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On Spirit: the 70Th Anniversary of the Victory of the War Ofresistance

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On Spirit: the 70Th Anniversary of the Victory of the War Ofresistance ON SPIRIT The 70th Anniversary of the Victory of the War of Resistance against Japan1 Liu Yazhou I The spirit of a nation finds its manifestation in the essence and quality of its culture, which fundamentally impacts the nation’s existence and development. In this sense the victory over the Japanese aggression is not only a military victory, but also a spiritual victory, a cultural victory. The core of the culture is spirit. President Xi Jinping2, China’s new leader, pointed out: “In this new historical condition, the whole party and whole nation should display the spirit of fighting against the Japanese aggressors, enhance our spiritual ties of unity and perseverance to achieve the Chinese Dream 3 of its great revitalization and to comfort the souls of our predecessors and revolutionary martyrs with new feats achieved in building the socialism with the Chinese characteristics.” II The Chinese civilization used to stand tall among all civilizations, with its peak in the pre Qin era4 (before 221 B.C.E.). It was a time when everyone enjoyed life – men were proud of their masculinity and women of their graceful beauty. It was a time when different schools of thoughts competed against each other in a healthy environment. All of a sudden, however, a villain by the name of Ying Zheng5 cut the umbilical cord of this civilization and deprived the Chinese men of their masculinity. The heritage from the Qin Dynasty, the worst of its kind, is that the powers that be become the ultimate judge for thinking. Emperor Wu Di6 of the Han 1Editors’s note (EN): The Chinese version of this article（精神：紀念抗日戰爭勝利 70 周年）was published by Can Kao Xiao Xi (Reference News), July 1, 2015. 2Translator’s note (TN): Xi Jinping is the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, the President of the People's Republic of China, and the Chairman of the Central Military Commission. 3TN: The phrase is closely associated with China’s new leader Xi Jinping that describes a set of personal and national ideals. 4TN: The Pre Qin era refers to the long period before Emperor Qin Shihuang's unification of China. 5TN: Ying Zheng was the name of the first emperor of China, Qin Shihuang (260-210 B.C.E.) 6TN: Born Liu Che, he was the seventh emperor of the Han Dynasty (156 -87 B.C.E.) Journal of East-West Thought Special Edition 8 LIU YAZHOU Dynasty went even further. It was he who castrated one of the best Chinese thinkers. 7 This act of shame was a symbol of monumental proportions in Chinese history. Since then no great thinkers were ever born in China. The situations deteriorated even further during the Ming and Qing dynasties, when Scholar Gong Zizhe 8 remarked: It’s so stiffening – nobody dares to speak out, just like thousands of horses in the field, all dead quiet. He went on to say that in present day China there were no talented officials in the court, no talented pickpockets on the street and not even talented bandits around. Chinese lost their original spirit. For thousands of years they maintained but one posture spiritually and physically before power, be it royal or foreign, on their knees. During the War of Jiawu9 or the Sino- Japanese War of 1894 when the Japanese troops first attacked the front east of Liao River 50,000 Chinese troops were stationed there, more than the attacking Japanese. However, in 10 days the Chinese front disintegrated. The fortress in Port Arthur was nicknamed the Iron Fortress. It fell in one day, while during the Russo-Japanese War Russians held the fortress for a whole year. According to a Japanese coroner’s report, most Chinese casualties were hit by bullets from the back. Few received wounds from the front – a clear indication that most were killed while fleeing the battlefield. During the Rape of Nanking 10 a dozen or so Japanese troops escorted over 10,000 Chinese captives to be executed. If one of the captives had revolted and others had followed they could have crushed those few captors by simply walking on them. However that person never emerged. After the war of 1894 even Korea, a former subject state to China, started to dream up a plan to divide up China. In 1896 the Korean leading journal, Independent News, wrote: “It is our hope that Korea can also defeat China and occupy the Northeastern part of China and Manchuria. China should pay retribution of 800 million silver dollars to Korea. Koreans should keep this goal of taking over the Northeast of China and Manchuria within a few decades.” III Whenever the Chinese nation was attacked and bullied by a foreign power a process of resurrection was triggered, which is another remarkable characteristic of the Chinese civilization. The rebirth process almost 7TN: The man referred is Sima Qian (135-86 B.C.E.) who wrote Shi Ji or Scribe’s Record, regarded as the most truthful record of history until then. 8TN: A Chinese poet, calligrapher and intellectual active in the 19th century whose works both foreshadowed and influenced the modernization movements of the late Qing dynasty. 9TN: The Sino-Japanese War of 1894 when China suffered a total loss. 1894 in Chinese calendar is the Jiawu Year. 10TN: Also known as The Nanjing Massacre which started on December 13, 1937, and is said to have killed more than 300,000 Chinese civilians and POWs. Journal of East-West Thought Special Edition ON SPIRIT 9 always started when the nation reached the bottom of complete devastation. The War of 1894 pushed China to the edge of a cliff. A man only learns what strength means when he is pushed to the limit. Likewise a nation’s way out becomes possible only when all the other venues are blocked. A magnificent rise starts after a most tragic fall. After the defeat by Japan a strange phenomenon occurred – scholars flocked to Japan in great numbers and began the journey of learning from Japan. Over two thousand years it had been Japan that studied China in almost every aspect. This process used to be referred to as “learning from the Tang Dynasty China” or the complete Sinolization, to use a modern parlance. The architecture in Kyoto and Nara looks rich and solemn with grey as its main hue, characteristic of the Tang architectural style. Japanese studied China so much so that they thought they were part of China. It was said that in1870, during a Sino-Japanese talk, a Chinese delegate asked the Japanese delegation to refer to Chinese as “Zhong Hua 中華” or “the Chinese people” – a request that the Japanese delegation flatly refused. If the Japanese went along, the logic goes, then they would be naturally relegated to the status of barbarians, because in the Chinese phrase if one is the opposite of Hua as in Hua Yi (the Chinese and barbarians) then the other party naturally becomes a barbarian! As a result the talk almost ended right on that note. Fukuzawa Yukichi11, a war proponent against China, who wrote The War between Japan and China was One between Civilization and Barbarism, and Uemura Masahisa12 of the same time period, stated that “The war between Japan and China was one involving spirit. It’s a conflict between the new spirit and the old.” After the war of 1894 Japan began to view China differently. China was Japan’s teacher for two thousand years, but in the last hundred years or so their role was reversed. Even the modern Chinese language was heavily influenced by the Japanese. For instance common words or phrases such as 幹部(cadre) 、 路 線 (guideline) 、社會 (society)、民主 (democracy) are all borrowings from Japan. In fact 70 percent of such conceptual words or phrases in modern Chinese are from the Japanese. If we remove those words from modern Chinese we can hardly compose a modern Chinese text. However, in my view such a role change is much like the back feeding phenomenon from an offspring to its parents. More importantly these Chinese students in Japan came into contact with Mr. Democracy and Mr. Science13 and became energized spiritually. 11TN: Fukuzawa Yukichi (1835-1901) Japanese author, writer, translator, entrepreneur and journalist who founded Keio University. 12 TN: Uemura Masahisa (1858-1925) Japanese Christian pastor, theologian and critic of Meiji and Taishō periods. 13TN: Mr. Democracy and Mr. Science were terms created during the Student Movement of 1919, which called for a national shift to democracy and science. Journal of East-West Thought Special Edition 10 LIU YAZHOU The most noted representatives among them were Qiu Jin ， 14 Chen Tianhua15, Zhou Enlai16 and Lu Xun.17 It was said that the most significant transformation in modern Chinese history was made by the hands of two Chinese women. One was Qiu Jin and the other Ci Xi18, the Empress Dowager. On July 1907, before she was executed in Xuan Ting Pavilion, in the city of Shao Xing, Qiu Jin exclaimed: “There doesn’t seem to be a single brave man that I can see and there doesn’t seem to be anyone who cares about this beautiful country!” A year later the ruler of the country, Empress Dowager, also died. Chen Tianhua, another returned student from Japan, who wrote Radical Reflections , an article meant to bring his fellow countrymen back to a spiritual revival, drowned himself in the ocean so that, in his words, “…my fellow countryman won’t remain numb. I’m drowning myself in the Eastern China sea so that they will wake up.” Chen killed himself in the hope that his country didn’t die and in the hope that his country would prosper.
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