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MASTER'S THESIS Determination of the Conductivity of Insulation Boards Made of Calcium Silicate by Test in the Cone Calorimeter Jakob Degler 2016 Master of Science in Engineering Technology Fire Engineering Luleå University of Technology Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering Title: Determination of the conductivity of insulation boards made of calcium silicate by test in the cone calorimeter Svensk titel: Bestämning av konduktiviteten för isoleringsskivor av kalciumsilikat med försök i konkalorimetern Author: Jakob Degler Supervisor: Ulf Wickström Keywords: Calcium silicate, FEM, TASEF, Insulation, Heat transfer, Conductivity, Cone calorimeter Sökord: Kalciumsilikat, FEM, TASEF, Isolering, Värmeledning, Konkalorimeter Master program in fire engineering Luleå University of Technology Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering I Preface This thesis concludes the master program in fire engineering at Luleå University of Technology. The study has been done during the fall and winter of 2015/2016 in Luleå. It has been a stimulating and interesting work, which hopefully will contribute and inspire to further research. I would like to thank my supervisor Ulf Wickström, who always has been willingly to answer questions and contributed with great input. I would also like to thank Alexandra Byström, who has been very helpful and supportive in the laboratory. Luleå, January 2016 Jakob Degler II Abstract In fire protection engineering an important field is to reduce the heat transfer to steel structures at elevated temperatures. There are a wide range of possible solutions to achieve this. One of these is by using insulation to decrease the heat flux to the steel. Boards made of calcium silicate are one type of insulation. Calcium silicate is an isotropic material and does not conduct heat well, which makes it suitable for insulation. To be able to decide the amount of insulation needed for protection the material properties have to be known, e.g. the thermal conductivity. Depending on the conductivity of a material it conducts heat differently. A low conductivity reduces the thermal impact from a heat source by decreasing the heat transfer within the material. There are several existing methods with the purpose of determining the conductivity of materials. Many of these methods are applicable for calcium silicate boards. There are however drawbacks with some of the methods and improvements can be made. For instance, some methods require expensive equipment or the equipment available are only self-made. There are also methods only valid for certain temperature spans, which reduces the area of application. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate a new method to determine the conductivity of insulation boards made of calcium silicate. The results are to be used in the area of fire protection engineering. Meaning, the results can be used to determine how much insulation is needed for protection at increased temperatures. The objective was to test calcium silicate boards in a cone calorimeter and measure the temperatures at the boundaries. The measurements were then used as input in computer models to determine the conductivity. A total of six insulation board samples were tested in a cone calorimeter. Two different set- ups were used in the laboratory tests to evaluate the influence of different boundary conditions. In four of the tests the insulation boards were exposed directly by the heating of the cone. In the other two a thin steel plate was attached to the top of the boards. This was done to accurately measure the temperature of the surface. The results showed a decreasing conductivity at elevated temperatures in all tests. Comparing the conductivity at 20 °C and 650 °C a reduction in conductivity of two-thirds was seen. At 440 °C the conductivity of the boards was calculated to approximately 0.16 W/(m×K). Since the methods have not been tested before further research and evaluations should be made to ensure its credibility and accuracy. An important part is to evaluate the methods at higher temperatures. III Sammanfattning Inom området för brandskydd är en viktig del att känna till hur värmeledning till stålkonstruktioner kan reduceras. Det finns flera möjliga lösningar på hur detta kan uppnås. En av dessa är att med hjälp av isolering minska uppvärmningen av stålet. Skivor bestående av kalciumsilikat är en typ av isolering. Kalciumsilikat är ett isotropt ämne som inte leder värme väl, vilket gör att det är passande som isolering. För att kunna bestämma mängden isolering som behövs vid brandskydd är det viktigt att känna till materialegenskaperna för isoleringen, t.ex. den termiska konduktiviteten. Beroende på konduktiviteten leder materialet värme olika bra. En låg konduktivitet minskar den termiska påverkan från en värmekälla genom att värmeflödet i materialet reduceras. Det finns flera existerande metoder med syftet att bestämma konduktiviteten för olika material. Flera av dessa passar för kalciumsilikatskivor. Det finns dock nackdelar med vissa av metoderna och förbättringar skulle kunna göras. Till exempel kräver vissa metoder kostsam utrustning eller så är den utrustning som finns tillgänglig enbart egentillverkad. Vissa metoder gäller enbart för ett visst temperaturspann, vilket minskar användningsområdet för dessa. Syftet med examensarbetet var att undersöka en ny metod för att bestämma konduktiviteten för isoleringsskivor bestående av kalciumsilikat. Resultaten ska vara tillfredställande nog för att kunna appliceras på området för brandskydd. Detta betyder att de ska kunna användas för att bestämma mängden isolering som behövs för brandskydd vid förhöjda temperaturer. Målet var att testa kalciumsilikatskivor i en konkalorimeter och mäta temperaturerna vid ränderna. Mätningarna skulle sedan användas som indata till datormodeller för att bestämma konduktiviteten. Totalt testades sex stycken prover av isoleringsskivor i en konkalorimeter. Två olika försöksuppställningar användes för att utvärdera påverkan vid olika randvillkor. I fyra av testarna blev skivorna exponerade direkt utav värmen från konen. I de resterande två försöken monterades en tunn stålplåt på toppen av skivorna. Detta gjordes för att enklare kunna mäta temperaturen på ytan. Resultaten visade på en minskade konduktivitet vid förhöjda temperaturer för alla försök. Vid jämförelse av konduktiviteten vid 20 °C och 650 °C kunde en reducering av konduktivitet på två tredjedelar ses. Vid 440 °C bestämdes konduktiviteten av skivorna till ungefär 0,16 W/(m×K). Eftersom metoderna inte har testats tidigare behövs ytterligare försök och utvärderingar för att kunna säkerställa dess trovärdighet och noggrannhet. En viktig del är att utvärdera metoderna vid högre temperaturer. IV Nomenclature Latin upper case letters A Area [m2] C Heat capacity per unit area [J/(m2K)] R Resistance [(m2K)/W] Q Internally generated heat [W/m3] T Temperature [°C or K] T Absolute temperature [K] V Volume [m3] Latin lower case letters c Specific heat capacity or specific heat [J/(kg×K)] d Thickness [m] e Specific volumetric enthalpy [J/m3] or [Wh/m3] h Heat transfer coefficient [W/(m2K)] k Conductivity [W/(m×K)] l Latent heat [J/m3] m Equation gradient [J/(m3K)] q Heat [J] t Time [s] u Moisture content [%] x Length [m] Greek letters β Convective heat transfer coefficient [W/(m2K)] γ Convective heat transfer power [-] ρ Density [kg/m3] σ The Stefan-Boltzmann constant [5.67×10-8 W/(m2K4)] Superscripts '' Per unit area Per unit time Subscripts AST Adiabatic Surface Temperature con Convection g Gas f Fire inc Incident V ins Insulation k Conduction l Lower r Radiation s Surface st Steel tot Total u Upper w Water Abbreviations AST Adiabatic Surface Temperature EN European Standard FEM Finite Element Method GHP Guarded Hot Plate ISO International Organization of Standards LF Laser Flash TASEF Temperature Analysis of Structures Exposed to Fire TPS Transient Plane Source VI Table of contents PREFACE ........................................................................................................................... II ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ III SAMMANFATTNING ......................................................................................................... IV NOMENCLATURE .............................................................................................................. V 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Aim ................................................................................................................................................................................. 2 1.3 Objective ...................................................................................................................................................................... 2 1.4 Scope and limitations ............................................................................................................................................. 2 1.5 Research questions .................................................................................................................................................. 3 2 METHOD ..................................................................................................................
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