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Working Children in Drugs in the Philippines: a Participatory Action Research for Child/Family and Community Empowerment

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Working Children in Drugs in the Philippines: a Participatory Action Research for Child/Family and Community Empowerment Working Children in Drugs in the Philippines: A participatory action research for child/family and community empowerment By Emma Porio, PhD and Christine S. Crisol Ateneo de Manila University In collaboration with Jerry Apolonio Leonardo Estacio, Jr., PhD Evelyn Galang Amalia Lorelia Andrea Bolhayon Fernando Rico Submitted to The International Labour Organization October 2004 Table of Contents Section Page Table of Contents 1 List of Acronyms 2 Part I. Project Background 3 I.1. The Project Context and Justification 3 Part II. Project Design and Implementation 4 II.1. Target Groups/Beneficiaries and Partners 4 II.2. Research Partners and Collaborating NGOs/POs and Government Agencies 6 Figure 1. Matrix of Partner Organizations and Collaborating Agencies 6 II.3. The Participatory Action-Oriented Research (PAOR) 7 Figure 2. The Participatory Action-oriented Research Design. 9 Part III. 1. Changing Drug Contexts and Policy Framework 10 A. Social and Historical Contexts of Drug Use in the Philippines 10 B. Production, Transport and Distribution of Dangerous Drugs 11 C. Legal Framework and Policy Responses to Children in Drugs 13 Part III. 2. Profile of Children and Parents in the Project Sites 17 A. Research Site: Tatalon 17 B. Research Site: Pasay 24 C. Research Site: Paco-Pandacan 30 Summary: Profiles of Children and their Families and Shifts in Patterns of Drug-Related Issues 37 Part III. 3. Outcomes of Project Inputs and Activities 39 A. Project Intervention Strategies, Approaches, Outputs 39 Table 1. Project Strategies, Activities, and Outputs of KKPC in Tatalon, Quezon City 39 Table 2. Project Strategies, Activities, and Accomplishments of Addictus-Philippines 40 Table 3. Project Strategies/Activities of FCED in Paco-Pandacan, Manila 40 B. Reduction of Risks to Drugs 41 Part IV. Good Practices 43 Part V. Lessons Learned 45 Part VI. Project Challenges 46 Part VII. Implications/Recommendations 46 Part VIII. Postcript: The National Conference on Children in Drugs 47 Table 4. Conference Participants. 47 List of Appendices 49 Annex A.Map of Greater Metro Manila 50 Annex B.Map of Showing the Research Sites and the Urban Poor Areas in Metro Manila 51 Annex C. Social and Historical Contexts of Drug Use in the Philippines 52 Annex D. List of Sources 73 Annex E. Institutional Framework of Working Children in Drugs in the Philippines 74 Annex F. Protocol Forms and Research Instruments for PAOR 75 Annex G. Interview Schedules 82 Annex H. Sample of Community Social Risk Maps 101 Annex I. Sample of Community Profile 102 Annex J. Sample of Monitoring and Asessment Form 103 Table 5. Selected Findings: Youth in Drugs, 2000 104 Table 6. Selected Findings on Working Children/Youth in Drugs, 2003 106 Table 7. Selected Findings on Working Children/Youth in Drugs, 2004 108 Table 8. Comparative Table of Parents’ Responses, 2004 110 1 List of Acronyms ADMU - Ateneo de Manila University BADAC - Barangay Anti-Drug Abuse Council BBBRC - Bahay ng Bagong Buhay Rehabilitation Center BCPC - Barangay Council for the Protection of Children CBO - Community-based Organization COPA - Council on Philippine Affairs CUREDD - Center for the Ultimate Rehabilitation of Drug Dependents CWC - Council for the Welfare of Children DARC - Drug Abuse Rehabilitation Center DARE - Drug Abuse Resistance Education DECS - Department of Education, Culture, and Sports DDB - Dangerous Drugs Board DILG - Department of Interior and Local Government DOLE - Department of Labor and Employment DRDF - Demographic Research and Develpoment Foundation, Inc. DSWD - Department for Social Welfare and Development EARIST - Eulogio Amang Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology ECOP - Employers Confederation of the Philippines ERDA - Educational Research and Development Assistance FCED - Families and Children for Empowerment and Development FGD - focused group discussion GHB - Gamma hydroxyamphetamine, a central nervous system depressant GO - government organization GNP - gross national product KII - key informant interview KKPC - Kapatiran Komunidad People’s Coalition IEC - information and education campaign ILO - International Labour Organization IPEC - International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour LGU - local government unit NBI - National Bureau of Investigation NCSD - National Council for Social Development NDECC - National Drug Enforcement Coordinating Council NDLEPCC - National Law Enforcement and Prevention Coordinating Center NGO - Non-government Organization NYC - National Youth Commission PAOCC - Presidential Anti-Organized Crime Commission PAOCTF - Presidential Anti-organized Crime Task Force PAOR - participatory action-oriented research PAR-UA - participatory action research in urban areas PD - Presidential Decree PDEA - Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency PECS - precursors and essential chemicals POPCOM - Population Commission PNP - Philippine National Police PTCA - Parent, Teachers and Community Assemblies AIDSOTF - Anti-Illegal Drugs Special Operations Task Force RA - Republic Act SPPR - State of the Philippines Population Report UGAT - Ugnayan at Tulong para sa Maralitang Pamilya Foundation, Inc. UNDCP - United Nations Drug Control Program UNICEF - United Nations Children’s Fund UNIFEM - United Nations Development fund for Women UNODC - United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UPPI - University of the Philippines Population Institute USAID - United States Agency for International Development YAFS - Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Study 2 Part I. Project Background I.1 The Project Context and Justification In the late 1990s, a significant number of children have been engaged in illicit drug use, sale, and trafficking in urban areas in the Philippines. ILO Convention 182 considers the use of children in illegal activities such as in the use of children in the production, sales, and trafficking of drugs, as one of the worst forms of child labour. Children engaged in the drug trade suffer from dangers and risks beyond the physical, psychological and mental disorders prevalent among drug-addicted children. Children in the drug trade/trafficking (CDT) are exposed to the world of illegal activities and criminality. They are involved in situations of tensions and conflicts and quite vulnerable to harassment and exploitation by both drug dealers and the police. Involvement of children and youth in drugs In the first quarter of 2000, the ILO-IPEC in Manila commissioned a rapid assessment of working children engaged in the production, sale and trafficking of drugs. The research, covering several urban poor communities in Metro Manila and Cebu City, revealed that a significant proportion of children and youth were engaged in illicit drug(s) trading, trafficking and abuse. Of particular interest is the high level of abuse and trafficking or "pushing" of metamphetamine chloride (locally known as shabu) among young children. This is a radical shift from the early 1990s when children were mainly into sniffing rugby, glue or other kinds of inhalants. The rapid assessment also showed that these children come from impoverished households with high level of abuse/violence. Children involved in drug sales and trafficking are difficult to trace and identify because of the illegal and hidden nature of the trade and the social and political sensitivity of the phenomenon. Because of the associated risks/dangers and potential difficulties, it is necessary to use a cautious, process-based approach to gain an understanding of this emerging issue. Moreover, because of recent emergence of this phenomenon, not much is known about: (1) the profile of the working children engaged in substance abuse, sale, and trafficking; (2) the pattern of recruitment into the drug network and the strategies/techniques employed in getting the children hooked into drugs/drug network; and (3) how these children could be "weaned" or dislodged from the drug network and become part of the mainstream institution of work, education, and social networks in the community. Structure of the Report Part I of the report contains the project context and justification. This part describes the situation of children/youth in drug trafficking (CDT) and their links to children in the worst forms of child labor (WFCL). Part II describes the research design and the pilot intervention models in the communities. It also describes the target groups, partners and agencies involved in the project as well as the program approach and strategy. This section also elaborates on the research issues and methods utilized in this project. Part III 3 consists of the two major parts. Chapter III.A discusses the changing drug contexts and policy framework in the Philippines while chapter III.B describes the profile of communities, children/parent beneficiaries, and the project outcomes and results. Part IV highlights some effective community-based models in the three cities, namely, Paco- Pandacan in Manila, Barangay 91 in Pasay City and Tatalon in Quezon City. Part V enumerates the lessons learned from implementing the participatory action-oriented research project while Part VI discusses the challenged encountered in the implementation of the project. Finally, Part VII concludes the report with a set of recommendations for subsequent interventions for children/youth engaged in drug sale, production and trafficking of drugs. Appendix A outlines the social and historical contexts of drug use in the Philippines. This part contains the following sections: (1) Dangerous Drug Use: A Background; Production; (2) Transport and Distribution of
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