Stupas with Cruciform plans – A Review of Examples in Central, South and Southeast Asian Countries MAHUA CHAKRABARTI AND ANURA MANATUNGA Abstract tupa, Tope, or Dagaba is considered a sacred monument of the Buddhist people. The concept germinated in very early times and was pre-Buddhistic. After the death of the Buddha, such mounds of relics were attributed to a special significance. Preliminary constructed as a hemispherical dome thought the passing of time it became cruciform in plan and pyramidal in elevation. Buddhism had its impact on the Central, South and Southeast Asian countries, which influenced the stupa architecture beyond the country. Following this plan, a stupa had a square base, including a flight of steps in every direction. The examples are found in various countries of South and Southeast Asia such as India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Java, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar, Indonesia, Tibet, China which furthermore attached circular bastions to the four corners of the wall. The cruciform stupas situated in the vast territory of central, south and southeast Asian countries focused on the importance of the cult of remnants of the Buddha and the stupas or commemorative mounds within which they were preserved, on the relation between Buddhism and trade, and the ways in which Buddhism spread along the so-called ‘Silk Routes’. The article notes a review of such stupas. Key words: Stupa, Dagaba, Chorten, cruciform. Introduction that gives a sketch of a cruciform stupa, which has four staircases, three platforms and an egg-like A stupa, the ancient sacred monument of the dome (Anda), with the other common elements. Buddhist people is otherwise known as the Dagaba As a result, the appearance of the stupa changed in Sri Lanka and Chorten in Tibet. In early times, from a simple plan to a highly developed plan. at the places away from the village, a simple mass of earth and stones (tumuli) were used to bury The stupa architecture was originated in north departed kings. It was 2500 years ago when after India. In succeeding years, Buddhism had its Shakyamuni Buddha’s death, such mounds or impact on the South and Southeast Asian countries, stupas were attributed to a special significance. which influenced the stupa architecture beyond the country. As Buddhism became weakened in India After the passing away of the Buddha, stupas (c. sixth and seventh centuries), it found its route developed and with the passage of time, to Tibet and Nepal in the north and Sri Lanka in those changed from circular or square shape. the south. The religion has grown in these regions Furthermore, the foundation (Vedi) of the stupa was so a parallel development of the stupa was seen, turned into cruciform in plan and became elevated. though the original shape was preserved almost Simultaneously, a drum (Medhi) was added to entirely in the Dagabas of Sri Lanka. The basic the stupa. The height of stupas was increased representation of the anda as the universe and subsequently by raising the base (Vedi) higher and the floor plan as a cosmic diagram remained the increasing the dimensions of stupas themselves. In same as before. A number of parallel rings, which the Divyavadana, a scriptural description is found 31 MAHUA CHAKRABARTI AND ANURA MANATUNGA gradually diminished toward the top made chattra (China), Parihasapur (Kashmir), Adzihna Tepe into a spire or elongated cone. The various strata (Afghanistan), Paharpur (Bangladesh). The third of the cone relate to stages of realization on the group includes the stupas with a square plan and way to enlightenment. two projections between each flight of steps and the corner of the square plinth. Examples are the A brief review of stupas of Central, South main stupa A at Bhamala and the main stupa at and Southeast Asian countries Sahri-Bahlol G in Mardan, KP. With the passage of time, the form of the stupa The examples of cruciform stupas are found became varied and turned into an object of in various south and southeast Asian countries veneration. Scholars have two different views such as India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, about the possible origin of the Cross-planned Afghanistan, Java, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar, stupas. Indonesia, Tibet, which furthermore attached According to Kurt A. Behrendt, Cruciform stupas circular bastions to the four corners of the wall. were lately innovated and those can be datable not Some of the famous examples of cruciform stupas earlier than the sixth century CE. Moreover,as a are discussed below. number of stupas in this style have been found in In Bangladesh, we may notice some stupa Afghanistan, he states that the cruciform shape is structures having cruciform ground plans. originated in Afghanistan. However, Fitzsimmons Among those, mention may be made of Bharat (Fitzsimmons, 2001) opines that, the cruciform Bhayana (Pl. 2). The site is known after the name stupa emerged indigenously in Taxila without of its village Bhayana in the Jessore district. sway from outside. Some mounds are scattered in the village and its Stupas with cruciform plans are a distinctive style surroundings and architectural pieces are sparsely of architecture. Following this plan, a stupa had lying. Bharat RajarDeul, only one of them, has a square base, including a flight of steps in every yielded the large remains of a brick-built strange direction (Nakamura & Okazaki 2016: 39-40) structure. The wall surface is starkly plain saving (Pl. 1). Franz describes this stylistic growth thus, some offsets at the base level only. The existing “They show a “star-shaped” monument, a terraced structure is roofless. The height of it is about 10m stupa with four staircases, in the ground-plan…” at its maximum. It seems that the structure had (Franz 1980: 46). According to their stylistic been much more in its earliest form. It may be features, Hameed et al classified the cruciform dated in the circa 5th-6th century CE. stupas into three groups (Hameed, Shakirullah, Rupban Mura in Mainamati (Bangladesh) is Samad and Kenoyer, 2017: 41). The first group another important archaeological site (Pl. 3). of stupas consists of a clear existence of a square Archaeologists excavated here the remnants of body at the core of the plan. Examples are mostly a medium-sized (28.2 meter east-west, 28 meter reported from Pakistan and Afghanistan, such north-south) but a notable semi-cruciform shrine, as Tope-e-Rustam, Tahkal Bala. The next group along with several minor structures, comprising of stupas consists of three projected corners an octagonal stupa and another shrine on a flanked by the staircases like, the stupas at Rawak 32 PAKISTAN HERITAGE 11 (2019) STUPAS WITH CRUCIFORM PLANS – A REVIEW OF EXAMPLES IN CENTRAL, SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIAN COUNTRIES quadrangle base. The main cruciform shrine was by Bikrampur Foundation of Bangladesh being initially constructed as the concrete stupa on patronized by the Ministry of Cultural Affairs a square base. In the eighth century CE, it was and Archaeology Division of the Bangladesh further changed into a semi-cruciform shrine. Government in collaboration with China at The square stupa courtyard and other subsidiary Nateshwar Deul, Tongibari sub-district unearthed shrines are enclosed within a periphery wall. Its some mark of this ancient civilization. These customary doorway is on the east, which faces stupas may be ascribed to around 1,000 years the door of the monastery. Three main periods of back. The architectural style of these stupas is building and repairs and rejuvenation have been aesthetically unique. These sixteen stupas are revealed after intensive excavations, the earliest situated in four interrelated “Stupa Hall Rooms”. occurred to circa sixth-seventh centuries CE. Each stupa is square-shaped and has a boundary wall made of bricks of 16-m in length and 3.5-m Rupban Mura is distinctive in its architectural in width. plan. Rather than a solitary chapel constructed in each of the extended wings of the cross, a group of However, the most significant of all monasteries three chapels was built on the eastern side of the in Bangladesh was Sompura Vihara at Paharpur shrine. In the mid chapel, a colossal stone Buddha of Rajshahi district in north Bangladesh (Pl. 5). was found that is now preserved in Mainamati These substantial remains had been unearthed Museum. by the British archeologists in the early 1900s. This Mahavihara is a unique example of ancient The neighboring Itakhola Mura grand stupa has temple architecture. It was established during the the same oddity. On the eastern side, there is its Pala Dynasty (eighth to eleventh centuries CE) entrance. Remains of bronze images discovered and it may be taken as the largest monument in in other shrines imply that those images were Asia. The monument has long been celebrated originally installed there. The Stupa with a as the Dharmapala Mahavihara, or Somapura cruciform ground plan has a large entrance Vihara, founded by Dharmapala, the second ruler complex (12.5m x 6.9m) in the mid of the northern of the Pala dynasty in the late eighth century. The wing. The shrine was constructed in the distinctive external boundary of the site is a large quadrangle; square plan. Initially, it had twenty-four chambers over nine hundred feet on each side and small in four wings; the number of chambers afterward chambers are on it. The temple proper raises in in the second period, decreased into eighteen. The the centre. It is a cruciform edifice of brick with southern wing covered an area of 11.7m, which a colossal central substance and four extended was deserted, owing to irreversible destruction, wings. The quadrangular structure contains cells and a chain of new chambers was built in front numbering one hundred seventy-seven and a of the shrine, for which the monastery looks large conventional Buddhist Stupa in the center rectangular (34.1m x 24.8m) in the plan.