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Postscript. Among Digitized Manuscripts 292 Among Digitized Manuscripts Handbook of Oriental Studies Handbuch der Orientalistik section one The Near and Middle East Edited by Maribel Fierro (Madrid) M. Şukru Hanioğlu (Princeton) Renata Holod (University of Pennsylvania) Florian Schwarz (Vienna) volume 137 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ho1 Among Digitized Manuscripts Philology, Codicology, Paleography in a Digital World By L.W.C. van Lit, O.P. LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 License, which permits any non-commercial use, and distribution, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. The digital resources referred to in this book are freely available online at http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3371200. Cover illustration: Manuscript page from the ʿAmal al-munāsakhāt bi-al-jadwal by Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad Ibn al-Hāʾim. The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019037402 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 0169-9423 ISBN 978-90-04-41521-8 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-40035-1 (e-book) Copyright 2020 by the Author. Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense, Hotei Publishing, mentis Verlag, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh and Wilhelm Fink Verlag. Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect the publication against unauthorized use and to authorize dissemination by means of offprints, legitimate photocopies, microform editions, reprints, translations, and secondary information sources, such as abstracting and indexing services including databases. Requests for commercial re-use, use of parts of the publication, and/or translations must be addressed to Koninklijke Brill NV. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. Dedicated to my brethren Theo, Jan, Richard, Stefan, Michael-Dominique, and Augustinus ∵ Wise men and fools must both perish, and leave their wealth to others ∵ Contents Acknowledgments xi Introduction 1 1 Manuscript World, Print World, Digital World 8 1 Three Worlds 8 1.1 Surfaces of Emergence 14 1.2 Authorities of Delimitation 18 1.3 Grids of Specification 23 2 Case Study 1: ABC for Book Collectors versus A Dictionary of English Manuscript Terminology 31 2.1 Manuscript Practices in a Print World 31 2.2 Fear of Voiding or Fear of the Void 33 2.3 Moldy Manuscript or Pristine Print 35 3 Case Study 2: A World Without Whom versus Do I Make Myself Clear? 37 3.1 Word of the Year: 2015 or 2016? 37 3.2 Thinking to Type or Typing to Think? Typewriter versus Text Messages 40 4 Case Study 3: The Written, Printed, and Digital Koran 42 4.1 From Manuscript to Print 43 4.2 From Print to Digital 46 4.3 From Digital to Manuscript 47 5 Consequences for Digitized Manuscripts 50 2 The Digital Materiality of Digitized Manuscripts 51 1 Stepping into the Digital World 51 2 Larger Than Life Digitized Manuscripts 56 3 The Intangible Aura of Material Manuscripts 60 4 What Are Digitized Manuscripts? 64 5 New Habits for Philologists in a Digital World 69 3 Digitized Manuscripts and Their Repositories, an Ethnography 73 1 Old Collections in Europe 74 1.1 Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin 74 1.2 Qatar Digital Library 74 viii Contents 1.3 Leiden Universiteitsbibliotheek 75 1.4 Bibliothèque nationale de France 75 1.5 Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana 76 2 New Collections in North America 76 2.1 Caro Minasian Collection at the University of California, Los Angeles Library 76 2.2 Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library 77 2.3 Princeton University Library 77 2.4 University of Michigan Library 77 2.5 Islamic Studies Library, McGill University 78 3 Major Collections in the MENA Region 79 3.1 Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi 79 3.2 Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi 79 3.3 Ketābkhāna va mūza-ye melli-ye Malek 80 3.4 al-Maktaba al-waṭaniyya li-l-mamlaka al-maghribiyya 80 3.5 Jāmiʿa Malik Saʿūd 80 4 Notable Collections in Africa, the Levant, and Asia 81 4.1 Jāmiʿa al-najāḥ al-waṭaniyya 81 4.2 Jafet Library 82 4.3 Aboubacar Bin Said Library and Mamma Haidara Library on vHMML 82 4.4 MyManuskrip Malaya University 83 4.5 Daiber Collection Database at the Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo 83 5 A Grand Comparison of the Quality of Digital Surrogates 84 5.1 Size of Collection 84 5.2 Online 85 5.3 Downloadable 85 5.4 Portal 87 5.5 Viewer 88 5.6 Page Numbers 89 5.7 Resolution 90 5.8 Color Balance 90 5.9 Lighting 91 5.10 Cut 92 5.11 A Final Rating 92 6 A Visual Comparison 94 7 Difference between Professional and Amateur Photos 95 8 The Future of Digital Manuscript Repositories 95 Contents ix 4 Paleography: Between Erudition and Computation 102 1 The Variety of Digital Paleographic Experience 102 1.1 From Paper to Digital 103 1.2 Born Digital, with A Hint of Print 105 1.3 Traditional Work Done Better 107 1.4 Towards Handwriting Recognition 111 2 Rise and Fall of Team Projects Funded by Grants 117 2.1 Archetypes across the DH Spectrum 121 3 Drawing Ancient Symbols on a Tablet 123 5 Philology: Standards for Digital Editing 132 1 File Formats 133 2 Encoding of Text 140 3 Markup of Text 145 4 Intermezzo: Using the Right Editing Tool 156 4.1 You Need to Create a Small Critical Edition Solely for Print Purposes 156 4.2 You Are Working with a Very Large Text from Which You Will Mine Specific Bits of Information 157 4.3 You Have a Large Set of Separate Writings 157 4.4 You Will Work Intensively with a Stable Text 158 4.5 You Wish to Critically Edit a Text with Unusual Features or Multiple Manuscript Witnesses 158 4.6 Concluding Thoughts 159 5 Handling Images 160 6 Archiving and Publishing 167 6 Cataloging: From a Dusty Backroom to the World Wide Web 175 1 Field Research Workflow: From a Dusty Backroom to My Computer 176 2 Web Development: From My Computer to the World Wide Web 185 3 Structure: HTML 187 4 Content: JSON 193 5 Style: CSS 197 6 Interactivity: JavaScript 199 7 Productivity: Code Editor and Code Repository 220 8 Quantitative Analysis of the Collection 223 x Contents 7 Codicology: Automated Analysis Using Python and OpenCV 227 1 Why Code? 229 2 Description of Case Study 231 3 Introduction to Python 232 4 Introduction to OpenCV 235 5 Step 1: Extraction of Images 237 6 Step 2: Analysis of an Image 247 6.1 The Function Check_image_readable 249 6.2 The Function Analyze_image 251 6.3 The Function Display_image 257 6.4 The Function Find_angle 263 6.5 The Mathematics behind Finding the Angle 267 7 Step 3: Running the Script over Large Numbers 271 8 Results 282 8 A Digital Orientalist 287 Postscript. Among Digitized Manuscripts 292 Bibliography 311 Index of Persons 325 Index of Subjects 329 Acknowledgments This book is the result of years of slowly piecing together experience. I should note here that I have experience with coding and designing from a young age. In the final year of elementary school in 1998, I created the school’s website, and throughout my teens I made Flash animations. What also helped was that I studied mathematics in college. Coming with that background into Islamic studies obviously set me up to engage with digital humanities. In 2013, I started a weblog called The Digital Orientalist, with the intent to share my workflows and homemade hacks and tools that make life a little easier for someone in Islamic studies using a computer. Originally, my idea was to write posts that could ultimately function as paragraphs in a book-length introduction to the role of computers and digital resources for students in the humanities. As I saw it, and still is the case, students may learn research-related methodologies, and may learn how to read a text or write an essay, but rarely is there formal train- ing in how the computer is integrated into all of this. In 2015, I participated in various workshops and events at the DH Lab of Yale University, which helped me refine and reorient my endeavors. In 2016, I focused on working exclusively with digitized manuscripts. In the spring of 2017 I had prepared a more formal investigation of what it means to work with digitized manuscripts versus actual manuscripts which I presented at Freie Universität Berlin. My research stay was sponsored by the Dahlem Humanities Center, on invitation of Olly Akkerman. In the summer of that year, I had ex- panded my work into two separate articles on which I presented at Jyväskylä University, in Finland. I worked there as a postdoc in the ERC-funded project ‘Epistemic Transitions in Islamic Philosophy’, whose principal investigator is Jari Kaukua. It was Kutlu Okan, PhD candidate in that ERC project, who even- tually convinced me that I should expand the two articles into one book. The majority of the book I wrote in the academic year ’17–’18, residing at Blackfriars Priory in Cambridge, UK. The home stretch was done as part of my postdoc research grant, sponsored by the NWO (Netherlands Council for Research). I am tremendously thankful for the patronage of the Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies and the Open Access Fund, both at Utrecht University.
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