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The Role of Nanobiosensors in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Journal of Personalized Medicine Review Personalized Medicine for Antibiotics: The Role of Nanobiosensors in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Vivian Garzón 1, Rosa-Helena Bustos 2 and Daniel G. Pinacho 2,* 1 PhD Biosciences Program, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía 140013, Colombia; [email protected] 2 Therapeutical Evidence Group, Clinical Pharmacology, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía 140013, Colombia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +57-1-8615555 (ext. 23309) Received: 21 August 2020; Accepted: 7 September 2020; Published: 25 September 2020 Abstract: Due to the high bacterial resistance to antibiotics (AB), it has become necessary to adjust the dose aimed at personalized medicine by means of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). TDM is a fundamental tool for measuring the concentration of drugs that have a limited or highly toxic dose in different body fluids, such as blood, plasma, serum, and urine, among others. Using different techniques that allow for the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) analysis of the drug, TDM can reduce the risks inherent in treatment. Among these techniques, nanotechnology focused on biosensors, which are relevant due to their versatility, sensitivity, specificity, and low cost. They provide results in real time, using an element for biological recognition coupled to a signal transducer. This review describes recent advances in the quantification of AB using biosensors with a focus on TDM as a fundamental aspect of personalized medicine. Keywords: biosensors; therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), antibiotic; personalized medicine 1. Introduction The discovery of antibiotics (AB) ushered in a new era of progress in controlling bacterial infections in human health, agriculture, and livestock [1] However, the use of AB has been challenged due to the appearance of multi-resistant bacteria (MDR), which have increased significantly in recent years due to AB mismanagement and have become a global public health problem [2]. -
Effects of Pitavastatin, Atorvastatin, and Rosuvastatin on the Risk Of
biomedicines Article Effects of Pitavastatin, Atorvastatin, and Rosuvastatin on the Risk of New-Onset Diabetes Mellitus: A Single-Center Cohort Study Wei-Ting Liu 1, Chin Lin 2,3,4, Min-Chien Tsai 5, Cheng-Chung Cheng 6, Sy-Jou Chen 7,8, Jun-Ting Liou 6 , Wei-Shiang Lin 6, Shu-Meng Cheng 6, Chin-Sheng Lin 6,* and Tien-Ping Tsao 6,9,* 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; [email protected] 2 School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; [email protected] 3 School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan 4 Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, 5 Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; [email protected] 6 Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; [email protected] (C.-C.C.); [email protected] (J.-T.L.); [email protected] (W.-S.L.); [email protected] (S.-M.C.) 7 Department of Emergency Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; [email protected] 8 Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan 9 Division of Cardiology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 11220, Taiwan * Correspondence: [email protected] (C.-S.L.); [email protected] (T.-P.T.); Tel.: +886-2-6601-2656 (C.-S.L.); +886-2-2826-4400 (T.-P.T.) Received: 25 October 2020; Accepted: 11 November 2020; Published: 13 November 2020 Abstract: Statins constitute the mainstay treatment for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, which is associated with the risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus (NODM). -
Bupivacaine Injection Bp
PRODUCT MONOGRAPH INCLUDING CONSUMER INFORMATION BUPIVACAINE INJECTION BP Bupivacaine hydrochloride 0.25% (2.5 mg/mL) and 0.5% (5 mg/mL) Local Anaesthetic SteriMax Inc. Date of Preparation: 2770 Portland Dr. July 10, 2015 Oakville, ON, L6H 6R4 Submission Control No: 180156 Bupivacaine Injection Page 1 of 28 Table of Contents PART I: HEALTH PROFESSIONAL INFORMATION .................................................................... 3 SUMMARY PRODUCT INFORMATION ................................................................................... 3 INDICATIONS AND CLINICAL USE ......................................................................................... 3 CONTRAINDICATIONS .............................................................................................................. 3 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS ............................................................................................. 4 ADVERSE REACTIONS ............................................................................................................... 9 DRUG INTERACTIONS ............................................................................................................. 10 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION ......................................................................................... 13 OVERDOSAGE ........................................................................................................................... 16 ACTION AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY ....................................................................... 18 STORAGE -
National Antibiotic Consumption for Human Use in Sierra Leone (2017–2019): a Cross-Sectional Study
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Article National Antibiotic Consumption for Human Use in Sierra Leone (2017–2019): A Cross-Sectional Study Joseph Sam Kanu 1,2,* , Mohammed Khogali 3, Katrina Hann 4 , Wenjing Tao 5, Shuwary Barlatt 6,7, James Komeh 6, Joy Johnson 6, Mohamed Sesay 6, Mohamed Alex Vandi 8, Hannock Tweya 9, Collins Timire 10, Onome Thomas Abiri 6,11 , Fawzi Thomas 6, Ahmed Sankoh-Hughes 12, Bailah Molleh 4, Anna Maruta 13 and Anthony D. Harries 10,14 1 National Disease Surveillance Programme, Sierra Leone National Public Health Emergency Operations Centre, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Cockerill, Wilkinson Road, Freetown, Sierra Leone 2 Department of Community Health, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone 3 Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; [email protected] 4 Sustainable Health Systems, Freetown, Sierra Leone; [email protected] (K.H.); [email protected] (B.M.) 5 Unit for Antibiotics and Infection Control, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Folkhalsomyndigheten, SE-171 82 Stockholm, Sweden; [email protected] 6 Pharmacy Board of Sierra Leone, Central Medical Stores, New England Ville, Freetown, Sierra Leone; [email protected] (S.B.); [email protected] (J.K.); [email protected] (J.J.); [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (O.T.A.); [email protected] (F.T.) Citation: Kanu, J.S.; Khogali, M.; 7 Department of Pharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hann, K.; Tao, W.; Barlatt, S.; Komeh, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown 0000, Sierra Leone 8 J.; Johnson, J.; Sesay, M.; Vandi, M.A.; Directorate of Health Security & Emergencies, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Sierra Leone National Tweya, H.; et al. -
Nustendi, INN-Bempedoic Acid, Ezetimibe
Summary of risk management plan for Nustendi (Bempedoic acid/Ezetimibe) This is a summary of the risk management plan (RMP) for Nustendi. The RMP details important risks of Nustendi, how these risks can be minimized, and how more information will be obtained about Nustendi's risks and uncertainties (missing information). Nustendi's summary of product characteristics (SmPC) and its package leaflet give essential information to healthcare professionals and patients on how Nustendi should be used. This summary of the RMP for Nustendi should be read in the context of all this information, including the assessment report of the evaluation and its plain-language summary, all which is part of the European Public Assessment Report (EPAR). Important new concerns or changes to the current ones will be included in updates of Nustendi's RMP. I. The Medicine and What It Is Used For Nustendi is authorized for treatment of primary hypercholesterolemia in adults, as an adjunct to diet (see SmPC for the full indication). It contains bempedoic acid as the active substance and it is given by mouth. Further information about the evaluation of Nustendi’s benefits can be found in Nustendi’s EPAR, including in its plain-language summary, available on the EMA website, under the medicine’s webpage https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/nustendi II. Risks Associated With the Medicine and Activities to Minimize or Further Characterize the Risks Important risks of Nustendi, together with measures to minimize such risks and the proposed studies for learning -
4. Antibacterial/Steroid Combination Therapy in Infected Eczema
Acta Derm Venereol 2008; Suppl 216: 28–34 4. Antibacterial/steroid combination therapy in infected eczema Anthony C. CHU Infection with Staphylococcus aureus is common in all present, the use of anti-staphylococcal agents with top- forms of eczema. Production of superantigens by S. aureus ical corticosteroids has been shown to produce greater increases skin inflammation in eczema; antibacterial clinical improvement than topical corticosteroids alone treatment is thus pivotal. Poor patient compliance is a (6, 7). These findings are in keeping with the demon- major cause of treatment failure; combination prepara- stration that S. aureus can be isolated from more than tions that contain an antibacterial and a topical steroid 90% of atopic eczema skin lesions (8); in one study, it and that work quickly can improve compliance and thus was isolated from 100% of lesional skin and 79% of treatment outcome. Fusidic acid has advantages over normal skin in patients with atopic eczema (9). other available topical antibacterial agents – neomycin, We observed similar rates of infection in a prospective gentamicin, clioquinol, chlortetracycline, and the anti- audit at the Hammersmith Hospital, in which all new fungal agent miconazole. The clinical efficacy, antibac- patients referred with atopic eczema were evaluated. In terial activity and cosmetic acceptability of fusidic acid/ a 2-month period, 30 patients were referred (22 children corticosteroid combinations are similar to or better than and 8 adults). The reason given by the primary health those of comparator combinations. Fusidic acid/steroid physician for referral in 29 was failure to respond to combinations work quickly with observable improvement prescribed treatment, and one patient was referred be- within the first week. -
AHFS Pharmacologic-Therapeutic Classification System
AHFS Pharmacologic-Therapeutic Classification System Abacavir 48:24 - Mucolytic Agents - 382638 8:18.08.20 - HIV Nucleoside and Nucleotide Reverse Acitretin 84:92 - Skin and Mucous Membrane Agents, Abaloparatide 68:24.08 - Parathyroid Agents - 317036 Aclidinium Abatacept 12:08.08 - Antimuscarinics/Antispasmodics - 313022 92:36 - Disease-modifying Antirheumatic Drugs - Acrivastine 92:20 - Immunomodulatory Agents - 306003 4:08 - Second Generation Antihistamines - 394040 Abciximab 48:04.08 - Second Generation Antihistamines - 394040 20:12.18 - Platelet-aggregation Inhibitors - 395014 Acyclovir Abemaciclib 8:18.32 - Nucleosides and Nucleotides - 381045 10:00 - Antineoplastic Agents - 317058 84:04.06 - Antivirals - 381036 Abiraterone Adalimumab; -adaz 10:00 - Antineoplastic Agents - 311027 92:36 - Disease-modifying Antirheumatic Drugs - AbobotulinumtoxinA 56:92 - GI Drugs, Miscellaneous - 302046 92:20 - Immunomodulatory Agents - 302046 92:92 - Other Miscellaneous Therapeutic Agents - 12:20.92 - Skeletal Muscle Relaxants, Miscellaneous - Adapalene 84:92 - Skin and Mucous Membrane Agents, Acalabrutinib 10:00 - Antineoplastic Agents - 317059 Adefovir Acamprosate 8:18.32 - Nucleosides and Nucleotides - 302036 28:92 - Central Nervous System Agents, Adenosine 24:04.04.24 - Class IV Antiarrhythmics - 304010 Acarbose Adenovirus Vaccine Live Oral 68:20.02 - alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors - 396015 80:12 - Vaccines - 315016 Acebutolol Ado-Trastuzumab 24:24 - beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents - 387003 10:00 - Antineoplastic Agents - 313041 12:16.08.08 - Selective -
Voriconazole
Drug and Biologic Coverage Policy Effective Date ............................................ 6/1/2020 Next Review Date… ..................................... 6/1/2021 Coverage Policy Number .................................. 4004 Voriconazole Table of Contents Related Coverage Resources Coverage Policy ................................................... 1 FDA Approved Indications ................................... 2 Recommended Dosing ........................................ 2 General Background ............................................ 2 Coding/Billing Information .................................... 4 References .......................................................... 4 INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE The following Coverage Policy applies to health benefit plans administered by Cigna Companies. Certain Cigna Companies and/or lines of business only provide utilization review services to clients and do not make coverage determinations. References to standard benefit plan language and coverage determinations do not apply to those clients. Coverage Policies are intended to provide guidance in interpreting certain standard benefit plans administered by Cigna Companies. Please note, the terms of a customer’s particular benefit plan document [Group Service Agreement, Evidence of Coverage, Certificate of Coverage, Summary Plan Description (SPD) or similar plan document] may differ significantly from the standard benefit plans upon which these Coverage Policies are based. For example, a customer’s benefit plan document may contain a specific exclusion -
Final Decisions & Reasons for Decisions by Delegates of the Secretary to the Department of Health
Final decisions & reasons for decisions by delegates of the Secretary to the Department of Health 29 June 2017 (ACMS and ACCS meetings – March 2017) Notice under subsections 42ZCZS/42ZCZX of the Therapeutic Goods Regulations 1990 (the Regulations) The delegates of the Secretary to the Department of Health hereby give notice of delegates’ final decisions for amending the Poisons Standard (commonly referred to as the Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons - SUSMP) under subsections 42ZCZS/42ZCZX of the Therapeutic Goods Regulations 1990 (the Regulations). This notice also provides the reasons for each decision and the date of effect (implementation date) of the decision. The delegates’ final decisions and reasons relate to: · scheduling proposals initially referred to the March 2017 meeting of the Advisory Committee on Medicines Scheduling (ACMS#20); · scheduling proposals initially referred to the March 2017 Joint meeting of the Advisory Committees on Chemicals and Medicines Scheduling (ACCS-ACMS#15); · scheduling proposals initially referred to the March 2017 meeting of the Advisory Committee on Chemicals Scheduling (ACCS#19); and · scheduling proposals considered as delegate-only matters, i.e. not referred to an expert advisory committee. Scheduling proposals referred to the expert advisory committees. Pre-meeting public notices On 22 December 2016 and 3 February 2017, under subsection 42ZCZK of the Therapeutic Goods Regulations 1990 (the Regulations), the delegate published pre-meeting public notices on the TGA website which specified the proposed amendments to the current Poisons Standard. The notices also invited public comment on the scheduling proposals referred to the expert advisory committees. The pre-meeting consultation periods were open for public comment for 20 business days and closed on 10 February 2017 and 3 March 2017, respectively. -
Diagnosis and Treatment of Tinea Versicolor Ronald Savin, MD New Haven, Connecticut
■ CLINICAL REVIEW Diagnosis and Treatment of Tinea Versicolor Ronald Savin, MD New Haven, Connecticut Tinea versicolor (pityriasis versicolor) is a common imidazole, has been used for years both orally and top superficial fungal infection of the stratum corneum. ically with great success, although it has not been Caused by the fungus Malassezia furfur, this chronical approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the ly recurring disease is most prevalent in the tropics but indication of tinea versicolor. Newer derivatives, such is also common in temperate climates. Treatments are as fluconazole and itraconazole, have recently been available and cure rates are high, although recurrences introduced. Side effects associated with these triazoles are common. Traditional topical agents such as seleni tend to be minor and low in incidence. Except for keto um sulfide are effective, but recurrence following treat conazole, oral antifungals carry a low risk of hepato- ment with these agents is likely and often rapid. toxicity. Currently, therapeutic interest is focused on synthetic Key Words: Tinea versicolor; pityriasis versicolor; anti “-azole” antifungal drugs, which interfere with the sterol fungal agents. metabolism of the infectious agent. Ketoconazole, an (J Fam Pract 1996; 43:127-132) ormal skin flora includes two morpho than formerly thought. In one study, children under logically discrete lipophilic yeasts: a age 14 represented nearly 5% of confirmed cases spherical form, Pityrosporum orbicu- of the disease.3 In many of these cases, the face lare, and an ovoid form, Pityrosporum was involved, a rare manifestation of the disease in ovale. Whether these are separate enti adults.1 The condition is most prevalent in tropical tiesN or different morphologic forms in the cell and semitropical areas, where up to 40% of some cycle of the same organism remains unclear.: In the populations are affected. -
Pharmacologyonline 2: 727-753 (2010) Ewsletter Bradu and Rossini
Pharmacologyonline 2: 727-753 (2010) ewsletter Bradu and Rossini COTRAST AGETS - IODIATED PRODUCTS. SECOD WHO-ITA / ITA-OMS 2010 COTRIBUTIO O AGGREGATE WHO SYSTEM-ORGA CLASS DISORDERS AD/OR CLUSTERIG BASED O REPORTED ADVERSE REACTIOS/EVETS Dan Bradu and Luigi Rossini* Servizio Nazionale Collaborativo WHO-ITA / ITA-OMS, Università Politecnica delle Marche e Progetto di Farmacotossicovigilanza, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Regione Marche, Italia Summary From the 2010 total basic adverse reactions and events collected as ADRs preferred names in the WHO-Uppsala Drug Monitoring Programme, subdivided in its first two twenty years periods as for the first seven iodinated products diagnostic contrast agents amidotrizoate, iodamide, iotalamate, iodoxamate, ioxaglate, iohexsol and iopamidol, their 30 WHO-system organ class disorders (SOCDs) aggregates had been compared. Their common maximum 97% levels identified six SOCDs only, apt to evaluate the most frequent single ADRs for each class, and their percentual normalization profiles for each product. The WILKS's chi square statistics for the related contingency tables, and Gabriel’s STP procedure applied to the extracted double data sets then produced profile binary clustering, as well as Euclidean confirmatory plots. They finally showed similar objectively evaluated autoclassificative trends of these products, which do not completely correspond to their actual ATC V08A A, B and C subdivision: while amidotrizoate and iotalamate, and respectively iohesol and iopamidol are confirmed to belong to the A and B subgroups, ioxaglate behaves fluctuating within A, B and C, but iodamide looks surprizingly, constantly positioned together with iodoxamate as binary/ternary C associated. In view of the recent work of Campillos et al (Science, 2008) which throws light on the subject, the above discrepancies do not appear anymore unexpected or alarming. -
Bupivacaine Hcl Rx Only 0.5% with Epinephrine 1:200,000 (As Bitartrate) (Bupivacaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine Injection, USP)
Bupivacaine HCl Rx only 0.5% with epinephrine 1:200,000 (as bitartrate) (bupivacaine hydrochloride and epinephrine injection, USP) THIS SOLUTION IS INTENDED FOR DENTAL USE. DESCRIPTION Bupivacaine hydrochloride is (±) -1-Butyl-2´,6´-pipecoloxylidide monohydrochloride, monohydrate, a white crystalline powder that is freely soluble in 95 percent ethanol, soluble in water, and slightly soluble in chloroform or acetone. It has the following structural formula: Epinephrine is (-)-3,4-Dihydroxy-α-[(methylamino)methyl] benzyl alcohol. It has the following structural formula: BUPIVACAINE HCl is available in a sterile isotonic solution with epinephrine (as bitartrate) 1:200,000. Solutions of BUPIVACAINE HCl containing epinephrine may not be autoclaved. BUPIVACAINE HCl is related chemically and pharmacologically to the aminoacyl local anesthetics. It is a homologue of mepivacaine and is chemically related to lidocaine. All three of these anesthetics contain an amide linkage between the aromatic nucleus and the amino or piperidine group. They differ in this respect from the procaine-type local anesthetics, which have an ester linkage. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY BUPIVACAINE HCl stabilizes the neuronal membrane and prevents the initiation and transmission of nerve impulses, thereby effecting local anesthesia. The onset of action following dental injections is usually 2 to 10 minutes and anesthesia may last two or three times longer than lidocaine and mepivacaine for dental use, in many patients up to 7 hours. The duration of anesthetic effect is prolonged by the addition of epinephrine 1:200,000. It has also been noted that there is a period of analgesia that persists after the return of sensation, during which time the need for strong analgesic is reduced.