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The North Texas Region and the Development of Water Resources

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The North Texas Region and the Development of Water Resources 3 n MB I //O. /b/7 THE NORTH TEXAS REGION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF WATER RESOURCES IN THE TRINITY RIVER BASIN OF TEXAS, 1840-1998 THESIS Presented to the Graduate Council of the University of North Texas in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE By Michael D. Sparkman, B.A. Denton, Texas August, 1999 fij. Sparkman, Michael Dudley, Master of Science (History), August 1999, The North Texas Region and the Development of Water Resources in the Trinity River Basin of Texas. 1840-1998. 307 pp., 2 maps, 513 references, 88 titles. This study focuses on the development of water resources in the Trinity River basin for navigation, flood control, water supply, recreation, and allied purposes. Special emphasis is given to the development of the upper Trinity River basin through the influence of community leaders in Dallas and Fort Worth. A desire harbored for generations by upper basin residents for creating a navigable waterway on the Trinity River coalesced in the twentieth century into a well organized movement for all facets of water resources development. Sources include correspondence, speeches, and promotional materials of civic leaders, politicians, and other citizens, as well as works by the United States Army Corps of Engineers. 3 n MB I //O. /b/7 THE NORTH TEXAS REGION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF WATER RESOURCES IN THE TRINITY RIVER BASIN OF TEXAS, 1840-1998 THESIS Presented to the Graduate Council of the University of North Texas in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE By Michael D. Sparkman, B.A. Denton, Texas August, 1999 Copyright by Michael Dudley Sparkman 1999 1X1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF MAPS v Chapter 1. TOO MUCH OR NOT ENOUGH: THE TRINITY RIVER BASIN, WATER, AND HISTORY 1 2. EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF WATER RESOURCES IN THE BASIN 19 3. FOUNDATION OF A RENAISSANCE: POLLUTION, WATER SUPPLY AND FLOOD CONTROL IN THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY, 1900-1930 56 4. TRINITY RIVER RENAISSANCE, 1922-1930 72 5 FROM TRINITY RIVER CANAL ASSOCIATION TO TRINITY IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION: EXPANDING THE MISSION, 1930-1945 97 6. STRIVING ONWARD: IMPLEMENTING AND EXPANDING WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT, 1945-1955 121 7. PLANNING FOR PROGRESS: EXPANDING THE TRINITY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM, 1955-1965 157 8. SO CLOSE, YET SO FAR: THE FURTHER TRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS OF THE TRINITY PROJECT, 1965-1973 193 9. WATER HUSTLERS VERSUS CRACKPOT ENVIRONMENTALISTS: THE 1973 BOND ELECTION 230 10. WATER WARS, POLLUTION PROBLEMS AND TRINITY TURMOIL: TRINITY IMPROVEMENT AT THE END OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 264 BIBLIOGRAPHY 300 IV LIST OF MAPS Map 1: The Trinity River basin of Texas 18 Map 2: Upper Trinity River Basin Lakes and Reservoirs 299 CHAPTER 1 TOO MUCH OR NOT ENOUGH: THE TRINITY RIVER BASIN, WATER, AND HISTORY Samuel Taylor Coleridge did not have the State of Texas or its Trinity River in mind when he wrote the famous line, "Water, water, everywhere/nor any drop to drink." He had an altogether different setting in mind as he put his poetic pen to paper. Despite this obvious distinction, the residents of Texas living in the watershed of the Trinity River, from the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan complex to the outskirts of metropolitan Houston on the Gulf Coast, have faced a water-related dilemma of their own throughout the region's history. The water-related problems of flood and drought have been quite serious at times, forcing basin inhabitants and city builders to make significant decisions. Their choices in regards to water impacted the development of the state's urban centers. The desire for an economic impetus in the form of a navigable inland waterway eventually dominated the basin's water resources development. The addition of pollution did not make the task easier. Throughout the history of the basin's development, the Trinity River existed both as a blessing and a curse - giving the much needed liquid ingredient of life and taking away the fruits of human labor. The past of the Trinity River, and its future potential, have enthralled men's blood with a deep thirst for more — more water, more money, more growth, and more power. Rather than being the quest for a Holy Grail, the history of man's relationship with the Trinity River has been a struggle to maximize the effects of every drop from a commoner's cup that is already held in hand. The Trinity River follows a southeasterly course from its North Texas headwaters to its mouth on the Texas coast. Along its journey to the Texas coast, it passes through seven major soil regions and travels up to one and a half times the basin's general length of 360 miles. Its often-tortuous course cuts through a moderately to gently sloping plain. The river and its principal tributaries drain an area of 17,969 square miles, an area encompassing all or part of thirty-six Texas counties. Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Rhode Island, and Vermont each occupy smaller territories than the Trinity basin.1 The headwater region for the Trinity Basin is a varied terrain of hills, valleys, prairies and grasslands. The East Fork rises in central Grayson County and flows south for seventy-eight miles through Collin, western Rockwall, eastern Dallas, and western Kaufman counties. In southwestern Kaufman County, the East Fork flows into the river 1 The location of the basin falls between 29-46 and 33-44 north latitude and 98-40 and 98-43 west longitude. It is surrounded by the Red, Sabine Neches, Brazos and San Jacinto river basins. The soil regions of the basin include: the Western Cross Timbers, the Grand Prairie, the Eastern Cross Timbers, the Blackland Prairie, the Gulf Coastal Plain, the Coastal Flatwood, and the Coast Prairie. Some records disregard counties with extremely small basin area, resulting in smaller totals. United States Congress. Trinity River and tributaries. (House Document 403, 77th Congress, 1st Session. September 4, 1941), 14, 18, 21; Randy L. Ulery, Peter, C. Van Metre, and Allison S. Crossfield, "Trinity River Basin, Texas," United States Geographical Survey, at http://txwww.cr.usgs.gov/trin/envs.html, last updated April 3, 1995; Gene Kirkley, A Guide to Texas Rivers and Streams (Houston: Lone Star Books, 1983) 88; Trinity Improvement Association, Trinity River [of Texas'!: New Vistas of Opportunity for Texas and the Great Southwest, no page numbers, Ray Roberts Collection, Texas A & M University- Commerce (hereafter Roberts Papers) Box 6, File 2. itself. The Elm Fork rises in eastern Montague County. Following a southeasterly eighty-five-mile course through Cooke and Denton Counties, the Elm meets the West Fork in central Dallas County to form the river a mile west of the City of Dallas.2 The Elm Fork's partner in creating the Trinity River, the West Fork, rises in southern Archer County. This fork is the longest of the four, flowing along a southeasterly course of 180 miles through Jack, Wise, Tarrant, and Dallas Counties before it meets the Elm Fork. The smallest of the forks, the Clear Fork, rises in northwestern Parker County. It travels forty-five miles, first southeast then northeast, until it joins the West Fork in central Tarrant County at the City of Fort Worth.3 From its formation in Dallas, the river flows between Ellis and Kaufman Counties. From the point the East Fork flows into it in Kaufman County, the river runs 423 miles southeast. It passes through or along the county lines of Kaufman, Ellis, Henderson, Navarro, Freestone, Anderson, Leon, Houston, Madison, San Jacinto, Liberty and Chambers Counties before it issues forth into Trinity Bay, just west of Anahuac 4 Europeans first encountered the river during the sixteenth century. Alonso Alvarez de Pineda made record of it, along with the Mississippi and Rio Grande, while mapping the North American Gulf Coast for Spain in 1519. The river received its name from Alonso de Leon, leader of a Spanish expedition to found a mission in 1690. He 2 Wayne Gard, "Trinity River," The New Handbook of Texas. Volume 6 (Austin: The Texas Historical Association, 1996) 569; Ulery, Van Metre, and Crossfield, "Trinity River Basin, Texas," internet document; Trinity River Authority Home Page, http://www.trinityra.org/trahp.htm. 3 Gard, "Trinity River,"569. 4 Ibid. called it Rio de la Santisima Trinidad, in honor of a Catholic feast day. Despite other names previous explorers had used for the river, Rio de la Santisima Trinidad became the accepted name. Settlers from the United States adopted the name, calling it the Trinity River.5 At the time of the Spanish attempts to settle the basin in the 1690s, the Upper Trinity Basin was the home of the Wichita Confederacy. The confederacy consisted of the Wichita, Taovaya, Tawakoni, Kichai, and Iscani tribes. The nomadic Comanches began encroaching on the Wichita's Trinity and Brazos territory in the early eighteenth century. Rather than fight, the Wichita tolerated the Comanches and allied with them against the western Apaches and the northern Osages. Tribes such as the Coushatta, Kickapoo, Delaware, Shawnee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee, Creek, and Kiowa began moving from the United States into the Trinity basin during the 1830s 6 Settlement of the Trinity basin by non-aboriginal peoples began in the eighteenth century. Spanish Governor Jacinto de Barrios y Jauregui founded the presidio-mission complex of Presidio San Agustin de Ahumada and Mission Nuestra Senora de la Luz near the river's mouth in 1756. El Orcoquisac. a name used for the presidio and mission site, was situated near present Anahuac in Chambers County. Flies, mosquitoes, and undrinkable water plagued the Spanish padres and caused dysentery.
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