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God in Creation: the Challenge and Possibility of Discerning Human Purpose from an Evolving Nature

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God in Creation: the Challenge and Possibility of Discerning Human Purpose from an Evolving Nature God In Creation: The Challenge and Possibility of Discerning Human Purpose from an Evolving Nature by George Simon Robert Watson A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Emmanuel College and the Graduate Centre for Theological Studies of the Toronto School of Theology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Theology awarded by the University of St. Michael's College © Copyright by George Simon Robert Watson 2017 God In Creation: The Challenge and Possibility of Discerning Human Purpose from an Evolving Nature George Simon Robert Watson Doctor of Philosophy in Theology University of St. Michael’s College 2017 Abstract If the Christian God is creator of all things but is also revealed in Christ to be costly love, then how can divine agency in creation be understood in light of scientific discoveries revealing that biological warfare undergirds the creative process of natural selection? The implications are significant for understanding Christian vocation if indeed the human is made in God’s image with the capacity for creative or destructive “dominion” over earthly life (Gen. 1:26). To approach this challenge, I begin with an exploration of Philip Hefner’s theory of the human as created co-creator, and conclude that his teleonomic axiom focusing on the survival of creation, although necessary and fruitful, is contradicted by his use of the male-gendered logos with the teleological metaphor of sacrifice and John Hick’s Irenaean Theodicy to understand divine agency in creation. I then turn to the work of Denis Edwards and Elizabeth Johnson, who consider the female figure of divine Wisdom, or sophia, incarnate in Christ, as a more liberative representation of God, inclusive of women and the diversity of creaturely life. However, their use of John Polkinghorne’s “free process defence” neglects the depths of natural evil suffered at the level of the individual and runs the risk of justifying suffering and death as the inevitable cost of the realization of a greater good. A consideration of William Paley and his work in Natural ii Theology highlights the risky dynamic set up by teleological representations of God, which can serve the interests of a powerful elite. With reference to the historical context of Paley’s work, I consider the role of theory as a larger framework of meaning, contextualizing observations to serve as evidence. Finally, I look to Charles Darwin and his impact on the thinking of Asa Gray and Aubrey Moore to argue that divine agency in creation can only be discerned from a faith perspective. That said, although divine providence is not empirically demonstrable, Christian theology can offer a larger framework of meaning to interpret the facts of nature as revelatory of God when considered in light of the suffering Christ and an existentially fallen creation. iii Acknowledgments I would like to thank, first of all, my supervisor, Michael Bourgeois, for his generous time, patience, and critical feedback during the process of completing this degree. His questions and comments encouraged me to strive for greater clarity and precision, and his general guidance over the years has kept me on track and focused on the finish line. I would also like to thank the members of my committee, Thomas Reynolds, Dennis Patrick O’Hara, Michael Stoeber, and Heather Eaton for their attention to my work. I am grateful for their feedback and their insights. Additionally, I thank Marilyn Legge for her enthusiastic support and attention, for her valuable mentorship, and for the opportunity to work with her as a researcher and teacher in the field of Christian Ethics. I thank Emmanuel College for providing generous financial assistance and opportunities for community engagement. The academic staff challenged me intellectually, and the administrative staff, particularly Wanda Chin, ensured the successful pursuit and completion of my studies. I am grateful to the Toronto School of Theology for their generous financial support. Without their academic scholarships, this project would not have been possible. And I would like to thank Master John Fraser and the Massey College community for providing opportunities in leadership, community outreach, and interdisciplinary learning and fellowship. The Massey community is a diverse and amazing group of people with whom I have shared this long adventure. I am additionally appreciative to the College for generous financial assistance during the course of my studies. To Master John Fraser, I am grateful for mentorship, encouragement, and guidance. Finally, my deepest appreciation is reserved for my family, without whose love and unconditional support this project would have never even begun. iv Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 6 A “Natural Theology” or a “Theology of Nature”? ............................................................ 8 Procedure ........................................................................................................................... 12 Chapter One: Philip Hefner’s Risky Teleology ........................................................................ 21 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 21 Theology as “Scientific” .................................................................................................... 25 Freedom and Determinism of the Created Co-Creator ...................................................... 29 Teleonomy vs. Teleology .................................................................................................. 34 Myth as “detector of reality” ............................................................................................. 44 Sacrificial Love and Natural Selection .............................................................................. 59 Feminist Criticism of Sacrificial Motif ............................................................................. 68 Irenaean Type of Theodicy: John H. Hick ........................................................................ 78 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 92 Chapter Two: Denis Edwards, Elizabeth Johnson, and a Liberative Sophia ....................... 95 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 95 Sophia as Emancipatory God-Language for Women and Nature ..................................... 97 Wisdom Christology as Ecological Theology ................................................................. 112 Deification of the Flesh ................................................................................................... 116 Divine Immanence Revealed in Trinitarian Love of Mutual Relations .......................... 117 Creaturely Participation in Sophia’s Goodness, Being, and Agency ............................. 121 Evolution as the Autonomous “Self-Transcendence” of Creation .................................. 126 v Limitations of “Free Process Defence” and Need to Recognize Existential Fall ........... 134 “New Earth” as Realization or Interruption of Natural Law .......................................... 147 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 157 Chapter Three: William Paley and Douglas John Hall The Watchmaker God and the Crucified Christ ........................................ 159 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 159 An Ethics of the Cross and a Suffering Creation ............................................................ 163 Paley’s Natural Theology as Theologia Gloriae ............................................................. 169 The Argument Cumulative .............................................................................................. 172 Evidence and the Emerging Awareness of Inference and Interpretation ....................... 182 Paley’s Natural Theology as Theologia Crucis ............................................................... 188 The “Newtonian Synthesis” as Anglican Apologetic ...................................................... 191 Reason and Revelation in Creation ................................................................................. 197 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 199 Chapter Four: Charles Darwin, Asa Gray, and Aubrey Moore A Natural History of the Golden Rule ........................................................... 201 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 201 Darwin and the Natural History of the Moral Sense or Conscience ............................... 205 Darwin’s Theory as a Call for Social Justice .................................................................. 218 Natural Selection, Human Freedom, and the Question of “Progress” ............................ 221 A Wider Teleology and the Emergence of the Human as “word of
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