Service, Columbus, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Agricultural Education Dr. Richard W. Clark Area of Emphasis: Extension Dr. Jo M. Jones Administration Dr. Janet Henderson Minor Fields: Human Resource Dr. Howard J. Klein Management Research Methodology Dr. Emmalou Norland Dr. Nikki L. Conklin v TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ............................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................... iii VITA ................................................. V LIST OF FIGURES ....................................... ix CHAPTER I ............................................. 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................ 1 Problem Description .............................. 1 Purpose of Study ................................. 5 Justification of the Problem ..................... 6 Focus of Study ................................... 7 Objectives ....................................... 8 Definition of Terms .............................. 8 Limitations of the Study ......................... 9 Basic Assumptions ................................ 10 CHAPTER II ............................................ 11 REVIEW OF LITERATURE ................................ 11 Images of Women as Boss .......................... 12 Gender Differences ............................... 15 Barriers to Advancement .......................... 19 Ways of Leadership ............................... 24 Ways Women Lead .................................. 26 Work Environment ................................ 29 Leadership Styles ............................... 30 Conflict Management ............................. 34 Communication ................................... 35 Decision Making ................................. 36 Personal Development ............................ 38 Summary .......................................... 42 vi CHAPTER III .......................................... 45 PROCEDURES ......................................... 45 Research Design ................................. 46 Study Participants .............................. 51 Instrumentation Development ..................... 53 Establishing Trustworthiness ................... 53 Credibility .................................... 54 Transferability ................................ 60 Confirmability ................................. 62 Dependability .................................. 63 Instrument One — Personal Interview Questionnaire 64 Instrument Two — Diary Studies ................ 66 Instrument Three — Biographical Data Survey .... 69 Instrument Four — Member Check ................ 70 Data Collection Procedures ...................... 71 Data Analysis ................................... 74 CHAPTER I V ........................................... 81 FINDINGS ........................................... 81 A Profile of the Participants ................... 83 Women as Executives ............................. 91 Work Environment ............................... 92 Leadership Style ............................... 99 Conflict Management ............................ 103 Communication ............................. 107 Decision Making ................................ 110 The Path to the Top ............................. 113 CHAPTER V ............................................ 118 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................. 118 Summary ......................................... 118 Conclusions ..................................... 124 Implications .................................... 126 Recommendations ................................. 130 Recommendations for Cooperative Extension Systems.130 Recommendations for Further Study ..............