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Effects of Parasitism on the Condition and Reproductive Capacity of Three Commercially Exploited Fish Species in the Mediterranean Sea

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Effects of Parasitism on the Condition and Reproductive Capacity of Three Commercially Exploited Fish Species in the Mediterranean Sea EFFECTS OF PARASITISM ON THE CONDITION AND REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY OF THREE COMMERCIALLY EXPLOITED FISH SPECIES IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA Dolors Ferrer Maza Per citar o enllaçar aquest document: Para citar o enlazar este documento: Use this url to cite or link to this publication: http://hdl.handle.net/10803/385347 ADVERTIMENT. L'accés als continguts d'aquesta tesi doctoral i la seva utilització ha de respectar els drets de la persona autora. Pot ser utilitzada per a consulta o estudi personal, així com en activitats o materials d'investigació i docència en els termes establerts a l'art. 32 del Text Refós de la Llei de Propietat Intel·lectual (RDL 1/1996). Per altres utilitzacions es requereix l'autorització prèvia i expressa de la persona autora. En qualsevol cas, en la utilització dels seus continguts caldrà indicar de forma clara el nom i cognoms de la persona autora i el títol de la tesi doctoral. No s'autoritza la seva reproducció o altres formes d'explotació efectuades amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva comunicació pública des d'un lloc aliè al servei TDX. Tampoc s'autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant als continguts de la tesi com als seus resums i índexs. ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis doctoral y su utilización debe respetar los derechos de la persona autora. Puede ser utilizada para consulta o estudio personal, así como en actividades o materiales de investigación y docencia en los términos establecidos en el art. 32 del Texto Refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual (RDL 1/1996). Para otros usos se requiere la autorización previa y expresa de la persona autora. En cualquier caso, en la utilización de sus contenidos se deberá indicar de forma clara el nombre y apellidos de la persona autora y el título de la tesis doctoral. No se autoriza su reproducción u otras formas de explotación efectuadas con fines lucrativos ni su comunicación pública desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR. Tampoco se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al contenido de la tesis como a sus resúmenes e índices. WARNING. Access to the contents of this doctoral thesis and its use must respect the rights of the author. It can be used for reference or private study, as well as research and learning activities or materials in the terms established by the 32nd article of the Spanish Consolidated Copyright Act (RDL 1/1996). Express and previous authorization of the author is required for any other uses. In any case, when using its content, full name of the author and title of the thesis must be clearly indicated. Reproduction or other forms of for profit use or public communication from outside TDX service is not allowed. Presentation of its content in a window or frame external to TDX (framing) is not authorized either. These rights affect both the content of the thesis and its abstracts and indexes. DOCTORAL THESIS Effects of parasitism on the condition and reproductive capacity of three commercially exploited fish species in the Mediterranean Sea Dolors Ferrer Maza 2015 DOCTORAL THESIS Effects of parasitism on the condition and reproductive capacity of three commercially exploited fish species in the Mediterranean Sea Dolors Ferrer Maza 2015 Doctoral Programme in Experimental Sciences and Sustainability Supervised by Dr. Josep Lloret Dra. Marta Muñoz Dr. Elisabeth Faliex Romañach Frigola Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor (PhD) at the Universitat de Girona Dr. Josep Lloret Romañach and Dra. Marta Muñoz Frigola from the University of Girona, and Dr. Elisabeth Faliex from the University of Perpignan-Via Domitia (France) DECLARE: That the thesis entitled Effects of parasitism on the condition and reproductive capacity of three commercially exploited fish species in the Mediterranean Sea, presented by Dolors Ferrer Maza in the pursuance of a doctoral degree, has been completed under our supervision and meets the conditions required to opt for an International Doctorate. In witness thereof, we hereby sign this document. Dr. Josep Lloret Dra. Marta Muñoz Dr. Elisabeth Faliex Romañach Frigola Maître de Conférences Professor Agregat Professora Titular Centre de Formation et d’Universitat d’Universitat de Recherche sur les Departament de Departament de Environnements Ciències Ambientals Ciències Ambientals Méditerranéens Universitat de Girona Universitat de Girona Université de Perpignan-Via Domitia Girona, December 2015 “Imagine a world where parasites control the minds of their hosts, sending them to their destruction. Imagine a world where parasites are masters of chemical warfare and camouflage, able to cloak themselves with their hosts' own molecules. Imagine a world where parasites steer the course of evolution, where the majority of species are parasites. Welcome to Earth.” Parasite Rex: Inside the Bizarre World of Nature’s Most Dangerous Creatures Carl Zimmer (American science writer, 1966 -) This thesis was carried out within the framework of a research project entitled Health of exploited fish species: relationship between parasitism, condition and reproductive potential (ref. CTM2009-08602) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, whereby Dolors Ferrer Maza benefited from a FPI predoctoral fellowship (ref. BES-2010-032618). The illustrations on the title pages of the results chapters are courtesy of Dr. Lluís Mercader (www.lluismercader.cat). All the figures on the results chapters are made by Dolors Ferrer Maza. The pictures are taken and copyrighted by Dolors Ferrer Maza. Acknowledgements Foremost, I would like to thank my supervisors Josep Lloret, Marta Muñoz and Elisabeth Faliex, for their continuous guidance, encouragement and help throughout this process. I also thank Sílvia Vila for her essential collaboration in the laboratory work and Pierre Sasal for his advice and careful review of the articles. I am also very grateful to Rod A. Bray (Natural History Museum, NHM London, UK) for his kind help with the digenean identification and Anne- Leila Meistertzheim (Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, UPVD, France) for her indispensable assistance in the molecular analysis of anisakid nematodes. Thanks are also given to Mariano García, Antonio Esteban and all the crew of the research vessel Cornide de Saavedra (Instituto Español de Oceanografía, IEO, Spain) for their technical and scientific support during the MEDITS GSA-06 trawl surveys. I also thank Lluís Mercader for his generous offer of the beautiful watercolour designs that illustrate this thesis. A special acknowledgment goes for my colleagues at the University of Girona (Animal Biology – Ichthyology Research Group). Margarida, Eulàlia, Caterina, Ahmed, Toni, Lídia, Harold and Alba, you all made this experience easier for me. And finally, I would like to express my deepest gratitude and love to my family for their unfailing support. List of abbreviations List of abbreviations The abbreviations and acronyms used in this thesis are listed below. As it can be seen, in several cases, two different abbreviations stand for the same thing. It should also be noted that the terms weight and mass are both used to denote the same measurement. These issues are due to the specific styles of each journal in which the articles have been published. Since the thesis is presented as a compendium of publications, the section of the results has been transcribed as close as possible to the original text of the scientific papers. ABSG (also ABSG): absolute lipid content in gonads (g) ABSL: absolute lipid content in liver (g) ABSM: absolute lipid content in muscle (g) AS: actively spawning (ovarian developmental phase) BF (also FB): batch fecundity (eggs per batch) BFrel (also FBrel): relative batch fecundity (eggs per gram of eviscerated body weight) CA: cortical alveolar (oocyte developmental stage) CI: confidence interval cox 2: mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II gene DEV: developing (ovarian developmental phase) EW (or ME): eviscerated body weight (g) FB (also BF): batch fecundity (eggs per batch) FBrel (also BFrel): relative batch fecundity (eggs per gram of eviscerated body mass) FDR: false discovery rate GLM: general linear model GSI (also IG): gonadosomatic index GW (also MG): gonads weight (g) H: hydration (oocyte developmental stage) IA (also IA): relative intensity of atresia (%) IA (also IA): relative intensity of atresia (%) List of abbreviations IG (also GSI): gonadosomatic index ILG (also LGSI): lipid gonadosomatic index ILM: lipid musculosomatic index LGSI (also ILG): lipid gonadosomatic index LHSI: lipid hepatosomatic index LT: total body length (cm) LW: liver weight (g) MDO (also ODW): dry mass of hydrated oocytes (mg) ME (also EW): eviscerated body mass (g) MEDITS: International bottom trawl survey in the Mediterranean MG (also GW): gonad mass (g) MLS: minimum landing size MM: muscle mass (g) MT (also TW): total body mass (g) NaCl: sodium chloride ODW (also MDO): dry weight of hydrated oocytes (mg) OM: maturation (oocyte developmental stage) P (also PP): prevalence of parasites (%) PA (also PA): prevalence of atresia (%) PG: primary growth (oocyte developmental stage) POFs: post-ovulatory follicles PP (also P): prevalence of parasites (%) REG: regenerating (ovarian developmental phase) REGR: regressing (ovarian developmental phase) SC: spawning capable (ovarian developmental phase) SD: standard deviation TW (also MT): total body weight
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