Musical Style Periods Test #4 (Final)

Style Period Dates Composers - need to know will NOT be Music Characteristics Orchestra will NOT be on test! order on the test!

General Traits General Traits early Romantic Belgium: Cesar Franck Melody, Harmonic complexity, Chromaticism Industrial revolution late Romantic Czechoslovakia: Longer works, Cyclic writing, Lack of clear transitions International Tone color Antonín Dvorak Rubato All arts (Edgar Allen Poe, Charles Leos Janacek Dickens, Mary Shelley - Extreme ranges Bedrich Smetana Homophonic (Polyphonic toward end) Frankenstein , Sir Walter Scott - New instruments - English horn, bass England: Ivanhoe, Victor Hugo - The Huge dynamic contrasts clarinet, bass trombone, tuba, cornet, Edward Elgar Hunchback of Notre Dame; Goya, Greatly increased emphasis on tone color harp, more percussion, Sax instruments Delacroix) - artists wanted a union France: Art Song of the arts Valves, Rise in pitch (cut-down woodwinds) Hector Berlioz Georges Bizet Freedom of expression Public concerts, Concert series Role of piano, Postlude and Prelude Paul Dukas

Forms: Strophic, Modified strophic, Through-composed Professional orchestras and conductors Gabriel Faure Individual style - unique Lied and Lieder Camille Saint-Saens Virtuosity Song cycle Emotion Paganini - violin Germany: Piano Music Unrequited love Liszt – the Paganini of the piano Johannes Brahms Romantic 1820-1900 Felix Mendelssohn Arrangements of orchestral works Fascination with middle ages, Franz Schubert Huge repertoire chivalry Piano in middle class homes, Piano lessons Robert Schumann Character pieces Revival of Gothic architecture Richard Wagner Program Music – literary or visual associations Attraction to nature - landscape Hungary: painting (John Constable, Franz Liszt Program is the "story" - emotions, characters, events, William Turner) sounds and motions of nature Italy: Fantasy Niccolo Paganini Program symphony – title for each movement Giacomo Puccini Irrational Symphonic or tone poem – one movement Gioachino Rossini Forms: through-composed, sonata form, rondo, theme Dreams Giuseppe Verdi & variations Drugs – opium, cocaine Norway: Concert overture – from opera overture Edvard Grieg Decline of aristocracy, rise of middle Incidental music – overture and 5-6 movements class Poland: Modern incidental music Frederic Chopin Struggling artists

Nationalism Exoticism Romania: Enescu Nationalism Folk songs and dances, national rhythms and melodic Russia: patterns, folklore and mythology, heroes, historic Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky events, scenery Mily Balakirev - composer Instructions to musicians in native language Russian Five: Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov Strongest in countries (Poland, Russia, Bohemia, - naval officer Sweden, Norway) previously dominated by other Alexander Borodin - countries (Italy, France, Germany, Austria) chemist Absolute Music Modest Mussorgsky - army officer Romantic symphony – similar to Classical; review Mikhail Glinka – civil movements and forms from Classical Period servant César Cui - army officer Romantic concerto – soloist may not wait for orchestral exposition, Cadenza may be earlier than end of movement; review cadenza from Classical period

Anton Bruckner Gustav Mahler Post-Romantic 1900+ Sergei Rachmaninoff Richard Strauss

Reaction to Romantic and Wagner Sensuous Claude Debussy Maurice Ravel Modes, pentatonic and whole-tone scales Impressionist Painters Parallel chords, dissonance, quality (not function) of chords Symbolist poets Impressionism 1900-1920 Tone color, rhythm Traits from Romantic Period: program music, tone color, nature worship, lyricism, mood and atmosphere Ballet

Great diversity Pablo Picasso Modern Orchestra Bela Bartok Benjamin Britten Rhythm – unpredictable, odd meters (Balkan countries), New instruments – alto flute, saxophone, Manuel de Falla polyrhythm, polymeter, ostinato percussion = anything Sergei Prokofiev 20th Century 1900+ Melody – modes, unbalanced phrases, harder to sing, folk Smaller orchestras after WWI Ottorino Respighi tunes, microtones, octave displacement Dmitri Shostakovitch Jean Sibelius Igor Stravinsky Ralph Vaughan Williams Harmony - extremely complex, polytonality, polychord, pandiatonicism, non-tertian, out-of synch chord American: progressions Samuel Barber Leonard Bernstein Counterpoint Aaron Copland Orchestration – World War I, chamber music, clarity, George Gershwin soloists, percussion, klangfarbenmelodie Ferde Grofe Alan Hovhaness Ballet Charles Ives Gian Carlo Menotti Vincent Persichetti John Phillip Sousa William Grant Still

20 th century harmony, melody, rhythm Emotional restraint Igor Stravinsky

Reaction to Romantic and Wagner Neo-Classic 1920-1940 Balance Chamber music Clarity Absolute music

Atonal Emotions Alban Berg Arnold Schoenberg 12-tone, row (not theme), technique, no. of combinations Shock effect Igor Stravinsky Anton Webern Expressionism 1920-1950 Sprechstimme Dark side

Freud Painting - Schoenberg & Kandinsky

All musical elements treated serially Olivier Messiaen Serialism 1920-1960 Igor Stravinsky

Two times when it may enter composition John Cage Aleatoric

Techniques

Total control Edgar Varese Musique concrete Electronic Synthesizers Instrument and tape Digital – MIDI, CD = digital, digital synthesizers Two types – repeated pulse or fast on surface, but slow Minimalism underneath

Opera

French German Italian Grand opera Music Drama Opera seria Serious Continuous melody Voice over orchestra Historical themes Leitmotif/leitmotiv Melody above all Huge chorus/crowds Orchestra over voice Bel canto Ornate costumes Bayreuth Exoticism Ornate scenery Complex harmony Verismo Elaborate dances Very lengthy Opera buffa Opera comique Singspiel Smaller Spoken dialogue Spoken dialogue Lyric Opera