The Flemish Contribution to America

New Netherland Institute

October 5, 2013 – Session 5 – 3:15 PM

David Baeckelandt

Flemings in Greenland and North America Before Columbus …A Flemish Priest in Greenland – in 1364!!

Left a Record – the “Inventio Fortunatae”

… becomes a critical piece in the intellectual impetus for 14th, 15th and 16th century explorers looking for a path to Asia…

“In A.D. 1364 eight of these people [from Greenland] came to the King’s Court in Norway. Among them were two priests, one of whom had an astrolabe, [and] who was descended in the fifth generation from a Bruxellensis [native of Brussels]…The eight (were sprung from) those who had first penetrated the Northern Regions in the first ships.” - E.G.R. Taylor, “A Letter Dated 1577 from Mercator to John Dee”, p.58 in Imago Mundi, XIII, (1956), ed. Leo Bagrow, (‘s Gravenhage), pp.56-68 Flemish Flag First Recognized Internationally

“The first flags identifying nationality were used at sea. The oldest international legal obligation on record for ships to display flags as identification was agreed by King Edward I of England and Guy, Count of Flanders , in 1297.”

– A Znamierowski, The World Encyclopedia of Flags, p.44

The Vlaamse Leeuw saluted by English ships in 1297 was black on a yellow background 14th century Guidebook– From Bruges to Greenland Created for Flemish merchants ca 1380-1420

The “Bruges Itinerarium” – the only copy extant (at the University of Gent) dates from the 14th century and shows the step-by-step route (and distances between) Bruges and Greenland .

Gilles le Bouvier, Le livre de la description des pays / de Gilles Le Bouvier, dit Berry... ; publié pour la première fois avec une introduction et des notes, et suivi de l'"Itinéraire brugeois″ et de la "Table de Velletri" et de plusieurs autres documents géographiques, inédits ou mal connus du XVe siècle, recueillis et commentés par le Dr E.-T. Hamy,..., (Paris, E. Leroux, 1908), p. 167. Found online at : http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1120936.zoom.f172

Direct Flemish Trade With Greenland – in 1327!

”Proof that there was trade in walrus tusks between Greenland and Flemish merchants is provided by the accounts of [Bruggeling] Bernardus de Ortolis, an agent of the papal camera, who was appointed in 1326 to collect the sexennial tenth from the Scandinavian sees…The see of Gardar [Greenland] habitually paid its required dues in walrus tusks and Bernardus noted the receipt of one hundred twenty- seven Norwegian lisponsis [ca 1500 lbs] …on August 11, 1327, from the hand of the archbishop of Nidarios, the ecclesiastical head of the see of Greenland. These tusks were sold to one Jan d’Ypres, a Flemish merchant from Bruges, who paid for them 12 li. 14 s. in silver Tournois [ca $166,000 in 2013 $*] of which the Norwegian king, who possessed a monopoly of trade with Greenland, received one half. The papal agents set out from Bruges, which commercial metropolis possessed a flourishing trade with Scandinavian lands…A few years before the activities of Bernardus de Ortolis, other papal representatives had suggested that the papal monies be entrusted to loyal and honest merchants of Flanders.”

-Henry S. Lucas, “Medieval Economic Relations Between Flanders and Greenland”, Speculum: A Journal of Mediaeval Studies Vol. 12, No. 2 (Apr., 1937), pp. 167-181. Published by: Medieval Academy of America Article Stable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/2849572 *A 1314 silver Tournais = ca EUR 10,000 ; 1 EUR=$1.3077 4/13/12 Flemings Sent Ships Northwest to Greenland & Canada

Ptarmigan “Pure white gyrfalcons, unique to Gyrfalcon Nest the American Arctic, were supplied to medieval Europe by the Norsemen.”

- James Robert Enterline, Erikson, Eskomos & Columbus, (Baltimore: John Hopkins U Press, 2002), p. 57

“The arctic falcon preys largely on ptarmigan, of which there are certainly more on Victoria [Island] (and throughout the Arctic) than on Greenland….[Martin] Behaim’s [1492] globe depicts Victoria Island.”

-James Robert Enterline, Erikson, Eskomos & Columbus, (Baltimore: John Hopkins U Press, 2002), p. 57 “The northern Vikings were not only wild sea-rovers, they were also enterprising merchants who sought to get riches in every way.” - James Westfall Thompson, “The Commerce of France in the Ninth Century”, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 23, No. 9 (Nov., 1915), pp. 857-887, The U.of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1819140 .Accessed: 29/04/2012 23:44; p.858

Norwegian King Hakon V Magnusson makes a five-year trade treaty with Flanders in 1308 to sell luxury goods (ivory & gyrfalcons especially) to Bruges’ merchants. - Kristen Seaver – The Frozen Echo: Greenland and the Exploration of North America, p.82 Flanders’ Cloth Exports 15th cent Flemish Style Dresses Found in Greenland…

”Shrouds recovered from the graves [in Greenland] show that the garments which these people wore resembled those of their distant kin…Thus the custom wearing pleated dresses, illustrated by the Flemish artist Petrus Christus (d.1473) in his portrait of Marco Barbarigo which hangs in the National Gallery [of London] …was imitated in Greenland. The date of the specimen of pleated dresses discovered in one of the graves must therefore be placed at about 1450 or later….”

- Henry S. Lucas, “Medieval Economic Relations Between Flanders and Greenland”, Speculum: A Journal of Mediaeval Studies Vol. 12, No. 2 (Apr., 1937), pp. 167-181 Published Greenland dress – Petrus Christus by: Medieval Academy of America Article Stable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/2849572 detail 1450-1460 Were Vikings & Flemish in…Rhode Island??

The Tower of the Monastery of Saint Bavo, Ghent, Belgium

“The monastery evolved over the next several centuries (600s – 1100s) until it reached its Newport Tower Compared to St Bavo’s Tower Romanesque form in the twelfth century. …The construction in its geometric features offers a viable prototype for Newport Tower.”

- Suzanne Carlson, “Loose Threads in a Tapestry of Stone: The Architecture of the Newport Tower” in New England Antiquities Research Association , online downloaded April 11, 2012 http://www.neara.org/CARLSON/newporttower.htm

Newport Tower Lavatorium, St. Baaf’s/ Bavo’s Abbey in Ghent Rhode Island - The Counts of Flanders were crowned here!

Flemish, Fish & Innovations in the Settlement of America European Exploration of North America Followed (Coastlines)/Fish

“Along this southern coast of Newfoundland the explorers met great schools of cod, which the sailors caught merely by lowering baskets into the water and hauling them up again full of fish…So plentiful were the cod in this region [Newfoundland] that according to Sebastian Cabot, ‘they sumtymes stayed his shippes.’”

– H.P.Biggar, Precursors of Jacques Cartier, pp. x, xiv The Flemish Banks – Codfish Grounds 875 miles from the Azores, 420 miles From Newfoundland

“The eastern most extension of what we today call the Outer Banks, the rich fishing grounds off of the coast of Newfoundland, have traditionally been called the “Flemish Cap”. This is the closest North Atlantic fishing ground for Europeans. European fishermen could fish there literally year-round. Even today, fishermen, when making for the Flemish Cap from Europe, would often say, “We are headed for Flemish.”

- Rosa Garcia-Orellan, TerraNova: The Spanish Cod Fishery on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland in the Twentieth Century, (Boca Raton: Brown Walker Press, 2010), p.222. Codfish & Christianity “’Bacalao’ was the southern European name for cod, deriving from the Flemish word for cod, bakkeljaw.” - Callum Roberts, The Unnatural History of the Sea, (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2007), p.382

“The introduction of Christianity had an impact on the European diet…[meat] could be prohibited for up to 135 days during the year…the usual alternative was fish.”

– J.Wubs-Mrozewicz, “”Fish, Stock and Barrel” p.188

The oldest continuously named geographic place in Canada – the island “Baccalieu” – named for the codfish 1st appears on a map by Antwerp cartographer Ruysch in 1508 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccalieu_Island) Codfish Migration

“The record for long-distance travel belongs to a cod tagged in the North Sea in June 1957 and caught on the Grand Banks in January 1962 after a journey of about 3,200 kilometers.” - Brian Fagan, Fish on Friday: Feasting, Fasting and the Discovery of the New World, (New York: Basic Books, 2006), p.228.

“Cod migrate for spawning, moving into still-shallower [less than 120 feet deep] water close to coastlines, seeking warmer spawning grounds and making it even easier to catch them.”

- Mark Kurlansky, Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World, (New York: Penguin, 1997), p.42. “Vismarkt” by the 16th century Antwerp artist Joachim B

“Gilles Le Bouvier (writing about [the year]1450) refers to the Icelanders’ trade with Flanders [and Brabant], especially in ‘stocphis’ [cod] , mutton, wool, and salmon.” R.A. Skelton, et.al., The Vinland Map and Tartar Relations, (New Haven: Yale University Press,1965), p.165. Quoting Gilles le Bouvier, Le livre de la description des pays / de Gilles Le Bouvier, dit Berry..., ed. E.T. Hamy, (Paris, E. Leroux, 1908), p. 167. Found online at : http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1120936.zoom.f109 Early Flemish Innovations in Navigation “The use of the initials of the Frankish names of the winds – N, NNE, NE, etc. – on compass cards, seems to have arisen with Flemish navigators, but was early [1400s] adopted by the Portuguese and Spanish.” – - Silvanus P. Thompson, "The Rose of the Winds: The Origin and Development of the Compass- Card," Proceedings of the British Academy 6 (London, 1918)

Compass Rose in Flemish Compass Rose Mounted “Innovation occurred through trade.” -Hanno Brand, ed., Trade, Diplomacy and Cultural Exchange: Continuity and Change in the North Sea Area and the Baltic c.1350-1750, (Hilversum: Verloren, 2005), p.159 The Flemish Buss

“A Flemish Buss doth often take seven or eight Last [=14-16 tonnes] of herrings in a day. But if GOD gave a Buss, one day with another, but two Last of herrings a day, that is, twelve Last of herrings in a week; then at that rate, a Buss may take, dress, and pack the said whole Proportion of a hundred Last [200 tonnes] of herrings (propounded to be hoped for), in eight weeks and two days, And yet is herein[after] allowance made for victuals and wages for sixteen weeks, as after followeth. Of which sixteen weeks time, if there be spent in rigging and furnishing the said Buss to sea, and in sailing from her port to her fishing-place; if these businesses, I say, spend two weeks of the time, and that the other two weeks be also spent in returning to her port after her fishing season, and in unrigging and laying up the Buss: then I say (of the sixteen weeks above allowed for) there will be twelve weeks to spend only in fishing the herring.” -Edward Arber, Social England Illustrated, a Collection of XVIIth Century Tracts With an Introduction by Andrew Lang, (Westminister: Archibald Constable & Co., 1903), Forgotten Books Classic Reprint, p.284. Flemish Fish for Asian Spices

”The Mediterranean Sea could not supply enough fish on its own, so countries in Northern Europe became a major source of fish for the region – primarily cod. Salt cod was traded for various goods including wine, cloth, spices and salt. When word arrived at the end of the 1400s of abundant codfish on the Grand Banks of New- foundland, fishermen were quick to respond.”- RWA Rodger & S Spurrell, The Fisheries of North America (2006), p.1

The First Flemish Connections to Asia (1200s-1400s) Late 1200s Flemish Trade Begins to the East

peppers

“In 1277, the first of the Genoese Atlantic galleys sailed out of the Mediterranean and then through the English Channel into the North Sea and moored at the Flemish city of Sluis, the outport of Bruges [Brugge]. Bruges began its career as the new hub of international trade between northern and southern Europe.”

-Wim Blockmans & Walter Prevenier, The Promised Lands: The Low Countries Under Burgundian Rule -, 1369-1530, (Philadelphia: U of PA Press, 1999), p.6 Before Marco Polo – Flemings to the East “In the aftermath of the conquest [of Byzantium, in 1202], the prospect of land and money had attracted people…such as Stephen of Tenremonde [Dendermonde], a Fleming.” - Jonathan Phillips, The Fourth Crusade: and the Sack of Constantinople, (New York: Penguin, 2004) p.306

“His description of the islands on the way to the East is clear and specific, as is his account of the Venetian and Genoese trading posts of Tana and Caffa on the Black Sea, adding that the sea voyage from Flanders to Tana is ‘half the world’, while few westerners go there by Land because of the dangers of the trip, for the oncoming Turks now controlled much of This territory.” - Margaret Wade LeBarge, Medieval Travelers: The Rich and the Restless, (1982) p. 11 Flemish Clergy as Chroniclers

“Prior to the twelfth century, literacy was almost exclusively the province of churchmen.” - Jonathan Phillips, The Fourth Crusade: and the Sack of Constantinople, (New York: Penguin, 2004) p.xvi

“Given the restricted levels of literacy, messages to religious houses were often the main conduit of news to the West.” - Jonathan Phillips, The Fourth Crusade: and the Sack of Constantinople, (New York: Penguin, 2004) p.19 Willem van Rubroeck– 1st Chronicler of Asia

“William of Rubruck was, therefore, the first European to record his impressions of the Mongol capital.” -James Chambers, The Devil’s Horseman: The Mongol Invasion of Europe, (New York: Atheneum, 1979), p.139

“Rubruck was born in 1215 and died in 1270. He went to the East as an envoy of Louis IX (St. Louis) of France, who learning that Sartach, son of Batu the commander of Tartar troops in Russia, had become a Christian, desired to open communications with him.”

- Manuel Komroff, ed., Contemporaries of Marco Polo, (New York: Dorset Press, 1989), p.52

“No one traveller since his [William of Rubruck’s] day has done half so much to give a correct knowledge of this part of Asia.”

- Historian William Rockhill, quoted in Manuel Komroff, ed., Contemporaries of Marco Polo, (New York: Dorset Press, -1989), p. xix Willem van Rubroeck– 1st Chronicler of Asia

“He [William of Rubruck] was the first to give us [Europeans] an accurate description of Chinese writing as well as of the scripts of other Eastern races. He was also the first to tell about the various Christian communities that he found in the Mongol empire.” -Manuel Komroff, ed., Contemporaries of Marco Polo, (New York: Dorset Press, 1989), p. xix “Mandeville” – Influences Portuguese, Columbus

“The most popular description of the East, published in 1360, was The Travels of Sir John Mandeville.” -James Chambers, The Devil’s Horseman: The Mongol Invasion of Europe, (New York: Atheneum, 1979), p.166.

The sheer number of surviving manuscripts is testament to Mandeville’s popularity: more than 300 handwritten copies of The Travels still exist in Europe’s great libraries – four times the number of Marco Polo’s book.” - Giles Milton, The Riddle and The Knight: In Search of Sir John Mandeville, (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2001), p.3. Jan de Langhe van Ypres & Mandeville

“To return to the Netherlands, a far greater personage than John of Hese (or John of Utrecht) was John of Ypres or "Long John" (Jan De Langhe), who was abbot of the Benedictine house of St. Omer until his death in 1383. Long John was one of the first to appreciate the pregnancy of geographical discoveries and to collect travelers' accounts; this is very remarkable because the golden age of scientific discoveries had not yet begun (the usher of it was the Portuguese infante Henrique o Navegador, who was born only eleven years after Long John's death).“

-George Sarton,Introduction To The History Of Science Volume III Part II Science And Learning In The Fourteenth Century, (Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1948) p.10

Flemish-Portuguese Discovery of America Jan de Langhe Influences Henry the Navigator…

“To return to the Netherlands, a far greater personage than John of Hese (or John of Utrecht) was John of Ypres or "Long John" (Jan De Langhe), who was abbot of the Benedictine house of St. Omer until his death in 1383. Long John was one of the first to appreciate the pregnancy of geographical discoveries and to collect travelers' accounts; this is very remarkable because the golden age of scientific discoveries had not yet begun (the usher of it was the Portuguese infante Henrique o Navegador, who was born only eleven years after Long John's death).“

-George Sarton,Introduction To The History Of Science Volume III Part II Science And Learning In The Fourteenth Century, (Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1948) p.10 Royal Siblings Foster Flemish-Portuguese Ties

“Flanders, which had commercial ties with Portugal since the twelfth century, was to remain, for the rest of the Middle Ages, one of Portugal’s most important trading partners.” Ivana Elbl, “Nation, Bolsa, and Factory: Three Institutions of Late-Medieval Portuguese Trade with Flanders,” The International History Review, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Feb., 1992), pp. 1-22; p.1 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Article Stable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/40106532

Henry the Navigator Isabel of Portugal, Duchess Wijnendaele Castle, West Flanders (1394-1460) of Burgundy

“The Bohemian cosmographer and globe-maker Martin Behaim confirms that this Flemish immigration into the Azores was sponsored by Henry’s Sister Isabel, the duchess of Burgundy.”

- Peter Russell, Prince Henry ‘the Navigator’: A Life, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001) p. 105 By 1400s Deep Flemish-Portuguese Ties…

“So large was the number of Portuguese in Flanders and Flemings in Portugal that the Portuguese had their own cemetery in Bruges in 1410, as did the Flemings in Lisbon before 1414.“

-Bailey W. Diffie and George D. Winius, Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415-1580, Europe and the World -in the Age of Expansion, Volume I, (St. Paul: University of Minnesota, 1977) p.41 Portuguese Search For Prester John & Spices

“Vasco da Gama, 1497, on arriving in Calicut, India [said]: 'I come in search of Christians and spices;' [but he] quickly forgot about the Christians.”

“Now that Africa had been circum- navigated…the king of Portugal had no more use for Columbus”

-Samuel Eliot Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus, (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1942), p.76 Jaak van Brugge/Jacques de Bruges

Terceira, Azores

A copy exists of a donation “granted by [Prince] Henry [the Navigator] on 2 March 1450 in which the Prince is said to have made sub-donatory [“Capitania”] of Terceira one Jacques de Bruges, a Fleming…Jacques de Bruges is important in the history of the Portuguese maritime expansion as the harbinger of the massive vinflux of Flemish settlers into the central group of the Azores after Henry’s death [1460]. This had the result that, for a few decades, these islands, while Portuguese in name, were in fact dominated by and ruled by Flemings.”

- Peter Russell, Prince Henry ‘the Navigator’: A Life, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001) pp. 104-105 The Azores = The Flemish Isles

List of prominent Flemings Involved with the Discovery and Settlement of the Azores in the 1400s .

- Patrick Maselis, Van de Azoren tot de Zuidpoel p. 13 A Fleming Discovers Antilles Before Columbus?

L:The Antilles –’Imaginary’ Islands in the Atlantic; R: A Ship used in the Madeiras

“Martim Antonio Leme was the son of Martin Lem, or Leme, a Fleming who had prospered in Portugal. In 1471 Martim Antonio took part in the expedition to Arzila and the capture of Tangier, commanding military forces equipped by his father in Flanders. He was legitimized along with several brothers and sisters on September 6, 1464, and ennobled on November 12, 1471…Ferdinand Columbus [in his biography of his father, Columbus, Chapter 9] and [Bartolomeo] Las Casas [Columbus’ friend, in his Historia, Bk I, Chapter 13] cite the case of Martim Antonio Leme, resident of Madeira, who it was said sailed far west sometime before 1484 and saw three islands which, Peres says, ‘could not be any but some of the Antilles, [but] of this discovery nothing else whatever is known, though the history of Antonio Leme shows him to be a person capable of such a sea voyage’.” -Bailey W. Diffie and George D. Winius, Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415-1580, Europe and the World in the Age of Expansion, Volume I, (St. Paul: University of Minnesota, 1977), p.450 .

”Towards the west the Sea Ocean [Atlantic] has likewise been navigated further than what is described by Ptolemy and beyond the columns of Hercules [Gibraltar] as far as the…Azores occupied by the noble and valiant knight Joost van Hurter of Moerkerken [Wijnendaele/Duchy of Cleves] and the people of Flanders…The far-off places towards midnight [north]…such as Iceland, Norway and Russia, are likewise now known to us, and are visited annually by ships.”

E.G. Ravenstein, Translations & Commentary on Martin Behaim’s ‘Erdapfel’, (London, 1992) p.15 Flemish Sailors From the Azores Ferdinand Van Olmen (Fernao Dulmo) “Columbus’ Predecessor”

Islas de Fernão Dulmo – Azorean island held as a fief to the Portuguese Crown by a Flemish knight in the 1470s-1480s

“1486-1487: Ferdinand van Olmen. This Flemish settler in the Azores was governor of the northern half of Terceira simultaneously with Joao Vaz Corte Real’s governorship of the southern half. In March of 1486 the Portuguese king, Joao II, issued the first of several exploration patents to van Olmen. All of them related to an Atlantic voyage projected for March of 1487. The plans for this voyage were similar to many others that had tried to identify the unknown islands on the nautical chart of 1424 with the Isle of Seven Cities in a Portuguese legend “ Van Olmen was Re- quired to take the “German knight”, Martin Behaim, on ship, “for 40 days west”.

- James R Enterline, Erikson, Eskimos, and Columbus, p.209 Flemish Sailors From the Azores Ferdinand Van Olmen (Fernao Dulmo) “Columbus’ Predecessor”

“1486-1487: Ferdinand van Olmen. “However, van Olmen’s plans differed from those of the other island hunters in that he proposed ‘to seek and find a great island or islands or the coast of the mainland’…In this context ‘mainland’ would have meant ‘Orbis Terrarum’ [continent]. That Van Olmen’s interest lay towards the northwest is confirmed by the nearly contemporary historian Las Casas, who wrote of a contemporary Portuguese voyage, ‘During the Ireland run they were heading so far to the northwest that they saw land to the west of Ireland, which they believed must be that which Ferdinand Van Olmen sought to explore.’”

- James R Enterline, Erikson, Eskimos, and Columbus, p.209 Canadian Province Labrador Named for Flemish Landowner From the Azores Joao Fernandez (Jan Hendrick) native of Terceira

“On a visit paid by Cabot to Lisbon and to Seville, to engage the services of men who had sailed to the East with Da Gama or who had navigated with Columbus to the Indies/ he [John Cabot] appears to have met a certain Joao Fernandez, called ‘llavrador’, who about the year 1492 had made his way from Iceland to Greenland. As Greenland, which was then thought to form part of Asia, lay so near Iceland, Cabot, from the scanty evidence available, would seem to have made up his mind to steer a more northerly course on this voyage.”

“Early in May, the expedition, which consisted of two ships and 300 men, set sail from Bristol. 5 Several vessels in the habit of trading to Iceland appear to have accompanied them. Off Ireland, a storm forced one of these to return ; but the fleet proceeded on its way along the parallel of 5.7 The further they advanced the more they were carried to the north by the Gulf Stream. At length early in June Cabot sighted the east coast of Greenland. Fernandez having been the first to tell him in this country, he named it 'the Labrador's land.‘”

-H.P. Biggar, The Precursors of Jacques Cartier, 1497-1534: A Collection of Documents Relating to the Early History of the Dominion of Canada, (Ottawa: Government Printing Bureau, 1911), p.xii Anglo-Azorean Partnerships 1480s-1500s

Grant by Henry VII to Richard Ameryk and other Bristol merchants to partner with “Portuguese” Azoreans from Terceira in 1480 to discover “new lands to the west”.

The “sea-going farmer of Terceira, Joao Fernandes Lavrador…and Francisco Fernandes, probably a kinsman, and Joao Goncalves…together with three English merchants of Bristol, joined in a petition to the king [Henry VII] for letters-patent of discovery…on the same day, March 19, 1501, Henry VII issued letters-patent, creating what [historian] Williamson calls ‘the pioneer corporation of the British Empire.’ Upon it the Gilbert patent of 1578 and the first Virginia Charter [which established Jamestown] were modelled. And since the document of 1501 is patterned on the Portuguese donations to would-be discoverers, Joao Fernandes and his friends are, in a sense, the initiators of English imperial policy.”

- Samuel Eliot Morison, Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century, pp. 51,66 Brothers Corte Real in America in 1499?

“Between the years 1499 and 1502, the Corte-Real brothers, Gaspar and Miguel, discovered areas in North America that correspond to parts of Newfoundland and regions still farther north.” Dighton Rock

- Bailey W. Diffie and George D. Winius, Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415-1580, Europe and the World in the Age of Expansion, Volume I, (St. Paul: University of Minnesota, 1977), p.464 Flemish-Azorean Gaspar Corte Real at Conception Bay, Newfoundland 1500-1501 “Gaspar Corte-Real, son of Joao Vaz Corte-Real, was a man valiant and adventurous and ambitious to win honor, whence he proposed to go and discover lands on the north side [of the American landmass] because to the soiuthward he held that others had already discovered much; and so doing on his own, through the favor he had with the king, whose squire he had been when [the king was known as the] Duke of Beja, he equipped one ship with a good complement of people and everything necessary, and departed from the port of Lisbon at the beginning of spring, [in the] year 1500. On this voyage he discovered, on that north side, a land that was very cool and with big trees…after he discovered this land and coasted along a good part of it he returned to the kingdom [of Gaspar Corte Real Portugal], and set sail again in the year 1501, wishing to explore further this province.”

- Damiao de Gois, Cronica do felicissimo Rei D. Manuel, parte I, ch. 66 (Coimbra, 1926 ed., I, 146) quoted in Samuel Eliot Morison, Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century, (New York: octagon Books, 1965), p.70 Half-Fleming Manuel Corte Real Lands in MA

The Corte Reale family “was descended from a Burgundian noble, Raymond de la Coste, who had fought at the side of King Afonso Henriques, Portugal’s first king, in the taking of Lisbon from the Moors in 1147.”

- Francisco Fernandes Lopes, The Brothers Corte Reale, (Lisboa: Agencia Geral do Ultramar, 1957), p.10

Dighton Rock carvings transcribed: 1st Map of Columbus’ Discoveries– By a Fleming “…Appears to be indebted to [the globe made by Martin] Behaim for much of its information on geography and trade.” – Jerry Brotton, Trading Territories: Mapping the Early Modern World, (Ithaca, NY: Cornell U Press, 1998), p.24

This map was drawn by “a Flemish cartographer in the employ of the Portuguese” and accur- ately depicts the Yucatan peninsula, the southern coast of Greenland, and New- foundland “exactly correct relative to the longitude of the easternmost end of the Indies”. - J.R. Enterline, Erikson, Eskimoes & Columbus, pp.232-234 1st Settled N. America- Land of Corte Reale1500

The island was labeled alternately “Terra Nova” and “Corte Reale”

“This land [Newfoundland] is discovered by order of the very excellent prince Dom Manuel, King of Portugal; which land is believed to be a point of Asia…and according to the opinion of the cosmographers it is believed to be the point of Asia.“

- George F.W. Young, Miguel Corte-Real, (Taunton, MA: Old Colony Historical Society, 1970), p.34, n.31 Catching Codfish & Furs Near ‘Terra Nova’

745 miles from Portugal, 1,022 miles from Newfoundland, 1422 miles From Greenland

Map by Petrus Bertius (of Flanders), 1597 showing Newfoundland – known as the Land of Corte Reale.

“The Azorean Portuguese (=descendants of Flemish immigrants), at least, aspired to colonize either Newfoundland itself or some adjoining islands.”

- David B. Quinn, North America From Earliest Discovery to First Settlements, p.359 Azoreans From Terceira Settle in Islands Off Newfoundland and Labrador in 1520…

“Successful European settlement in North America was always heavily dependent on the resources that prospective settlers discovered.”

- Shannon Ryan, The Ice Hunters: A History of Newfoundland Sealing to 1914, (St. John’s, Newfoundland : Breakwater Books, 1994), p.25 Flemish Sailors From the Azores such as Joao Fernandez (Jan Hendrick) Pilot for the Cabots

“Joao Fernandes [Jan Hendriksz], whose title was labrador or landowner in the Azores, sailed to Greenland [in the 1480s] and later [1490s] served as navigator for John Cabot. A 1534 map [shown above] shows Labrador already named after Fernandes ’because he who gave the direction was a labrador of the Azores, they gave it that name’.”

- Norman Herz, Operation Alacrity, p.16 Their Legacy in America: Livestock

“The Portugals [sic] about 30 years past [circa 1550s] did put into the same island [Sable Island, just off the coast of Newfoundland] both meat and swine, to breed, which were since exceedingly multiplied. This seemed to us a very happy tidings to have on an island lying so near into the main [island – Newfoundland], which we intend to plant upon, such store of cattle, whereby we might at all times conveniently be relieved of victual, and served of store for breed.” - Sir Humphrey Gilbert, 1583

-Marq De Villiers, et.al., Sable Island: The Strange Origins and Curious History of a Dune Adrift in the Atlantic, (Bloomsbury, 2006), p.21

The Flemish Connection to Columbus (1400s) Behaim’s 1492 Globe

“The first known terrestrial globe was made by the Nuremberg merchant Martin Behaim, who produced his so-called ‘eredglobus’ in [August]1492 as a result of his sustained commercial activities…whilst based in Lisbon throughout the 1480s….Behaim’s globe was covered with a profusion of commercial notes on market- places, goods worth purchasing, local trading practices and the movement of commodities.”

– Jerry Brotton, Trading Territories: Mapping the Early Modern World, (Ithaca, NY: Cornell U Press, 1998), p.24

Martin Behaim & Columbus - Toscanelli

Toscanelli’s 1457 Mapamundi Behaim’s Globe ca 1492

“This globe [Martin Behaim’s 1492] exhibits features in common with the so-called Toscanelli Map for the Atlantic region.”

-E.L. Stevenson, “Martin Waldseemuller and the Early Lusitano-Germanic Cartography of the New World” , Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, Vol. 36, No. 4 (1904), pp. 193-215; American Geographical Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/198810 .Accessed: 06/05/2012 10:50, p.197 Columbus Influenced by Toscanelli

“You must not be surprised if I call the parts where the spices are west, when they usually call them east, because to those sailing west, those parts are found by navigation on the under side of the earth.” Toscanelli to Columbus ca 1481 – C Columbus & CR Markham, The Journal of Christopher Columbus (During His First Voyage, 1492-3), p. 5 Inventio Fortunatae – Columbus’ Inspiration?

Columbus requested a copy of the Inventio Fortunata – and shared info w Cabot

“Your Lordship's servant brought me your letter. I have seen its contents and I would be most desirous and most happy to serve you. I do not find the book Inventio Fortunata, and I thought that I (or he) was bringing it with my things, and I am very sorry not [to] find it because I wanted very much to serve you. I am sending the other book of Marco Polo and a copy of the land which has been found [by John Cabot].”

John Day was an English merchant in the Spanish trade. He wrote this letter in Spain between December 1497 and January 1498

Reproduced from James A Williamson The Cabot Voyages and Bristol Discovery Under Henry VII. (Cambridge University Press) 1962, 212-214. http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/johnday.html

The Earliest Claim of Sailing West to Asia… “Beyond this land of Ireland are to be found neither lands nor other islands towards the setting sun. And some say that if a ship was steered in a direct line for a long distance the ship would find itself in the land of Prester John. And others say that it is the edge of the lands of the western coast.” - Margaret Wade LeBarge, Medieval Travelers: The Rich and the Restless, (1982) p. 11

“The importance of The Travels lay[s] in a single yet startling passage which set the book apart from all other medieval travelogues. Mandeville claimed that his voyage proved for the first time that it was possible to set sail around the world in one direction and return home from the other.” - Giles Milton, The Riddle and The Knight: In Search of Sir John Mandeville, (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2001), p. 3. Columbus Learned From the Flemish-Portuguese

“The enterprise of Christopher Columbus, without any new concept thought up by him, can only be seen as an episode in the whole system of Portuguese attempts toward the west.”

-Almeida, Historia de Portugal, II, pp. 181-182 quoted in Bailey W. Diffie and George D. Winius, Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415-1580, Europe and the World in the Age of Expansion, Volume I, (St. Paul: University of Minnesota, 1977) , p.166

Before Cotton, Sugar: Flanders-Madeira-Portugal 1470s

“By the 1470s Florentine merchants such as Benedetto Dei were trading deep into the interior of West Africa with Portuguese consent; and by 1479 Flemish merchants like Eustache de la Fosse were estab- lishing trading links with the Port- uguese feitorias in the Gulf of Guinea. As a result, by the end of the fifteenth century a third of all sugar production coming out of Madeira was being exported to the Low Countries.”

- Jerry Brotton, Trading Territories: Mapping the Early Modern World, (Ithace, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998), p.65 Columbus Believed Azores = Antilles

Columbus’ map - sourced from Toscanelli - with Portugal (#6), the Azores (#4, #5) and the mythical isles (#1, #2, #3) highlighted.

“Antilia has always been synonymous with the Isle of the Seven Cities. Nobody as yet has traced this name farther back than 1452, when the Treve-Velasco expedition, as we have seen, went out to search for the Seven Cities and found Corvo and Flores [in the Azores]. Next, Paul Toscanelli’s letter of 25 June 1474 to Canon Martins of Lisbon, on which Columbus based his great enterprise, states, ‘From the island of Antilia, which you call the Seven Cities’ to ‘the most noble island of Cipangu [Japan] it is 50 degrees of longitude.’ The same year. D. Alfonso V granted to Fernao Teles ‘The Seven Cities or whatever islands’ he may find in the Atlantic north of Guinea. The story first appears in writing on the 1492 globe of Martin Behaim, who must have picked it up in Portugal or the Azores.” – Samuel Eliot Morison, The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971), pp.98-99 Flemish Isles/Azores – Columbus’ Inspiration?

“The discovery of the Azores had an immense psychological influence on discovery…The crossing to a new world was now more than one-third accomplished.”

- Samuel Eliot Morison, The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, (NY: Oxford UP, 1971), pp.95-96

“On Corvo Island [above] there was a natural rock statue of a horseman pointing westward. Columbus is said to have seen this on one of his early voyages, and to have taken it as meant for him…with Newfoundland only 1054 miles distant.”

-Samuel Eliot Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus, (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1942), pp.57-58 Ferdinand Van Olmen – Columbus’ Inspiration!

According to Columbus’ son, Ferdinand…

“On a voyage to Ireland they sailed so far northwest that they saw land to the west of Ireland; this land, the Admiral [Christopher Columbus] thought, was the same that a certain Fernao Dulmo [Ferdinand Van Olmen of Flanders] tried to discover. I relate this just as I found this in my father’s writings, that it may be known.”

-Ferdinand Columbus & Benjamin Keen, The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus, (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992), p.27 Columbus Had Early Contact With Flemings

“In 1429 the eleven-year-old Domenico, Cristoforo’s father, was entrusted to a Flemish weaver, Gerardo di Brabante, who made him enter the weaving guild. Ten years later his papers define him as «woollen clothes weaver». Cristoforo himself worked with his father until he was twenty years old. In an document, in which he is mentioned as a witness, he defined himself as a «lanaiolo» (wool worker).” http://www.tigulliovisit.it/EN/Dettaglio_personaggi.aspx?cid=25&tp=4 downloaded March 23, 2012 Columbus Had Early Contact With Flemings

Columbus’ life-changing sea voyage left Genoa in May, 1476 on a “Flemish urca” flying the flag of the Duke of Burgundy [also the Count of Flanders] and bound for Flanders, via Lisbon, the Azores, and Bristol, England. “There is known to be a lively trade between Lisbon, the Azores, Bristol and Iceland at this time.”

-Samuel Eliot Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus, (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1942), pp.23-25 Columbus’ Voyage Connected to Flemings

Columbus’ annotated copy of Pierre d’Ailly’s world map printed at Leuven in 1483 which appears in De imagine mundi et alii tractatus, (Leuven: Johannes de Westfalia, 1483).

-Tony Campbell, The Earliest Printed Maps: 1472-1500, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), p.87.

“The Imago Mundi of Pierre d’Ailly is claimed to have been practically the sole source from which Columbus obtained the ideas behind his project of discovery. The marginal notes on the Columbina Library copy of the Imago Mundi are supposed to reveal the steps in the formation of his plans.”

-George E. Nunn, “The Imago Mundi and Columbus,” in The American Historical Review, Vol 40, No.4 (July, 1935), pp.646-661 Oxford University Press Article Stable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/1842417, p.661. Columbus’ Voyage Connected to Flemings

“It was in fact an Antwerp edition [of Marco Polo’s Travels, above] from circa 1485 that Polo’s Genoese successor, Christopher Columbus, read and carefully annotated in preparation for his own historic voyage.”

– Benjamin Schmid, The Dutch Imagination and the New World, 1570-1670, (New York: Cambridge U Press, 2006), p.9 Columbus’ Voyage Connected to Flemings

“Columbus added to his own navigational problems by carrying both Flemish and Genovese compasses, and while the Genovese needle, or wire, was set in line with the north point of the [compass] card, the Flemish needle was probably offset to the east of north by three quarters of a point (8.4 degrees) as was the custom .”

- Lloyd A. Brown, The Story of Maps, (New York: Bonanza, 1949), p.133.

“Northern Europeans, particularly the Flemish, were not so casual [about navigation]. They not only wrote about these irregularities but published charts with true sets of losscodrones; one set for Italian compasses and one for Flemish compasses. The Flemish compass lines gave the correct variation.”

-Christopher Columbus, The Log of Christopher Columbus, ed. & trans. By Robert H. Fuson, (Intl Marine Pub, 1991), p.42 Columbus’ Voyage Connected to Flemings

Flemish Bells – Gifts and Curse

“was part of a falconier’s equipage, and was tied to the legs of trained hunting birds. Columbus brought a of them to the West Indies as trade goods on his first voyage, but within a few years the trinkets took on a sinister cast. Adult Indians were required to fill [the Flemish bell] with gold every three months, and give it to the Spaniards as forced tribute.”

-Zvi Dor-Ner, Columbus and the Age of Discovery, (New York: WGBH Foundation, 1991), 1st ed., p.215 Columbus’ Voyage Connected to Flemings

Returning From 1st Trip

Columbus’ first landfall in 1493 – the Azores (and prayed in a church with an “old Flemish triptych that still adorns the altar”

-Samuel Eliot Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus, (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1942), p.332

Drafts a letter in the Azores to Ferdinand & Isabella… Columbus’ Epistola

In Leuven “Dirk Martens ran one of the most admired [printing] presses of Northern Europe. Martens would publish among the first editions of Columbus’s Epistola in 1493.”

– Benjamin Schmid, The Dutch Imagination and the New World, 1570-1670, (New York: Cambridge U Press, 2006), p.8 Columbus’ Epistola Printed by Flemings

“Only a relatively small number of copies of this edition have been printed and they are not available through the trade. In this respect this book resembles the 1471 editions of Gerardus di Lisa [Gerard van de Lys] (who was of Flemish origin) and the 1473 editions of the printer of Aalst [Dirck Martens]: both seemed more interested in a cultural rather than [a] business enterprise.” -Dirk Maarten, first printer “north of the Alps” , Karel V, Octroy vor dierick mertens om te moegen printen alderhande Boecken…Brussels, February 8th, 1518/1519, Algemeen Rijksarchief, Brussel, Rekenkamer nr.636, fol.317 recto. Renewal of the 1513 charter. In Herman Liebaers, ed., Alosti in Flandria anno MCCCCLXXIII, (Brussel: Aalst Dirk MartensComite, 1973), p.90 Columbus’ Voyage Connected to Flemings

On His Fourth Voyage, in 1502…

“Columbus says he had with him ‘ciento y cincuenta personas’ [150 people]. The rolls mention only 140 persons, eight of whom were Genoese, [and] two Flemish.”

- Henry Harisse, The Discovery of North America, (New York, 1892), p.693

Did Amerigo Vespucci Claim Credit For Flemish Discoveries? The First? Fleming to America After Columbus(a)

“Other influential local seafarers similarly came to Columbus’s aid [in recruiting mariners and providing ships for his 1st voyage]. Juan Nino of Moguer [Andalusia, Spain] was the owner of the Nina, one of the two ships that filled out the royal requisition. He sailed as the vessel’s master, while his brother, Peralonso Nino, served as pilot on the Santa Maria. A third Nino brother sailed on the voyage as an apprentice seaman.” - Zvi Dor-Ner, Columbus and the Age of Discovery, (New York: WGBH Foundation, 1991), 1st ed., p.116 The First? Fleming to America After Columbus(b)

[By the late 1490s] “new expeditions began to set out for the New World…The first of these was one led by Peralonso Nino of Moguer, which left Palos for the ‘Pearl Coast’, the north coast of South America, at the beginning of May 1499. The second was that which left Cadiz later that month, directed by Alonso de Hojeda, in the company of the Cantabrian Juan de la Cosa and the Florentine who had been living in Seville, Amerigo Vespucci.” - Hugh Thomas, Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire, (London: Phoenix, 2004), paperback ed., p.212

With the Ninos Brothers in 1499 as Pilot for the voyage:

Jean Martin [who was] “Flemish – born in 1465. [He] settled in Moguer [Spain – where the Ninos brothers lived]. [Martin was the] Pilot of the [ships] Nino and Guerra in the expedition of 1499 [to the New World].”

- Henry Harisse, The Discovery of North America, (New York, 1892), p.723 The First? Fleming to America After Columbus(c)

With the Ninos Brothers in 1499… “Sailed from the bar of Saltes (Palos [Spain]) early in the summer of 1499. They had only one small craft of 50 tons (60 of today), manned by thirty-three men…[and] remained all the time on the north coast of South America, between Chuspa, Paria, and Curiana…their expedition lasted about eight months....This was the most prosperous voyage which had yet been undertaken, and their bringing to Spain 150 marks in weight of pearls exercised a great influence over subsequent voyages.” - Henry Harisse, The Discovery of North America, (New York, 1892), pp. 678-679 The First? Fleming to America After Columbus(d)

Amerigo Vespucci Sailed Just After Ninos to the Same Place & Returned Just a Few Days Later

“They [i.e., Guerra and Nino] returned to Castile; and within a few days the fleet in which was the deponent [viz.: Hojeda’s squadron] also returned to Castile, and their the crews of both fleets met, and related to each other the events of their voyages.”

- Henry Harisse, The Discovery of North America, (New York, 1892), pp. 676 The First? Fleming to America After Columbus(d)

“The second of these independent journeys, that of Hojeda, la Cosa and Vespucci, was the most interesting, though it is obscure in detail…

[Hojeda and la Cosa were veterans]. Vespucci, on the other hand, had not been to the Indies before [1499]…

[after returning] Vespucci wrote again to Lorenzo [Medici, his employer], saying:

‘We arrived at A new land which…we observed to be a continent.’”

- Hugh Thomas, Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire, (London: Phoenix, 2004), paperback ed., pp.214,216

Amerigo Vespucci

Flemings Disseminate the Idea of “America” Vespucci Amerigo’s Account of a “New World” Printed by Flemings

Waldseemueller names the new world after Vespucci in 1507

“Columbus’s reluctance was Vespucci’s opportunity. If the Almirante espied ‘many islands’ off the coast of Cathay, the future piloto major ‘discovered a continent…new regions and an unknown world….The Mundus Novus and Lettera of Vespucci marked the true literary debut of America. Printed an astonishing sixty times between 1503 and 1529 – more than twice per year on average over the course of a quarter century, and nearly three times as frequently as Columbus’ Epistola…An Antwerp edition appeared within a year or so of the Florentine original.” -Benjamin Schmidt, Innocence Abroad: The Dutch Imagination and the New World, 1570-1670, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004) , p.12 Vespucci Relied on Earlier Flemish Books

Salacious picture of cannibalism in Vespucci’s 1505 edition

“The first Antwerp ‘Vespucius’ appeared circa 1505, followed by a vernacular edition circa 1506. Jan van Doesborch, publisher of the Dutch-language version, next put out a provocatively titled De novo mondo (ca. 1510) that included a one page precis of Vespucci’s ‘Letter on his Third Voyage’…with a single-page abridgement of Vespucci’s chapter on cosmography …extracted from the 1507 Cosmographie introductio of Martin Waldseemueller. Van Doesborch reissued this hybrid work in 1522, now bearing the misleading English title Of the newe landes and of ye people found by the kynge of Portygale. Both of these works were presumably based on the more aptly named Flemish work of 1508, Die reyse van Lissabone.” -Benjamin Schmidt, Innocence Abroad: The Dutch Imagination and the New World, 1570-1670, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004) , pp.13-14 The 1st Map to Label “America” Believed Vespucci’s Claims & Used Flemish Sources

Waldseemueller utilizes Portuguese maps to decide the New World be called “America”

“The Portuguese influence was greater than that of Spain in determining the general appearance of the newly-discovered lands on the maps which are now known ...” Duke Rene of Lorraine, through his Ducal Secretary Lud, sponsored Waldseemueller. Waldseemueller, according to Lud, utilized Portuguese maps (Cantino Map) to create his map and make the determination that the new continent should be called “America”.

E. L. Stevenson, “Martin Waldseemuller and the Early Lusitano-Germanic Cartography of the New World”, Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, Vol. 36, No. 4 (1904), pp. 193-215: American Geographical Society; http://www.jstor.org/stable/198810 .Accessed: 06/05/2012 10:50) , pp.203-204 1508 Map by Joannes Ruysch Reinforces Native of Antwerp/Utrecht – Sailed with the Labrador & Cabot

1st widely printed map that relied on modern data

1st to incorporate discoveries of Newfoundland, etc.

1st to suggest a northwest passage to Asia

Connected to Azorean/ Portuguese

Reference: Inventio Fortunatae

The oldest continuously named geographic place in Canada – named by Ruysch in 1508 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccalieu_Isl and) “In my judgment [Ruysch is] a most exact geographer, and a most painstaking one in delineating the globe, to whose aid in this little work I am indebted, has told me that he sailed from the South of England, and penetrated as far as the fifty-third degree of north latitude, and on that parallel he sailed west toward the shores of the East, bearing a little northward and observed many islands.”

- Marcus Beneventatus – a key source for Mercator Mercator – 1st to Label “North & South America”

“Mercator’s map of 1538, naming North America and South America for the first time.”

- Lloyd A. Brown, The Story of Maps, (New York, 1949), under relevant picture before p.160

Mercator’s 1538 Map New York City Library

The First Flemish Emperor of the World – Charles V – His Contribution to the Discovery & Settlement of America The Year 1500: The Age of Discovery Began The Same Year As The Birth of The First Global Ruler

“When he came of age in 1515, Charles V ruled the largest empire the world had ever seen.”

Paul Arblaster, A History of the Low Countries, (Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), p. 112

-Born near Gent (on the road near Eeklo, East Flanders)

-Grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain (who sent Columbus to the New World in 1492)

-Great-great-grandson of Isabella, the Duchess of Burgundy (who colonized the Azores Islands with 1000s of Flemish settlers from Franc of Bruges between the 1450s & 1470s) Charles V ca 1519

-Count of Flanders and Holland before he was King of Spain

-Raised primarily by Hadrian of Utrecht – only Dutch Pope

The World’s First Ruler of a Global Empire was born in Flanders 1516 Became King of Spain – Grants First Netherlandish Ownership in America – Lord of Wynandaele

Charles V 1519 Wynandaele, West Flanders

“In 1517…Adolf of Burgundy [from Wynandaele, W.VL.] escorted Charles V from the Netherlands to Spain, where he was to be crowned king of Aragon and Castile. For his services Adolf was awarded the island of Cozumel off [of the] Yucatan…when his ships finally sailed from the Netherlands in 1527 they never got further than Spain.”

– Jaap Jacobs, New Netherland, p.1 Flemings Flock to Spanish America

“De aanwezigheid van Vlamingen tijdens de kolonisatie van de noordelijke regionen van Zuid-Amerika heeft ons verschillende en interessante getuigenissen opgeleverd. Aan de expedities van Lerma naar Santa Marta, alsook deze van de Duitsers naar Venezuela, namen enkele Vlamingen deel. Een van hen was soldaat van Federmann, stichter van Santa Fe de Bogotá. Ook een vrouw, Isabel de Malinas – de enige van haar geslacht die we konden identificeren – participeerde in het migratieproces naar de Nieuwe Wereld. Een clericus, de jezuïet Theobast, heeft ons enkele feiten overgeleverd over zijn lijden tijdens de grote oversteek en het adaptatieproces in de Zuid-Amerikaanse territoria. ” – Eduardo Dargent Chamot, Vlamingen in koloniaal Zuid-Amerika, Oorspronkelijke titel: Presencia Flamenca en la Sudamérica Colonial Vertaling: Igor Antonissen 2010 http://www.viw.be/PDF/Vlaminingen%20in%20koloniaal%20Zuid -Amerika.pdf, accessed June 2, 2012, p.20 1520s-1530s: Charles V’s Flemings in N. America

“Burgundy counselors of the young emperor – Franciscans from the Ghent convent – went over to America and settled in Mexico after 1523.”

Charles V Pieter van Ghent “was accompanied by two other ca 1519 Flemish Franciscans: Johann Van den Auwera (Juan de Aora); and Johann Dekkers (Juan de Tecto), from Ghent himself as well, confessor of Charles the Fifth.” “This little Flemish band laid the bases for the gigantic ‘spiritual conquest’ that the evangelization of Mexico and Central America was to become.” - S. Gruzinski, Images At War: Mexico From Columbus to Blade pp.70-71

“The same kind kinds of artisans had also accompanied Francisco de Monteyo on his first expedition into Yucatan in 1527, along with the usual professional men – merchants, physicians, a couple of priests, and a pair of Flemish artillery engineers.”

-M. Restall, Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest, pp.36-37

Magellan’s Flemings and the First Circumnavigation of the World Flemish Influence on Magellan

“Of all the great voyages of the Age of Discovery, Magellan’s circumnavigation of the globe has good claim to be the greatest.” - Jack Turner, Spice: The History of a Temptation, (New York: Vintage, 2005), p.32 Magellan’s Flemish Roots

“Although Magellan never set foot in it [the city of Ghent], the name of this city (and its district in Flanders in the Burgundian Netherlands) keeps cropping up in his [Magellan’s] story like a fateful thread in the fabric of history. Magellan himself was descended from a Burgundian crusader who had settled in Portugal. The Magellan name seems to have been derived from an old family name in Ghent.”

- Tim Joyner, Magellan, (Camden, Maine: International Marine, 1994), p.314, n.18

Ferdinand Magellan Flemings Were Specialists on Iberian Ships

15th century culverin “Portuguese kings imported Flemish and German gunners and gun-founders as well as guns…The gold, ivory, and black pepper of West Africa and the spices of the Far East were easily exchangeable in Antwerp for Flemish and German guns…Thus Portugal [and Spain] remained largely dependent on foreign guns as well as foreign gunners.”

- Carlo M. Cipolla, European Culture and Overseas Expansion, (Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1970), p. 40 Flemings With Magellan

Spices

“On September 20th, 1519, they left San Lucar, carrying, officers and men, forty from the Basque country and one hundred and two from various parts of Spain, forty=three Portuguese, twenty-five men from Italy, seventeen Frenchmen, four Germans, five Flemings, six Greeks, two Irishmen, one Englishman, a native of Mallorca, one of the Azores, and six coloured men.”

- Mairin Mitchell, Elcano The First Circumnavigator, (London: Herder, 1958), p.51 The Five Flemings With Magellan

Magellan’s Flagship the Victoria

Roldan (Roland) de Argot – Brugge – Gunner on the Concepcion

Pedro (Pieter) de Bruselas (van Brussel) - Gunner on the Concepcion

Anton Flamenco (de Vlaming) – Able Seaman on the Santiago

Juan (Jan) Flamenco (de Vlaming) – Cabin Boy on the Santiago

Pedro de Urrea – Flanders – Servant on the San Antonio

- Tim Joyner, Magellan, (Camden, Maine: International Marine, 1994), pp. 257, 258, 262, 263, 267-8 1519-1523: The Pacific 1st Seen by Roland van Brugge1 Magellan’s Circumnavigation: Actively Mandated by Charles V, Financed by de Haro

Straits of Magellan and mtn of “Roldan” – the “ugliest man in the world”

“Roldan de Argote, a Flemish gunner of [Brugge, in Magellan’s] fleet, climbed a mountain (later named after him), sighted the ocean, and reported it to the Captain General [Magellan] who ‘wept for joy’.”

- S.E. Morison, The European Discovery of America, p.392 1519-1523: Magellan’s Circumnavigation Reported by Maximilian Transylvanus of Brussels On October 24, 1522 After making the 1st sighting of the Pacific in 1520, under Magellan, Roldan (Roland) van Brugge was one of 33 who survived (out of more than 200) to circumnavigate the globe and return to Spain in 1522.

To the right, the publication of the circumnavigation by Maximillian Transylvanus (of Brussels) in January, 1523.

“In spite of his name, Transylvanus was not from Transylvania. He probably was raised in Flanders. A secretary to Charles V and married to a niece of Cristobal de Haro, he was well positioned to acquire knowledge of the Magellan expedition. When the crew of the Victoria arrived in Valladoild following their successful circumnavigation, Transylvanus with his mentor, Pietro Martire, questioned them closely about the events of the voyage.” - Tim Joyner, Magellan, (Camden, Maine: International Marine, 1994), p.349

The Impact of Magellan’s Circumnavigation of the World New World Conquered in the name of Charles V

“Let us not forget that it was in the name of a ruler born in Ghent and who was the Count of Flanders that Cortes conquered faraway Mexico.”

– Serge Gruzinski, Images At War: Mexico from Columbus to Blade Runner (1492-2019), (Durham & London: Duke University Press 2001), p.70

“Last Days of Tenochtitlan - Conquest of Mexico by Cortez” 1899 by William de Leftwich Dodge Charles V Sends Ships to Map America’s Coastline

“Nowe to come to Stephen Gomes, which by the commandmente of the Emperor Charles the Fyfte discovered the coast of Norumbega [in 1524].”

- Charles Deane, ed., Documentary History of the State of Maine. Vol. 2, Containing a Discourse on Western Planting, Written in the Year 1584, by Richard Haklutyt (Cambridge, Massachusetts: John Wilson and -Son, 1877), Google e-book; accessed May 21, 2012, , p.24

“The conditions of life aboard the India [i.e., West Indies] ships were much the same as elsewhere among Spanish seamen in the New World. The ships were filthy, crowded, often unseaworthy, and inadequately manned. The prevalence of shipwreck was frightful, and buccaneers abounded. The profits were between 200 and 300 per cent, but the casualties also were enormous.” -Paul S. Taylor, “Spanish Seamen in the New World during the Colonial Period,” The Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol. 5, No. 4 (Nov., 1922), pp. 631-661; Duke University PressStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2506063 .Accessed: 01/05/2012 08:54. p.647 1524: Magellan’s Circumnavigation Inspires French

A “gossipy account of the voyage was published in French translation that year. This helped to stimulate royal support of Verrazano’s project which was intended to achieve a similar result – to find a trade route to the East Indies by a northwesterly route, Spain and Portugal having laid claim to routes by the southwest and the southeast.” - Samuel J. Hough, The Italians and the Creation of America, (Providence, Rhode Island: Brown University, 1980), p.38 Charles V & Newfoundland

“Juan de Garnica, his Majesty’s [Holy Roman Emperor Charles V’s] aposentador, went by his Majesty’s order…and hired a caravel to be despatched to the Cod Fisheries or Newfoundland.”

– Letter dated July 18, 1541, found in Biggar, Collection of Documents, p.411

Charles V ca 1540 1540s-1550s: Charles V First Organized Mapping of the North American Coast

“The printed world map with which Sebastian Cabot had some connection put the discoveries on [the] public record in 1544. It now became possible to draw with some conviction the profile of eastern North America from the tip of the Florida peninsula to Labrador.”

– David B. Quinn, North America From Earliest Discovery to First Settlent, 1612, (New York: Harper & Row, 1977), p.553

Sebastian Cabot’s Map of Newfoundland was printed at Antwerp in 1544

The Dutch (& Flemish) Revolt By 1550 Charles V Had Gained the Globe…

…And, By 1550 Charles V Had United the Netherlands

The Netherland of William of Orange had: “No North and No South”

– Hugo De Schepper, ‘Belgium Nostrum’, 1500-1650, (Antwerpen: De Orde Van Den Prince, 1987), p1 1555: Charles V, Phillip II, Prince Orange

Oktober 25, 1555 - In een ontroerende rede verhaalde de oude keizer, steunend op de jonge Willem van Oranje, hoe hij steeds had gestreefd "om voor het welzijn van Duitsland en de andere rijken te zorgen, om voor de vrede en de eenheid van het hele christendom”

…And, In Tandem, By 1550, Antwerp Had …

“The Kings of Spain and Portugal organized their colonial trade on a monopolistic basis, and, in principle, foreigners were excluded… But neither Spain nor Portugal could do without the services and the capital which only the large, international firms could supply. Thus, the treasures from overseas eventually reached Antwerp. The city’s deep involvement in the East Indian and West Indian trade acted as a stimulus to her whole economy, commercial and industrial.” -Pierre Jeannin, Merchants of the Sixteenth Century, translated by Paul Fittinghof, (New York: Harper & Row, 1972), pp.22-23 …Become The Center of Global Trade…

“’The Netherlands,’ as Henri Pirenne remarked, ‘are the suburb of Antwerp’”. And the rest of the world “its periphery.”

-Fernand Braudel, Civilization & Capitalism, 15th-18th Century: The Structures of Everyday Life, Vol. 1, (New York: Harper & Row, 1979), p. 504 and Vol. 3, p.39. Quoting Henri Pirenne, Histoire de Belgique, III, 1907, p. 259

“Antwerp…was the centre of the entire [sic] international economy” in the 16th century.”

Fernand Braudel, Civilization & Capitalism, 15th-18th Century: The Perspective of the World, Vol. 3, (New York: Harper & Row, 1979), p.143. 1516 – 1585: The Prominence of Antwerp

Map of Antwerp Insert map on Antwerp’s Showing the Beurs, Economic prominence etc. circa 1580s here

“The establishment of the Portuguese spice trade at Antwerp [1502?] was the final stage of a movement which had been steadily drawing merchants and merchandise to the banks of the Scheldt. Only now did the term ‘world market’ acquire its full significance. Antwerp brought North and South together.“

Pierre Jeannin, Merchants of the Sixteenth Century, translated by Paul Fittinghof, (New York: Harper & Row, 1972), p.22

1516 – 1585: The Prominence of Antwerp

Map of Antwerp Insert map on Antwerp’s Showing the Beurs, Economic prominence etc. circa 1580s here

“Antwerp was beyond a doubt by far the most important exporting centre in the Low Countries [in the 16th century]. At 4,257,200 guilders [for 8 mos in 1545], its recorded exports accounted for almost 75 per cent of the total for the whole of the Low Countries, valued at 5,702,500 guilders. Compared with Antwerp, the share of the other ports was negligible. In Amsterdam, the second most important port, the recorded exports were valued at no more than 354,600 guilders, just 6 per cent of the total.”

Cle Lesger, The Rise of the Amsterdam Market and Information Exchange: Merchants, Commercial Expansion and Change in the Spatial Economy of the Low Countries c.1550-1630, p.27 The Reformation Starts in Flanders

“Father Martin Luther of the order of St. Augustine, supporter of old and damned heresies and inventor of new ones.”

– from the Second Proclamation by Charles V against heretics, 1521.

The Reformation Starts in Flanders - 1st tracts of Luther’s 95 Theses printed @ Antwerp in 1519; 23 editions of Luther’s works issued at Antwerp by 1522 - 1st Laws against Protestant beliefs issued in Brussels in 1521. But By 1550 He Lost Netherlanders’ Souls…

The 1st Protestant martyrs are burned at Brussels in1523

Hendrick DeVoes & Jan Van Esschen (2 Augustinian monks from Antwerp)

To combat the heresies, Charles V appointed the only Dutch speaking Pope, Hadrian VI, in 1522... Beeldenstorm Begins in Steenvoorde (1566)…

“Heresy grows here [in the Netherlands] in proportion to the situation in our neighbors’ lands.” – Margaret of Parma to her brother, Philip II, May, 1561. “Wherever these iconoclasts, armed with sticks, axes and burning torches, ran from one one church to another everybody fled…the next day all the churches looked as if the Devil had been at work for some 100 years.” – Abraham Ortelius to Emanuel Van Meteren, 27 August, 1566

Left: ‘Beeldenstorm’ by Frans Hogenburg of Antwerp – whose art was used in his friend Van Meteren’s Histoire. …And Spreads Throughout the Netherlands

“We assure you, Sire, that in your Netherlands there are more than 100,000 men holding and following the religion [of Calvinism]… and none of them is proposing rebellion.”

– Guy de Bres to Philip II, in the Confession of Faith, 1561. As Flanders Slipped Closer to Anarchy…

Spanish troops slaughter Flemish Protestants

“In Flanders all is war and turmoil” – Desiderus Erasmus to Cardinal Lorenzo Campeggio, last Cardinal Protector of England

The Correspondence of Erasmus: Letters 1356 to 1534 (1523-1524), Volume 10 (Collected Works of Erasmus) [Hardcover] Desiderius Erasmus (Author), Alexander Dalzell (Translator), R.A.B. Mynors (Translator), p.170 …Triggering An Armed Response, Which Led to Excessive Taxation, Which Led to Revolt…

The Duke of Alva

“The Duke of Alva, the governor for the Spanish Hapsburg [rulers – i.e., Philip II] in the Netherlands, introduced a system of unified taxation in 1569. According to his plans, three sorts of taxes were to be introduced: a 1 per cent tax (hundredth) upon all property, a 5 per cent tax (twentieth) upon all transfers of real estate, and a 10 per cent tax (tenth) that was to become a general sales tax….the Spanish governor [Alva] decided to impose the taxes after all in 1571. This step washed out all possible compromises and surely precipitated the outbreak of the Revolt – a war that was to last almost 80 years followed.”

- ‘t Hart, et.al., A Financial History of the Netherlands, pp.13-14 November 4, 1576: Spanish Soldiers Sack Antwerp

“Hierdoor was onder alle gezindten in de Lage Landen een sterk anti-Spaanse stemming ontstaan.”

http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/koss002text01_01/koss002text01_01_0025.php November 8, 1576: Pacification of Ghent

Map of Low Countries Showing (in green) the area unified by William of Orange under the Pacification of Ghent. 1585 the Fall of Antwerp…

Philip Marnix, Mayor of Antwerp, Spymaster for William of Orange

Antwerp’s three major exoduses in the 1500s (1525-1535; 1567-1576; 1583-1589) drained it of the elite. England, the northern Netherlands and western Germany were the largest beneficiaries.

“Wealthy immigrant merchants joined the exodus from Antwerp and settled mainly in Middleburg and Amsterdam.“

- ‘t Hart, et.al. A Financial History of the Netherlands, p.52 …and the Exodus of Flemings… …Was Amsterdam’s [& London’s] Gain. Amsterdam’s “population soared; reckoned at about 30,000 [in 1585]…it had mounted to 105,000 by 1622.… the large part in that increase contributed by Antwerp and other towns of Brabant and Flanders.” – Violet Barbour, Capitalism in Amsterdam in the 17th Century, pp.16-17

Map of Amsterdam ca 1600

“The chamber of assurance [maritime insurance] was set up in 1598; the [V.O.C.] was chartered in 1602; a new bourse [modeled on Antwerp’s] was begun in 1608, and…the exchange bank [Wisselbank] was founded in 1609.”

– Violet Barbour, Capitalism in Amsterdam in the 17th Century, p.17 …Making the 17th C the Dutch “Golden Age”

“De omvangrijke trek vanuit de Zuidelijke Nederlanden heeft een positieve rol gespeeld in de ontwikkeling van de Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden en deze tot de belangrijkste en meest rijke land van Europa te maken.”

– Roelof Vennik, Migratie van Vlamingen en Walen naar de Noordelijke Nederlanden voor 1700, www.ngv.nl

The Franco-Flemish Diaspora “Huguenot” is a Flemish Term

O.I.A. Roche, in his book The Days of the Upright, a History of the Huguenots, writes that "Huguenot" is

"a combination of a Flemish and a German word. In the Flemish corner of France, Bible students who gathered in each other's houses to study secretly were called Huisgenooten, or "house fellows," while on the Swiss and German borders they were termed Eidgenossen, or "oath fellows," that is, persons bound to each other by an oath. Gallicized into "Huguenot," often used deprecatingly, the word became, during two and a half centuries of terror and triumph, a badge of enduring honor and courage.” Franco-Flemish Involvement in the Dutch Revolt

“These fierce Huguenot privateers were under the command of a succession of daring and sometimes reckless leaders, the best-known of whom is [the Fleming] William de la Marck, Lord of Lumey, and were called "Sea Beggars", "Gueux de mer" in French, or "Watergeuzen" in Dutch. In the last half of the 1560s the “Sea Beggars” were formed into an effective and organized fighting force against Spain. In 1569 William of Orange, who had now openly placed himself at the head of the party of revolt, and granted letters of marque [for privateering] to a number of vessels manned by crews of desperadoes drawn from all nationalities. Eighteen ships received letters of marque, which were equipped by [the Prince of Orange’s brother] Louis of Nassau in the French Huguenot port of La Rochelle, which they continued to use as a base. By the end of 1569, about 84 Sea Beggars ships were in action.” Flemings Fled to La Rochelle, …

“To the north and west of the port [of La Rochelle], the old parish of Saint Barthelemy was chiefly inhabited by foreign merchants and wealthier local gens de justice. Near the harbor, in rue Chef de Ville, congregated Dutch, Flemish, and German merchants with commercial operations in La Rochelle. In their honor, Rochelais [inhabitants of La Rochelle] called the main street intersection in the vicinity the ‘canton des Flamandes’.”

-Kevin C. Robbins, City on the Ocean Sea: La Rochelle, 1530-1650: Urban Society, Religion, and Politics on the French Atlantic Frontier, (Leiden: Brill, 1997), p.54. …AND From There to Ft. Caroline, Florida…

Menen, W.VL. La Rochelle Ft. Caroline, Florida, 1564

“Deposition de Jehan d’ Menin [Johannes van Menen], mariner, natif de la Rochelle…”

[Jehan Menin] “gave a firsthand account” of the massacre at Ft. Caroline by the Spanish. One of only 50 survivors [perhaps the only Flemish one] In 1564 – his family were Protestants from the West Flanders town of Menen.

- DB Quinn, North America From Earliest Discovery to First Settlements, p.260 Another Landfall of Flemings in Continental U.S.

“It is September 14, 1566, the Feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross, and a large Spanish ship, with a Flemish crew, a contingent of Spanish soldiers, and three Jesuit missionaries aboard, having been blown out to sea twice by hurricanes and storms, sits tranquilly off-shore by the northern coast of Florida, right near the future Georgia border, waiting for the proper moment to send an exploratory team to the beach in their one remaining boat.“ - Raymond A. Schroth, The American Jesuits: A History, (New York: NYU Press, 2007, p.3 Flemings in France Fished For Cod

“In 1526, a ship left the harbour of Brouage to deliver its cargo to the nephew of the major Genoan merchant Jaspar Centurisme in Anvers [Antwerp]….By 1546, this fishery had become so important that voyages to the ‘Land of the Cod’ (Newfoundland) were considered commonplace.”

-Nathalie Fiquet, “Brouage in the Time of Champlain: A New Town Open to the World,” pp. 33-42 in Raymond Litalien & Denis Vaugeois, eds., Champlain: The Birth of America, 1st English ed., Kathe Roth trans., (Montreal: McGill University Press, 2004), p.35 LaRochelle’s Fur Trade In Canada

“La Rochelle…was the point of departure for almost half of the ships sent to Canada.”

-Bernard Allaire, “The Occupation of Quebec by the Kirke Brothers,” pp. 245-257, in Raymond Litalien and Denis Vaugeois, eds., Champlain: The Birth of French America, trans. By Kathe Roth, (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2004), p.245. LaRochelle-Antwerp-Canada Trade Triangle

“The embroideries [listed by Etienne Bellenger for his fur trade in Canada] came from Flanders…The fact that large quantities of [Bellenger’s] trade items came from northern countries where furs were very popular suggests that these items were loaded for La Rochelle at Anvers [Antwerp], a major European fur-trading centre at the time.” -Laurier Turgeon, “The French in New England Before Champlain,” pp. 98-112, in Raymond Litalien and Denis Vaugeois, eds., Champlain: The Birth of French America, trans. By Kathe Roth, (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2004), p.106. Beaver Peltries Pull Merchants to North America

“The natural resource which drew these merchants to the coast of America was the beaver. Current fashion in Europe required a steady flow of pelts for the hat-making industry.” - Charles T. Gehring and William A. Starna, eds./trans., A Journey into Mohawk and Oneida Country, 1634-1635, pp. xiii-xiv

“Trade goods valued at one livre when they left Paris bought beaver skins that were worth 200 livres when they arrived back there…Each side thought the other was overpaying, and both in a sense were right, which is why the trade was such a success.”

– Timothy Brook, Vermeer’s Hat: The Seventeenth Century and the Dawn of the Global World, (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2008), p.44 Because the Prices of Beaver Hats Were High…

“Between 1580 and 1620, the price of a plain beaver hat [in Paris] was around 100 sols tournois, while plain (wool) felt hats were rarely priced at more than 30 sols tournois. By the 1650s, plain beaver hats were worth almost 300 sols tournois, while the price of felt hats was about 50 sols tournois….Between 1580 and 1615, decorated hats, both wool and beaver, had parallel rises in price, but in the 1620s, the price of decorated beaver hats exploded, reaching peaks of 700 to 800 sols tournois, while the price of a decorated felt hat remained below 75 sols tournois.”

– Bernard Allaire, “The European Fur Trade and the Context of Champlain’s Arrival,” pp. 50-58 in Raymond Litalien & Denis Vaugeois, eds., Champlain: The Birth of America, 1st English ed., Kathe Roth trans., (Montreal: McGill University Press, 2004), pp.52-53 Flemish Protestants in France Financed Trade…

“Another piece of evidence of this economic interlacing was the presence in French port towns on the Atlantic of ‘Flemish neighborhoods’. There [was] an international trade network and an international Protestant network, even though the Calvinists and Lutherans often belonged to distinct networks. For example, there were many Protestants in Brouage, a major salt port for the Baltic fisheries, where the members of the van Liebergen family lived.” – Cornelius Jaenen, “Champlain and the Dutch,” pp. 239-244 in Raymond Litalien & Denis Vaugeois, eds., Champlain: The Birth of America, 1st English ed., Kathe Roth trans., (Montreal: McGill University Press, 2004), pp.239-240

Jacques de Peyster, born at Gent in 1596, became a banker at Rouen, where he died in 1655. His wife Catherine de Lanoye, was incidentally, the daughter of Josse de Lanoye and Sara de Wannemaker of Antwerp. Another, Jean de Peyster, was a banker at La Rochelle. The rest of the family was scattered thru Haarlem, Utrecht, England, Ireland, and even Greece! - Henry De Peyster, “The Pre-American Ancestry of the De Peyster Family” in The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record, pp. 210-216 in Vol LXX (July, 1939) and pp. 313-331 of Vol.LXXI (October, 1939) for the detailed written backdrop with supporting documentation. Or, for a quick look at the simple connections, see http://www.frostandgilchrist.com/getperson.php?personID=I11518&tree=frostinaz01 LaRochelle Merchants Realize Profits 10x on Beaver Pelt Trade in Canada in 1583

“He broughte home a kinde of mynerall matter supposed to hold silver, whereof he gave me some; a kinde of muske called castor; divers beastes skins, as bevers, otters, marternes, lucernes, seales, buffs, deere skinnes, all dressed, and painted on the innerside with divers excellent colors, as redd, tawnye, yellowe and vermillyon, all which things I sawe; and divers other merchandise he hath which I saw not….

-Charles Deane, ed., Documentary History of the State of Maine. Vol. 2, Containing a Discourse on Western Planting, Written in the Year 1584, by Richard Haklutyt (Cambridge, Massachusetts: John Wilson and Son, 1877),Google e-book; accessed May 21, 2012, p. 26 The Profitability of the Beaver Fur Trade: Invest 40 Earn 440!

“…But he told me he had CCCC. and xl. [i.e., 400 and 40] crowns for that in Roan [=Rouen], which in trifles bestowed upon the savages, stoode him not in fortie crownes.”

-Charles Deane, ed., Documentary History of the State of Maine. Vol. 2, Containing a Discourse on Western Planting, Written in the Year 1584, by Richard Haklutyt (Cambridge, Massachusetts: John Wilson and Son, 1877), Google e-book; accessed May 21, 2012, p. 26

Following Fish, Fur, & Flemings: The Flemish Connection to English Discovery (1000s-1600s) The English Followed the Fish, Fur & Flemish

“Fishing was a business enterprise; so was the subsidiary fur trading which accompanied it.”

- David B. Quinn, North America From Earliest Discovery to First Settlements, p.348

“The very first record of North American cod brought back to Europe is thru “an English ship…with an Azorean pilot, [who] came home to Bristol with…North American cod in 1502.”

- Sicking & Abreu-Ferreira, Beyond the Catch: Fisheries of the North Atlantic, p.125 Martin Frobisher: The First Englishman to Sail for the New World Relied Upon Mercator & Jan de Langhe of Ieper

Sir Martin Frobischer, “also turned to Mandeville for advice when he set out on on his voyage to discover the North-West passage. Not only did his ship’s library contain a copy of Mercator’s world map…but it also contained a copy of [Jan de Langhe’s] The Travels [of Sir John Mandeville].”

-Giles Milton, The Riddle and The Knight: In Search of Sir John Mandeville, (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2001), pp. 277-278. The First Book on America in English: printed at Antwerp (1511)

“This text is the first English book containing the word America.”

-Edward Arber, ed., The First Three English Books on America, (London, 1883) Bibliolife reprint,1992, p.vii

Author Pietro Martire (“Peter Martyr”) had been Queen Isabella’s personal chaplain, collaborated with Maximilian Transylvanus of Brussels, and was an advisor to Charles V on the Magellan voyage decision

“This [book] is not really of the new lands. It is mainly about Prester John.” -George Bruner Parks, Richard Hackluyt and the English Voyages, (New York: American Geographical Society, 1928), p.269 One Year Later, at Rupelmonde Near Antwerp Gerardus Mercator Was Born 500 Yrs Ago: March 5, 1512

“Maps codify the miracle of existence. And the man who wrote the codes for the maps we use today was Gerard Mercator. Mercator was ‘the prince of modern cartographers’, his depictions of the planet and its regions unsurpassed in accuracy, clarity and consistency. More recently he was crowned by the American Scholar Robert W. Karrow as ‘the first modern, scientific cartographer’. Mercator was a humble man with a universal vision. Where his contemporaries had adopted a piecemeal approach to cartography, Mercator sought to wrap the world in overlapping, uniform maps… He participated in the naming and the mapping of America, And he devised a new method – a ‘projection’ – of con- verting the spherical world into a two-dimensional map. He constructed the two most important globes of the sixteenth century, and the title of his pioneering ‘modern geography’, the Atlas, became the standard term for a book of maps.”

Nicholas Crane, Mercator: The Man Who Mapped the Planet, (New York: Henry Holt, 2003), p. xii England’s Interest Started With Dee/Hackluyt

England’s interest in America did not begin until the year 1577 – the year Mercator gave Dee info and Abraham Ortelius , creator of the Atlas, toured England .

Ortelius Van Meteren Hackluyt

“Hackluyt was thus one of the engineers of English colonization in America. If we omit the plan of 1563 to preempt French Florida for English uses, we may date the first project in 1578, when Frobisher planned a settlement in the frozen north. The details of this project were laid down by Hackluyt. The second project is of the same year, when Gilbert planned a settlement in Newfoundland.” -George Bruner Parks, Richard Hackluyt and the English Voyages, (New York: American Geographical Society, 1928), p.53 John Dee Plagiarized and Falsified… “So far as we know, Dr. Dee did not gather reports, and his geography remained at best secondhand and academic.” – George Bruner Parks, Richard Hackluyt and the English Voyages, (New York: American Geographical Society, 1928) p.37

“The world map that Geraldus Mercator (a native of Flanders) published in 1569 had an insert showing just such a polar region with its terrifying ‘Indrawing Seas’. Mercator said his source for this and the story outlined above was the written account in the ‘Belgic language’ by one Jacobus Cnoyen of Herzogenbusch. Cnoyen himself may have gotten the story about the eight Greenlanders while on a 1364 business trip to Bergen, a Staple of the Hanseatic League. Mercator gave an account of it all [the Inventio Fortunatae ] in a letter to the English mathematician and occultist John Dee, who presumably was not himself able to read Cnoyen’s ‘Belgic language’; Dee then wrote his own version of the story as told in Mercator’s letter. Dee’s manuscript (later damaged by fire) incorporating the Cnoyen-Mercator information was dated June 8, 1577. Just three years later, as [Professor] Taylor reconstructs the sequence of connections in her article ‘A Letter Dated 1577 from Mercator to John Dee’, Richard Hackluyt also referred to Cnoyen’s story.”

- Kirsten Seaver, The Frozen Echo: Greenland and the Exploration of North Americaca A.D. 1000-1500, pp.133-134 Mercator Sparks English Belief in Claim to No.America

“And this matter of Discovery in hand, and chiefly of these most Northerly Countries and Iles, hath caused me [John Dee] (since the last yere [i.e., 1576] to send into divers places beyond the sea, and to men there in our age rightfully [esteemed, to wit the ] honest Philosopher and Mathemetician, Gerardus Mercator and to that learned Geographer Abrahamus Ortelius whose company also (syns my first lettres sent over [to Flanders].”

- E.G.R. Taylor, “A Letter Dated 1577 from Mercator to John Dee”, p.56 in Imago Mundi, XIII, (1956), ed. Leo Bagrow, (‘s Gravenhage), pp.56-68

“Mercator’s abstract (which is mainly in Flemish) is therefore the only surviving record of the contents of the Itinerario.” – Skelton, The Vinland Map, p.180

“Late in 1577…Dee was summoned to Windsor, where he ‘declared to the Queen her title to Greenland.’…Gilbert himself came to consult Dee 1577, the year of his own patent [to set up colonies in North America]. In 1578, probably to justify the grant, Dee drew up a paper on the Queen’s title to North America….The paper itself seems not to have been presented to the Queen until 1580, by which time Dee was thoroughly enmeshed in Gilbert’s web.”

-George Bruner Parks, Richard Hackluyt and the English Voyages, (New York: American Geographical Society, 1928) p.48