May/ June 1982

'The Commission of the European Communities condemns the armed intervention of Argentina against a British territory linked to the Community, in violation of international law and the rights of the inhabitants of the Falkland Islands. The Commission expresses its solidarity with the United Kingdom ••• '

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In this issue ... Published by the Commission of the European Communities, 20 Kensington Palace Gardens, London W8 4QQ. No miracles on Merseyside. Report by Roy Stemman 3 Tel: Ol-727 8090 Operation Europe-and why Britain must stay inside 6 Editor-in-Chief: George Scott Editor: John Greenwood Melina Mercouri- her own story 7 Associate Editor: Denis Thomas Design: Lawrence Edwards Why did Greenland say No to Europe? 9 Printed by Lawrence-Alien Ltd, A backward look at ancient Rome. By Denis Thomas 11 Weston-super-Mare, Avon Sir Henry Plumb interviewed by Frank Entwisle 12 Europe 82 does not necessarily reflect, in all particulars, the opinions of the Community What chance of true European union? By Marjorie Liste r 13 institutions. Unsigned material may be quoted or reprinted without payment, First footsteps into Europe. By Mary Gotschall 14 subject to suitable acknowledgement. The Community and the F alldands. By Eberhard Rhein 15 Belfast Office: Windsor House, 9115 Bedford Sueet, Belfast BT2 7EG Community Reports 16 Tel. (0232) 40708 CardiffOffice: 4 Cathedral Road, What's in the·Papers 19 CardifCCF!9SG Tel. (0222) 371631 How the Em became Europe's 'listening bank'. By Peter Dreyer 20 Edinburgh Office: 7 AJva Street, Edinburgh EH 2 4PH Third finger, left hand. By J ames Hogan 21 T el. (031) 225 2058 Which way to the altar? By Kerin Hope 23 Associated editions: Europe,2100M Sueer, NW, Letters 23 Suite 707, Washingto.n DC 20037, USA Tel. 202 8629500 Europe puts beefinto exports. By Barry Wilson 24 Europe, 350 Sparks Street, Suite 1110, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K I R 7S8. An American answer to industrial decline. By John Brennan 25 Tel. (613) 238-6464 CmnmunityReporl, 39 Molesworth Street, Has Labour got it wrong about Europe? By Ann Clwyd, MEP 26 Dublin 2, Ireland Tel. 712244 Tackling the drugs problem 27 30Joursd'Europe, 61 rue des Belles Feuil1es, 75782ParisCedex 16, France. Tel. 501 58 85 EUROFORUMisinsetafter page 14 CmnunitOEuropu, Via Poti 29, 00187 Rome,ltaly. Tel.6789722 EF-avisenGammel Torv4, Post Box 144, 1004Copenhagen K, Denmark. Te1 14414011455 32 EG Magazin, Zitelmannstrasse 22, 5300 Bono, W. Germany Tel. 23 8041 Cmnunidad europea, Serrano,41 -5a planta Madrid-!, Spain Tel.4741199 EuropaikiKoinoris, 2 Vassilissis Sofias, T .K . l602,Atbens 134,Greece Tel. 743 982/314 Europa-bericht, E V R info, Archimedesstraat 73, 1040 Brussel, Belgium T el.2354L78 Echosdel'Europe, BAtimem jean Monner, Luxembourg Kirchberg Tel. 4-301 3440 Avrupa Toplulugu, 13 BoAaz Sokak Kavaklidere, Ankara, Turkey Tel.276145 2 EUROPE82

~ Merseyside ~ County Counct l I

No miracles on Merseyside

In its great days, Liverpool thrived as a mighty large areas of the city moulder, life in the worst dockland and trading port. In recent years, shifts in affected communities is grim. Government aid trading patterns between Britain and the rest of the schemes, and funds from the European world have brought drastic changes. Today, as Community, are Merseyside's best hope. hile the east coast ports of Felix­ in business. In 1962 the Queen opened a new stowe, Harwich and Ipswich are ROY STEMMAN reports river entrance lock and seven modern cargo reaping the benefits of their close­ on an historic city that has berths, known as the Langton-Canada Wess to the rest of Europe (see missed out on Britain's Docks. A 500-acre site to the north was re­ EUROPE 82, March) Liverpool-with its tradi­ claimed from the sea, and a £50 million mul­ tional links with the United States and the increasing trade with tiple dock complex was opened in 1973. Commonwealth- has seen a steady decline in the rest of Europe But, at the same time as the Port of Liver­ trade. The result, coupled with other trends, pool was being renewed, the older parts of the is that the ve.ry heart of the city has withered docks were under-utilised. Then, in 1972, the away, affecting its economic strength and the old South docks were closed: their shallow morale ofits people. acting as host to a string of royal visitors for waters and narrow quays were no longer suit­ Liverpool owes its existence as a city to each official opening. In 1927 the Gladstone able for modern vessels. King John whose desire to conquer Ireland Dock system was opened - the biggest and And there they remain - a derelict, de­ led him to grant it a charter in 1207. From then deepest docks in the world. That was the caying collection of massive buildings and on it prospered. In Victorian times it reached climax of the port's expansion. It suffered silted-up docks, as well as being a crumbling its zenith. Huge warehouses, and no fewer appalling damage during World War II, when monument to Liverpool's great heritage, the than 34 docks, were constructed to match the 68 bombing raids destroyed one third and South Docks constitute a barrier between the world's latest and finest ships. The Queen and severely damaged the rest. But it also played a citizens and their famous river, the Mersey. .... Prince Consort visited the port to admire the vital role during those war years, when 4Y2 new developments, including Albert Dock. million troops passed through the port and 7 S Above: two EEC-funded projects in Since then, the Port of Liverpool has con­ million tons of food and materials were Liverpool- the inner ring road and, tinued to expand and modernise: creeping handled. beyond, the newly-converted Maritime northward along the banks of the Mersey and Post-warreconstruction put the docks back Museum. 3 EUROPE82

Faced with vast operating losses in recent back into effective use, and to attract industry pilotage building and dry docks, the museum years, the Mersey Docks& Harbour company and commerce to the area. was opened to the public. It attracted 60,000 has had enough problems without worrying Much of the finance for this long-term visitors in its first season, which closed last about the areas it has closed down. Since these undertaking will come from public funds, but November. The second phase of develop­ contain the huge Albert Dock warehouses - money from Europe may well play a part-it ment, assisted again by an ERDF grant of which are listed buildings- the development has already been used to finance initial regen­ £90,000, a third of the cost - included the of the site by private parties is limited, and eration projects. creation of a large car park and alterations to proposals to do so during the last decade have Merseyside County Council has taken over buildings. come to nothing. a dockside area, Mann Island, close to Liver­ Sir Alec Rose's 'Lively Lady' was brought Meanwhile, further south, other disused pool's Pier Head, and has established a Mari­ to the dock as an added attraction. The docks are being used to dump construction time Museum using the old pilotage building, 109,000 visitors who passed through its doors rubble and domestic refuse. And the adjoin­ associated buildings, extensive cobbled in 1981 were also able to see various skills­ ing inner city areas of Toxteth and Bootle, quaysides and the two Canning graving such as boatbuilding and sail-making- being with their poor housing and high unemploy­ docks, which were dry docks built over 200 demonstrated as well as the static exhibitions. ment, seem to have been contaminated by the years ago. Merseyside County Museums has a collec­ decay which scars the banks of the Mersey. The whole site was semi-derelict when it tion of 20,000 maritime objects, including The problem is of such magnitude that the was acquired. Part of the £512,000 cost of the paintings and ship's equipment, most of Secretary ofState for the Environment, the Rt first phase of its development was offset by a which are in store. These will be used in the Hon Michael Heseltine, MP, has set up the European Regional Development Fund Maritime Museum's exhibitions, which will Merseyside Development Corporation to grant, because the project would be a catalyst change every couple ofyears. The third phase assist with the regeneration of the area. The to the development of South Docks. of development was completed recently- for main priority is to bring land and buildings On completion ofphase one, centred on the which an ERDF grant application has been

4 EUROPE82 made-and this year's visitors will be seeing an about six million square feet of buildings, exhibition of the world's great liners, includ­ many of which could be used if repaired and ing a 22-foot model of the Titanic. refurbished. The area extends in a long ribbon Impressive though it is, the Maritime adjoining the Gladstone Dock to the north, Museum hopes for bigger and better things in down through the Maritime Museum site, the years ahead. It feasts its eyes on the AJbert and through the whole of the South Docks to Dock warehouse complex, across the Can­ the Dingle area of Liverpool. ning half-tide basin, and looks forward to the Throughout the development area - and a day when one of the buildings will house a smaller but similar area on the Wirral side of major part ofthe museum. the Mersey, at Wallasey- the Development Corporation will be co-ordinating a combina­ Over £2 million has so tion ofprivate and public initiatives to revital­ ise it, industrially, economically and socially. far been granted to As far as the public at large is concerned the Mersey docks from (and not only Liverpool's citizens) the the Eurofean greatest impact ofthe development is likely to be the creation of an industrial and residential Region a park, on Liverpool's riverside, at Dingle. At Development Fund present it is inaccessible, in the words of the Development Corporation, 'except to waste disposal traffic and adventurous pedestrians'. The Maritime Museum also looks forward It consists of a disused, part-cleared tank to restoring access to the dry docks. This farm, an almost completed local authority tip, proposal has the backing of the Merseyside a disused unde.rground petroleum store, and Development Corporation, which states that neglected woodland and playing fields. By the museum should secure accommodation in 1984 it will be transformed. For six months it the Albert Warehouses for the maritime col­ will be the site of the first International Gar­ lection and also be able to berth its vessels, and den Festival to be held in Britain - a land vessels on courtesy visits to the port. reclamation idea borrowed from Europe. In March nine unemployed teenagers be­ Under the festival director, Sir John Gru­ gan work on a Youth Opportunities scheme to geon, a design team has been working on ways begin putting right some of the ravages which to make the site a major attraction for an the warehouses have suffered during nearly estimated three million visitors, as well as 40 years of neglect. Since the South Docks reclaiming the land for the people of Liver­ were closed in 1972, the tide has not been pool to use when the festival is over. The trapped, nor have the lock gates been main­ Exhibition Hall will become a multi-purpose tained. As a result, thedocksarefilled with silt recreational centre, and part of the garden to a depth of35 feet in places. area will become an industrial estate that The new Development Corporation is re­ could provide up to 1,5 00 jobs. For the people sponsible for an area of 865 acres, of which ofToxteth and Liverpool's other inner areas, about a quarter was formerly docks that are the biggest advantage is that they will be left now silted-up and polluted. There are also with a riverside garden area. The influx ofvisitors totheareain 1984may Liverpool's waterways no longer carry cause some headaches, but they are ones the traffic of old. But EEC aid has !;)One which Sir John Grugeon looks forward to with into a new grain silo (above) and 1s optimism. Traffic flow will certainly be helping to turn the old pilotage building helped by the Liverpool inner ring road im­ site (below) into a local amenity area. provement which has already received £3 mil- ....

5 EUROPE82 lion from the ERDF. combined is JSpercent,itsshareoftheERDF While government, local authority and pri­ infrastructure support given to those areas vate enterprise search for ways to regenerate since 1975 is only seven per cent. And the Merseyside, the Port of Liverpool, despite its £171fz million it has received from Europe in problems, is far from idle. As Britain's most that period is only 41fz per cent of the total central deep-sea port, and with half of Bri­ ERDF grants made to the UK. (These figures tain's manufacturers within 100 miles of its exclude ERDF grants of£54 million to indus­ docks, it still plays an important part in trade try.) with the rest of the world. It needs to invest The reason for this disparity is that the rules enormous sums ofmoney to keep in step with adopted by the Fund committee are (in Mr shipping developments; and in this it has been Smith's words) 'unduly restrictive for pro­ helped by various ERDF grants. jects in an area requiring renewal rather than Largest project to receive EEC aid has been new infrastructure.' In other words, expendi­ the construction of a second grain silo at the ture on renewal and repair does not qualify for Royal Seaforth docks, giving a total capacity ERDF grants, and environmental program­ to the terminal of 133,000 tonnes. Ships are mes are also excluded - both of which able to discharge their cargoes into the silos at Merseyside needs more than demolition and the rate of 2,000 tonnes an hour. £690,000 rebuilding. came from the ERDF towards the cost of this Since EEC policies have been instrumental development, and a further £531,000 was in the decline both of the port and of some of given for work on the entrance to Gladstone the city's other major industries, including Docks and for new lock gates, through which shipbuilding, sugar refining and textiles, the deep-sea grain carriers pass. some Liverpudlians feel they are not getting a Other projects which have received Euro­ The silted-up South Docks are included in fair share of the aid available. pean funds are an extension to the royal sea­ o regeneration scheme directed by the· Merseyside County Council has made a ford timber terminal, modifications to the Merseyside Development Corporation. number of recommendations to the regional river entrance at Langton Dock, and the con­ policy and planning committee of the Euro­ struction of a new Freightliner rail terminal David Smith, the deputy county treasurer, pean Parliament, which visited Merseyside for container traffic. told me that Merseyside's unemployment rate for two days last September. Ifaccepted, they Over £2 million has so far been granted to - 19 per cent-is higher than in any other UK would mean that the area could look forward the Mersey Docks & Harbour Company by Special Development Area. It also has a very to increased help from Europe in the future. the ERDF. Other applications currently high rate of young unemployed (the under­ However, it could be ten years or more under review include a modernisation scheme twenties) which at 23.2 per cent is nearly before the full benefits of Merseyside's regen­ for the impounded docks, into which 200 double the national average. eration are felt by Liverpool's 1lf2 million million gallons of water need to be pumped Mr Smith adds that whereas Merseyside's people-in terms of jobs, homes, and a secure daily. The ERDF gives 30 per cent of the share of the unemployment in Special De­ environment. Meanwhile, nobody is expect­ capital required for apprc~IVed schemes. velopment Areas and Development Areas ing any miracles. [t LOOKING AHEAD TO THE VERSAILLES SUMMIT The European Community, as a separate entity in its own right, The other burning problem is inflation. The Community will attend the forthcoming Western Economic Summit to be average may well drop from 11.4 to 10.6 per cent between 1981 held at Versailles in France on S and 6 June, alongside the USA, and 1982, but these averages mask wide divergencies between Canada, Japan, West Germany, France, Italy and UK. member states. The Community is now the world's number one commercial This helps to explain why the Community's 1981-1982 power, with 35 per cent ofworld exports and 38 per cent ofworld economic report made a strong plea for greater coherence imports. External trade of the Ten represents a quarter oftheir between national policies. gross-domestic product (GDP). Its volume has increased by 275 The Community aims to make European policy more pe.rcent since 1958. effective by seeking in a pragmatic way, and taking full account For this reason alone the Community can only support ofeach national situation, the right balance between fighting freedom in world trade. The deficit in its trade balance is likely to inflation and reducing unemployment. be only 1.8 percent in 1982, as opposed to2.6 percent in 1980. The member states of the Community set up the European Nevertheless, it is worried by the ever-increasing imbalance in Monetary System (EMS) in 1979 so as to arm themselves against trade with Japan and by complaints from American steelmakers excessive exchange rate fluctuations and to remove an area of about Community steel exports. uncertainty in their mutual economic relations. The Community is the world's second economic power. But it This is important because trade within the Ten accounts for is still in the grip of the recession caused by the second oil price half its external trade. The full participants in EMS-which at crisis. lt is true that the volume of oil imports was reduced present does not include the UK or Greece-have thus been able sixteenfold in 1981, with the result that they account for only 39 to preserve their internal market and impose their monetary percent of the Ten's energy needs as against4S percent in 1980. identity on the rest ofthe world. But any hopes of the economy picking up were dashed by the At the same time, European currency fluctuations against the strengthening of the dollar and by high world interest rates. ECU-the European Currency Unit-have been five times less In 1981 , theGDPoftheTendropped byO.S percent and in than those of the dollar against the ECU and 2lf2 times less than 1982 is only likely to rise by 1.6 percent. As for unemployment, those of the yen against the ECU. Discussions are now under way the situation is likely to remain grave, though in some member to reinforce this zone of relative currency stability. The Ten states it is expected to level off towards the end of this year. In would particularly like to set up some form oforganised 1981 , 9. S million workers were on the dole in the Community- monetary co-operation between the Community and its most 7.9 per cent of the working population. important partners, the United States and Japan.

6 EUROPE82

a militant socialist as well as world-famous actress, Melina Mercouri is a member of the Papandreou government. Her sApecial responsibility is for the arts and science - a role in which she hopes to promote cultural co-operation between the nations ofEur ope. She told us: 'I have always had politics in my blood. When I was just a child my grand­ father was mayor of Athens, and he gave me a sense of equality, freedom and justice. He made me realise that Greece was the world's greatest state, with a brilliant past, that we had brought civilisation to the whole world. 'My father was a left-wing MP- he died in London in 1967. The Junta wouldn't let me bring his body back to Athens. But it was a while before I realised that I had to play an active political role thyself.' Melina, then at theheightofhercareer, was being offered top stage and screen parts; but she turned her energies instead to the political struggle. When the colonels seized power in Aprill967 she was playing on Broadway in a revival of 'Never on Sunday'. She was strip­ ped of her Greek nationality and her property was confiscated. A prominent critic of the colonels' regime, she was among the first to rally to the forces ofGreek democracy abroad, who had raised the banner of resistance. She travelled widely, lobbying political figures who might have some influence on events in her homeland. She joined the resistance movement being organised outside Greece by Andreas Papandreou, and she and Papan­ dreou became close friends. The Socialist leader was convinced she had a future in politics. Did she see herself as a politician? 'While the colonels were in power I wasn't really thinking in those terms. I was in the resistance because they were against everything I be· lieved in. Don't forget that Greece has been through some upheavals, even in my own lifetime. In the course of their history the Greek people have suffered betrayal after bet· rayal. For years they were deprived of their freedom. 'So during the military dictatorship I work­ ed a lot with Papandreou. I always knew he would be Prime Minister one day. He is a national leader, without a doubt-ideological­ ly honest, but a romantic, too, a man of the people. He has always had exciting ideas. That's what makes him different from other Greek politicians. 'My meeting with him was one of the most important events in my life. 'When he came back to Greece after the fall .... l'fou can't simply abandon ~eople overnight because you've become a Minister'

7 EUROPE82 of the colonels, he suggested to me that I of style, I think. You can't simply abandon 'Don't forget, all my should go into politics. At first I didn't think I people overnight because you've become a could do it, particularly when he said it was Minister, can you? Greeks are very direct and life I've wanted the Piraeus he had in mind - I knew absolutely emotional - that will never change. How applause' nothing about the place, it was a million miles could I suddenly look down on all my friends from anything I had to do with. But Papan­ just because I'd become a Minister? Why dreaou knewthatl'd done 'Never on Sunday', should it change anyone? I'm not going to which was set in Piraeus, so that was a link of a change - I'll still be Melina to everyone. I'll 'Asfarasl'mconcerned,anythingadminis­ sort. I tried to explain that it just wasn't so-it still need that affection from people. trative is a closed book. But I know I'm going was only a film, and twenty years ago at that! I 'Obviously, when you're in government to manage. What I believe in, passionately, is didn'tknowasoulinPireaus. But he insisted. not everyone's going to like you. I've always people. I've always been surrounded by 'We'll send Melina down to Pireaus to meet had enemies, I know, but that's never stopped friends, people who could make me feel loved. the people she's been singing about!' Well, at me and it's not going to now. I'll go on Thishasn'tchanged. I wantpeopletoloveme, first I didn't know where to begin. But in the fighting. Lots of things need to be changed in I want them to show it. After all, I'm an end he turned out to have been right.' Greece-all kinds of things. And this is parti­ actress. Don't forget, all my life I've wanted Living up to Papandreou's expectations cularly true in the arts. We've got no cinema, the applause. was hard work, however. Melina trudged on no theatre, or music or museums. That can't 'It's the same now that I'm in the govern­ foot round the streets of Pireaus talking to go on, and as Minister for the Arts I intend to ment-the applause is very important to me! I people about their problems. At the first elec­ see changes made.' make a tremendous effort to win people over. tion in 1974shelostby a bare 33 votes, though What are her priorities going to be? She I know it won't be easy. But it was the same in she headed her party's coalition list. She answers: 'First ofall, there has to be decentra­ the theatre- I'm used to it. In any case, one headed the list again at the elections in 1977- lisation.lt's ridiculous that all the intellectual thing I won't do is sacrifice my principles to and that time she won Piraeus. activity in this country is in Athens. There are please some people. I'm not prepared to com­ She held the seat at the 1981 elections, parts of Greece where they don't know what promise. I'll go through with my plans even if which were won by her party, PASOK, giving the word theatre means, they've never had a the people I work with think I'm pigheaded. Greece its first-ever socialist government. chance to see decent films or read decent We absolutely must do something positive Journalists and television crews from all over books, because there are no libraries. It's and leave our mark in this country.' the world surrounded Andreas Papandreou. awful that in a country with so many talented At present Melina is concentrating on the But Melina was news too. Would shegeta seat poets, so few people read. In some areas there forthcoming 'Europalia' festival, which will in government? When Papandreou asked her isn't even a hall where they can put on exhibi­ be taking place in Belgium in October and to become Minister for the arts, she was, she tions. November. This year the featured country is recalls, 'struck dumb'. The next day she 'I've been doing a lot of travelling around Greece, and the whole spectrum of Greek bowled up to the Presidential Palace for the these culturally-deprived areas, talking to culture will be covered. She explains: swearing-in ceremony in the little jeep she had people, even the poorest country people. We 'We are aiming to show Greece, ancient and used during the election campaign. must see first what people really need - and modern, as it really is. On the archaeology Did public life change things for her? 'It that is something they have to tell us them­ side, there will be an exhibition of rare Cy­ would be more accurate to talk about a change selves. cladic statuettes and also examples of ancient Greek art brought together from museums all ove.r Europe. We'll be putting on a season of Greek films representing the work of the new generation of directors, but some of the older ones too, who will be in Brussels for the festival. 'In drama the emphasis will be on classical tragedy, and the two major Greek companies will be coming-theNational Theatre and the State Theatre of Northern Greece. Major figures like Karolos Koun, the founder of the Art Theatre, will also be showing samples of their work. Anexhibitionoftheworkofmajor post-war Greek painters, including repre­ sentative cont.emporary artists, is scheduled. There will be music by Greek composers and performers, some of whom are famous throughout Europe, like Yannis Xenakis. We're also planning displays of Greek folk dancing. 'On the architectural side, we'll be showing models and photos of Greek villages - not as they used to be, but as they are now, spoiled, to show what we've done to them. There will be Greek songs, and the shadow theatre. 'So we'll really be showing many facets of Greece - some bad sides as well as the good ones. I hope this will give people in Europe a clear picture of Greek culture, past and present.' One way and another, Melina will continue her mercurial career - to the chee.rs and ap­ Melina the political candidate goes electioneering in style. plause that are her due as a star. [I 8 EUROPE82 Why did Greenland say No to Europe?

POUL DALSAGER, consider that the interests both of their self­ determination under home government and member ofthe European of their cultural policy will be better served Commission responsible for outside the European Community. The Com­ munity will naturally take note ofthis, even if agriculture, says the reason this opinion is not shared. why Greenlanders have As regards future relations between Green­ voted to quit the Community land and the Community, the Greenland Gov­ ernment has expressed its wish to maintain is primarily their growing good links with the European Community. It desire for self-determination has actually expressed its wish for the same status as the existing overseas countries and territories, including free access to the Euro­ pean market for fish products. he door is open ifGreenland decides to For the moment I shall make no comment eave the European C{)mmunity. The about the type ofagreement which Greenland Commission will not try to force Green­ may negotiate with the Community. We first l and to stay if the people of Greenland have to wait until an official application is consider that it is best for Greenland to leave. received from the Greenland and Danish au­ This is a decision which Greenland itself must thorities for Greenland to withdraw from the take.' Poul Dalsager. European Community. Only then can the This was the tenor of my speech during an Community start examining what agreements official visit to Greenland in autumn 1981. internal affairs such as education, culture, could be reached with Greenland as a non­ Roy Jenkins said the same when he visited social policy and industrial policy. U ntill979 member. Greenland in 1978 as President of the Com­ decisions in these sectors had been taken by mission. the Danish Government. The introduction of In a referendum held on 23 February - home government in 1979 was in response to a RORYWATSON, admittedly only an advisory referendum - long-voiced political demand; and the fact correspondent for The Greenland voted for withdrawal from the that Greenland no longer feels that it is being European Community. Greenland thus in­ ruled by Denmark has a considerable psycho­ Scotsman in Brussels, tends to take advantage of the open door. logical effect. points out that the However, only a relatively small majority-52 The question of self-determination has percent-advocated withdrawal, while46 per played a decisive role for the people of Green­ Community has no cent were against. Support for the Commun­ land in the referendum on Community mem­ standard procedure for ity has therefore grown since Greenland be­ bership, since it was widely felt that the self­ countries who may came a member. In 1972 the figures were 68 determination achieved through introduction per cent for staying out and 29 per cent for of Home Government was to some extent wish to withdraw joining. The reason why Greenland actually being restricted by EEC membership, parti­ joined at aU in 1973 was the result of the cularly in the case offisheries, by far the most reenland's vote in favour of leaving referendum for the whole of Denmark, in­ important industry in Greenland. the European Community should cluding Greenland, was in support of entry. The feeling that Greenland's right of self­ have come as no surprise. It repre­ Why did Greenland say No to the Com­ determination is threatened is of course un­ sents the logical stage in the develop­ founded, as the Commission of the European Gment ofa country which has undergone radic­ munity? The answer is not one ofeconomics. Green­ Community has explained to the Home Gov­ al social and political changes in recent years, land realises that it will lose a considerable ernment as well as to the people ofGreenland. and which is experiencing a new-found con­ amount of aid from the Social and Regional For the Eskimos living in Greenland, the fidence and desire to control its own destiny. Funds in particular. The Siumut, the gov­ cultural question was alsoofimportancein the The world's second largest island after Au­ erning party, actually admitted this in the referendum. Eskimo culture differs from stralia, it was first discovered by the Icelandic referendum campaign. European culture, and many Greenlanders explorer, Erik the Red, in 985 AD. He named In my opinion, the reason why Greenland feel that they have very little in common with it Greenland, it is said, to attract settlers from voted for withdrawal is due more to the grow­ Europeans. The Greenland Government is Scandinavia. ing desire for self-determination and the seeking to increase cultural cooperation with After the collapse ofthe original colonists in cultural differences. the relatively small Eskimo population in the 16th century, it was recolonised by Den­ Home government was introduced in North Canada. This forms part of the Green­ mark in 1721, becoming part of the Kingdom Greenland in 1979, and the Greenland Parlia­ land Government's deliberately Eskimo­ in 1953, with therighttosend two members to ment can now take its own decisions on all oriented cultural policy. the Danish Parli.ament. It was with this status Membership of the European CoiJ)Dlunity that Kalatdlit-Nunat (Land of the People) to 1 For the Eskimos living does not in any way restrict a policy ofthis type giveitits Eskimo name joined the Community which, as both the Commission and myself in 1973, although almost 70 per cent of voters in Greenland the firmJy believe, could and should be developed in an earlier referendum were opposed to EEC cultural question was fully within the Community. The authorities membership. importan~ and people of Greenland have been told this In 1979, the picture changed when Green­ time and time again. land won the semi-sovereignty which the However, a majority in Greenland now Faroes had enjoyed since 1948. Denmark IJil> 9 EUROPE82

do they see other EEC countries refusing to allow them toleavetheCommunity-theoreti­ cally a possibility. They feel their new status canoperatefromJanuary 1984. None of this year's fisheries deals with countries like the Faroesand Norway, involv­ ing Greenland shrimp, will be affected by the referendum. But the change in Greenland's status could have an impact on future talks. Both the Scandinavian countries allow EEC trawlers into their waters in exchange for fishing rights off Greenland. If the shrimp is no longer on offer, they may be less willing to continue this arrangement. The Greenlanders' decision comes as a psychological blow to the Community. It literally cuts the EEC in half- the island is larger than the combined land mass of the Ten. No one would suggest there is a significant parallel between recent events in Greenland and the anti-market feelings in Britain and retains control of defence, foreign policy and Pfhe one issue which, Greece. The problems and bitterness in­ international relations, but other matters, volved if either of these two countries left especially fisheries, trade and taxation are run more than any other, would be considerably greater; but anti­ by Greenland. In the domestic elections that fuelled the separation Market factions will be studying the with­ followed, the anti-EEC Socialist Siumut Par­ drawal negotiations with interest and regard­ ty won 13 ofthe 21 seats in the Parliament and movement, was fish' ing them as a precedent. called a referendum to determine the people's Supporters of EEC membership argue that wishes on Community membership. Denmark. The Siumut Government has also the 52 per cent majority does not constitute a The result was far closer than originally made it clear the island has no intention of sufficiently strong mandate for withdrawal. envisaged. A 75 per cent turnout, higher than changing its status within NATO. As for the This view is dismissed by Greenland's sole for the earlier elections, on February 23 Community, it has no standard procedure to MEP, Mr Finn Lynge, who points out that yielded 12,615 votes for withdrawal and be followed when a country, or part of that the margin was no narrower than the 1972 11, 180 for preserving the status quo. country, signifies it wishes to withdraw. Norwegian membership referendum, which The referendum was purely consultative; Thus, the negotiations will be unique. was acted on. but the Siumut Government has said it will The most crucial talks will be on the terms The vote reflects the growing nationalism respect the result, and the Kingdom of Den­ to be applied to future trade, fisheries agree­ and confidence of the country, and the fact mark has indicated it will not stand in the way. ments and whatever aid, ifany, the EEC will that many Greenlanders, living on an island The referendum did not involve any change continue to p~vide. The Greenlanders do not 85 per cent ofwhich is covered with ice up to 2 in the relationship between Greenland and envisage these posing any great problem. Nor miles thick, identify more with the Eskimos of What can we do about 'acid rain'? he problem of 'acid rain' has been many or Britain land in Scandinavia and those the countries that were the source of the prob­ discussed for so long that experts now from the United States wind up in Canada. lem as well as the victims. eel it is time to start doing more about it, A study issued by the Organisation for Consequently, the European Community 1before it does irreparable damage to life Economic Cooperation and Development ab­ could have a large part to play in this effort and and the environment. outtheproblem in Sweden, estimated thatthe has already taken some action in the field. The problem, caused by emissions of nitric cost of reducing these harmful emissions by The participants mentioned the Council of and sulphurous substances from industrial about one third, by replacing fossil fuels, Ministers' decision in 1975 to exchange in­ and energy plants burning fossil fuels, has would cost about 12 billion Swedish crowns, formation among the member states on air been noticeable since the 1960s. It destroys or 2.5 to 3 per cent ofenergy production costs. pollution. Also in 1975, an EEC directive was fish , wildlife, harvests and various plants. But this would result in substantial direct adopted setting limits on sulphur in light fuels 'Acid rain' is therefore not only a nuisance, profits from improved harvests and fishing and in 1981 another one limited sulphur diox­ damaging leisure and natural settings, but catches as well as savings on the damage ide levels in the air. They noted that these also one that reduces important economic caused to buildings, etc. were steps in the right direction but that other resources. These problems were studied in detail re­ measures to include heavy fuels should be It has particularly affected some of the most cently at a seminar organised by the European taken to relieve the problem. unspoiled regions of the Northern Hemis­ Environmental Bureau, attended by some 60 The effort at international cooperation is phere, which are at the receiving end of winds representatives from environmental protec­ expected to be followed up by another confer­ carrying poisonous particles discharged by tion agencies in the EEC member states and ence on air pollution in Stockholm in June. tall factory smokestacks from industrial re­ Scandinavia. The aim of the seminar was to gions in neighbouring countries. As a result, stress the fact that the problem was an inter­ the exhausts from the industrial parts of Ger- national one that required the cooperation of D EUROFOCUS

10 EUROPE82

Alaska and Northern Canada than with the other parts ofthe Community. This was clearly expressed by a recent Greenland Government statement. In terms A backward of language, culture, economy and social structure Greenland and Denmark are so dis­ parate that, despite its formal equality of sta­ look at tus in the realm, Greenland can never be equated with Denmark. The particular re­ gional problems of Greenland will therefore rule out equality of status vis-A-vis the mem­ ancient ber states of the European Community. The one issue, though, which more than any other fuelled the separation movement was fish. The fishing industry provides work for lS to 20 per cent of the SO,OOO population and SS per cent of the total export earnings, which in 1979 totalled some 920 million D Kr. The Greenlanders, although they alone in the EEC have been allowed to increase catches­ from 41,000 tonnes in 1972 to 90,000 tonnes in 1980 - resent boats from as far away as Portugal and the Federal Republic of Ger­ many entering their waters. Nor do they approve of the future ofthis precious resource being decided in Brussels. 'It is not a good idea for a transatlantic nation to have its number one industry treated as a peripheral issue in an overseas club. Our resources are being used as a card in the game between European nations,' says Finn Lynge. The pro-EEC campaign was led by the moderate centre party Atassut. Their main message was that withdrawal would prove financially costly. The Community has been providing £13 million annually in aid to Greenland, to which should be added £90 million from Copenhagen. Local income tax would have to taly is used to the sight of tourists swarm­ The Sibyl's Temple at Tivoli: a typical rise from 3 per cent to 12 per cent to fill this ing over the ruins of imperial Rome. They 1770s drawing by Francis Towne. gap, say Atassut supporters. The money has have been doing so for more than 200 years been used to encourage sheep farming (the I- ever since the English invented the national flock is expected to increase from Grand Tour. In addition to the interest of their subject­ approximately 30,000 ewes to 40,000); de­ Ancient Rome, in those days, poked out matter, which ranges from the Coliseum to velop the fishing industry, construct roads, from among suffocating foliage and the un­ the Temple of the Sibyl at Tivoli, the two landing strips, freezing storage capacity and cleared debris of grandiose decay. The artists show a mastery of the technique which promote vocational training courses. citizensofRome took its decrepit, though still was to become one ofthe glories ofthe English But even the Siumut Party have stated that awesome, presence for granted. English School. Towne, with his fastidious line and while they wish to leave the EEC, they do not travellers, on the other hand, were bowled cool, clear washes, is already set in a tradition­ intend to turn their backs on the Community. over by it. Fired with the newest art craze, the al mode. Smith, less linear and more direct, They are looking for preferential status equal Antique, they rolled into Rome with the eager anticipates the direction which English water­ to that enjoyed by British, French and Dutch anticipation of present-day package tourists, colour painting was to take in the ensuing overseas countries and territories with a simi­ guide books at the ready and eyes skinned for half-century. lar stage ofeconomic development. sketchable subjects to take home. Of the two, Towne now commands the This would allow them to continue to ex­ Drawing, as one of the polite accomplish­ superior reputation; his flat washes and subtle port their goods, especially fish, to the Com­ ments, was a useful talent to take with you. If sense of design look the more 'modern'. munity without paying import tariffs. But you couldn't draw, but could afford to com­ Smith, however, was hailed in hls lifetime as their request will not be automatically mission an artist to take pictures, you could being the first English artist to succeed in granted. Commissioner Poul Dalsager, him­ probably find one who would travel with you, producing 'that force in watercolours which self a Dane, pointed out when he visited or on his own, on an expenses-paid basis. assumes the appearance ofa picture'. Greenland last October that any aid given by Two artist-travellers in the 1770s, Francis These distinctions need not get in the way Brussels would be considerably lower than is Towne and John 'Warwick' Smith, brought of enjoying the pictures. Both artists relished now enjoyed by the Greenlanders. back work ofexceptional quality and interest. what they sat down to draw, keyed up by the He warned that tariff free arrangements for By a happy chance they met up in Rome, experience oflooking on wonqerful works for fish enjoyed by other overseas countries had became friendly, and fora time worked along­ the first time. From them, and other early been granted precisely because they do not side each other amid the pictureque jumble of recorders of picturesque antiquity, we have export much fish. The same logic would not old Rome. Towne's watercolours from this learned how to look with love on ancient necessarily apply to Greenland with its mas­ period have been in the British Museum since stones. sive stocks. [I 1816. Smith's were acquired in 1936. DENIS THOMAS 11 EUROPE82 1The CAP is not such a bad system ...'

or nine years Sir Henry Plumb was SIR HENRY PLUMB, What I'm arguing for is a rural policy - to run the formidable president of the parallel with the CAP - that would keep National Farmers' Union. He is now talking to Frank Entwisle, people living in the countryside, but not Fchai rman of the European puts in a word for the small necessarily in food production. Democratic Group ofthe European 'With less time at work, and earlier retire­ Parliament. and part-time farmers of ment, the great growth industry may be Between 1975 and 1977 he was President of Europe leisure. And a lot of that will take place in the the Comite des Organisations Professionnel­ country.' les Agricoles de la GCE. In 1979 he became Would that mean·turning the countryside President of the International Federation of into a fun park, with empty beer cans in every Agricultural Producers. As boss of the NFU with the cost, because most people say it is ditch? he had already disagreed with the Labour enormously expensive. 'That's the last thing I want to do! I want Government's agricultural strategy- in par­ 'There are now about six million produc­ people to respect the countryside, to realise ticular that ofJ ohn Silkin, who was agricultu­ tive farms in the Community. Divide the total good land is the workbench ofthe farmer, that ral minister from 1974 to 1976. spent on the CAP among them and you'll find the cheapest lawnmower is sheep on the hills 'John Silkin refused to devalue the green (including the 14 per cent of the budget spent ... It's a process of education. Much is being pound,' Sir Henry said as we talked in his on food-aid and for export restitutions when done in schools already. But that's only one 17th-century farmhouse among family photo­ there are surpluses) that the cost of support is aspect. graphs and fading pictures of prize animals. £272 per year per farm. The cost ofsupporting 'The second is the development of small 'That gave the Danes, Dutch, Germans, one unemployed person is about £6,000! industries - timberwork, furniture, toys, Irish, a 45 per cent subsidy for commodities 'One of the reasons we've got over 10 per paper and so on. Take Bavaria or the Black entering this country. cent unemployed- 13 per cent in Belgium-is Forest. You've got these little farms tucked 'He was saying to the world-"This wicked that there has been a drift, or a push, from the away round the village, farmers working part­ Common Market . .. they won't let me de­ land. With new technology, farrning has be­ time in the paper mills or up in the forest, value!" In fact, they were dying for it to be come less labour intensive. There has been perhaps with a bit of timber of their own. devalued. They knew the damage that was de-humanisation in the countryside. Many 'Go into those farms. They're the cleanesr being done to the Community. But he didn't have moved to heavy industry, got married, and tidiest you've ever seen. The families are like the Common Market and wanted to bust settled down, and have now been added to the healthy, the gardens well-kept. Basically they it. dole queue ... ' feed themselves. The only tranquiliser 'If ever I had a reason for going into the But doesn't this seem to be arguing for they've heard of is kirsch, and they make it European Parliament, it was that.' de-industrialisation of agriculture? from the cherries on the trees. Henry Plumb is acutely aware of the prob­ 'No. You can't jog backwards and suddenly 'A few years ago we tended to ridicule those lems that arise 'when you have ten ministers say, "We'll start doing these jobs by hand." part-time farmers. But to work half-time in sitting round a table and each one of them has to come out with a victory.' But he believes such competitiveness will end through monetary cooperation. He says: 'I've always thought we should be in the European Monetary System. Whether we would yet have been much better off indus­ trially is debatable- probably worse off in the short term. But at least the principle of being in the system- the acceptance by others that we were in it - would have made a lot of difference politically and psychologically.'

"There has been a drift, or a push, from the land'

Does he believe the CAP must be radically altered? His answers venture into a barely­ publicised area of future European concern­ the restructuring of rural areas with national funding co-ordinated at a European level. 'No. Not radically altered. The CAP is not such a bad system ifyou analyse it. Let's start Sir Henry Plumb: 'The drift has stopped.' 12 the factory and half on the farm keeps them sane. And you get better work at both ends. It has been German policy to encourage and ~atchanceofUue grant-aid such areas and so keep the farms ... 'On the other hand, I know a village in the Hautes Pyrenees where, in 1962, twenty little European union? farms were snujmled away. At five in the morning you could hear the old boy's- boots coming over the cobblestones as he went to church to ring the bell to wake everybody up. MARJORIE LISTER as the failure to achieve the European Defence At night there was an open fire and the local Community in 1954demonstrated. The Com­ traders got together. discusses the latest phase in munity has already made some steps in the 'Today there's only one farm there. The the struggle between the direction of a common defence policy by cobbles are covered with tarmac. The houses agreeing to discuss the political aspects of have gone and there are only 30 inhabitants. ideal of a fully integrated security. But not all of the member states - The 14th-century church is dilapidated, the Europe and the hard reality notably Ireland and Greece - would favour school is no more. And from those acres, further steps in the same direction at the where there were twenty farms, they're pro­ present time. ducing twice as much as before. t November the German and In addition to the strain that reaching a 'Economicallythey'vedoneagreat job. But talian foreign ministers laid before Community position on security matters they've turned the people out. You've got to the European Parliament their would place on the Community consensus, it work with your heart as well as your head in governments' new proposals to might upset relations with the United States, such circumstances.' li hasten European union. According to the eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, and the But surely economic and business press­ Italian foreign minister, Mr Colombo, 'Our Third World. ures make such a process inevitable? aims are to revive European integration, The Soviets, for instance, might feel 'I don't think I'm being romantic. I think strengthen the institutions, improve the threatened and try to respond by strengthen­ I'm being hard-headed. I come back to the decision-making process, to foster and ing the Warsaw Pact- a development which cost of keeping people unemployed. You and extend the practical process of political would ultimately bellefit neither East nor I as taxpayers have to fund that. What are we cooperation between our ten countries, to West. TheAmericansmightseethejointarms doing? We're putting people out of work, extend cooperation in the fields ofsecurity, production and procurement of a fully united demoralising them, and doing it at great cost. culture and law, to bring forward the Europe as a commercial threat. These are only fundamental objective ofEuropean union.' some of the possible ramifiations of European However, despite the enthusiasm in some union. 'We're puHing people quarters for full European political integra­ It may be asked what the alternative is to out of work-at tion, this idea is problematical. Although European union. Is it, as the Tindemans re­ great cost' there is a long history of support for European port maintained 'an unconvincing Europe union, there has also been a great deal of without a future'? Inside and outside of the resistance. The problems which beset it are Community there is a feeling that Europe is '""" - --~ ~~~~ - - ~--- --~-~-- both internal and exterhal: they arise from the stagnating and that anything - any action to internal structure of the Community and also extend political cooperation into the security 'I'm not against big business or the dev­ from the effects that full European integration field-is better than doing nothing and facing elopment of international companies. I'm a would have on Europe's position in the world. intractable budgetary and economic prob­ director of two of them. I'm merely saying - Tolookfirstattheinternalproblems,Euro­ lems. Nevertheless, there is a more positive Don't let's put a lot of people into one big pean Union would involve giving more power waytolookattheCommunitysystemasitnow bowl. Let's spread some of them about the to the institutions of the Community. The exists. land.' . administrative bureaucracy of the Commun­ As Edward Heath has written, 'the Euro­ It would take a long time, wouldn't it - ity is often criticised for being inefficient. It is pean Community, as it has developed in its reversing a trend which began in the indust­ presided over by political appointees - the own ad hoc or common law fashion, has rial revolution? Commissioners-rather than elected officials. advantages over more traditional structures 'Well, just take what's happened. In the And the European Parliament, which is such as federations.' The Community has early Sixties, 18 per cent of the population of directly elected, is seen as having very little allowed national governments to carry on the original Six were in farming. That is now power. much as before; it has developed new proce­ down to seven-and-a-half. Over three years­ So the idea of giving more power over dures such as political cooperation and the average it out - one a minute left the land. national governments to a set of institutions European council (the regular European sum­ They're not moving now. But it was mostly which appear to some extent as less democra­ mit meetings) in response to needs. the young who left, leaving the old.' tic than national governments, ~ms to some The idea of European union has been Has the drift from the land been greater in people undesirable. Furthermore, although around for a long time. But it seems that the Britain than elsewhere in recent years? national parliaments and the European Par­ present political and economic climate in 'No. We're down to about two-and-a-half liament are both democratically elected, Europe is not particularly favourable for it. per cent actually involved in farming, a tiny national parliaments by virtue of their longer The October 1981 meeting of the Commun­ percentage of the working population. Yet it history and greater familiarity, are often felt to ity's foreign ministers in London paid lip­ is still our largest industry, and the productiv­ be more legitimate. Thus citizens may feel service to 'the ultimate objective of European ity record is far better than any other. But the unwilling to cede national legislative powers union.' The same report noted that 'in future drift has stopped. In fact there's a movement to the European body. the Political Committee [of the Council of back again. The other aspect of European union to be Ministers] may wish to take a longer-term 'If you advertise today for extra farm staff considered is its effect on external relations. approach to certain problems, and to institute you'll be inundated by letters which start off In the words of the Tindemans report, E uro­ studies to that end.' However, the question is "I was a farm worker and I'm dying to get pean Union: 'European Union will not be one which merits long-term consideration at back." In principle, it almost supports what complete until it has drawn up a common the highest levels, as well as broad public I'msaying.' • defence policy.' The difficulties are immense, debate. 13 ,,..., I " . ... EUROPE a2•, r tt First footsteps into Europe

MARY G. GOTSCHALL tough. Of2,000 candidates in 1981,210 were invoked. chosen. The great majority of those (almost This type of article is assumed to sell news­ gives her personal account 200) were posted to Brussels. The rest of us papers. But, by exaggeration and failure to see oflife as a 'stagiaire'-one of were sent to offices all over western Europe the larger context in which such issues arise, a group ofgraduate trainees and even in the United States. some British editors do great damage to the I happened to land in London, and joined credibility and reputation of the EEC. In the chosen for a five-months the information office there. It deals with a press office we spent much of our time simply spell in Community offices vast number of inquiries about Community refuting the misinformation peddled in these matters from the public, press and specialist papers. organisations. Ofall thepopulations ofthe ten A difficulty arises when, to counter some member states, Great Britain's seems to re­ untruth, the arcane phrasing of the relevant or young graduates interested in in· main the most sceptical where the EEC is Community directive, or the workings of its temational affairs, the European concerned. In the British press this is re­ institutions, needs to be translated into every­ Commission's stagiaire programme flected in a steady stream of articles about day English. Mastering the acronyms alone is may prove the ideal opportunity. Community topics, some in favour but the a formidable task. At first I was quite be­ FSince 1961 the programme has been pluck· majority only lukewarm to negative. fuddled when lread allusions to ERDF, EIB, ing applicants from all over the world-not The London press office reviews these re­ ECSC, EFfA, FEOGA, EAGGF, not to just from the EEC countries - and placing ports day by day and endeavours - through mention ECU and MCA. them in various departments within Com· background reports, its own press releases, To understand how the Community works munityofficesforafive-months'traineeship lectures and educational activities-to put the you must become familiar with its institu­ or stage. record straight and show the positive con­ tions. But to convey accurately what is being Candidates must speak at least one Com­ tribution that the EEC is making to world done in the EECrequiresan ability to distil the munity language other than their own to qual­ trade and international cooperation. The deluge of paperwork emanating from Brus­ ify. Successful candidates are admitted to one office's monthly magazine, which is distri­ sels, without losing any of the key points. In of the two five-month stages that are run every buted free, generates a lot of interest and is a our office we recently acquired a database to year, and are paid a monthly salary of 17,500 major instrument ofinformation policy. help us find information quickly. The equip­ Belgian francs-about £198. It is rather an uphill battle. Studying the ment, called Euronet Diane, operates in all Having served as a stagiaire does not auto­ British press day by day, it was clear to me that the main EEC offices and can respond in any matically guarantee a job in the Commission many papers use the European Community as of the seven Community languages. when the five months are up. The Commis­ a scapegoat for all sorts of ills, ranging from a The only hitch is that questions posed to the sion requires two years' work experience, and 13 pence increase in the price of butter to the computermustbephrasedinexactlytheright applicants for posts have to pass a competitive banning of the traditional British sausage way to summon forth its memory on a given entrance procedure if they want to join in an from Continental markets. The image of the subject. So, if you ask about 'motorcycle administrative or executive capacity. bureaucratic fatcat shuftling papers and tak­ spluttering', the machine will blurt back 'No Nonetheless, competition for the stages is ing three-hour lunch breaks, is inevitably information'. However, ifyou re-phrase your inquiry to 'noise pollution' the screen will instantly fill with lists of every EEC directive or report ever published on the subject. The database, though still in its infancy, has great potential for providing speedy responses to even the most esoteric ofinquiries. The stagiaire programme includes a two­ week visit to Berlin and Strasbourg, all ex­ penses paid. We also visited the European Parliament, where we were surprised to see that most of the 434 seats were vacant. For anythinglikeafullhouseyouhavetowaitfora debate on budgetary matters, in which the European Parliament has real powers. The rest oftheMEPs' time is spent proselytising in the provinces, or in their own constituencies. They are also allowed to get on with their own business affairs. ThecamaraderieofthetriptoBerlinistruly unforgettable. It evokes a university class, with members gleaned from all over the world. In our group there were 50 people - from Italy, Germany, Holland, Ireland, France, Spain, Portugal, Ruanda, Japan, Yugoslavia, Ecuador, Argentina and (myself) the United States. We palavered in French to simplify matters. All in all, it was a reminder that no-one can afford to be a yokel in today's world.

14 TALKING POINT We are all aware that prosperity gaps exist within the European Community. lt is for this reason that the Community created the Regional and Social Funds, as well as other instruments to bring about a more equitable distribution of wealth between the member states and regions within them. However, methods which have been made in the past to measure the relative prosperity of member states may have been misleading, according to the Community's statisticians. Eurostat, the Community's statistical arm,'has now begun to ] employ a new system of measurement. Instead of the old method, which was based on exchange rates, the new one compares purchasing power What the future holds within each member state. The reason for this was that using Europe is in many ways the victim ofits own success story. the exchange rate method tended Political impoverishment, European pessimism, the escapism of to distort results. For example, the old method showed that the the 'small is beautiful' philosophy and narrow-minded Federal Republic of Germany was nationalism, and miles and miles ofEuropean red tape are all · more than three times richer than the poorest member state, symptoms ofthe decadence ofthe European welfare state. Greece; whereas the new method, which indicates more accurately The growth ofthe Community has been So we have an abundance of propos­ what people can actually buy with stunted for some time. The economic als to act on. But when it comes to their money, shows thatthe crisis is proving to be a handicap rather taking the decisions, or to paying up for Germans are only twice as well off. than a challenge to joint action. that matter, the picture looks very We allagreethatwehave so far man- different. The European decision-· The new method, which is also . aged to weather the storm only because making process is firmly bogged down. being adopted by the OECD, of the common market. We all agree And that is the root ofour present prob­ shows that six member states are above the Community average that economic recovery will elude~ if lems. and four below it. But, although we try to go it alone. We all agree that The European Communities are, for gaps between richest and poorest the grave problems facing us (employ­ all their faults, an economic and legal have narrowed, they are still ment, energy, inflation) demand a joint reality. There is no way back. Yet we significant. response. We all agree that Europe lack genuine political commitment to should speak with one, resolute voice in Europe, and we have lost our European Compared with a Community politics, economics and trade. identity. Europe consequently appeals average set at 100, Luxembourg And yet, we cannot come up with the less and less to the man in the street, topped the league table on 120, decisions! even though now he can elect his own followed by the Federal Republic We are in a paradoxical situation: we European Parliament. of Germany (115), Denmark (111 ), France (11 0), Belgium (1 06), the are dragging our feet, we don't believe As the economic situation gets worse Netherlands (1 05), the United in the future of Europe, but at the same this lack ofpolitical commitment is pro­ Kingdom (93), Italy (88), Ireland time we know that only a joint Euro­ ving more and more pernicious. We are (62) and Greece (57). pean approach can safeguard our in a dangerous impasse. We must prosperity and our freedom. mobilize all political forces in Europe to The figures are for 1980 and, if There has been no shortage of ideas. break out of our indecision. If we fail, compared with 1975, the first The European Commission has not re­ continuing political erosion will lead post-enlargement year surveyed, mained idle. Its Mandate proposals inevitably to economic disintegration, they show that, of the six richer point the way a European break­ with all that entails for employment member states, half say their to purchasing power actually through. There is the joint German­ and prosperity. increased while, ofthe poorer, it Italian initiative (the Genscher/Col­ dropped in two out of the three. ombo Plan). The French have tabled a 'plan de relance'. Only recently the Clearly, there is a continuing need Commission submitted proposals for a for greater political will on the part further strengthening ofthe European FRANSANDRIESSEN of the more fortunate member Monetary System. And the European Member ofthe Commission states to come to the aid of their Parliament has demonstrated that it, weaker Community partners. too, has a fertile mind. MAY1982

(i) ...... EUROFORUM ...... c======~JD ..II scientious objection within the bar­ racks. Civilian service lasts one month Conscientious objection in longer than military service, and can also be performed in separate periods. COs have the same rights and allowances, but they are not allowed to theory and practice engage in politics or leave the country for three months without permission. People who have worked for varying In Belgium, the 18-year-old receiving his call-up papers will find periods in civil defence, the police, bor­ about a quarter ofthe information is devoted to explaining how der protection or development service he can object to doing the military service ifhe'feels unable to are exempt from national service, and recognised COs who object to doing any bear arms. It is quite the opposite next door in France-there, kind of service can be released from distributing details ofthe law on conscientious objection is their obligations if they have shown a actually illegal, and offenders could face stifffines or even willingness to engage voluntarily in imprisonment. healthorsimilarworkfortwoandahalf years. However, refusal to respond to Most Community countries draft this can leave COs in a state of "defer­ call-up obligations can lead to a prison their young men to do a period ofnation­ red call-up" or facing imprisonment. sentence ofup to five years. al service in .the army (only Ireland, In countries with laws on the matter, In the Netherlands, principal bread­ Luxembourg and the United Kingdom grounds for objection also vary, and winners are among those exempted do not have conscription), and all mem­ finding out about your rights can vary from military service. Even more un­ ber states recognize, at least in theory, from very easy to very difficult. usually, selective conscientious objec­ the right to object to doing military . Since 1977 in Greece it has been tion may also be possible, for instance to ·service on conscientious grounds, possible, according to the report, for CO' the use of nuclear weapons. COs rights usually for religious, philosophical or status to be granted for religious are also defined in call-up papers. moral reasons. This is also true of the reasons. But alternative service is Alternative service (18 months as two applicant countries, Spain and Por­ limited to non-combatant service with opposed to 14 months) can be done in tugal. the army and lasts four years, as separate periods in social, cultural, But, according to a report recently opposed to the two~and-a-halfyears for health or welfare institutions, admin­ produced by the Brassels-based reli­ conscripts. According to the report, no­ strative posts, environmental protec­ gious organisation the Quaker Council one has yet applied for CO status, as to tion or peace work. for European Affairs, in practice the date all Greek COs have been Jeho­ In Denmark, men over 18 are in situation varies enormously from coun­ vah's Witnesses who refuse to perform theory obliged to do nine months milit­ tryto country. any form ofnational service because of ary service, but in practice not all men The report compares laws and prac­ their religious convictions. are called up. Religious, philosophical tices on military conscription, liability Because of the wording of the law, and, unusally, political reasons are and length of service, provisions and some have served repeated prison sen­ acceptable for getting CO status, procedures for conscientious objection tences; and according to Amnesty In­ thoughmenalreadydoingmilitaryser­ and alternative service, the availabil­ ternational, 51 were in Greek gaols at vice cannot. usually take advantage of ity of information, penalties for not the end of 1981. Greek COs can also the law, andconscriptsdonotautomati­ complying and statistics for31 Western suffer 5 years loss ofcivil rights, and the cally receive information on their right and Eastern European countries. authors ofthe report hope that the new to object. Non-combatant or a free It finds that conscientious objectors government may review the situation. choice of civilian service lasts 8-24 (COs) form only a small percentage of In France, following the change of months depending on the type of work. those eligible for call-up, and few see a government, the law on COs is under The Belgian attitude to conscien­ risk that the "contagion" could spread review, and an amnesty has been tiousobjectionisinmanywaysthemost to make the raising ofan army impossi­ announced for those COs (about 60 per liberal, to the extent that some of the ble. However, it notes that when in cent) who had boycotted the present voluntaryorganisationsworkinginthe 1977 in the Federal Republic of Ger­ law. In Italy, where the situation is field receive state subsidies. In addition many it became necessary simply to somewhat confused, several new bills to information being readily available, write a letter to obtain exemption, the relating to COs are being discussed by the situation is unusual in that eo numbers of conscientious objectors the parliament. applicants appear in person before a rapidly increased. The government was Military service in the Federal Re­ civilian council at a public hearing, and alarmed and cases were again referred public ofGetmanylasts 15 months and an average of90 per cent of the claims to a tribunal. Though the numbers then can be done in separate periods. Under are recognized. decreased, in 1980 they were still high­ the 1949 constitution alternative ser­ The law does state that COs cannot er than in 1976. viCe is provided for COs, but the legisla­ enjoymoreadvantagesthanconscripts, Whatparticularlystrucktheauthors tion has been amended several times, and alternative service can be more of the report, however, was that on and is constantly under debate. It ap­ than twice as long as military service, almost every aspect studied, laws and plies in peace and war, and can be used depending on the type, which can in­ practices varied considerably. At the both by conscripts and those already in clude work in civil defence, emergency most basic level, some countries (Spain, military service. However, a conscript relief services, health institutions and Portugal) do not yet have laws to imple­ does not usually receive information on centres for the handicapped (15 ment the right to conscientious objec­ his right to refuse military service and months), social, cultural or religious tion-though the question is being dis­ the military authorities do not allow organisations (20 months), or in the cussed at parliamentary level - and the distribution of propaganda on con- Third World (two years).

(ii) EUROFORUM

Though the report is primarily fac­ ary, and individuals should be present 'Given that the conscientious objec­ tual, the authors point out that their when their case is heard and have the tor is sincere, he is likely to have a interest in the subject stems from right ofrepresentation. concern for society. This surely is some­ Quakers' long-held tradition of paci­ 'If conscientious objection is a right, thing which society should take advan­ fism, and they make a plea for improve­ not a privilege,' they say, 'we see no tage of by offering him a wide range of ments in the legislation in many coun­ reason why the individual should be opportunities for contributing to socie­ tries to establish the right of conscien­ ordered to undertake a longer period of ty, rather than wasting human and tious objection as one offering 'true service, of whatever variety, than if he other resources by imprisoning him.' equality before the law'. Citizens were in the forces ... Although some The material in the report is being should have free and easily-available may find non-combatant service used as the basis for discussion in both information on their rights, they say. acceptable, there must be the opportun­ the European Parliament and the Tribunals should not be entirely milit- ity of service. Council ofEurope. ON THE UNE Overloaded pigeon-hole According to a report by the Brussels-based European Research Associates, the number of illegal barriers to trade among When Sir Alexander Cadogan, one ofthe founders ofthe League Community-member countries ofNations, referred to ~a corps ofprofessional debaters carrying has risen fourfold in the past six years. At any time, there are more out their instructions to the letter and developing obstruction than 400 cases of such into a fine art', he was not referring to the European Council of infringements to the Rome Treaty Ministers or their permanent representatives in Brussels. But, under investigation by the European Commission. They according to European Commission Vice-President Christopher have created such a 'jungle' of Tugendhat, he could have been. hidden protectionism, says the report, that some industrialists would prefera return to tariffs Speaking in Manchester to mark the and parliamentarians who put between Community members as 200th anniversary of the Manchester thousands ofman-hours into preparing a fairer and simpler system. Literary and Philosophical Society, Mr and scrutinising the material before its Tugendhat, who is responsible for the submission to the Council, the situa­ Despite the efforts of the Community Budget, was voicing what tion is no joke. In a sector such as fisher­ Commission, there are. serious doubts In many industrial quarters has become a major bone of contention ies, where as many as40proposals have as to the capacity of the internal in European institutional circles and been blocked in Council over the past market to remain open, according amongst those frustrated idealists who four years, Community officials could to the report. And yet the are trying to match up to the European be forgiven for wondering if they are continental dimension of the ideal. wasting their time. internal market is a vital factor for The crux of the matter lies in a fat, The problem centres on the fact that, the success of the structural pink document published at regular in­ when two or more ministers or perma­ adjustment processes facing tervals by the European Commission, nent representatives are gathered Community industry in the 1980s. entitled List ofFending Proposals. In it together, they generally find it very Unhindered access to a single lie a fantastic array of proposals for difficult to agree about anything. De­ market is a prime reason for legislation on every conceivable topic, dication to national interests, however foreign investments from outside submitted by the Commission to the short-tenn, often obscures issues that whose contribution to member Council, where many have lain fester­ in the long-term would benefit the Com­ states' prosperity and welfare has ingforperiodsofupto 14 years. munity as a whole. been signal. The price of further Typical among them is a proposal for The gravity of the situation is shown fragmentation of the internal a regulation relating to access to the in a paper on institutional reform re­ market may therefore be a heavy inland waterway freight market, sub­ centlypublished by the European Com­ one. mitted in 1967, following its approval mission. Calling for a shift in powers According to the commission, a by the European Parliament and the from the Council to the European Par­ lack of political will on the part of Economic and Social Committee. liament, it blames the rule of unani­ governments is the principle Amended on the Council's recom­ mous decision-making in Council for cause of the slowdown in mendation and resubmitted in 1969, it the legislative block, and argues in achieving a full customs union, is still currently 'pending'. favour ofa return to majority voting. while it notes in its programme for Numbering about 500, the list's Unanimity became more the rule the implementation of the union topics for proposed Council regulations, than the exception of Council voting this year that important progress afterthecrisisof1965, when France felt has been made in the past few directives and decisions range from the years, it claims that national sublime to the ridiculous. A 1968 pro­ forced to pursue its 'empty chair' policy experts have been prevented from posed regulation on the manufacturing over a period of seven months. Under solving technical difficulties in and marketingofbutter, nestles next to the so-called Luxembourg compromise disposing of customs barriers by a a perhaps aptly-phrased plea to control of the following year, a member state lack of political backing from their the noise emitted by 'dozers and load­ has the right to veto any proposal if it governments. ers', submitted two years ago. believes its vital national interests But to the European civil servants would be affected.

(iii) EUROFORUM

Tender invited for More funds high in the past decade of182 Australia, the President million. repeated criticism ofthe degree electronic approved for ofprotectionism which hits the publishing laid--off Mov~s towards Community's industrial steelworkers exports, and called for a new The European Commission is harmony for Euro trade relationship between the carrying out a new programme Final go-ahead has been given drivers two parties which would for the development of forthetransferof£34.7n:tillion embrace both agricultural and electronic publishing and A:t:rangements have already from the Community's general been made fora Community industrial trade. document delivery systems. budget into a special fund to The main aim is to find out driving li.cence to be introduced finance the early retirement or next January. Now Inflation set to drop whether the full texts of laYing offof steel workers. It is documents can be delivered. Community legislators are to 10.6 per cent in part ofan elaborate preparing for the next stage of electronically tousers in a Community plan to restructure 1982 cost-efficient and acceptable making citizens ofthe Ten the troubled industry to enable more mobile. The Community's growth rate way. A call for tenders is to be it to compete internationally. issued. The next step will involve is expected to be 1.5 percent harmonising the groups of this year, compared with 0.5 . vehicles which holders of percent last year, accordingto Businessmen take A 'first' for Prime different licences-for the European Commission in a good view ofthe Minister Pierre example, lorry drivers-are its annual report on the outlook Mauroy entitled to drive, the period for economic situation. which they are valid, and The inflation rate is expected ·The Community's businessmen Mr Pierre Mauroy became the regulations. on driving tests to drop slightly to 10.6percent continue to be optimistic. first Prime MinisterofFrance and issuing licences. from 11.4 per cent last year. A slight but widespread in office to visit the European This work is expected to take The slight improvement in improvement in the opinion of Commission when he had talks about five years. · growth is expected to check the industrialists about their in Brussels with President rise in unemployment which is prospects is revealed in the last Gaston Thorn and other ·Ten agree on cuts currently adding 180,000 each monthly economic survey membersofthe Co~ion •. in textile imports month to the dole queues. carriedombytheEuropean In a sub,sequent press Initsguidelinesfortheyear, CommisaioninJanuary. With cpnference, Mr Ma\lrOY denied The Ten's Ministers have the Commission proposes that the exception ofa slight fall in that his visit was linked to agreed a negotiatingmandate member states withheayy October, the confidence certain developm~ants at ·for the European Commission budgetary and external deficits indicator has been on a rising Community level-a veiled to settle new terms for the should continue their efforts to import ofcloth, yam and trend since last April~ reference to the difficulties over stabilise their economies and imports ofltalian wihe into clothing from 28 producer thosewithroomformanoeuvre France-but at the same time countries. should be encouraged not to Speeding up. he emphasised that it was more They agreed there should be pursue economic policies that political unitr, in than a courtesy call. a 10 percent cut in imports are too restrictive. the Commumty 'It marks the attachment of from three ofthe four main It believes that, ifgrowth is France to the European idea,' producers.:.. Taiwan, South to be maintained, greater Senior diplomats from the Ten he said, adding: 'We are not KoreaandMacao. Ho:ngKong, international cooperation is. are currently working out the suffering from too much because it operates an open called far in the trade and details ofa plan proposed by the Europe but from too little. We market, will be able to keep ~ts monetary fields. Otherwise, the GermananditalianForeign havenotgonefarenough. We present quota. Community will have to Ministers,Hans.Dietrich cannot copewi,th ~e The ministers ;Uso eet limits examine what measures it Genscher andEmilioColombo, disparities and. the difficulties to the practice ofoutward needs to take to protect its own for the more rapid development which face Europe with a single processing operated in the interests. Community, and agreed that ofa political Community. commonpollcy,the CAP.' Foreign Ministers aie due. to the total volumeofimports Support fol" disclUIS the plan once again shouldrlsenommrethan1per Are we really centabove1982leveffi. environmental next month. draining the wine warning system lake? ·· No long-term ·community aid The European Parliament has is . butter agreement, getting to where it's ~pportedaproposalbythe The Community's wine lake New Zealand.told European Commission that needed looksasifitmaystart before industrial projects are evapora~.Estimatesofwine Gaston Thorn, President ofthe launched some attempt should Figures released recently by production compiled by European Commission, during be made to gauge the effect the European Commission Eurostat put the 1981 harvest a two-week visit to Australia, they are likely to have on their reveal how Community aid is at 15 per cent lower than 1980. NeW- Zealand and Singapore, immediate environment. being concentrated in the most• TheoutputofwineinFrance discussed the world economic It has recommended that the needy areas. In 1980, regions andltalywas down by 19per crisis with government leaders.· general public should be receiving aid from the Regional eent and 17 percent InAustraliaandNew involved at an early stage in Fund also received just over 80 respectively, although the Zealand the President this so-called 'environmental per cent ofthe total allocations FederalRepublieofGermany defended the Commutlity's impact assessment' and that from the Social Fund. Five andLuxembourghavereported. common agricultural policy, special attention shoulii be priority region.S-the Italian production leveffi 46 per cent particularly its system of given to the dangers of Mezzogiorno,lreland, and56percentaboyetheyear export restitutions which both ' cross-frontierpollution. Northemlreland, Greenland before. ·. countries regard as unfair to and the French Overseas OU,tput in Greece, the newest. their own exporters. . EUROFORUM isprepared by departments-received member state, hardly changed. New Zealand was told that it the information services of the one-third ofall Social Fund . Total woduction in the could not negotiate a long-term European Commission in money and more thanhalfofall Community was 139 million agreementfor its butter Brussels. Editor:Peter Doyle. Regional Fund grants. ,hectplitres, compared with a exports to the Community. In

(iv) EUROPE82 THE COMMUNITY AND THE FALKlANDS: ASTAND AGAINST AGGRESSION By EBERHARD RHEIN, chef de cabinet to Wilhehn Haferkamp, Commission vice-president for external relations

n 16 April, for the first time in its history, the European before embargoes could have been implemented at national Community imposed a total embargo on imports from a level. The desired effect would then have been largely lost. country with which it enjoyed normal peaceful The artificia:lity ofseparating c~ issues from those of Odiplomatic relations. The ban was imposed on Political Cooperation has again been shown. During the fortnight Argentinian goods following Argentina's invasion ofthe of negotiations leading up to the embargo, officia:ls ofthe Foreign Falldand Islands. Ministries ofthe Ten only met once. The most important For the first time, the Community had used its commercial consultations took place between the member states' Permanent muscle to achieve a foreign policy objective. The embargo­ Representatives in Brussels and the Commission. which did not include contracts already entered into and which It is therefore clear that, when it comes to putting political was initially limited to a one-month period-categorically intentions into legislative form, the Community is quite capable confirmed that the Community was ready to put its full economic of doing it. It is worth noting that, outside the Community, only and political weight in forcing Argentina to solve the crisis by Canada, Australia and New Zealand-in other words the 'white' peaceful means. members ofthe Commonwealth-and Norway responded to The Community, as a single entity, had come to the aid ofa Britain'scallforsanctionsagainstArgentina. member state whose rights had been flagrantly flouted by a third Community reaction was closely observed, not only in Europe country. Never before in the history of the EEC had Community buta:lso in the whole of Latin America, the United States and in solidarity\:XpreSsed itself more clearly. Never before had a Argentina itself. Almost no one expected such a firm response, member state called for the clear-cut support ofits partners, in least of a:n the Community. terms ofbreaking off diplomatic relations; a total or partial embargo; an end to arms deliveries; and an end to state export credits and preferential customs tariffs. Pfhe Community readed with By imposing a temporary embargo, the Commission showed more unanimity than to martial that it can react quickly in a delicate situation. The chronology of events was as follows. On 2 April1982 Argentina occupied the law in Poland'

Falldand Islands. The following day, the Commission ~...,..,.. --~,. ,..,.,-- ~ ~ condemned the invasion in a formal declaration. On 6 April, the ~~~~" British Government asked for the support ofits partners. On Would the Community really risk economic interests which in 9 April the Commission proposed a temporary import ban. On 1980 amounted to £33.41 billion, for a little group ofislands in 10ApriltheCommunityannouncedtheembargo. On 16Aprila the South Atlantic? It did; and in doing so several member states formal decision was taken and came into force the same day. were thinking ofmore than just a simple solution to the Falldand In a delicate foreign policy issue, the member states, in spite of Islands crisis. deep-rooted individual traditions, chose a common stance based In Washington it was noted that the Community had reacted on the principles of the Treaty ofRome rather than individual faster, and with more unanimity, in response to the crisis than to action at national level. the proclamation of martia:llaw in Poland-not to mention the Even though there has since been some breaking ofranks, this taking of the Iranian hostages in 1980. constitutes an important precedent. Whether or not the But was the Community really using a double standard to commercial policy measures envisaged in Article 113 ofthe measure the different crises? In the case of Poland, it was a Treaty creating the Community could be used with a view to question ofshowing theWest's disapproval of Soviet securing foreign policy objectives is a question that has now been intervention. Neither the United States nor the Community resolved in practical terms. countries ever thought that they could influence events in Poland The Ten opted for common action because they felt that it by imposing a total trade embargo. Such an attempt would have would be more effective than anything put together at national been doomed to immediate failure. level. Incredible as it may seem, under Community law it was In the case of Argentina there was a distinct possibility that possible to impose the import ban very quickly in a:n the economic sanctions would help to influence their negotiating Community countries simultaneously. The perfect position, given that a quarter ofArgentina's exports are destined synchronisation ofthe measures decided upon was a necessary for European markets. condition for the embargo to be effective. In the Argentine case there was another consideration to take Given the diversity oflegal and administrative procedures in into account. Great Britain appealed to its fellow member states different member states, it would have taken two to three weeks on behalfof a group ofislands which have been part ofthe Community's overseas territories since the United Kingdom's Accession Treaty, signed in 1972.1twas politically and Pfhe Community, as a single economically easier to impose import restrictions than to limit entity, came to the aid of a exports. member state whose rights had Economic sanctions are for the most part blunt instruments which at the same time are sufficiently sharp to damage the been flagrantly flouted by a person using them. There are a:lways sufficient numbers of third country' opportunists (among governments as much as among individua:ls) who do not mind breaking the law and who are • 0 0 4 c.~=· .Qc •' 04•••>• •• • prepared to take advantage of every international upheaval. [I 15 the fifth to have taken place since the a four-fold increase in Community customs formalities to prevent im­ European Monerary System (EMS) food exports to the USS R during ports of cheaper Italian wine, which was launched in March 1979. They 1980. But Agriculture Commission­ it fears could threaten the livelihood were provoked by the announce· er Poul Dalsagcr said that exports of French producers. ment of tough measures to boost the for the first few months of the Belgian economy, among which the embargo had been based on con­ devaluation was seen by the Govern­ uacts signed before it was imposed ment as an essential element. and that supplies already in the The European Commission con­ pipeline could not be stopped. gratulated Ministers on their deci­ Court sion, noting: 'The fact of having reached an agreement demonstrates the anachmeot all member states upholds Major have to the smooth workings of the EMS. The balanced result achieved migrants' will help the recovery programme progress on announced by the Belgian Govern­ ment.' rights Portugal Community citizens who emigrate to another member state should The Community and Portugal be eligible for the same social cleared a major hurdle on the way security benefits as families in to the accession of Portugal, Dalsager their new country, according to a scheduled for January J 984 European Court ofju stice ruling. negotiations, when they agreed on Commenting on the case of an a series of measures at a meeting denies Italian family living in the Federal in February. Court acts to Republic of Germany who had been Progress on four key areas comes sanctions refused a loan to which German only a few months after the Portu­ end wine war families are entitled when they have guese prime minister, Mr Francisco children, the Court said that mig­ Balsemao, visited Brussels to urge charge The European Court ofj ustice rant workers must enjoy the same acceleration of the talks. has acted to defuse the wine war social and tax advantages as their Among other things it was de­ The European Commission has between France and ltaly. ln an hosts under Community law. cided that the whole of Portugal rejected charges that it failed to interim judgement issued in early Ruling in favour of the family and wouJd be designated as eligible for back joint trade sanctions March, the Court said that the against the Landeskreditbank aid from the Community's Regional imposed on the USSR by the French authorities, except in Baden-Wurremberg, the Court Fund- a status which only Ireland, Community following the special circumstances, could claimed that interest-freechildbirth of existing members, now enjoys. invasion ofAfghanistan in 1980. carry out spot checks on no more loans to low-income families were Th~ agreement also covers capital A report drawn up by a German than 15 per cent ofimported one of the social advantages laid movements and Euratom, where Christian Democrat. Heinrich Aig­ Italian wine. down in a Community law on equal Portugal, a net exporter ofuranium, ner, for t:he European Parliament's In addition, the analyses should treatment dating back to 1%8. eventually agreed to recognise the budgetary control committee, not take longer than 21 days. supply agency's monopoly in this claimed that the Commission Whenever more than 50,000 hi of area. actually stepped up saJes m the wine are refused entry into the coun­ The one outstanding issue left Soviet Union instead of keeping try for one reason or another, the over from t:he talks was the status of t:hem ro 'traditional' levels - the French will in future have to justify the escudo in the European Curren­ average overthe 1976-79 period-as their action to the European Corn· World cy Unit. Portugal would like a five­ agreed by the Community's Council mission. year delay before the escudo is in­ of Ministers. These conditions have been laid cluded in the basket of currencies, The report claimed that there was down to prevent France from using convention as was granted to Greece. But the Community argued that it was bet­ on sea bed ter not to fix a deadline, until it became clear how the Portuguese economy would fare in the future. Majority vote for fann package mining The European Commission has FoUowing the controversial meeting ofth e EEC agricultural made a number of ministers in Brussels on 18 May, at which agreement on farm recommendations to the ten prices for 1982183 was reached by a majority vote, Commissioner member states on the Poul Dalsager described the package as 'a good one from the Community's stance at the Devaluations, point ofview of farmers' incomes'. resumed Law ofthe Sea lt involves an average increase of 10.4 per cent in Community Conference in New York. prices, with higher increases in six member states as a result of International rules to govern ex­ but EMS is 'Green' devaluations against a background of a general inflation rate ploitation ofminerals on the sea bed of 10 to 11 percent. - in which European firms have an intact M.r Dalsager, while welcoming the agreement, emphasised that important financial and technical the Commission bad taken no position as to the particular way the stake-are at issue. Community Finance Ministers, at decision had been reached by the council of agricultural ministers. The Commission believes that the an emergency meeting agreed to This was entirely a matter, be said, for them to decide. Community should try to prevent an 8.5 per cent devaluation of the He assumed that the United Kingdom would apply the farm price virtual world-wide planning powers Belgian and Luxembourg francs decisions, which had been legally adopted, especially as negotiations being given to an international sea and a 3 per cent devaluation of the on Britain's budget contribution for 1982/83 were continuing. bed authority backed by a cumber­ Danish kroner. some and expensive bureaucracy. T he currency adjustments were It also wants to ensure that the

16 EUROPE82

Convention encourages European industry to mainuiin its sea exploit­ Commission ation activities by not imposing on companies restrictive declarations Cheaper smokes on the way? of principles or excessive technical visitors on and financial restraints. The European Commission has proposed that harmonisation of In addition, the Commission excise taxes on tobacco should now move into its third stage. the track wants to ensure that developing This is seen as necessary in order to open up the Community countries are g~~aranteed a fair share cigarette market as fairly as possible. A group of Commission officials of the profits obtained by sea bed The effect of the latest measures, if adopted by governments, exploitation, whether these coun­ from Brussels have been seeing would be to make higher quality cigarettes such as Benson and for themselves how Britain is tries are mineral producers or con­ Hedges and Rothmanscbeaperin France, Italy and the Benelux, and using last year's £I ,000 million sumers, coastal or landlocked. cigarettes like Gauloises and Gitanes less expensive in the United IGngdom, Ireland, Denmark and the Federal RepublicofGermany. refund of Common Market pay­ This will be achieved by further developing the ratio between the ments. ad ~alorem (charged on the value) and the specific (charged at a flat Their tour began with the new rate) taxes on tobacco. British Rail carriage servicing depot at Clifton, York, which is Improving due to be completed at the end of this year. The new depot will be the those caused by the Community's inhabitant. fully equipped for cleaning and controversial Common The European Parliament also servicing modern inter-city and Agricultural Policy, according to appears to be attracting more press local rolling stock. Our picture information the European Commission. interest as the years go by. During shows the visiting party charting • It says that European consumers the 13 sessions held in 1981, the to driver Eric Arundale before serv1ces would be highly unlikely to be sup­ proceedings were followed by a total leaving York on board an Inter­ plied for long at low world prices if of 1696 journalists - an average of City 125 service to Doncaster. The European Commission's Community supply depended to a 130 a session, compared with 116 in Left to right: Steve Andrews directorate-general for greater extent on importS. the previous year. information, market and The Commission points out that There were also 5,000 more visi­ (UK representative), Paul j en­ innovation is planning to spend world market prices are no·toriously tors last year than in 1980, bringing sen (Denmark), Fernand Kcif­ £3.08 miUion on the development volatile, because the quantities in­ the total of visitors to the Parliament fer ( Luxembourg) and j oe Mul­ ofhigh -quality information volved in international trade are in 1981 toSO,OOO. cahy (Eire). services in the Community. often marginal in relation to total The aim is to strengthen the production and may reflect short­ Community's computerised term fluctuations in production or information network in key areas. speculative action. Priority is being given to projects Cheap food, says the Commis­ ··· ~ in the field of trade and industry, sion, can therefore only be defined such as technology; products; stan­ as regularly available at present in dards; patents; law and financial limited quantities and in few cir­ data; energy savings and alternative cumstances. resources; and social sciences. The low price of democracy People who complain that the Community costs too much may be interested to know that the price ofEuropean-style democracy comes cheap when the costs ofvariou s parliaments per inhabitant are compared. The European Parliament, with the added inconvenience of having The truth to work in seven languages, costs only 36 pence a head - next to no­ thing when compared to the US about food Congress, which costs Americans the equivalent of £320 per head and prices only has to contend with English as its working language. Complaints about the high price Figures showing costs for 1981 offood on European markets put the German Bundestag at 98 compared to the lower world price pence per head, and the Belgian par­ for food do not always take liament, which works in both account of effects other than French and Flemish, at £4.03 per

17 EUROPE82

A matter ofsex

The European Court ofJu stice has struck a new blow for male and female equality. It has ruled that concessions granted by a company, even if these are not required by law, must not discriminate between the sexes. The ruling was given in a case involving British Rail, which was found to have breached the Community's rules by granting different travel concessions to its former male and female employees. The case was brougb t by Mrs Eileen Garland, who had complained that female employees, once retired, no longer received free or reduced fares for their spouses or dependents, although this conces­ sion was continued for their male colleagues. In another case, the Court rejected a maleemployee'sclaim that he was being discriminated against because be had to wait until hewas60 The grass is to retire, while women could do as at 55. Retirement ages were a matter for national governments, said the judges. Meanwhile, the European Commission has decided to take three greener.•. member states-Belgium, Italy and the United Kingdom-before the Court for alleged non-implementation of a Community law which Six out often European civil guarantees men and women equal access to employment. This is the servants are unhappy with first time that the Commission has gone to the Court over this Brussels as a place to work and directive, which was adopted in 1976. live in. This is revealed in an opinion poll which a study group at Louvain University conducted among 5,000 Brussels-based staff. recommendations on the Commun­ Among those who reject the Bel­ Ten tighten ity response. gian capital, nearly half would pre­ Also included is the implement­ fer France and a further 27 per cent Big Brother ation of new criteria for assessing are in favourofltaly. up import damage done by unfair trading. Belgian authorities have good fears allayed These criteria cover the volume and reason to be worried about the re­ rules price of imports, and their impact sults of the poll. Harbouring the The European Commission has on Community producers, meas­ centre of European Community given assurances of protection of The Council of Ministers has ured by their effect on sales, market activities is a maner of prestige in the individual when a European adopted new import share, prices, profits, stocks and itself. But there are also consider­ passport is introduced in 1984. arrangements covering trade with employment. ations of an economic nature. In the Plans to include a laminated page third countries, which mark an There is to be introduction of years 1981-85, European civil ser­ which would make personal details important step forward in the harmonised safeguard measures vants are expected to spend around on the passport electronically read­ European Community's trading activated at Community level. £840 million in Belgium, 54 per cent able have led to fears that personal policy. Member states could still impose of it in Brussels. data might be misused in some way The new arrangements, which national measures in urgent cases­ £252 million also, is to go on oper­ ifcomputers are involved. came into force on February 9, ap­ although these could only last for ational costs, rents, etc for the va­ The Commission has pointed out ply to all third countries except the one month and would automatically rious Community buildings- all in that such a page will only be in­ state trading nations, China and trigger a Commission inquiry. all, figures that no European city cluded at the discretion of indi­ Cuba. They include establishment From 1988, member states will no would look down on. vidual member states and claims ofa Community-level procedure for longer be allowed to take any nation­ Brussels has no firm guarantee that the use of an electronically­ examining dumping and other un­ al safeguard action without prior that it will remain the unofficial readable strip would only be a dan­ fair trading practices. The proced­ approval of the Commission. capital of Europe, since the seat of ger to the citizen if the data is not ure gives the European Commission A Community list ofgoods is to be the Community has still to be estab­ visible to the eye. 'This must on no power to investigate trade charges drawn up for which imports are res­ lished. Among rivals are Nice, account be the case,' says the Com­ on behalf of the Ten and to make tricted. Rome and Florence. mission. ltaddsthattheaimofthepassport is to ease controls on individuals at Community borders, and is not a further step towards an electronical­ ly-monitored society. More funds for the regions Replying to a European Parlia­ The Commission has adopted another eight decisions on supplementary measures ment question, the Commission also for the United Kingdom, i.n accordance with the agreement reached by the Council pointed out that it is determined to on 30 May 1980 which limited the level of Britain's net contribution to the continue to combat the dangers which the introduction of data pro­ Community's budget, partly through provision of EEC finance for public spending cessing may present,and has recom­ programmes in the UK. mended that member states sign and These latest decisions release funds totalling some £904 million for investment ratify an international convention and infrastructure programmes undertaken in the UK in the 1981182 financial year. designed to protect the rights of in­ Special infrastructure programmes for seven UK regions- Wales, Scotland, dividuals in connection with the Northern Ireland, Yorkshire and Humberside, and the North, North West and automatic processing of personal South West of England- account for £794 million of that sum, and £108 million will data. be used for a general road building programme. AD these programmes are If this isn't done by the end ofthis multiannual and received Community support last year as well. year, the Commission intends to propose plans of its own to protect The new decisions bring the total value of the supplementary measures adopted Community citizens. since December 1980 to about £1,700 million.

18 EUROPE82

The crisis in the Common Market The EEC is indeed in a desperate narrower view of their national When, afteraweekofdithering,Mr has been over-shadowed by the plight and while the advertisement of interests than the boundaries ofthe RichardBurke left Dublin on Tuesday crisis in the South Atlantic, but that the fact will bring nothing but Community; and the reason is the to rejoin the EEC commission,Mr doesn't make it any the less serious. pleasure to the left and to all the old recession. Charles Haughey achieoed his aim of For weeks, other EEC countries anti-Market coalition, it may also transforming his new~ have pressed for record food price help concentrate the minds of those -DavidWatt guoernment into une that need not, after rises. Britain refused. We first who went into the venture with high in The Times all, depend on the goodwiU ofa few wanted a guarantee ofa substantial hopes and a conviction that the left-wing members ofthe Dail. rebate on the payments we make to security ofthe West as a whole lay in the Market. the political and economic unity of -Economist Ths C071117Ul11it:Y buckled u:nder the western Europe. strain, the first enthusiasm for backing There is no great mystery about Chanting mobs of French and Britain uoer the Falklands slipped to what has gone wrong. Poor M. Thorn Belgian farmers paraded through Edith Cresson, the French farming a grudging, une-week extension of is quite right. The problem is lack of Brussels yesterday singing; minister, who roundly accused the sanctions against Argentina. political will. The main European 'Thatcher to the stake'. British government last week of Now its farm ministers have governments at present take a They burned an effigy ofthe terrorist tactics in the EEC, is a trim decided to force the price increases British Prime Minister dressed in 46-year-old with tousled red hair, through, despite our objections, farmer's clothing and one of French high cheekbones and a devastating and they have done it by changing a farm Minister Edith Cresson. smile. She is much the prettiest ofthe convention under which we joined. politicians who jet in and out of That gave any member nation a -Daily Mail Common Market negotiations. veto on decisions it thought The trouble is that Edith Cresson affected its national interests. It is full ofheart, but very had been adopted at the insistence inexperienced. She is headstrong in of General de Gaulle, who always negotiation. Britain's agriculture put France first. secretary, Peter Walker, has the cool Had it not existed, Britain might to cope with this, but the Germans never have joined. It cannot be are irritated beyond belief. scrapped just like that. There could be no better choice for The fault for this crisis is not on a Joan of Arc figure to spearhead the one side. Britain has been a national fight against Margaret reluctant and unco-operative Thatcher's deeply-resented veto of recruit to Europe. We have been a farm price increases until Britain's partnerbutnotafriend. claim for Common Market budget But we need Europe more than it rebates has been settled in full. needs us. Itiswherewedomostof ourtradeandmillionsofjobs · -Sunday Times depend upon it. A threat to our membership would be an economic disaster. But The Government yesterday denied ifthe Community starts to break up that an outline agreement on farm it will be a disaster for all Europe. prices discussed in Brussels would mean an increase of4p in the pound -Daily Mirror on British food prices. A Ministry of Agriculture Many Frenchmen see Britain as spokesman said: 'The reported having got herselfbadly caught figure is incorrect; our calculations out over the Falldands and now are that the increase in farm prices staking too much on trying to now proposed would add only 1.2 regain sovereignty which she has per cent to Britain's retail food all along been anxious to index. relinquish. -Observer Against this background it was It is a pity that none of Labour little short of a miracle that Britain critics of Mrs Thatcher's naval The EEC budget is still scandalously has received the support she did. expedition has spoken in favour of biased towards cosseting Continental She could have responded with the Common Market's prompt fanners. rather more warmth, more action in mounting a trade . But Community membership does Mr Derek Enright, MEP for Leeds, consultation and a gesture such as embargo. The Common Market have compensations. Yesterday, for has asked the Commission to rule giving way on farm prices while may be a lunatic institution for example, Ford UK cut the price of whether the British monarchical continuing to negotiate on the Europe's domestic policies, but most of its cars. This is partly because tradition where the throne passes to budget. that is no reason why we should a growing number of British the eldest male child, even where the The link between these issues spurn its political uses at a time like customers are finding it worthwhile first-bornoftherulingmonarchisa and the Falldands is neither this. to buy cars more cheaply on the girl, does not conflict with the second rational nor admitted. But -New Statesman Continent. directive of women's rights under atmospherics play a part in these Here you can see how EEC Article 119oftheTreatyofRome. matters and Britain has done little What we have witnessed here in competition does benefit the This is the EEC rule which to improve them. An opportunity the last few days is a genuine case consumer. And about time, too. guarantees that there can be no sexual has thus been missed to of solidarity with a Member State Less eye-catching, though more discrimination in access to strengthen the Community and facing a real problem. significant, is the massive boost in employment. The matter, Mr Britain's influence in it. -Guardian our trade with Europe, which has Enright feels, has some relevance taken place this past decade. Also, given the awaited birth of a child by -TheTimes One of the valuable by-products of billions of dollars' worth and yens' the Princess ofWales. the Falklands crisis has been the worth ofindustrial investment has A Commission spokesman said: Perhaps it will now be the case that demonstration of European unity come to this country just because we 'EEC legal experts have decided that Britain will appreciate more fully in support of Britain. In fact it are in the Common Market. That the succession to the monarchy lies the strengths ofthe Community shows Europe's growing ability to means jobs. outside the scope of the directive'. and the advantages ofmembership. act as one. -Daily Telegraph -The Times -Daily Mail -Guardian 19 EUROPE82 How the EIS has become Europe's 'listening bank'

he EEC is a great deal more than Brus­ It may move in the realm of account, this meant that, by and large, there sels directives and butter mountains. was no increase. The Community can offer valuable ser­ high finance, but the The picture varied sharply from country to l vices to British business. Community's own bank country. Loans to Denmark, for instance, So says The Director (The Journal of the takes a sympathetic interest were43 percenthigherthanin 1980. Those to Institute of Directors in London), with refer­ theFederalRepublicin 1981 weremorethan ence to the European Investment Bank (EIB) in its more needy customers, 20 times the mther negligible amount of the and its 'global loans', through which funds are reports PETER DREYER preceding year. In both countries this was due channeled to the 'little men' of the European to important energy related investments. business world. Not only does the scheme Elsewhere the impact of recession was not give the EIB far greater exposure, but it is also only noticeable but severe. EIB loans for the rapidly becoming more important. funds for investment projects at home, con­ productive sectors-mostly industry, but also Basically, the EIB is moving - and was sidering also that the people in Luxembourg some agricultural and service investment - intended to move - in the realm of high will never finance more (and normally rather were almost20 per cent lower in 1981 than the finance. Created in 1958 by the Rome Treaty less) than SO per cent of the fixed assets cost of year before, not even allowing for the inflation as the Community's own bank, it exists to lend any project, the balance having to be met from factor, as demand for finance turned sluggish. financial support, mainly to major projects. other public or private sources, or out of the Under the double impact of the recession on All along its primary motivation has been to applicant's own pocket? concentrate on the less developed regions. One reason is that capital, in the would-be IJhe EIB is obliged Last year, and in line with what has become borrower's country, may be scarce. Another a tradition, the EIB directed nearly three­ is that the EIB will usually be able to offer under its statute to quarters of its loan total to the four member slightly more favourable terms. lend on a non-profit­ countries with the most difficult structural TheCommunitybankhasgraduallyturned problems - Italy, Ireland, Greece and the into a leading taker of funds in international making basis' United Kingdom. But, while the BIB's cen­ capital markets, and will usually obtain these tral objective may have remained the same at a lower 'tab' than would national and indi­ throughout a quarter-century, its perform­ vidual borrows. In high-interest rate periods ance has been subject to some major changes. like the present, this is doubly important. The new investment and the curtailed needs ofthe lthas grown at an unexpected rate; it has been EIB is obliged under its statute to lend on a public sector, EIB lending in the United Kingdom last year did not even come up to 40 entrusted with numerous supplementary non-profit-making basis. tasks; it has branched out in new directions; The bulkoftheoperationsin which the EIB percent of the 1980figure. and it has developed new priorities in re­ is commonly involved - a hydroelectric in­ Actually, the darkening of the economic sponse to shifting economic conditions. stallation in Italy, the construction of a mini scene these past few years and more particu­ However, although this is a public interna­ computer factory in the United Kingdom, the larly the sharp and as yet unabated rise of tional institution with member governments modernisation of Ireland's telecommunica­ unemployment have underlined the import­ as 'shareholders', the EIB is still a bank first tions system, to pick only a few from a vast ance of the labour market effect of EIB lend­ ing. The bulk of it currently goes to regions and foremost. This means that the loans it range of potential projects - will invariably where the jobless totals are far above the gives-be they for state agencies, utility com­ call for substantial sums. As a rule, the BIB's Community average. panies or industrial borrowers - will in large credit contribution in any one instance will Investments made possible in 1981 by EIB measure be decided upon in the light of con­ not be less than £1.2 million. participation are held to have created (or safe­ ventional banking rules. Putting it more However, the BIB's activities have been guarded) 31,000 full-time jobs, mainly in in­ crudely: the EIB does not make grants - it altogether impervious to what happened in makes loans, which it expects to be repaid so the economic world around it, as events in dustry. Construction and other work occa­ that these funds may then be used again. 1981 make clear. True, the flow of credits sioned by last year's investments are the What is the attraction ofthe EIB to national given within theCommunitywasupalmost 14 equivalent of providing more than 450,000 borrowers? Why do they not opt for getting per cent on 1980. But taking inflation into men and women with work for one year. Still another priority has emerged in recent years, which had hardly been on the minds of the Rome Treaty's fathers 25 years ago. In­ Sweet Thames runs softly creasingly, the bank's lending policies are Two ~ss-channel seminars on water on the Authority's scientific research craft, directed towardsmitigatingtheCommunity's po8ution are being arranged between the 'Thameswater', taking water samples along energy 'bondage', in accordance with the Thames Water Authority and the Agence the Thames and learning about Community's stated objective that oil imports Financiere de Bassin Seine-Normandie. anti-po8ution controls. M Crepeau also in the next decade should be kept to the 1978 M Crepeau, French Minister for the observed a successful trawl for fish-just level of470 million tonnes. Environment, visited London last October off the biggest discharge oftreated sewage The EIB estimates that, when they become to discuss river management, water supply effiuenttothe river. operational, the energy-related investments and sewage disposal services in England, This month a party from Thames Water in which it participated last year will reduce and to consider how far this might be will be visiting Paris for three days to view Community dependence on oil imports by applicable in the somewhat different sewage and water treatment works there, nearly 11 million tonnes a year. For the five­ conditions in France. and to study how their French counterparts year period 1977-81 such savings should be of During his visit, M Crepeau took a trip are cleaning up the River Seine. the order of about 60 million tonnes per year. 20

EUROPE82

The fact that most people are unable to recognise a top quality diamond when they see one is neither here nor there. All diamond rings are bought to give away, and in such sentiments lies the secret of the diamond's success. But although it may be true that the city's luxury trade relies on the sale ofaverage stones to the comparitively poor, the fact is that most buyers consider the diamond to be good value for money. Antwerp's diamond trade has not been altogether unaffected touched by the econo­ mic recession: investment in top grade stones has certainly slackened off in recent years. Also, despite the huge figures involved, com­ petition among Antwerp's diamond mer­ chants is fierce. Risks are high, returns are reatively mod­ est: all depends on the individual dealer's eye for quality at the ten 'sights' held in London by De Beers each year. There are some 5,000 classifications ofrough stones to choose from, and each buyer must consider the speciality cuts which are characteristic of the available labour force. Antwerp's tour de force is the 'maccle' - a twinned triangular crystal which has undergone a profound geological hiccup during its formation anything from SO to 200 million years ago.

1 All diamond rings are bought to give away'

What with the current depression and fall­ off in investment, there is a feeling that the trade is marking time. Even so, the demand for diamonds continues, substantially helped by the fact that De Beers undertakes a com­ prehensive advertising and marketing pro­ gramme on behalf of the trade. In its own interests in controlling 80 per cent of the world's supply, the company spreads the diamond gospel to some 26 countries. Up­ holding the diamond tradition and spreading Competition between traders at Antwerp's diamond market is fierce. awareness to new markets is regarded as a crucial service. T his can only be of benefit to In Antwerp, diamonds are a way oflife. T he able reputation. To millions of people Antwerp's two diamond cutting districts- the city's craftsmen rank highest in the world. throughout the world, diamonds give preci­ city centre, accommodating the larger stones, Unchallenged by the work of cutters in other sion to ideas of beauty, perfection and endur­ and the outlying Kempen district. And important diamond markets - New York, ing vows. But it is the cheaper end of the although diamond cutting and polishing re­ Israel, Bombay and USSR - Antwerp's bril­ market, stealthily keeping the trade alive in mains a cottage industry, exports alone in liandeers thrive on a tradition in the sawing, the minds ofthe masses, thatissoimportantto 1980 were worth £1,661 million. cleaving, cutting, polishing and marketing of the biggest gem diamond market in the world. On the face of it, the future of the industry gem diamonds going back four centuries. Most people buy or receive a diamond only may appear to rest on a precarious foundation Their task seems deceptively straightfor­ once in their lives. It does not have to cost a -fashion. Bu tthe attractions cut much deeper ward: rough stones are collected from the huge sum of money; but custom has it that an into the nature of both commerce and the merchants and taken home to be transformed engagement ring must cost as much as an human bean. T hose who do not put their faith into anonymous works of art. In this self­ ardent suitor can afford. In this way, young in the stock markets can keep their wealth in a effecing manner Antwerp's diamond cutting men on low pay can purchase a handsome ring safe. Fugitives- not unknown to Antwerp­ and polishing labour force has earned an envi- for a week's wages. Because ofthe importance may carry their entire assets in their coat of this gesture in romatic life, the owner of a pocket. Pfhe future rests on diamond ring costing around £150 can enjoy But above all, the diamond seems to be some of the pride of possession that a mil­ revered on a mystical scale. Aldous Huxley fashion-and the lionaire might feel on acquiring a Star of called it a 'genuine talisman, a self-luminous human heart' India. But a ring at this low price may incor­ stone which comes from the soul's visionary porate a stone worth, on its own, no more than heaven'. Antwerp's diamond merchants a bottle of champagne. would hardly disagree. • 22 EUROPE82

autocratic authority within his home. Mar­ ried women cannot carry out any financial Which way transaction without their husband's permis­ letters sion. Without his express authority, they can­ not enrol their children at school and are not Thanks a billion to the altar? supposed to spend a night awayfromhome. A I heartily endorse Derek Bradley's husband also has right of access to his wife's suggestion that, as Europeans, we should mail and telephone calls. reject the US version of 'kilometer' (Letters, KERIN HOPE reports on a Although the Church dictum that married March 1982). I alsoadvocatethatwereject clash between Church and womenmustobeytheirhusbandsisstillinter­ the even more abominable pronunciation, preted literally among Greeks of all social State in socialist Greece, ki-lom-eter, which sounds as ominous as classes, few people expect the bishops to come gasometer. No one talks of a ki-log-ramme. over husbands' age-old up with more than token opposition to full Whilst ridding ourselves of bastardised marital rights legal equality for women, which was guaran­ versions, let us firmly reject 'billion' meaning teed under the 197S constitution. a thousand million. Sadly, this US usage The clerics appear to reserve their fire for occurs frequently in your journal. Logically, reform of the adultery law, described by a billion can only mean a million million. Socialist Government officials as 'humiliating Let us instead, as good Europeans, adopt recce's socialistgov.ernment is and undignified.' But the Bishops' hierarchy the European word 'milliard', which has pushing ahead with plans to thundered after a recent meeting: 'If adultery existed in English since 1793 and is used in introduce civil marriage and is no longer a criminal offence, the law lies the languages of our European partners to Gmodernise the country's open to great ethical dangers and insidious mean a thousand million. antiquated famlly law, despite vociferous undermining ofthe family.' We must stop slavishly aping the opposition from traditionalists in the Americans and a start must be made Orthodox Church of Greece. New laws 'A husband has right somewhere with 'milliard'. Why not in scheduled for passage through Parliament of access to his wife's EUROPE82? by spring will end the Church's monopoly E.W.Brown, ofmarriage ceremonies and abolish mail and phone calls' cl CILT, Carlton House Terrace, adultery as an offence punishable by London SW1 SAP. imprisonment. Premier Andreas Papandreou's Panhellen­ OWe shall start using 'milliard' when ic Socialist Movement (PASOK) is hastening to Brussels, the Treasury, the City and the fu11il election promises to overhaul Greek so­ world's banking communities do. cial legislation. But the Orthodox clerics, an­ xious to protect old-fashioned family values which, in their view, keep the fabric of society No charge from disintegrating, have raised cries of pro­ test. In principle, most Greek bishops are not We have recently been delighted to receive opposed to the introduction of civil marriage, sample copies of the French and German but they want to ensure that the religious counterparts to your magazine. We notice ceremony has equal validity in the eyes of the that, in contrast to your much appreciated new law. The Government, however, WQuld free issues, theirs are priced SF and DM1.SO. prefer to make civil marriage compulsory, We hope it will never prove necessary to thus reducing a church wedding to what one imitate that practice. cleric calls 'the status of just a frill.' One aspect of the German version which Mter a stormy session of the hierarchy, we would like to see copied in our own, hardline bishops declared they would deny however, is that of presenting material in two 'the other blessings of the Church' to those languages adjacently. who marry outside it. The threat was inter­ preted as a refusal to officiate at baptisms and Under the proposed new law, adultery Brian Quinn, funerals ifthe new bill goes through. Minister would remain grounds for divorce, but it Cleveland Education Committee, of Justice Efstathios Alexandris said that would no longer be punishable with prison Cleveland TS23 2DB. while the Government respected the views of terms of up to 12 months. The present ruling the Greek Orthodox hierarchy, it did not that convicted adulterers cannot remarry consider them binding. The new law, he would also disappear. In 1980, thelastyearfor Bad odour added, would go through, regardleSs of objec­ which figures are available, 60 men and 4S With reference to the item on page viii of tions from the Church. women were sentenced to imprisonment for EUROFORUM (March edition) may I point out In an effort to avoid an open breach be­ adultery, a 30 per cent decrease on figures for that a stink bomb thrown into, say, a bakers tween church and state, four Government­ the previous year, which seems to reflect a and confectioners on a busy Saturday appointed legal experts have been discussing growing trend towards leniency in the courts. morning can never be regarded as a 'joke', no proposed changes in family law with a com­ Successful prosecution for adultery has matter how non-toxic its contents may be. mittee of bishops set up by Archbishop generally meant catching the couple in flag­ For the customers it will be a nauseating Seraphim of Greece. Despite low Church r:ante delicto, a requirement which has helped experience, and for the shopkeeper it may attendence except at festivals, the Orthodox private detective agencies to flourish in well result in financial loss. Church still plays an important pastoral role Greece. Arrest involves a forced entry by In my view, the discharge of these devices as an arbiter of social life in Greece. police and photographers and the hasty trans­ on any premises to which the public have The Church has long upheld the legal res­ fer ofa couple to their local police station, to be access should be prohibited. trictions surrounding married women which charged. But only a quarter of such cases end are now considered obsolete in urban Greece. up in court, according to Justice Ministry John Singleton, According to present law, the husband wields statistics. · • Hockley, Essex. 23 EUROPE82

quarantine. From there they swept through the British cattle industry and into interna­ tional trade. Since then, Britain has imported 3,200 pedigree Charolais from France, from which have been bred nearly 30,000 pedigree animals. T he Charolais is now well established as the second most popular beef breed, after the Hereford, via AI semen sales. But this was only the start. International cattle dealers in 1970 opened the market for two almost equal­ ly big breeds - the brown Limousin from France and the white-faced Simmental from Switzerland and West Germany. Then into the world market came the gigan­ tic Maine Anjou from F ranee, the bulky Gelb­ vieh from Germany, the large crossbred Blonde D' Aquitaine from south western France, the milky Meuse Rhine Issei from the Netherlands. From Italy came the biggest of them all: the Chianina, standing taller than a man, and the equally enormous Marchigiana and Romagnola. throughout the world the blue-white tinge in the colouring ofcrossbred calves reveals the growing Charolais influ­ ence. In the dairy industry, fashions and trends have changed; but Europe's dairy breeds have always been there to provide what the market wanted. In the early part of this century, Britain developed its own version of the black produce the smallest possible Herefords and and white Friesian - a dual purpose animal BARRY WILSON tells how Angus, producing the finest quality meat. which produced a lot ofmilk and a good beef old and new breeds of cattle But within a few years of the end of the war, calf. By the 1950s it had practically run Bri­ have broken out ofEurope economic changes were transforming agricul­ tain's other dairy breeds out of business. ture. The demand changed from quality to Meanwhile, in America and Canada, breeders into world markets quantity. In the beef industry, a crisis had bred their Holsteins for one thing-max­ emerged in the Hereford and Angus breeds. imum milk yields. Animals had been bred so small that recessive In the past 20 years in most countries milk dwarfism genes had been encouraged. Drastic has become more valuable than beef, so urope's cattle breeders have always action was necessary, especially in a world breeders have gone for the American Holstein been well attuned to the needs of the hungry for beef. model. It has been imported in huge quanti­ world market. But in recent years they One of the most remarkable discoveries ties into Britain, into New Zealand, into West have discovered untapped resources. made about this time was the existence, in Germany,andevenintotheNetherlands-the E full circle complete. For the first 40 years of this century, two pockets all over the European continent, of countries dominated the trade in breeding large-bodied cattle breeds which produced Another, similar, phenomenon was the cattle: Britain and the Netherlands. Britain vast quantities of beef, and milk. Most of arrival of the Australian Murray Gray in Scot­ sent its unsurpassed meat breeds-especially these had initially been bred as beasts of bur­ land. T he Murray Grey, bred over SO years, the Hereford, Aberdeen Angus and Short­ den. combines Aberdeen Angus and Shorthorn horn-all over the world. These breeds remain A major problem in trading cattle breeds blood. Now it returns to the home of the the dominant influence in most countries that from the continent of Europe had always been Angus, to put size and growth rate back into grow beef. For milk, Britain exported jerseys disease. What changed attitudeS was the set­ native commercial herds. and Guernseys, which had originated in the ting-up of quarantine stations - and the dis­ In Denmark, Hereford steak bars serve Channel Islands, and Ayrshires from Scot­ covery in the early 1960s of a remarkable only the prized Hereford steaks. British Here­ land. breed in nonhern and central France which ford exporters have enjoyed a small boom in The Dutch capitalised in their world­ put beef on~t a phenomenol rate and grew to trade to Denmark for 15 yc:ars. British Here­ beating milk producer, the Friesian- or Hot­ enormous site. This was the Charolais, and it fords - a hardy breed that thrives on rough stein, as it is called in North America. It came caused a storm in Britain. terrain and sparse grazing, compared with the almost to monopolise the milk industries in Significantly it was the milk board which lushe.r demands of the giant Charolais and America and Canada. The Angus took over promoted the Charolais in Britain. The board others- are in demand in Sweden, Finland, the pampas of Argentina and Uruguay. The ran - and still runs - the biggest artificial Hungary and Spain. jersey swamped the New Zealand dairy in­ insemination service in the world. It wanted a American cattle breeders have shrugged off dustry. The Hereford took over in Australia. beef sire breed which would allow Britain's the dwarfism crisis and now export the biggest But the cattle breeding world began to dairy farmers to produce more beeffrom their Hereford and Angus in th~ world to South change drastically in the 1950sand the 1960s. crossbred calves. America. Some of the smaller breeds are Throughout the early part of this cenrury Britain's traditional beef breeders were fighting back. And so the circus goes on. the demand was for smallness and quality. horrified at the prospect of the arrival of this Governments everywhere have set up cattle The Dutch Friesian got smaller and smaller. French challenger. However, the first ship­ breeding export agencies to advise and finance The petite j ersey with the high-fat milk was ment of 26 Charolais bulls duly arrived from the trade. There is big money to be made- and all the rage. Beef cattle breeders competed to France in 1962. They went straight into national prestige to be won. [t 24 EUROPE82 An American answer to industrial decline

ames M. HoweU, senior vice president It was the spirit ofget-up­ institutions collectively have given the region ofth e First National Bank ofBoston, a competitive edge in technology-based in­ is no gloom and doom economist. He and-go that enabled New dustries, and also helped to stimulate as well Jhas been touring Europe with the England .to shake off the as anract entrepreneurial talent and to en­ cheerful message that you can spark job­ courage new business start-ups.' creating life back into ageing industrial recession ofthe Seventies ­ As an enthusiastic capitalist, Dr Howell economies. an example for Europe, does not give the universities the whole credit 'The maturing of one capitalistic era does for New England's revival. He believes that not automatically lead to economic stagna­ reports JOHN BRENNAN restrictive practices and high-technology tion,' he says. 'And the end of one era can in business don't mix. 'Almost all the employees fact provide the foundation for the next' . of new high-technology companies are non­ Cheering words. But what does a New Eng­ union. And that's a fascinating development, land banker know about the brutal problems because many of these people came from the of declining traditional industries? declining textile manufacturing sector which 'I know, because we've been there,' says was traditionally highly unionised.' Howell. 'Economic stagnation, double-digit Then there were the 'born again capitalists' unemployment, and swollen welfare rolls.' who started to take over from free spending That's not an outsider's view of a European social welfare politicians on local and state Community with 10.3 million out of work, authorities. Since the great recession of 1973- but a description of the New England eco­ 74, Dr Howell says, elected state officials in nomy after the 1973-74 slump. New England have increasingly shown that In the Seventies, the six states that make up they can simultaneously achieve two impor­ New England ran into precisely the problems tant economic development goals. First, gov­ now facing the older industrial economies 'of ernment can manage its size, in terms of Europe. They could not spend their way out expense and employment levels, to keep in of recession because, as Dr Howell says, in­ equilibrium with the private sector. Second, dustry was already overtaxed, and the state government can manage its functions in such governments found that their tax base was a way as to improve the region's overall busi­ disappearing fast. One in five industrial jobs ness investment environment. were lost in that recession. There were none of In practice, that meant state and city­ the giant defence contracts that helped lift the James M. Howell-Bostonian with a backed capital financing programmes, enter­ Sunbelt states out of the slump. message. prise zones, and 'pump-priming' spending And the New England economy - which, projects that put state cash into areas in part­ like Britain, needs to export to pay for its food Europeans like to think of their ancient nership with what Dr Howell calls 'local boot­ and energy imports-seemed, saysHowell, to seats of learning as world-beaters. But Dr strapping'. be heading for 'de-industrialisation'. Howell points to a report by the New England Pulling local areas up by their own boot­ 'We had to face up to the problem ofwhat to Board of Higher Education which analyses straps resulted in non-profit-making groups do when our traditional industries started to the links between university and college which, only ten years ago, were involved fail. Without major defence and space pro­ places, and business development. It con­ mainly in social advocacy issues. Today they gramme spending it was apparent that the cluded: "New England is the most know­ own and operate lumber mills, electronics region had become excessively dependent ledge-intensive region in the world. This businesses, data processing companies, upon federal largesse.' attribute.may well be a key-it not the key-to building maintenance and repair services and In New England, as in Europe, there had the prosperity ofNew England." fuel distributorships. been a gradual shift of employment from You would expect any education authority Local banks and city authorities working manufacturing to service industries. But, Dr to be enthusiastic about its local graduate together were able to offer venture and start­ Howell says: 'On their own, service industries schools. But the board's enthusiasm is sound­ up capital in relatively small amounts to lots of could not solve the problem of protracted ly based. In many ways, its report notes, a new companies, by grouping together loans structural unemployment. The only way was 'critical mass' ofinstitu tes ofhigher education into risk bonds big enough to interest the to create new, high technology industries. sets the region apart from others. 'Historical­ financial institutions. 'It's an experience,' he adds, 'that Europe can ly, the heterogeneous mix of universities and As in Europe, there was - and still is - ignore at its peril.' colleges (65 in the greater Boston area alone) plenty of venture capital available to a New But how did New England turn talk about have enabled the region to adapt to shifting England businessman with an id.ea and a need the need for high technology development dynamics in the national- and even the inter­ for cash. But, for all his enthusiastic talk about into new companies, and new jobs? It was national - economy. In recent years, these trans-Atlantic parallels showing a way out of achieved, Dr Howell explains, through a industrial stagnation, Dr Howell admits that combination of factors - aggressive entre­ the one real gap in Europe, and in Britain in preneurial talent; readiness to take financial 'On their own, service particular, is the shortage ofentrepreneurs. risks; a substantial supply of venture capital industries could not 'It is the one thing that every venture capital available close at hand; and, most significant­ solve unemployment' bank agrees on here,' he says. 'There just are ly, an educational foundation to provide new too few managers around willing to take a risk ideas. andstrikeoutontheirown.' [I 25 EUROPE82

ANN CLWYD, a Socialist the Parliament, even its arch defenders, the French socialists, have voted to attack the Has the member ofthe European excesses offarm policy. · Parliament since 1979, fmds When did my own views begin to shift? herself questioning the When did the orthodox Party view on the EEC Labour begin to seem less ofa good idea? Left's attitudes to Britain's When I was pitched into an international membership group even the unpronounceable names of Party got it other MEPs appeared at first to be an insur­ mountable hurdle. That it took me several months to pronounce Ludwig Fellermaier, wrong and Heidimarie Wieczorek-Zent, was not ye-bye Common Market: so long only a linguistic leap but a cultural one too. EEC', sung to the tune of Tipperary, The experience of working day-by-day with about was a favourite refrain during the allies from nine other countries in pursuit of B1975 referendum campaign in South socialist policies- to control the multination­ Wales. Along with Michael Foot, the Wales als, halt the arms race, alleviate poverty-was Europe? TUC, the NUM and (seemingly) every Tom, for me a salutary and stimulating experience. Dick and Dai, I joined enthusiastically con­ Whenafirminmyconstituencywasrecent- demming this triffid creature, which sought to restrain and chain all Labour's socialist 'There are no instincts. Then Wales gave an overwhelming 'Yes' single-issue general vote. And that, most of us thought, was that. eledions' Five years later I was a candidate in the first European election to the European Parlia- ment, attacking the wine lakes, the butter mountains, our position as paymaster of ly in danger of falling foul ofa multinational's Europe, and all the other aberrations ofBrus- intention to transfer production to Amster­ sels. dam, I contacted one of my Dutch socialist In the interim, a facility trip to the Euro- colleagues and we organised a meeting be­ pean Commission, where the favourite sport tween workers' representatives in the two appeared to be poppingchampagne.corks into countries and the threatened workers were squares on a ceiling, had left a distaste for the promised support by the Dutch workers who perceived lifestyle in 'the rich man's club.' would have gained thousands of jobs had they But over the past 2 Vz years I have come to see taken the selfish approach. International soli­ the Treaty of Rome not as a strait-jacket, but darity in practice. more as a stretchable, elastic girdle. It was a slower dawning, I admit, that the And what about the old argument over bickering over fish, apples, lamb, was chiefly National Sovereignty? Bemard Crick wrote more of a smokescreen- blown by those who recentlythatsovereigntyofParliamentwasan see the glorification of this island and its 18th century Whig doctrine 'intended to scare institutions as a crusade far more important the respectable in the smaller nations, that if than socialism. Flag waving is populist: inter­ they did not leave the key decisions to Lon- nationalism is not. don, law and order would break down'. Is the European Parliament effective? Ann Clwyd: 'As members of the Socialist Strange, he said, that Socialists should When one considers how long it has taken Group we have seen the members from adhere to the specifically capitalist form of a Labour to win ra.dical reforms at Westmins­ all ten countries struggling to reach centralised sovereign state and extraordinary ter, it doesn't seem unrealistic to suggest that agreement.' that its proponents believe it possible that . the European Parliament could have deli­ national sovereignty can opt out of a highly vered a lot in 2lfzyears. interdependent economy, however well or ill The Parliament does lack power to back its controlled. Some 65 per cent of the world's sometimes radical proposals with anything GNP is controlled by 1,000 multinationals. except draconian measures: such as sacking They have such powers to switch jobs and the Commission en bloc; or throwing out the capital that they can upset governments and whole budget. But Labour policy is set firmly economies.Increasinglycompaniesplantheir against increasing the power of the 'Assem­ corporate strategies on a Europe-wide basis - bly.' You can't hobble a horse and then criti- what influence national sovereignty than? cise its lack ofspeed. As members of the Socialist Group (the OurNationalExecutivestatementonwith- largest in the European Parliament), we have drawal argues that membership of the EEC seen the members from all ten EEC countries has has an adverse effect on the level of em­ doggedly and painfully struggling to reach ployment and the British economy; that re­ agreement on prickly subjects such as reform form of the Community from within has of the CAP. The fact that Edith Cresson, now proved impossible; that the Treaty of Acces­ the French Minister of Agriculture and stout sion is incompatible with our alternative defender of the CAP, put her signature to a socialisteconomicstrategy;thatareferendum document on reform, shows that working is not necessary as people would endorse or with other socialists on a day-to-day basis otherwise Labour's policy in a general elec- must eventually pay dividends. tion. Each time the budget has been discussed by One Labour illusion seems to be that our 26 EUROPE821 .::. I I socialist comrades in the EEC will sit down 'You can't hobble flected their total bewilderment over the over a cup of tea and chat about how they can Labour Party's attitude to the Community. help the UK comrades withdraw from the a horse and then Their concern was similar to that one might EEC in the most painless way -despite the fact criticise its lack have for an elderly, slightly idiosyncratic rela­ that President Mitterrand has stated emphati­ tive. cally that he does not want the UK to leave. of speed' Party conference deaded last year by a Others of his ministers have scorned the idea ,.. block vote to oppose a referendum-the argu­ of the UK going it alone and believe it to be .... ment being that electors will be able to vote little more than rampant xenophobia. Labour on the clear understanding that they A year ago, a remarkable debate took place reform the EEC. The budget has to be per­ arevotingforwithdrawalinageneralelection. when Tony Benn and Joan Lestor met the manently restructured so that the poorest The weakness in that argument is that there European Socialist Group. Tony Benn re­ countries cannot become net contributors to are no single issue general elections. It would peated the argument that the Treaty of Rome the budget. The battle against unemployment also be totally unfair to expect a supporter of makes it impossible for the UK-'or any other must mean strengthening existing regional unilateral disarmament, the National Health country' -to take socialist action. Socialism, and social policies and devoting considerably Service and a wealth tax to vote Tory because he said, must be rooted in a national, and not a more money to them. he or she wants to remain in the EEC (a case supra-national state. What some of us on the left are asking is: powerfully made by Tony Benn, who sup­ He was challenged by several German has the left got it wrong? What precisely is it in ported a referendum in 1970). socialists. Katharina Focke asked why the the Community which will be the obstacle to It is not enough for spokespersons in the LabOur Party, 'whichmentionedfullemploy­ the implementation of a radical socialist prog­ Labour Party to rabbit on about their interna­ ment and peace as important objectives, felt ramme at home? We look at Mitterrand's tionalism. We who come into close daily con­ unable to work for these with other socialists programme of massive nationalisation, and tact with EEC socialists know that they treat within the EEC. To argue, as Tony Benn did, the dawn of a bright new socialist era for such protestations with scepticism given the that the EEC meant no socialist intervention France. There are socialists in the govern­ increasingly nationalist campaign being was incorrect; EEC action to protect the steel ments of France, Denmark, West Germany, waged by our spokespersons in Labour's industry was a case in point. Italy, Ireland and the Netherlands. None of name. Antonio Cariglia, Italian Socialist (PSDI) them find EEC membership incompatible The current policy on withdrawal is not former national secretary of the Italian Union with their aims. The socialists in Spain and inscribed in sacred tablets. There is still time of Labour, angrily denounced the imputa­ Portugal are indeed all ardent supporters of for the Labour Party to think again. tion. 'The reet of us,' he said, 'have been put membership. into the corner of capitalist interest. I refute A few days ago I spoke to a group ofvisiting that I am a tool for capitalist forces. The Portuguese trade union leaders in Brussels. D This article is reproduced by permission of rethinking of Labour comrades must be link­ The barrage of questions which followed re- the New Statesman. ed with a specific goal that you are aiming for in the UK, e.g. that you wish to bring down the Thatcher government and overthrow the pro-European policy of that government. consuming sleeping pills and tranquilisers. That may be fine for British national interest TACKLING THE. Consumption of alcohol - also a drug, but it can only be seen as a blatant contradic­ although we tend to forget this sometimes - tion ofthe history ofyour party.' has also grown, particularly among women 'What is left, or marxist, in fighting capital­ DRUGS and young people. Some of the figures re­ ism nationally?' asked left-wing SPD mem­ leased by the Parliamentary report illustrate bership Gerhard Schmid. Why not use the PROBLEM the seriousness of the situation. In Belgium, EEC to get extra instruments? Why use the almost 10 per cent of all school children have EEC as a whipping boy for the right wing or rug consumption in the ten tried drugs at least once. your Party? European Community states has In Denmark, consumption of heroin and The angry and sceptical response of our increased dramatically over the last cocaine is increasing, although the use of fellow socialists to Michael Foot and Eric few years. More and more young amphetamines seems to be falling off. A sur­ Heffer was practically a carbon copy of last Dpeople are turning to an assorted mix of vey of drug abuse in West Germany shows year. Ernest Glinne, the Belgian leader of the drugs, tranquilisers and hallucinogenics to that 20 per cent of the population between 14 European Parliament Socialist Group, urged escape a world of unpleasant realities. to 25 years uses drugs. Drug-induced deaths the Labour Party to think again, and warned 'The drug phenomenon as weknowittoday are increasing in France, and in Italy, the that British withdrawal 'would be a severe constitutes a serious threat to European so­ consumption of drugs increased by 80 per blow to all our hopes for the future of the ciety,' warns a report on the need to combat cent among young people between 18 to 25 European Community.' drug consumption, drawn up recently by the yearsin 1979alone. Others cautioned; 'You need us as much as European Parliament's committee on public The situation, says the report, requires we need you.' There was widespread disbelief health and the environment. Consumption of action at Community level, with emphasis on that the Labour Party sincerely believed that drugs is growing in particularly vulnerable information and education campaigns de­ major economic and political problems could social groups, including young people, the signed to dissuade young people from suc­ be better solved in one country, rather than unemployed and immigrants, says the Par­ cumbing to the temptation of using drugs. through an EEC alliance. liamentary report. The European Commission should also Mr Foot in response held out no likelihood Certain changes in drug consumption pat­ take action on two fronts, recommends the ofa change ofpolicy on withdrawal, nor on the t~rns have taken place over the last few years. report. This would include the compilation of rejection ofa referendum on the issue. He did, Thereportpointsout,forinstance, that'natu­ more detailed data on drug abuse in the EEC however, concede that the Labour Party ral drugs' originating in Third World coun­ states, and the setting up of an EEC organisa­ would follow closely the attempts by the new tries have now been replaced by synthetic tion which would coordinate drug-related re­ socialist governments ofGreece and France to narcotics that are more readily available on search work being done in the different Mem­ implement policies which are likely to conflict European markets. Atthesametime, abuse of ber States. The organisation would also be with the Treaty of Rome. heroin is increasing and an increasingly large responsible for the information and education Of course, a great deal has to be done to segment of the population in EEC states is campaigns. [I 27 THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY Member States, Regions and Administratite Units ------