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Superconducting Magnets Research for a Viable US Fusion Program Joseph V
Superconducting Magnets Research for a Viable US Fusion Program Joseph V. Minervini1, Leslie Bromberg1, Peter J. Lee2, David C. Larbalestier2, Introduction Magnet systems are the ultimate enabling technology for magnetic confinement fusion devices. Powerful magnetic fields are required for confinement of the plasma, and, depending on the magnetic configuration, dc and/or pulsed magnetic fields are required for plasma initiation, ohmic heating, inductive current drive, plasma shaping, equilibrium and stability control. Almost all design concepts for power producing commercial fusion reactors rely on superconducting magnets for efficient and reliable production of these magnetic fields. Future superconducting magnets for fusion applications require improvements in materials, components, and configurations to significantly enhance the feasibility and practicality of fusion reactors as an energy source. A demonstration of large-scale demountable High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) magnets could revolutionize fusion energy development, dramatically reducing program cost and development time. Background OFES established and maintained a robust magnet technology development for several decades. Until the end of the ITER EDA (1998), the magnet technology R&D program was arguably the most successful of all enabling magnet technology programs. Most of the laboratories and universities performing superconducting magnet R&D had robust programs. A major milestone was the first (and only) successful operation of the massive superconducting magnet system for MFTF-B at LLNL in 1986. The high point was the successful completion (1999) and operation (2000) of the ITER CS Model Coil (CSMC). Since that time, funding for the development of superconducting magnets and almost all other enabling technologies has been on a steady decline, leading to the proposed magnet technology budget for FY 2013 of $765,000 or 0.19% of the total fusion budget. -
ERC Implementing Arrangements Call for Expression of Interest 2017
ERC Implementing Arrangements Call for Expression of Interest 2017 Project ID: Project Acronym: Evaluation Panel: 681178 G-EDIT LS1 Principal Investigator: Dr Mariusz Nowacki Host Institution: Universitat Bern - CH Mechanisms of RNA-guided genome editing in eukaryotes The goal of this project is to contribute to our understanding of RNA-mediated epigenetic mechanisms of genome regulation in eukaryotes. Ciliated protozoa offer a fantastic opportunity to investigate the complex process of trans-generational programming of chromosomal rearrangements, which is thought to serve as a form of immune defense against invasive DNA. Developmental processes in ciliates include extensive rearrangements of the germline DNA, including elimination of transposons and the precise excision of numerous single-copy elements derived from transposons. This process is considered to be maternally controlled because the maternal genome provides essential information in the form of RNA that determines the offspring's genome content and organization. This programmed DNA subtraction, the so-called ‘RNA scanning’ process, is mediated by trans-generational comparison between the germline and the maternal somatic genome. One of the most intriguing questions is how a complex population of small RNAs representing the entire germline genome can be compared to the entire rearranged maternal genome, resulting in the efficient selection of germline-specific RNAs, which are able to target DNA deletions in the developing genome. All this occurs in a very short time and involves a massively coordinated transport of all the components between three types of nuclei. This project focuses on characterizing the molecular machinery that can orchestrate the massive genome rearrangements in ciliates through nucleic acids and protein interactions. -
Phototoxicity of 7-Oxycoumarins with Keratinocytes in Culture T ⁎ Christophe Guillona, , Yi-Hua Janb, Diane E
Bioorganic Chemistry 89 (2019) 103014 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Bioorganic Chemistry journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/bioorg Phototoxicity of 7-oxycoumarins with keratinocytes in culture T ⁎ Christophe Guillona, , Yi-Hua Janb, Diane E. Heckc, Thomas M. Marianob, Robert D. Rappa, Michele Jettera, Keith Kardosa, Marilyn Whittemored, Eric Akyeaa, Ivan Jabine, Jeffrey D. Laskinb, Ned D. Heindela a Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA b Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA c Department of Environmental Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA d Buckman Laboratories, 1256 N. McLean Blvd, Memphis, TN 38108, USA e Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Seventy-one 7-oxycoumarins, 66 synthesized and 5 commercially sourced, were tested for their ability to inhibit 7-hydroxycoumarins growth in murine PAM212 keratinocytes. Forty-nine compounds from the library demonstrated light-induced 7-oxycoumarins lethality. None was toxic in the absence of UVA light. Structure-activity correlations indicate that the ability of Furocoumarins the compounds to inhibit cell growth was dependent not only on their physiochemical characteristics, but also Psoralens on their ability to absorb UVA light. Relative lipophilicity was an important factor as was electron density in the Methoxsalen pyrone ring. Coumarins with electron withdrawing moieties – cyano and fluoro at C – were considerably less 8-MOP 3 Phototoxicity active while those with bromines or iodine at that location displayed enhanced activity. Coumarins that were PAM212 keratinocytes found to inhibit keratinocyte growth were also tested for photo-induced DNA plasmid nicking. -
Phototoxicity of 7-Oxycoumarins with Keratinocytes in Culture T ⁎ Christophe Guillona, , Yi-Hua Janb, Diane E
Bioorganic Chemistry 89 (2019) 103014 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Bioorganic Chemistry journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/bioorg Phototoxicity of 7-oxycoumarins with keratinocytes in culture T ⁎ Christophe Guillona, , Yi-Hua Janb, Diane E. Heckc, Thomas M. Marianob, Robert D. Rappa, Michele Jettera, Keith Kardosa, Marilyn Whittemored, Eric Akyeaa, Ivan Jabine, Jeffrey D. Laskinb, Ned D. Heindela a Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA b Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA c Department of Environmental Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA d Buckman Laboratories, 1256 N. McLean Blvd, Memphis, TN 38108, USA e Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Seventy-one 7-oxycoumarins, 66 synthesized and 5 commercially sourced, were tested for their ability to inhibit 7-hydroxycoumarins growth in murine PAM212 keratinocytes. Forty-nine compounds from the library demonstrated light-induced 7-oxycoumarins lethality. None was toxic in the absence of UVA light. Structure-activity correlations indicate that the ability of Furocoumarins the compounds to inhibit cell growth was dependent not only on their physiochemical characteristics, but also Psoralens on their ability to absorb UVA light. Relative lipophilicity was an important factor as was electron density in the Methoxsalen pyrone ring. Coumarins with electron withdrawing moieties – cyano and fluoro at C – were considerably less 8-MOP 3 Phototoxicity active while those with bromines or iodine at that location displayed enhanced activity. Coumarins that were PAM212 keratinocytes found to inhibit keratinocyte growth were also tested for photo-induced DNA plasmid nicking. -
Fusion Energy Science Opportunities in Emerging Concepts
Fusion Energy Science Opportunities in Emerging Concepts Los Alamos National Laboratory Report -- LA-UR-99-5052 D. C. Barnes Los Alamos National Laboratory For the Emerging Concepts Working Group Convenors: J. Hammer Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory A. Hassam University of Maryland D. Hill Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory A. Hoffman University of Washington B. Hooper Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory J. Kesner Massachusetts Institute of Technology G. Miley University of Illinois J. Perkins Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory D. Ryutov Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory J. Sarff University of Wisconsin R. E. Siemon Los Alamos National Laboratory J. Slough University of Washington M. Yamada Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory I. Introduction The development of fusion energy represents one of the few long-term (multi-century time scale) options for providing the energy needs of modern (or postmodern) society. Progress to date, in parameters measuring the quality of confinement, for example, has been nothing short of stellar. While significant uncertainties in both physics and (particularly) technology remain, it is widely believed that a fusion reactor based on the tokamak could be developed within one or two decades. It is also widely held that such a reactor could not compete economically in the projected energy market. A more accurate statement of projected economic viability is that the uncertainty in achieving commercial success is sufficient that the large development costs required for such a program are not justified at this time. While technical progress has been spectacular, schedule estimates for achieving particular milestones along the path of fusion research and development have proven notoriously inaccurate. This inaccuracy reflects two facts. -
Part IV: Basic Considerations of the Psoralens
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector THE CHEMISTRY OF THE PSORALENS* W. L. FOWLKS, Ph.D. The psoralens belong to a group of compoundsfled since biological activity of the psoralens and which have been considered as derivatives ofangelicins has been demonstrated. They appear coumarin, the furocoumarins. There are twelveto have specific biochemical properties which different ways a furan ring can be condensed withmay contribute to the survival of certain plant the coumarin molecule and each of the resultingspecies. Specifically these compounds belong to compounds could be the parent for a family ofthat group of substances which can inhibit certain derivatives. Examples of most of these possibleplant growth without otherwise harming the furocoumarins have been synthesized; but natureplant (2, 3, 5). is more conservative so that all of the naturally It is interesting that it was this property which occurring furocoumarins so far described turnled to the isolation of the only new naturally out to be derivativesof psoralen I or angelicinoccuring furocoumarin discovered in the United II (1). States. Bennett and Bonner (2) isolated tharn- nosmin from leaves of the Desert Rue (Tham- n.osma montana) because a crude extract of this 0 0 plant was the best growth inhibitor found among /O\/8/O\/ the extracts of a number of desert plants sur- i' Ii veyed for this property, although all the extracts showed seedling growth inhibition. One could I II speculate as to the role such growth inhibition plays in the economy of those desert plants These natural derivatives of psoralen and angeli-when survival may depend upon a successful cm have one or more of the following substituentsfight for the little available water. -
Plasma Physics Division Fachverband Plasmaphysik (P)
Hannover 2016 – P Overview Plasma Physics Division Fachverband Plasmaphysik (P) Navid Mahdizadeh ABB Switzerland Ltd Brown-Boveri-Strasse 5 CH-8050 Zürich [email protected] Overview of Invited Talks and Sessions (Lecture rooms b302 and b305; Poster Empore Lichthof) Invited Talks P 2.1 Mon 11:00–11:30 b305 Mid-infrared cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy of gas and surface species — ∙Jean-Pierre van Helden, Norbert Lang, Andy Nave, Jürgen Röpcke P 3.1 Mon 14:30–15:00 b302 Advances in Laser Manipulation of Dusty Plasmas — ∙Jan Schablinski, Frank Wieben, Dietmar Block P 4.1 Mon 14:30–15:00 b305 Impact of electron attachment processes on nonthermal plasmas — ∙Jürgen Meichsner, Sebastian Nemschokmichal, Robert Tschiersch, Thomas Wegner P 6.1 Tue 11:00–11:30 b302 ns-Pulsed Micro-Plasmas at Atmospheric Pressures — ∙Uwe Czarnetzki P 7.1 Tue 11:00–11:30 b305 Erste Ergebnisse an Wendelstein 7-X — ∙Hans-Stephan Bosch, W7-X Team P 8.1 Tue 14:30–15:00 b302 Nanometer-scale characterization of laser-driven plasmas, compression, shocks and phase transitions, by coherent small angle x-ray scattering — ∙Thomas Kluge, Melanie Rödel, Alexander Pelka, Emma McBride, Luke Fletcher, Christian Rödel, Siegfried Glenzer, Michael Buss- mann, Ulrich Schramm, Thomas Cowan P 9.1 Tue 14:30–15:00 b305 Computer simulations of correlated fermions–from quantum plasmas to ultracold atoms and plasma-surface interaction — ∙Michael Bonitz P 13.1 Wed 11:00–11:30 b302 Power exhaust by impurity seeding in fusion reactors — ∙Matthias Bern- ert, Felix Reimold, Arne Kallenbach, Bruce Lipschultz, Ralph Dux, Marco Wischmeier, the ASDEX Upgrade team, the EUROfusion MST1 Team P 17.1 Wed 14:30–15:00 b305 Plasma measurement and control: challenges and recent advances — ∙Timo Gans P 21.1 Thu 11:00–11:30 b302 The behavior of helium in fusion plasmas — ∙Athina Kappatou, Rachael M. -
∫° Plasma Confinement in a Levitated Magnetic Dipole
Plasma Physics Reports, Vol. 23, No. 9, 1997, pp. 742–750. From Fizika Plazmy, Vol. 23, No. 9, 1997, pp. 801–810. Original English Text Copyright © 1997 by Kesner, Mauel. MAGNETIC CONFINEMENT SYSTEMS Plasma Confinement in a Levitated Magnetic Dipole J. Kesner* and M. Mauel** * Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Ma 02129 ** Columbia University, New York, N.Y. 10027 Received April 1, 1995 Abstract—Plasma confinement in the field of a levitated dipole offers many advantages for magnetic fusion. MHD stability is obtained from compressibility which utilizes the large flux tube expansion of a dipole field. Such a device could be high beta, steady state, and exhibit good confinement properties. The large flux expan- sion will ease the difficulty of the divertor design. The configuration is ideal for electron cyclotron heating and controlled convective flow patterns may provide a mechanism for fueling and ash removal. 1. INTRODUCTION tribution function, µ is the adiabatic invariant, µ = The dipole magnetic field is the simplest and most e⊥/2B, J is the parallel invariant, J = °∫v || dl and the flux, common magnetic field configuration in the universe. It ψ is the third adiabatic invariant. The frequencies that is the magnetic far-field of a single, circular current Ω correspond to these invariants are respectively c the loop, and it represents the dominate structure of the cyclotron frequency, ω , the bounce frequency and ω middle magnetospheres of magnetized planets and neu- b d tron stars. The use of a dipole magnetic field generated the curvature driven precessional drift frequency. Both by a levitated ring to confine a hot plasma for fusion of these conditions lead to dipole pressure profiles that scale with radius as r–20/3 while the adiabatic distribu- power generation was first considered by Akira Haseg- µ awa after participating in the Voyager 2 encounter with tion function, F( , J) also implies a density dependence ∝ –4 ∝ –8/3 Uranus [1]. -
Powerpoint Presentation: Fusion Energy: "Pipe Dream Or Panacea"
Fusion Energy: “Pipe Dream or Panacea” Mike Mauel Columbia University Energy Options & Paths to Climate Stabilization Aspen, 9 July 2003 Fusion Energy: “Pipe Dream or Panacea” “Promise, Progress, and the Challenge Ahead” Mike Mauel Columbia University Energy Options & Paths to Climate Stabilization Aspen, 9 July 2003 ~ OUTLINE ~ Fusion Primer Power Configurations Progress MFE Next Steps: Optimization and Burning Plasma “Fast Track” 35 Year Plan to enable Commercial Power References • Rose and Clark: Plasmas and Controlled Fusion (1961) • Sheffield: “The Physics of Magnetic Fusion Reactors,” RMP (1994) • Hawryluk: “Results from D-T Tokamak Confinement Experiments,” RMP (1998) • Example fusion resource development scenarios… • Schmidt, et al., “U.S. Fusion Future,” Fus. Tech. (2001) • Ongena and Van Oos, “Energy for future centuries. Will fusion be an inexhaustible, safe and clean energy source?” Fus. Sci. and Tech. (2002) • Report of the European Fusion “Fast Track”, D. King, et al. (2001) • Report of the U.S. DOE FESAC “A [35 Year] Plan to Develop Fusion Energy” (2003) • “The FIRE Place” http://fire.pppl.gov/ • Levitated Dipole Experiment http://www.psfc.mit.edu/ldx/ Why Fusion Energy Science? • for fundamental plasma physics and critical plasma technologies • for national defense • for fusion energy… • Inexhaustible: “unlimited” fuel and available to all nations; Low land-use costs • “Clean”: no greenhouse gases nor air pollution; Storage of short-lived radioactive components. • Safe: no catastrophic accidents; Low-risk for nuclear materials proliferation Today is an Exciting Time for Fusion Research • Tremendous progress in understanding how to confine & control high-temperature matter, e.g. • Suppression of some forms of turbulence • Control of some pressure-limiting instabilities • First light achieved at NIF • Negotiations well-along to start ITER construction: an international burning plasma experiment at the scale of a power plant. -
Physics Research
TheT HE Plasma P LASMA Science S CIENCE && FusionF USION CenterC EN T ER • MMassachusettsASSACHUSE tt S I NSInstituteT I T U T E O Fof T ECHNOLOGYTechnology PHYSICS RESEARCH Understanding the basic physics of plasmas is necessary not only to advance fusion research, but to increase the physics-based foundations of plasma-related scientific disciplines and applications. embers of the Physics Re- search Division, including theoretical and experimen- Mtal plasma physicists, faculty mem- bers, graduate and undergraduate students and visiting collaborators, work together to better understand plasmas and to extend their uses. Research includes: ■ Laboratory experiments ■ Development of novel plasma diagnostics ■ Theory of magnetically confined fusion plasmas Photo by Paul Rivenberg Dr. Jan Egedal works atop the Versatile Toroidal Facility, a medium-sized tokamak currently ■ Nonlinear wave used to study magetic reconnection, a phenomenon observed in solar flares. propagation, turbulence In addition to basic plasma theory, waves to control pressure and current and chaos topics being pursued at the PSFC profiles in order to control instabilities ■ Space plasma physics include tokamak research on radio and achieve steady state operation in frequency heating and current drive, high pressure plasmas. ■ Plasma astrophysics core and edge transport and turbu- ■ Laser-plasma interactions lence, and magnetohydrodynamic and In the area of inertial confinement kinetic stability. This research sup- fusion (ICF), theorists study the ports the PSFC tokamak, Alcator C- ablation process, during which a Theoretical Plasma Physics Mod, and the Levitated Dipole Experi- plasma is created that causes nonlin- ment (LDX), as well as other such ear scattering of the laser light. This Using the fundamental laws of experiments around the world. -
Evaluation of Methoxsalen in the Treatment of Vitiligo Irving D
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector EVALUATION OF METHOXSALEN IN THE TREATMENT OF VITILIGO IRVING D. LONDON, M.D. Montgomery, Atabamo The value of the psoralen compounds in theviolet light from a General Electric R.S. Sunlamp treatment of vitiligo has been documented inbulb. The amount of exposure was gradually in- this country since 1952 (1—6). Vitiligo is a dis-creased, based on the patient's tolerance. Another ease of unknown etiology in which the pigmentgroup was treated by topical application of one rarely if ever has been known to return spon-per cent methoxsalen paint over small patches of vitiligo followed by exposure to sunlight or sun- taneously to the involved areas (see p. 281).lamp. At first, both 8-methoxypsoralen (methox- No statistical analysis will be attempted in this salen) and 8-isoamylenoxypsoralen were usedpaper for several reasons. First, several patients together in capsules for oral administration andwere lost from view after several months of treat- mixed in a cream for topical use. Since 1955,ment. Some were seen at distant clinics and these only methoxsalen has been used, after Kanofrecords were not available during the preparation (5) found that this compound was as effectiveof this paper. A few patients had to stop taking when used alone as when combined with 8-the drug because of toxic reactions. Lastly, the isoamylenoxypsoralen. When methoxsalen, eithertechnics of administration of the psoralens were not always comparable. I shall, therefore, discuss applied topically or taken orally, is followed bynot statistics but the results in general of the exposure to gradually increasing doses of sun-various technies especially as they pertain to light or artificial ultraviolet light, gradual re-individual patients. -
Psoralen Photochemistry and Nucleic Acid Structure
0022-202X/ 8 1/ 770 1-00J9$02.00/ 0 THE JOURNAL OF I NV r, STIGATIVE DEIlMATOLOGY, 77:39-44, IH8 1 Vol. 77, No. I Copy righ t © 198 1 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Printed ill U.S.A. Psoralen Photochemistry and Nucleic Acid Structure JOHN E. H EARST, PH.D. Departm.ent of Chemistry, University of California, B erkeley, California, U.S.A . Many new psorale n derivatives have b een synthesized nated in the production of many new psoralens, several of which in an effort to enhance their water solubility and their have superior photoreactivity with both DNA and RNA as binding to nucleic acids. Availability of the very soluble compared to TMP and 8-MOP. The 5 new derivatives shown strongly binding compounds has improved our abilities here are 4' adducts of TMP and their structW"es ru-e shown (3 - to follow the optical changes associated with the photo 7). T he complete characterization of methoxymethyltrioxsalen chemistry of psoralens with DNA. Changes in both ab (MMT, 4) , hydroxymethyltrioxsalen (HMT, 5) and aminome sorbance and fluoresce nce are prese nted in this r eview. thyltrioxsalen (AMT, 7) wi th respect to their reactivity with A kinetic model for the photochemistry concludes that nucleic acids, including a theoretical treatment, is described in the detailed kinetics is dominated by the equilibrium a recent paper by Isaacs et al [6]. A related set of soluble 8- constant for intercalation of the psoralen in the DNA, methoxypsoralen derivatives have been synthesized by Isaacs, the quantum yield for photoaddition to DNA once inter Chun, a nd Hearst [7] a nd ru'e listed as compounds 8-11.