Young People – What They Want, What They Think Plus: Results from the International Youth Survey Les Amis Du

5 / 2012

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Young people – what they want, what they think Plus: Results from the international youth survey les amIs du

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21654_220x297_Bulletin_4_2012_kun_e.indd 1 16.08.12 09:21 — Editorial — les amIs du

Young people! 2 1 Socrates already knew it 2,500 years ago – the youth of today has bad manners and lacks respect for authority: “Young people argue with their parents, cross their legs, and chat when they should be 4 3 working.” This frequently quoted saying of the Greek philosopher was first uttered – in 1966. The mayor of Amsterdam, Gijs van Contributors to this issue Hall, came up with the purported quote for a speech following a demonstration. his is only one of many falsehoods put forth by adults on 1 Andreas Wellnitz the subject of young people. In researching the etymology Renowned photo editor and magazine con- of the word “youth,” German historian Lutz Roth found sultant (ZEITMagazin, DU, NZZ) con- it cross-referenced in the imperial archives with: “see criminal.” tacted young talent around the world for T Research painted quite a different picture in 2012: Young people – Bulletin. What does their generation look like through the lens? Regarding the result, across cultures – perform well in the workplace, hold traditional Wellnitz says: “I was touched by the gravity values such as friendship, honesty, and loyalty in high regard, and of the images.” Page 2 despite the global economic crisis, are optimistic about the future. These are some of the main results of the Credit Suisse Youth Ba- 2 Michael Spence rometer gathered in Brazil, the US and Switzerland. This unique The American economist received the 2001 survey gets close to the life of young people and depicts a wide Nobel Prize in Economics for his work on variety of different areas of life and value systems. Whoever is the labor market. He teaches at New York University’s Stern School of Business. He i nterested in what makes young people in these countries tick will contributed an article addressing why a more find the most important answers here. equal distribution of income and services is n the occasion of the Youth Barometer, we are dedicating necessary today. Page 33 the entire Bulletin to the topic of young people. This issue of Bulletin features a new design, new contents and new 3 Georg Heitz authors. In the future, we will strive to present discussions on eco- When the journalist and book author was O nomically and socio-politically relevant topics. And we want to named sports coordinator of FC Basel in 2009, Xherdan Shaqiri had just made his first provide ample room for contemporary photography. Taking the appearances with the professional team. In lead are young photographers from various cultures – from Den- an exclusive to Bulletin, he tells of the onset mark to Chechnya and from Switzerland to Iran. We asked them of the hype surrounding the most glamorous for their most impressive images of their contemporaries. Swiss football player and of the genesis of his transfer to FC Bayern Munich. Page 62 We hope the new Bulletin provides you with exciting insights – and

4 Beatrice Schlag enjoyment. This renowned journalist (Stern, Süddeut- sches Magazin, Das Magazin and many oth- Your editorial team ers) writes for the Swiss weekly magazine Die Weltwoche from Zurich and Los Angeles. In InspIred by art. her meeting with Fernando Cuccaro, who was still a minor when his son was born, she was Credit suisse cultivates long-term partnerships surprised by his earnestness: “Most 18-year- with highly recognized art institutions. olds are self-absorbed. He is concerned about These include the Kunsthaus Zürich, the Singapore Art Museum, and the National Gallery in London. raising children and family life.” Page 74 credit-suisse.com/sponsorship

Bulletin 5 / 2012 — 1

21654_220x297_Bulletin_4_2012_kun_e.indd 1 16.08.12 09:21 OLIVIA BEE, 18, US “I shot this photo on the Hawthorne waterfront in Portland, Oregon. She Young people is an angel.” photographing young people We know the adult perspective well OScAr LEBEck, 19, enough. But how do young people GErMANY see themselves? Here, Bulletin presents “I was on my way home when I heard the sirens from the an exclusive collection of images fire trucks. A few firemen were created by talented young photographers standing on the old wooden bridge with baffled expressions. from 11 different countries, ages 16 The young man had been to 24. The photographic self-portrait driving at a normal speed, and the wet rails of the tram of this generation is characterized spelled his doom. Resigned, by its focus on real life. The images are he looks on with a policeman as a crane lifts his Smart car serious, natural, romantic rather than out of the water.” staged or cynical. And they reflect one of the most significant findings of the 2012 Credit Suisse Youth Barometer: The return to the private sphere and the importance of friends and family.

Selected by Andreas Wellnitz, assisted by Maria Leutner

Cover picture: OScAr LEBEck, 19, GErMANY “David and Jella were looking for a taxi after a long Tuesday evening of jazz and blues at Yorck- schlösschen, a bar that has been around since 1895. The traffic rushed by. Quietly, without using my flash, I captured what was happening.”

2 — Bulletin 5 / 2012 ELkIE VANSTIPHOUT, 24, BELGIUM “This photo of my friend Charlotte was taken when we were on holiday in the south of France. While we were returning from a photo shoot she stubbed her toe and started screaming. I think I managed to capture an expression of pain that we can all relate to!” MARGARET DUROW, 22, US “This photo was taken on October 2, 2007, exactly one year after George asked me to be his girlfriend. We have been best friends and lovers for almost 6 years, with many extreme ups and downs during that time.”

NINA HARTMANN, 22, US “This untitled photo is part of an ongoing series dealing with issues of co-dependency, anxieties and general otherness.” VALENTINA SUTEr, 22, SWITZErLAND “This picture was taken on a reporting assignment. Places like fencing clubs fascinate me, because the people are set among absurd-looking accessories and spaces. With photography, I have a way to record my own idea of the situation.” EMAN MOHAMMED, 24, GAZA “The picture was part of a long-term project called ‘What lies beneath the rubble’ that I worked on during the aftermath of Gaza’s war. The description of bittersweet would be the perfect match for the photo.”

DMYTRIJ WULFFIUS, 23, UKRAINE “A photo from my series ‘Subtropics.’ I found myself in the subtropical kingdom of kitsch in a friend’s rented apartment.” rOMAIN MADEr, 24, SWITZErLAND “Here, I am posing with the hostesses at the Geneva Motor Show. The series is called: ‘Moi avec des filles’ (‘Me with the girls’).” HELEN kOrPAk, 23, FINLAND “A posed snapshot of my friend Maria in London. The surroundings were full of other people, but I managed to compose this picture so that none of them are visible, pretending that the whole park was empty.” DIANA MArkOSIAN, 23, rUSSIA “In today’s Chechnya, to be a woman is to have few rights. The president of the war-torn republic has personally stated that women are the property of their husbands with their main role being to bear children. Those who challenge the current social norms – whether by religion, music taste, style of dress or aspiration – are often punished. The young girl in this image considers herself ‘emo.’ She is influenced by the Western emo subculture, which has become a target of violence in the eyes of Chechen authorities.” ALEX WEIN, 23, US “Northern California residents take pride in the local organic food that they eat. Going to the beach to barbecue is a fun way to celebrate life with fresh food and good beer. I am always searching for the uncanny in reality, and the mannerisms of creative people often inspire me to think about the world differently.” kIANA HAYErI, 24, IrAN “‘Your Veil is a Battleground – Phase Two’ explores different forms that young Iranian women choose to wear the veil. Young women use the veil to empower themselves and make a statement. One may argue that the makeup, itself, is a form of veil as well.”

ASBJØrN SAND, 24, DENMArk “This picture was taken during the renovation of the local skate park. My childhood friend Johan Grønlund was testing one of the brand-new obstacles. His wheel got stuck in some soft asphalt, and he fell head first about two meters down. Here he is at the emergency room, where he is a regular. For instance, he went there the day before because he was hit by a car. But usually he goes there about once a week due to skateboard injuries.”

DIMITrI kArAkOSTAS, 24, cANADA “I compulsively take photos of tags. Always. This photograph was taken on a long walk through Barcelona. I was really excited about the idea of tagging plants – it seems a bit more aggres- sive, almost. Plus, ‘dead dogs’ sounds perfect.” Leading specialists worldwide are the best medicine for me

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14 — Bulletin 5 / 2012 — Contents —

Bulletin: Young people

Working 16 Anyone can make it Switzerland is a country of almost unbounded opportunity. Education and training are driving social mobility – particularly for Swiss children of immigrants.

22 Working women The future of the working world is the well-educated woman. But how can she balance career and family?

28 Continent of hope For unemployed young people in Spain and Portugal, Latin America may be a brave new world.

Swiss success stories. Page 16 35 The 2012 Credit Suisse Youth Barometer The exclusive survey on the values and goals of young people in the US, Brazil and Switzerland.

Dreaming 48 The future of Africa Good leaders are not born, but made: The African Leadership Academy is educating the leaders of tomorrow. Switzerland US 54 Brazil “Mom, Dad, we’re going on vacation. Without you.” Four teenage girls talk about their first trip abroad on their own.

62 An idol on the way up The 2012 Credit Suisse Youth Barometer. FC Basel’s sports director on the one-of-a-kind Xherdan Shaqiri. Page 35 Living 66 So tired More than half of Swiss teenagers are sleep-deprived. They can’t help it.

70 Smartphone fever A report on the most important tool and toy of this generation.

74 Young love Almost everyone wants a family of their own. Fernando Cuccaro, a contestant in the Mister Romandie pageant, had one at just 15.

76 Vive la révolution! He’s 94 years old and a star for today’s youth. Interview with bests elling author Stéphane Hessel on the necessity of resistance.

Greetings from Málaga. Page 54 80 Dreaming of a home of their own Illustrated by Andreas Gefe.

neutral Masthead: Published by: Credit Suisse, Editorial: Ammann, Brunner & Krobath AG (www.abk.ch), Printed Matter concept, design, production: Prepress: No. 01-12-136758 www.myclimate.org Crafft Kommunikation AG (www.crafft.ch), n c ag (www.ncag.ch), © myclimate The Climate Protection Partnership Printer: Stämpfli AG, circulation: 200,000

Bulletin 5 / 2012 — 15 — Working —

Climbing to their dreams: Physical education class in Switzerland, circa 1940. Photo: Keystone/Fotostiftung Schweiz/Hans Staub Anyone can makeSwitzerland is a country itof almost unbounded opportunity, a place where young people actually achieve what was once considered the essence of the American dream – having a better life than their parents. Apprenticeships and the dual system of education have enabled advancement as never before, particularly for Swiss children of immigrants.

By Markus Schneider

Bulletin 5 / 2012 — 17 — Working —

nce upon a time, all parents These figures strike us as haunting, de- zerland makes it easy for migrants from dreamed that their children pressing, devoid of hope. less educated populations in particular to would be more successful For many, there is only one way out: enter the job market and, at the same time, than they themselves were. emigration, particularly to Switzerland. works well to integrate them socially.” The “Golden Sixties” saw those dreams That’s where the jobs are – maybe even the Several local heroes offer notable ex- Ocome true in particularly wonderful ways. dream jobs. And the best is yet to come. amples: DJ Bobo, born in Kölliken in the In 1973, after the oil crisis briefly inter- Multicultural Switzerland beckons with canton of Aargau, was a baker by training rupted things, everything hummed along prospects that even the US can no longer of- who worked weekends as a disc jockey at smoothly again. But today? Can those fer, at least not in this form: a chance for chil- neighborhood parties. Three students from born in the ’90s still achieve more than dren to have a better life than their parents. an academic high school in Stäfa had part- their parents could? This isn’t just patriotic window- time jobs in a computer store and watched All signs suggest they can. Young dressing. In a large-scale study spanning people in Switzerland may not be as ambi- multiple countries, the OECD holds up “The employment rates tious as their counterparts in China, but Switzerland’s long-term integration prog- they are not nearly as pessimistic about ress as a success story. “The Swiss-born of the native-born their culture as many a well-padded Swiss children of migrants are better educated children of immigrants adult. The majority of them are content to and occupationally better positioned than seek self-realization quietly without brag- their parents,” the study maintains. “They are even higher than ging about it. They aren’t just chasing their are socially mobile, innovative, and do for the children of dream jobs – they’re closing in on them. better in school than those from native Of those Swiss aged 25 and under Swiss families.” natives in Switzerland.” who have completed an apprenticeship, Children of Spanish migrants do best OECD study roughly 52 percent say that the job they of all. Even if they come from a home with have now is the same as their dream job. an extremely low level of education, six out their customers lay out good money for bad And when they seek further education af- of ten young people in Switzerland achieve equipment. Instead of heading off to col- ter they complete their apprenticeship, a significantly higher level, a study by the lege, the trio opened Digitec, an online this “dream index” rises to an amazing University of Basel shows. Such findings store that Migros assesses to be worth mil- 57 percent, the new Credit Suisse Youth come as a pleasant surprise. “Switzerland lions of Swiss francs today. Fashion entre- Barometer shows. offers an excellent start for the children of preneur Trudie Götz (of Trois Pommes The findings are unmatched by any immigrants,” says Basel researcher Philipp fame) was the youngest of six children other nation in the world. Elsewhere, the Bauer, today a member of the Swiss business from a modest background and began her dream of young people under the age of federation economie suisse, summarizing career on the sales floor of the department 25 is much simpler: to find a job, any job. the situation. store Globus. Even successful advertising In France and Italy, every third person in One striking detail: Young people executive Danielle Lanz did an apprentice- this age bracket is registered as unem- from Swiss families at the lowest end of the ship as a graphic designer. ployed; in Spain and Portugal, this is true educational spectrum bypass their parents of every second (see article on page 30). less often than Spanish immigrants. From apprentice to bank director Education, occupation, prosperity: Markus and Daniel Freitag were studying Those at the bottom of the ladder do not at the Zurich School of Design when a have to remain there. With luck and moti- friend who worked as a bike courier asked 2012 Credit Suisse Youth Barometer vation, they can work their way up. The de- them to make him a practical bag. Standing Career satisfaction Swiss young people are more satisfied with mographic term for this is “social mobility.” on the Hardbrücke overpass in the middle their jobs than Americans and Brazilians. The Avenir Suisse think tank refers of Zurich, the Freitag brothers realized that to Switzerland as a melting pot. No, not the tarpaulins used on trucks would be the Switzerland 51.6 % every office drone will become a million- ideal material for this. Today, the bags they US 31.9 % Brazil 42.2 % aire. Still, suggests Avenir Suisse, “The sewed are on exhibit at New York’s Muse-

“How accurately does the following statement apply particularly well-developed system of um of Modern Art, and their new factory to you: The current job is the same as my dream job?” v ocational education and training in Swit- just opened in Zurich. The Freitag family

18 — Bulletin 5 / 2012 SWISS SUCCESS STORIES

enterprise now has 130 employees on its Rudolf Strahm grew up in Emmental, payroll. Even some of the country’s top completed an apprenticeship as a lab tech- earners, at times disparaged as “fat cats,” nician, then attended the engineering started small as apprentices: Oswald Freitag brothers school in Burgdorf, graduating in chemis- Grübel at Deutsche Bank and Marcel Os- Bags made from used tarpaulins got try. It was not until after he had worked in them into the Museum of Modern Art. pel at the Swiss Bank Corporation. the chemical industry for two years that he We shouldn’t turn up our noses at saw the inside of a university. He became such careers. They show how fluid Swit- an economist, a national councilor (for the zerland has become as a society. Fifteen Social Democratic Party of Switzerland) years ago, a Kurdish kitchen boy named and a federal consumer watchdog, and is Erdogan Gökduman, who had fled Turkey today considered one of the country’s most and come to Switzerland, opened his first influential commentators. “Most politi- snack bar on Zurich’s Langstrasse. This cians and opinion leaders are academics became New Point, a kebab chain with 11 who have absolutely no idea what voca- stores, 15 million francs in revenue and DJ Bobo tional training means,” he writes. 150 employees. From a baker’s apprenticeship to the top of the charts. “Societies in which the children of The first paycheck the poorer classes can advance more easily As a representative of this scholarly elite, are much more tolerant of inequities,” says Philipp Sarasin, professor of history at the the world’s foremost researcher on socio- University of Zurich, is one target of economic mobility, Robert M. Solow. Strahm’s criticism. “Switzerland educates too few academics,” according to Sarasin. The end of the American Dream His diagnosis: a disregard for education. In this world, where is upward movement Because, he says, the admission require- most possible? Where is it less possible? ments for academic high school are so high, Which societies are more fluid than others? that if children fail the entrance examina- Several international comparisons have Digitec tion, more often than not it is the parents Trading a college degree for an online been made, and their findings are always business. who get upset – particularly if they them- the same. At the very top are Sweden, Den- selves graduated from an academic high mark and the Netherlands, with their well- school. developed welfare states. And at the bot- The young people, by contrast, take tom, ironically, is the US, once the font of the failure in stride and keep cool, because hope for all emigrants and those seeking a they have already figured out that practical fresh start. experience can’t hurt – quite the opposite. “The main reason for this is our inef- On its own, academic high school would fective educational system,” said arch-liber- not be worth much; it means years of col- al Milton Friedman in the last interview he lege – with an uncertain outcome. “A uni- gave before he died. “A quarter of American versity degree is hardly worth anything to- kids don’t finish high school! In the current New Point day,” asserts former University of Basel Kurdish kitchen boy world, with the skills needed, those drop- becomes kebab king. economics professor Silvio Borner. outs are condemned to being members of On the other hand, there is the con- the underclass.” ventional vocational apprenticeship – the “We are no longer the land of oppor- first step to a young person’s first paycheck. tunity that we once were,” writes Nobel lau- What happens after it is key: To get the reate in economics Joseph Stiglitz in his re- biggest salary differential with the smallest cently published book about the US, “The amount of effort, a young person can take Trudie Götz Price of Inequality.” “Increasingly, the Former salesperson the master craftsman’s examination after American dream is a myth.” builds fashion empire. the apprenticeship, or even better, get a

Photo: [m] iStockphoto, zvg Bulletin 5 / 2012 — 19 — Working —

diploma from a vocational school and then the federal technical universities in Zurich nian, Turkish and Portuguese descent are study at a university of applied sciences. In and Lausanne. To remain competitive admitted, 9 percent of children with today’s Switzerland, this sort of education- globally in the future, Switzerland needs Spanish origin and more than 10 percent al career yields the best returns, as Stefan both kinds of education; the theorists and of those from Greece – a pitiful propor- C. Wolter, education economist at the practitioners, the tinkerers in their garages tion. Among children of Swiss origin, the University of Berne, has demonstrated and the top researchers in their labs. There figure remains at 30 percent. Even that is again and again. Handily packaged as an are many paths to the same goal. But not scant, when compared to the numbers of advertising slogan, as the Fachhochschule all paths are open to everyone. young people of US or German immi- für Technik in Rapperswil (HSR) did: grant backgrounds. They account for a to- “They come knocking at your door if you Highly educated Germans arrive tal of 56 percent of those who make it to a study at HSR.” The usual express train to success begins Swiss Gymnasium. Still, the basis for choosing between at a Swiss Gymnasium or academic high Why? Are Germans really that educational institutions shouldn’t be the school. The vast majority of young people much smarter than Swiss? Of course not. salary at some point in the future. A uni- are not admitted. The difference national But the great majority of Germans who versity of applied sciences like HSR in origin makes in this respect is striking. emigrate to Switzerland are very well edu- Rapperswil is probably not “better” than Less than 4 percent of children of Alba- cated. And the better educated the par-

Successful thanks to apprenticeship Danielle Lanz: “I wanted to learn from the best”

Ms. Lanz, why were way to create an apprenticeship position for had no problem finding a job abroad after you set on doing me. I am still grateful to them for it today. their apprenticeships and went on to start an apprenticeship in careers there. advertising? What did you learn as an apprentice that you I believed I could can apply to life? How do you select apprentices yourself? learn more from To question things that appear indisputable. We do what Aebi & Partner did back then. creative people who I still like to do that. And that even what Someone really has to surprise and impress came up with really appears to be impossible is possible, if you us. If someone is interested in a creative good campaigns pursue it passionately. profession, the talent and passion should than from people who simply lectured already be obvious from the application. about them. An apprenticeship is the right Were you ever in a situation where you A sample letter or routine e-mail will not way to learn that. At school, you mostly regretted not having a university degree? spark any interest. get teachers who have no practical points No. But that probably has something to do of reference. with the fact that advertising is a business What career path would you advise a creative where titles count less than the creative work young person to take? How did you go about applying for an you’ve done. A doctorate is not going to There is only one piece of advice I would give apprenticeship? help you much when you’re sitting in front a young person: Find your own way and I wanted to learn from the best creative of a blank piece of paper and need ideas. apply yourself. If you have talent and passion people in the country – and at that time they for something, it’s worthwhile fighting for worked at Aebi & Partner. The only problem And abroad, where Swiss apprenticeships it. If I had been too easily guided by others’ was that the agency had never trained an are less well-known? opinions, I would never have arrived at apprentice before. So without further ado, Switzerland is a special case when it comes the point in my career where I am now. I created my first ad campaign: a campaign to training apprentices. In other countries, for myself. I designed posters that I had hung people are aware of the special nature of Danielle Lanz is co-owner of the ruf Lanz ad- right in front of the agency’s headquarters. Swiss apprenticeships, and they are valued vertising agency in Zurich. After her apprentice- The campaign – which incidentally cost me there because they are so applicable to ship as a graphic designer, she worked as an art all the allowance I’d saved – impressed Aebi practical working conditions. I know various director for several large agencies. At 30 she became & Partner so much that they went out of their former apprentices from Switzerland who Switzerland’s youngest “Advertiser of the Year.”

20 — Bulletin 5 / 2012 Photo: Marc Wetli INTRODUCTION TO THE WORKING WORLD

232,100 young men and women in Switzerland are currently working in apprenticeships. Every year, about 80,000 young people complete their basic vocational training. Careers in business are very popular – in 2010, 11,970 young people began a commercial apprenticeship (source: Swiss Federal Statistical Office, 2010). ents, the more easily their children learn in have it easier. They don’t need to fear fall- school. Zurich educational researcher Urs ing from great heights; they can seize the Moser once recorded the number of books opportunity to scale them. This opportu- in the households of parents shelf by shelf, nity functions perfectly: in the Switzer- centimeter by centimeter (inch by inch). It land of today, social advancement works Commercial employee quickly became clear that the length of the better than ever. rows of books served as a “rather reliable” 11,970 When the Swiss government first es- indicator for the school performance of el- tablished legislation for the vocational ementary school students. school diploma in 1980, it triggered a true education boom that took shape everywhere that was not the ivory tower. Today, “A university degree is every fifth apprentice passes the vocational hardly worth anything diploma examination, opening the way to a university of applied sciences. A com- today.” Retail specialist pletely different audience collects in those Silvio Borner, former economist at the lecture halls. Socially, the students at such University of Basel 5,720 universities are much more diverse, comprising a noticeably high number of immi- The end product of this process gath- grants’ children and a gratifyingly high ers in the lecture halls of Switzerland’s 10 proportion of Swiss from lower, less edu- universities and two technical universities. cated classes. There, the children of academics become It goes without saying that the aver- new academics. In those circles, the saying age young Swiss will have a considerably is that they clone themselves. harder road to travel than the sons of pri- In figures, the situation is this: There Chef vate bankers or daughters of chemical in- is a 60 percent likelihood that a Swiss uni- dustrialists. It is equally obvious that the versity student today has a father or a 2,100 only easy “class upgrade” is the one avail- mother with a diploma from an academic able from the Swiss railway system, which high school. In a good 40 percent of cases, allows you to sit anywhere on the train for the father or the mother has a university a modest surcharge. And that modern degree, or possibly even both parents do. Switzerland is still not the land of bound- It is this statistical correlation in less opportunity, no one will dispute. But particular that causes many of the privi- we have absolutely no reason to complain. leged beings who belong to this group All that is required is that we do some- much embarrassment. Even if they are Automotive technician thing – and many children know that bet- successful, they only get as far as their ter than most parents do. parents. And yet, these parents still find 1,560 fault with them. “When academics gather at social events, it is entirely common for one of them to remark that their own son’s major is nothing special, ‘only’ soci- ology or ethnology,” recounts Martin Schmeiser, sociologist at the University of Berne. Markus Schneider is an economist, winner of the Georg von Holtzbrinck award for business journalism, and published author (Weissbuch 2004, Idée Suisse, A chance to advance Painter Klassenwechsel, Grimassenherz). He has worked with Seen from this particular vantage point, publications including Die Weltwoche and the news the offspring of the “lower” classes almost 1,020 magazine Facts, and today writes for Schweizer Familie.

Photos: [m] iStockphoto, zvg, [m] Peter Würmli, [m] Roland Tännler Bulletin 5 / 2012 — 21 The fairer sex, the stronger sex (of

The future of the working world is female. A self-confident, well- tomorrow)educated generation of young women wants it all: children, career and freedom. A dilemma that is currently prompting intense debate.

By Bettina Weber and Gina Folly (photos)

22 — Bulletin 5 / 2012 The fairer sex, the stronger sex (of tomorrow)

Bulletin 5 / 2012 — 23 — Working —

hey want a successful career. butes this pay divide favoring women to reached by a current global study con- And they want children. And their better education. And he goes on to ducted by Credit Suisse Research Insti- they want their partner to say that “These women haven’t just caught tute. share the burden of childcare. up with the men,” Chung goes on to say. They would never dream of being a house- “They’re clocking them.” Equality or airbrushing? wife.T The world is at their feet; they want The extent to which motherhood proves to take it by storm, and nothing can hold Share prices boosted by women? to be a significant career handicap, and them back. They want it all. And why not? It’s a simple point, and a critical one: one underestimated by young women, is With refreshing confidence, young Women earn more as long as they are un- demonstrated in an article that made Swiss women assume that they have a married and childless. Once they have waves this summer after appearing in the right to it all – equal standing with their children, their career loses momentum US magazine The Atlantic. In the article male colleagues is a matter of fact. They and the pay divide swings the other way. entitled “Why women still can’t have it turn up their noses at the term feminism, Women in the US are no different from all,” author Anne-Marie Slaughter la- picturing humorless, dowdy figures in those in Europe: they are routed onto the ments that structures in the working shapeless clothes and comfortable shoes “mommy track.” And this is precisely world still put women at a significant dis- who view men as the enemy. what those confident young women tend advantage; anybody who has or wants an Young women have no more ene- to underestimate. The playing field is lev- interesting job can forget about flexible mies. Although they are aware they haven’t el only as long as there are no children and working hours. She maintains that the fully achieved equal opportunity, they still even being married proves to be disadvan- often repeated phrase “you can have it all” assume that nothing can hold them back if tageous for their career (marriage has the was just airbrushing reality, as it was sim- they just show enough dedication and will. opposite effect when it comes to men). ply impossible given the current structure Or, to put it more succinctly: The way they Companies assume that a married woman of the US economy and society. plan their lives is no different from their The author isn’t just anybody. She is male peers. This is especially true when it what we like to refer to as a career woman comes to their view of a career as one of “Women haven’t just or, to put it more boldly, a superwoman. In life’s most worthwhile goals: 59 percent of other words, a woman with a successful men find it important, and 51 percent of caught up with the career – and a mother, as well. A woman women. men. They’re clocking who herself has achieved much: a profes- them.” sor at Princeton, the first woman appoint- Better educated ed dean of Woodrow Wilson School of The data gathered for the Credit Suisse James Chung Public and International Affairs and the Youth Barometer confirms what has been first woman to hold the position of Direc- observed for some time in the western will have children and consequently only tor of Policy Planning for the US State world: Today’s young women are clearly work part time or resign. It doesn’t make Department under Hillary Clinton. And the daughters of emancipation, as 53 per- sense for the company to invest in con- she admits frankly that she reduced her cent find the idea of a full-time occupa- tinuing training in such cases, so longer- professional commitments for the sake of tion as housewife and mother to be quite term career planning in terms of a man- her sons. old-fashioned. This new confidence is re- agement position is difficult. The article garnered over a million flected in the willingness to get a good Likewise, the share of women at the clicks, setting off a fierce debate even out- education. In 2011, 57.6 percent of high executive level in Switzerland is small side the US. Those who believe mother- school graduates in Switzerland were (around 5 percent, in the boardroom 11 hood and career don’t mix felt validated in women, the share of women attending percent), and the mothers among them their view that mothers would be better off universities of applied sciences was 55.3 can almost be counted on one hand: Mag- staying home, while feminists were ap- percent and even 62.1 percent of those re- dalena Martullo-Blocher (EMS Chemie), palled and felt that the article betrayed ceiving university diplomas. It’s easy to Jasmin Steiblin (ABB), Antoinette Hun- predict: The future of the working world ziker-Ebneter (BKW), Elisabeth Schirm- is female. er-Mosset (Kantonalbank Baselland), And, as shown by data from the US, Fiona Frick (Unigestion) and, as of fall 2012 Credit Suisse Youth Barometer this future has already begun. Time mag- 2012, Susanne Ruoff (Post). The paradox Women at a disadvantage azine reported last year that young wom- is that women in these top positions are Young people in Switzerland find that women are at a disadvantage in professional life. en under 30 earn more than the men in apparently doing a good job. Over the Young women in particular hold this opinion. their peer group in 147 of America’s 150 past six months, share prices of companies Women 61% largest cities, by an average of 8 percent. with at least one woman on the board of Men 42%

James Chung, who spent a year analyzing directors performed better than those of “Are women at a disadvantage in the professional data from the US Census Bureau, attri- other companies. This is the conclusion world?”

24 — Bulletin 5 / 2012 — Working —

women. Author Naomi Wolf penned the How women can further their career reply “Why Women Still Can’t Ask the Right Questions,” pointing out that the Sandberg: “Keep your foot on the gas pedal” discussion was the wrong one to be having, and that it skirted the issue, because and the woman does three times the Slaughter made the assumption that fam- amount of childcare the man does. The ily should be seen as a women’s issue, thus causes are really complicated, and I doing her fellow women a disservice. don’t think general male laziness is one of them. But I do believe that we put Wolf is right, of course. But the re- more pressure on our boys to succeed ality is as Slaughter describes: Despite than we do on our girls. It’s the hardest emancipation, mothers still feel greater job in the world to work inside the home, responsibility to their family than fathers, and we have to share this work if we’re going to even things out and let women even when both parents work. Or, as in stay in the workforce. Studies show the case of Slaughter, when the man takes that households with equal earning and on the task of childcare. The image of equal responsibility also have half the what a good mother should be sticks stub- divorce rate. And they know each other more in the biblical sense as well. bornly in people’s minds. Even with the women themselves. 3. Don’t leave before you leave Staying in the workforce might not be Women who start to think of having a Part-time work holds back promotions the right thing for everyone. But if you child begin to unconsciously lean back. Journalists Nicole Althaus and Michèle do want to stay in the workforce as They don’t look for a promotion, they mothers, I have three things to say to don’t take on new projects. And once Binswanger examined the dilemma that you. There are, of course, important they have a child at home, it is hard to Slaughter describes months earlier in their things that a company can do for leave that kid at home. That job needs insightful book, “Macho Mamas.” With- women. But these are also things that to be challenging and rewarding. That out sentimentality, they dissect the cir- women should do for themselves as can’t happen if the mother stopped individuals: looking for new opportunities before cumstances underlying the fact that as the child was born. Women should keep soon as a woman becomes a mother, little 1. Sit at the table their foot on the gas pedal until the remains of her independence and her ca- Women systematically underestimate very day they need to leave to take a reer. They candidly show how hard moth- their own abilities. 57 percent of men break for a child! And only then should entering the workforce are negotiating they make decisions about the future, ers are brought back to earth when they are their first salary, and only seven percent not years in advance. forced to realize how superiors automati- of women. And most importantly, men cally write off a working mother’s career. attribute their success to themselves. In my generation, there will not be And they show how the typically female Women attribute it to other external 50 percent of [women] at the top of any factors. If you ask men why they did a industry. We’re not going to change part-time positions are a guaranteed way good job, they’ll say: I’m awesome! the numbers at the top. But I’m hopeful of stopping professional advancement in Women will say that someone helped that future generations can make a its tracks. them, they got lucky, they worked really difference. I have a two-year-old daugh- Althaus and Binswanger therefore hard. This matters a lot because no ter who I want to have the choice to warn against overestimating equality. one gets to the corner office by sitting not just succeed, but to be liked for her on the side, not at the table. No one accomplishments.” Neither society nor its structures have gets the promotion if they don’t think changed as rapidly as young women like they deserve their success. I wish I Excerpts from Sandberg’s speech at the TED to think they have: The question of could just tell all the young women, conference on December 21, 2010, in whether children and a career are com- “Believe in yourself and negotiate for california on the topic: “Why we have too yourself. Own your own success.” few women leaders.” patible remains just as relevant for them But it’s not that simple. Because what as it once was for their mothers. In Swit- the data shows, above all else, is that zerland, only 15 percent of mothers work success and likability are positively full time (while it is the norm in the c orrelated for men and negatively corre- lated for women. We all know this to Scandinavian countries); the proportion be true. of working women is a high 73.6 percent, although this figure shrinks to 40 per- 2. Parts and profits cent if the part-time positions are con- Women have made more progress in the workforce than we have in the Sheryl Sandberg, 43, has been cOO of verted to equivalent full-time jobs. This home. The data shows this very clearly. Facebook since 2008, and prior to that, was shows that family is still viewed as the If a woman and a man work full-time vice president of global online sales at Google. responsibility of the woman, even by and have a child, the woman does twice Sandberg comes from Miami, studied at the women themselves. Althaus and the amount of housework the man does, Harvard, and is married with two children. Binswanger argue that anyone hoping

Photo: Gettyimages/WireImage/Shahar Azran Bulletin 5 / 2012 — 25 Daughters of emancipation: 53 percent of young women in Switzerland consider a full-time occupation as housewife and mother to be old-fashioned.

to hold onto an exciting job under these behind. Badinter criticizes the fact that what it is for women. Indeed, mother- circumstances falls by the wayside. And when it comes to their professional ad- hood can offer a temporary opportunity they therefore appeal to all mothers not vancement, women, in contrast to men, for escape. When things are not going to automatically lower their job expec- still tend to focus too much on the short very well or a promotion falls through, tations just because they have children. term: From the outset men accept that motherhood represents an accepted alter- After all, there is no rule stating that a they will have to take care of themselves native for women to scale back their pro- man’s career is more important than a all their lives, and that in order to hold a fessional commitments. woman’s. challenging job, they must be willing to In her book “The Conflict: How put in the work. Women, on the other Lack of fighting spirit Modern Motherhood Undermines the hand, often plan only as far as the birth of Bascha Mika, former editor-in-chief of Status of Women,” French philosopher their children – and then “we’ll see.” A the German daily Tageszeitung, speaks Elisabeth Badinter reaches a similar con- fatal phrase. bluntly about cowardice and lack of ambi- clusion. Women, she writes, should never In other words, fatherhood does not tion. In her book “Die Feigheit der Frauen” lose sight of their career goals, because represent a way out for men, at least not (The Cowardice of Women), Mika writes children will eventually leave home – and one that society considers an acceptable that men are by no means the only ones then the mothers will find themselves retreat from the pressure and competi- responsible for the shockingly low propor- facing a working world that has left them tiveness of the workplace. But that is tion of female managers, but that women

26 — Bulletin 5 / 2012 — Working —

simply lack the courage to draw up an in- well-being if she is by default the first one Advanced nations and employers, the dependent plan of their lives. And she crit- to be contacted when a child is hurt at pre- Scandinavians foremost, have taken this to icizes how little fighting spirit women dis- school or daycare, and if she is willing to heart: Children have parents and not just play and how quickly they are prepared to drop everything every time. Remarkably, mothers. If more and more young men and betray their former ideals. Mika refers the ideal of a mother constantly making women want to live in equality, the state frankly to the “path of least resistance.” sacrifices seems to be related to a low needs to do more for the families. For ex- Women should not just complain that they birthrate. The figures in Germany, Italy ample, if no stigma were attached to part- were disadvantaged, but they should also and Japan, for example, are a source of be prepared to do something for the prog- major concern, and the political establish- ress of their own gender – and to do that ment is slowly realizing that this could be A country aiming it’s necessary to grit one’s teeth in the related to an antiquated view of women, to secure its pension pr ofessional world from time to time, and one that directly influences the existing system and its own not just thankfully take the motherhood structures. “exit” at the first hurdle. At the same time, it is noteworthy survival has to offer It is precisely this attitude that that in countries where daycare facilities families the best drew criticism from Alice Schwarzer, and full-day schools are readily available who caused a scandal in 2008 when she – such as in France or in Scandinavia – the opportunities there are. referred to those women dubbed “alpha number of children and that of mothers girls” by the magazine Der Spiegel as with full-time employment are high. No time work for men, and if job sharing were “health spa feminists.” She accused them one talks of “bad mothers” there, and peo- not shot down from the outset as “unwork- ple have also realized that it is a waste of able.” money to pay for a good education for A country aiming to secure its pen- Women lack the women only to force them back into the sion system and even its own survival, has courage to draw up an traditional role of mother. In other words, to offer families the best opportunities they have realized – and this is key – that there are. It cannot penalize women for the independent plan children in these countries are not a mat- fact that only they are able to have chil- of their lives, according ter for women, but for society. dren. As long as this is the case, economies will either lose well-educated women and to a former editor-in- A need for more flexible working hours the tax receipts along with them – or wom- chief of the German Karin Schwiter, who studied how 24- to en will refuse to bear children. Neither op- 26-year-olds see their future as part of tion offers much of a future. daily Tageszeitung. her dissertation when she was a research associate at the University of Basel’s Bettina Weber is the society editor of the Swiss daily newspaper “Tages-Anzeiger.” of taking it all too easy by laughing off Gender Studies Center, sees a clear con- feminism as old fashioned, taking advan- nection, in particular with regard to Ger- tage of a network built by others, and many – and her results match those of the failing to recognize that there was still Credit Suisse Youth Barometer. In an in- much to be done. Simply benefiting from terview with the daily newspaper Tages- the achievements of others does not rep- Anzeiger on the occasion of her study’s resent emancipated behavior, but just the presentation, Schwiter stated: “The Ger- opposite, Schwarzer maintains. When man system doesn’t work, because it is we automatically expect our partner to trying to prop up the old provider system. help out inside the house and with rais- Rather than investing in childcare, it ing the children, while assuming that he provides mothers with a long period of will also be the main breadwinner, this is paid leave and gives fathers two addition- no more than watered-down emanci- al months of vacation. But it has not pation. It becomes clear, she says, how worked consistently toward a new model. Books and articles women have internalized these tradi- While men continue to work, get promo- – S laughter, Anne-Marie: “Why women still can’t have it all.” The Atlantic, July/August 2012 edition. tional gender roles – and they do not even tions and receive raises, women lose touch – Wolf, Naomi: “Why women still can’t ask the right questions.” notice that they are the ones most harmed with their careers. We know how difficult www.project-syndicate.org – Ba dinter, Elisabeth: “The conflict: How Modern Mother- by them. it is to successfully reenter the workplace, hood Undermines the Status of Women.” Metropolitan Even if couples do share career and and we are also well aware of the negative Books, 2012. childcare, nothing can be done to change effect such an absence has on the career. – Althaus, Nicole and Binswanger, Michèle: “Macho-Mamas.” Nagel & kimche, 2012. the perception that the mother is the one And obviously, German women just don’t – Mika, Bascha: “Die Feigheit der Frauen.” (The cowardice primarily responsible for her children’s want to be in that situation.” of Women) Goldmann, 2012.

Bulletin 5 / 2012 — 27 — Working —

Continent of hope Youth unemployment in Europe is reaching epidemic proportions. Young people in Spain and Portugal are especially hard hit. More and more of them are emigrating as a result. The irony is that their future lies in the colonies of the past. By Sandro Benini

ANA LóPEZ COULD DO NOTHING BUT some savings and received 980 euros a in the mailbox became a problem. The un- stand back and watch helplessly as her life month in unemployment benefits.” A com- certainty as to whether or not the money fell apart. It was 2008, and a gigantic real munications specialist with a university would last until the end of the month filled estate bubble in Spain had just burst in the degree, López initially kept her head above her days with dread. She was angry at first, wake of the global financial and economic water with temporary assignments, helped and then increasingly depressed. crisis. The government was forced to save out with the layout of a new magazine, and When the unemployment fund ter- the banks from collapsing, and plunged did some odd jobs for an advertising agen- minated her benefits after 11 months, Ana into its own turmoil, taking an entire gen- cy. The further the crisis progressed, how- López had to move back in with her par- eration with it. ever, the fewer jobs became available and ents. Life came to a standstill, the future Ana López, 36 at the time, lost her the less they paid. “Initially I refused to yawned before her like an abyss, the beau- job at the information bureau in the au- a ccept an intern’s wage of 4 euros an hour. ty of her home city of Seville and the sea tonomous community of Andalusia. “At But at some point I applied for a handful of could no longer vie with the omnipresent first I thought the crisis would pass just like jobs in competition with people who were sense of despondency. “In February 2011, other economic downturns before it. I had willing to work for 1.50 euros.” Every bill I decided to leave Spain. I was afraid

28 — Bulletin 5 / 2012 + 52 %

foreIGNerS IN BrAzIL The number of foreigners living in Brazil increased more than 52 percent in 2011 alone. Portuguese make up the largest group with just under 330,000 immigrants. However, the number of Spaniards has also increased by over 25 percent since 2008.

4 % 30 %

GroW th PoVertY INfLAtIoN National economies in Latin In its latest studies, the UN Economic Commission for Inflation is under control in nearly America grew an average Latin American and the Caribbean found that poverty in all Latin American countries, of 6.2 percent in 2010 and the region sank to its lowest rate in two decades last year. and other macroeconomic indices 4.5 percent in 2011. Despite Approximately 30 percent of Latin Americans are still such as the budget deficit and the worldwide financial affected, however. Over the past 10 years, the per centage indebtedness are extremely solid and economic crisis, economists of the population living in absolute poverty (on less than as well. The vast majority of are forecasting growth of 1 US dollar a day) has been more or less halved in many the countries could easily satisfy just under 4 percent for 2012 countries such as in Brazil (from 13 percent to 7 percent), the European Union’s Maastricht as well. Peru (from 24 percent to 10 percent) and Venezuela (from criteria. 22 percent to 10 percent).

Photos: Rezo/Fred Merz Bulletin 5 / 2012 — 29 — Working —

>500,000 eMIGr ANtS froM SPAIN that if I didn’t, I would throw the rest of In 2011, the number of emigrants rose nearly my life away. In desperation, several of my 37 percent to more than half a million, the first time in a decade that more people emigrated friends made the pilgrimage to Santiago from the country than immigrated to it. de Compostela. As an atheist, that was not an option for me.”

The exodus of academics Ana López was not alone in her decision. The unemployment rate in Spain is nearly 25 percent, and youth unemployment there is the highest in Europe at 53 percent. For many, especially the young and well-educated, emigrating is the only solution. In 2011, the number of emigrants rose nearly 37 percent to more than half a million, marking the first time in a decade that more people had emigrated from the country than immigrated to it. One in every five emigrants is a Spanish citizen; the rest are foreigners returning to their homelands under the pressure of the crisis. All in all, just fewer than 2 million Spanish citizens currently live abroad, 6.7 percent more than a year ago. That figure has risen 22 percent since 2008. The majority of them are university graduates. The statistics on the “brain drain” af- fecting the Iberian country are dramatic and are likely to continue rising sharply. According to a survey, 46 percent of Span- ish students and university graduates were willing to leave their country five years ago; today that figure is 98 percent. Engi- neers, architects, IT specialists, bankers and medical professionals have especially good chances of landing a job in a foreign country. The majority of them emigrated to 1,8 % 53 % 32 % other EU countries, but the second most – – popular destination is Latin America, GroW th Youth uNeMPLoY MeNt reAL eStAte MArket where 11,000 Spaniards have settled in the The International Monetary Fund At 53 percent, youth unemployment According to Tinsa, a real estate past year alone. Not long ago, hundreds of forecast a recession for Spain both has reached historic levels in Spain. valuation company, real estate for the current year (-1.8 percent The unemployment rate among the in Spain has lost nearly a third thousands of Latin Americans dreamed of GDP growth) as well as for 2013. population as a whole is 25 percent. of its value since August 2007. a better life in Spain. Today it is the other The economy shrank in both 2010 The business newspaper “Financial Prices fell 11.6 percent between way around. Not since the Spanish Civil (-0.1 percent) and 2009 (-3.7 per- Times Deutschland” recently August 2011 and August 2012 cent) followed by a brief recovery proclaimed: “Spain breaks world alone – and they don’t appear to War (1936 to 1939) have so many Spaniards in 2011 (+0.7 percent). record in unemployment.” have bottomed out yet either. crossed the Atlantic with no intention of returning.

30 — Bulletin 5 / 2012 Photos: Keystone/Laif/Stern/Gunnar Knechtel — Working —

The low percentage of foreigners in Latin room. She contacted other Spaniards via America and the lack of highly trained Facebook, and what they told her was once workers mean that immigration laws are again encouraging: nearly all of them were lenient compared with those in Europe. brimming with optimism, and nearly all Argentina has the largest community of had managed to succeed in the new coun- expatriate Spaniards, the third largest is in try and in a new life. Ana López had 10 job Venezuela. However, there is a skewing interviews in the first month alone. effect not reflected in the statistics. Be- Today she works for a trade associa- cause it is relatively easy for non-Spaniards tion foundation that refers contacts be- with Iberian grandparents to get a Spanish tween Chilean and Spanish companies and passport, many of those emigrating to advises Europeans on investment. She says Latin America have dual citizenship. They she is happy, even though her monthly previously immigrated to Spain and are gross salary of 1,500 euros is less than what now returning to their home countries in she earned prior to the crisis in Spain and Ana López, 40, is happy in Chile the wake of the crisis. even though she has made the same discov- although the cost of living is ery as all of her fellow Spaniards – that higher than she expected. The 10 job interviews Chile is considerably more expensive than communications specialist had the feeling she was throwing her life Ana López searched online to determine she expected. She has not yet experienced away in Spain. “I can afford my own which Latin American countries offered any rejection from the native Chileans in apartment here. And go out to the best opportunities for her. According to response to the wave of immigrants. On eat with friends again. A new life.” her research, the answer was Chile and the contrary, they are very accepting. Brazil. She decided on Chile, where she “Chilean companies are proud of being arrived in February 2012 without really able to hire a Spaniard with a university knowing what to expect. “Still, it was nice degree. It adds prestige.” to be able to speak my own language with the customs officers after landing.” López Brazil as a driver of growth truly felt that her decision had been the Ismael Garrido, a 32-year old IT engineer, right one when, on her first trip through the was also amazed at the welcoming atti- capital city of Santiago de Chile, she saw tude in Mexico. He emigrated three years something she hadn’t seen in Spain for ago after he lost his job in Spain and went few years, maybe even over the next sev- many years: restaurants, businesses and for months without even a single job in- eral decades. I may have a low salary in construction sites with signs advertising job terview. Almost immediately, Garrido, Mexico, but at least I have the feeling that vacancies for desperately needed workers. who is married to a Mexican, found work my future is in my own hands. What I Ana López had managed to hang as a computer technician in the industrial make of it depends on me.” onto 1,800 euros in savings from the trou- metropolis of Monterrey in northern Latin America’s emerging markets bles in Spain and initially took a hotel Mexico. He is troubled by the Mexican are less successful economically than In- salary level, which is low even by Latin dia or China. However, the stable macro- American standards. economic indicators, controlled inflation Garrido earns the equivalent of 900 almost everywhere and the higher prices Swiss francs a month. He also had to get for oil, precious metals and agricultural 2012 Credit Suisse Youth Barometer used to the fact that it takes longer for deci- products on the world market have set in Youth unemployment Despite comparatively good employment sions to be made in a Mexican business and motion dynamics that would have been conditions, 32 percent consider youth to the pace of working and even of speak- unthinkable in the 1980s and 1990s. Dur- unemployment as one of the five most important problems in Switzerland. ing, which is slower than in Spain. Work- ing the past eight years, Argentina’s econ- Foreigners 44% ing hours are longer – from nine in the omy enjoyed average growth of 9 percent Retirement/pensions 34% morning to seven at night. Nevertheless, while Peru’s expanded 7 percent; Colom- Youth unemployment 32% Garrido says, “Spain’s economy will only bia and Chile each grew 6 percent in the “What are the biggest problems in Switzerland?” continue its downward spiral in the next past year. The driver of this region is

Photo: Paula Acuña Bulletin 5 / 2012 — 31 — Working —

Brazil, where companies in the fields of In contrast to countries such as Mexico, energy, mining, finance and IT are des- Brazilian salaries are actually higher than perately seeking highly qualified workers. those in Europe in many sectors. Virginia According to a study by the business mag- Manzanares, a 32-year old hotel manager, azine “Exame,” 80 percent of the 335 has worked for a hotel chain in the Brazil- companies surveyed have positions to be ian city of Salvador da Bahía since May filled, and 57 percent of the companies 2011 and now earns 30 percent more than state they are having great difficulties do- she did before emigrating. Raúl Maraña, ing so. The number of foreigners living in an entrepreneur now living in São Paulo, Brazil has increased by more than 52 per- is generating 80 percent annual growth in cent in the past year alone. For linguistic revenue with computer games, while his reasons, Brazil is especially attractive for business in Spain literally dried up within Portuguese willing to relocate interna- 18 months. tionally, and at just under 330,000, the Silvia Salgado, 33, isn’t considering Portuguese represent the largest immi- Cultural differences returning, even though she hasn’t yet found a job in Colombia and grant group there. However, the number Are there negative aspects to report about is sometimes irritated by the Latin of Spaniards in the largest Latin Ameri- Latin America? Virginia Manzanares Americans. “I refuse to give up can country has grown by over 25 percent cites the high crime rate, but says that it is hope,” she says. “There is a sense of since 2008. possible to protect oneself by taking the new beginnings in Bogotá. In Spain usual precautions. Other negatives include it feels like the world is coming to the suboptimal infrastructure, bumpy an end.” roads and inadequate garbage collection service. “I was sitting at the hairdresser once when suddenly a rat peeked around the mirror,” she says. Maraña complains of the cumber- to communicate a rejection openly but to some bureaucracy necessary to do things simply no longer answer calls and e-mails. like rent an apartment or open a bank Of all those interviewed, she is the only a ccount. “The landlords wanted proof that one whose expectations have not yet been I have an account at a bank,” she recounts. met. But even she adds, “I would rather be “But the employees at the bank didn’t unemployed in Colombia than in Spain. want to open an account in my name until At least I have hope of finding something I could prove where I lived by presenting here eventually.” a valid lease.” Raúl Maraña solved this apparently hopeless situation in classic Ismael Garrido, 32, had no trouble Latin American style: by slipping the finding a job as a computer techni- bank employee the equivalent of 200 cian in the Mexican industrial city francs under the table. The warmth of the of Monterrey. He did need some Brazilian population stands in direct con- time to adjust to the slower pace of trast to the dourness of the immigration working and speaking in Mexico, authorities, he adds. However, neither however. “Personally I have never Manzanares nor Maraña have any doubts seen any sign of the Mexican drug war.” about staying in Brazil. Silvia Salgado, a 33-year-old business economist, is currently looking for a job in Bogotá, and is irritated by the unreliability of the Lati- Sandro Benini is the Latin American correspondent nos, by their habit of making promises for the Tages-Anzeiger daily newspaper. He lives in they don’t keep, and by their tendency not Mexico.

32 — Bulletin 5 / 2012 Photos: Paula Ryabtsev, Julián Castillo — Working —

Unemployment as a global challenge Essay by Michael Spence

Over the past three decades, hundreds of millions of new workers that precede a crisis delay appropriate and necessary responses have entered the global economy. They arrived with various levels to technological and global market forces in the real economy of education and skill, and over time have generally gained in as well. terms of value added and income. These massive structural changes hat does it mean that structural adjustment is falling led to tremendous growth in the size of the global economy, further and further behind the global forces that are while at the same time presenting three major challenges. The causing pressure for structural change? Above all, it first challenge is to generate enough jobs to accommodate the in- Wmeans that expectations are broadly inconsistent with reality, and flow of new entrants into the labor market. Clearly a wide range need to adjust, in some cases downward. But distributional effects of advanced and developing countries is failing to do so. Youth need to be taken seriously and addressed. The burden of weak or unemployment is high and rising. The second challenge is to non-existent recoveries should not be borne by the unemployed, match skills and capabilities to the supply of jobs – an adjustment that takes time. Globalization and major labor-saving technolo- gies have thrown labor markets in many countries into disequilib- We must find non-destructive rium. The third challenge concerns distributional effects. As the ways to moderate the pace of tradable share of the global economy (goods and services that can be produced in one country and consumed in another) expands, globalization. competition for economic activity and jobs broadens. This lowers the price of labor and narrows the range of employment opportu- including the young. In the interest of social cohesion, market out- nities within all globally integrated economies. comes need to be modified to create a more even distribution of ost advanced countries have experienced limited incomes and benefits. middle-income growth. For two decades prior to the he imperative of structural adjustment also implies that 2008 crisis, employment levels were maintained – individuals, governments and other institutions (especial- andM downward pressure on incomes mitigated – by creating jobs ly schools) need to focus on increasing the speed of adjust- in non-tradable sectors. In some cases, this took the form of mentT to meet rapidly shifting market conditions. This means not rapid growth in government; in others, a pattern of excessive, only matching skills to jobs, but also expanding the range of jobs debt-fueled consumption underpinned a large shift in employ- to match skills. Finally, global economic-management institu- ment to services and construction. Indeed, government and tions need to address whether the pace of globalization, and its health care accounted for almost 40 percent of net employment implied structural change, is faster than the capacity of indivi- growth in the US between 1990 and 2008. duals, economies and societies to adjust can withstand. If so, the hat pattern came to a sudden stop in the financial crisis next challenge will be to find non-destructive ways to moderate of 2008. Private-sector leverage declined and public- the pace in order to bring capacity to adjust and the need for ad- sector leverage reached – and exceeded – sustainable justment into closer alignment. limits,T with Greece being only the most extreme example. Since one of this will be easy. We do not have well developed then, particularly in the advanced countries, growth has been frameworks for understanding structural change. Never- faltering and the employment engines have largely shut down. theless, the unemployed and underemployed, especially Part of the answer lies in the long, youngerN people, expect their leaders and institutions to try. lingering impact of financial crises and deleveraging, well documented by Carmen Reinhart and Kenneth Rogoff in their book “This Time Is Different.” At the same time, the -fi nancial imbalances and distortions

Michael Spence, 68, a Nobel laureate in economics, is Professor of Economics at New York University’s Stern School of Business. His latest book is titled “The Next Convergence – The Future of Economic Growth in a Multispeed World.” © Project Syndicate, 2011.

Illustration: Gefe Bulletin 5 / 2012 — 33 © Jason Sangster / CARE Sangster © Jason

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CARE France is a registered charity. www.carefrance.org Credit Suisse Youth Barometer What young people think is important in life. A major survey targeting Brazil, the US and Switzerland. — 2012 Credit Suisse Youth Barometer —

1. Goals in life and values Young people are optimistic about their future.

2. Work and finances Young Swiss are most satisfied with their work; young Americans are deepest in debt.

3. Politics and society Confidence in the political system is low in Brazil and high in Switzerland.

4. Leisure activities and media Using smartphones and meeting friends are major pastimes.

36 — Bulletin 5 / 2012 — 2012 Credit Suisse Youth Barometer —

What young people think

Three countries with different cultures, one was a sample headline from the German daily target group, fascinating insights: The Credit Die Welt. Suisse Youth Barometer gives us a unique look In Switzerland, of all places, just the op- into the life goals and values of young people posite is true. In place of a tentative, indecisive in Switzerland, the US and Brazil. Generation Maybe primarily interested in the How do they view their future? What are pursuit of pleasure, one could almost speak really the important things in life for them? here of a hands-on generation with a clear idea Do they have confidence in their countries’ of where it is going. A career comes in at the governments? What do they like to spend very top of their hierarchy of values – and money on? What do they see as the biggest u ltimately represents a means for self-actual- problems? These are just a few of the ques- ization. What they desire most is a balance tions that the research firm gfs.bern is once between leisure time and work. again asking three groups, each with about We summarize the most important and 1,000 young people, this year on behalf of interesting results for you here. If you would Credit Suisse. like to know more about today’s young peo- One striking insight common across cul- ple, you can find the full study with all ques- tures, whether in Brazil, the US or Switzer- tions and answers about the Credit Suisse land, is that in the face of the biggest econom- Youth Barometer at: ic crisis in generations, young people aged 16 www.credit-suisse.com/youthbarometer to 25 are optimistic and ready to work. They want their own house or apartment, and yearn to be able to pursue their dreams and explore their talents. They want to work at something that fulfills them. Friends and family are very important to them. Honesty and loyalty are crucial values. These findings contradict the latest -me The survey Roughly 1,000 young people ranging between 16 and 25 years dia reports of a supposed “generation without of age in Switzerland, the US and Brazil were surveyed for qualities,” a generation that has opportunities the 2012 Credit Suisse Youth Barometer. The research firm gfs. bern conducted the primarily online survey between March no other has had, yet does not know what to and April 2012. The Credit Suisse Youth Barometer has been do with them. “No plan, no nerve, no bite,” conducted every year since 2010.

Photo left Photo, previous page DIMItrI kArAkOStAS, OlIvIA Bee, 18, US 24, CAnADA “My boyfriend Liam is break “I took the picture in Glasgow dancing on his roof. That was in April. In a city where it is in my sophomore year in high often cloudy, pink stands out. school, back when we were And pink hair against a pink crazy fools – it was great.” wall – I just couldn’t pass it up.” Bulletin 5 / 2012 — 37 — 2012 Credit Suisse Youth Barometer —

1. Goals in life and values

The findings are a surprise, coming as Figure 1.01 they do during the greatest economic crisis in many generations: Young Brazilians most optimistic people from all three countries have “In your opinion, what is the outlook for your own future? At the an overwhelmingly positive view of present time, do you see the future bleakly, optimistically or mixed?” their own future. Those in Brazil are the most optimistic. US BRAZIL SWITZERLAND While the young respondents in Switzerland and the US put realizing Fairly optimistically 56 73 66 their dreams, having their own house, and maintaining a good work-life balance first, their counterparts in the emerging country of Brazil think Mixed – it varies 30 19 29 more about getting a university education and a career. 1 2 1 The young Swiss surveyed have Rather bleakly a blueprint for life that is just slightly more post-materialistic than in Brazil or the US – having a lot of money is 4 comparatively less important. Still, Don’t know/no answer given 13 6 they would like to have an exciting career. Ultimately, friends on whom they can rely are most important to these young people. Values like honesty and loyalty rank high on their Figure 1.02 scale of values. What is unusual about these Swiss feel unneeded young Swiss is that only a clear minority has the feeling that society and the “WhenStelle nur vorübergehendyou think of your life’s plans, how strongly do the economy rely on them. Their peers in following statements reflect your plans for the future?” the US, and especially in Brazil, feel 70,5 55,6 52,8 significantly more welcome. This sug- 49 Society 72 gests an inner distance that should I feel that I matter give pause to Swiss politicians and 32 Stelle ist Selbstverwirklichung business leaders.

On another interesting note, the 47 young people in both Switzerland and 42,1 Economy53,0 56,2 70 I feel that I matter Brazil turn primarily to their parents 24 when things are not going well either financially or at work. More than half Stelle entspricht Traumjob of the young Brazilians surveyed trust Goals 42 in their government to protect them, are unimportant 61 Enjoy life! 31 while not even one-fourth of the Swiss 31,9 42,2 51,6 respondents do.

Protected 56 by the government 23

USUS BRAZILBRAZIL SWITZERLANDSWITZERLAND

38 — Bulletin 5 / 2012 — 2012 Credit Suisse Youth Barometer —

Figure 1.03

Friends, family and honesty are the most important things in life “We all have our own attitudes that shape our life and behavior. When you think about what you are striving for in life, how important are the following things to you personally?”

1 ty 2 1 Intere oyal sting L job 9 11

1 1 y 36 F t a es m n 47 o i ly H 9 8

33 35 3 53

2 1 40 54 1 1 56

p o

a y

n g

5 27 66 47 33 17 g

e B 34 34 33 39 39 43 1 4 3

L i v 22 n 20 o i 47 i n t g 42 ca h u ea d l e th d fu oo ll g y A EXTREMELY IMPORTANT Stelle nur vorübergehend 15 17 VERY IMPORTANT 1 1 QUITE IMPORTANT 2 NOT REALLY IMPORTANT Bei ty ng bili VERY UNIMPORTANT70,5 55,6 52,8 resp nsi ected 2 1 Respo EXTREMELY UNIMPORTANT

Stelle ist Selbstverwirklichung Figure 1.04

Realizing42,1 dreams53,0 is more56,2 important than earning a lot of money “When you think of your life’s goals, which of the following do you definitely want, which ones do you definitely want to avoid, and which ones do you expect to decide on spontaneously depending on the turns your life takes?” Stelle entspricht Traumjob 86 79 79 79 81 80 81 76 76 74 73 72 71 72 70 64 65 31,9 42,2 51,6 63 61 63 54 46 42 49 30

Following Maintaining Having Having Pursuing Having a lot Getting a university Being better your own a good work-life your own a family a career of money education o than dreams balance house/apartment with children (bachelor’s degree) my parents US BRAZIL SWITZERLAND

Bulletin 5 / 2012 — 39 — 2012 Credit Suisse Youth Barometer —

2. Work and finances

When it comes to their work situation, land in contact with the working world basis. Credit card use is also wide- the young Swiss respondents are excep- at a relatively early age. spread among young people. tionally content. An absolute majority The importance of a university The differences in financial obli- say their current job is what they’ve degree is also given a different weight. gations, on the other hand, are strik- dreamed of. In contrast, not even one- Only every third respondent in the ing, and represent the greatest point of third of the young Americans surveyed Swiss survey sees a degree program as divergence in the entire survey. The see their job in that light. the best basis for a career. Respondents Swiss respondents incur almost no Young Swiss can generally do from Brazil (85 percent) and from the debts, and those they do have are to more in the world of work than their US (76 percent) have an entirely differ- their family or friends. By contrast, peers in Brazil and the US. That most ent view of this. living on credit is common for those likely has something to do with the Property and wealth are a prior- surveyed in the US and, to a slightly dual system of education, which inte- ity in all three countries. Having one’s lesser extent, Brazil. grates young Swiss into the working own house or apartment is an impor- world earlier on. Anyone who is doing tant aspiration – and even the main or has done an apprenticeship knows one in Switzerland. In all three of the other young people who are doing one countries, more than 70 percent of re- too. This puts young people in Switzer- spondents say they save on a consistent

Figure 2.01 Figure 2.02

Swiss young people more often Americans are deepest in debt have their dream job “Do you personally have any of the following liabilities?” “How well do the following statements apply to you? Respond by entering a number from 42 Private debt/ 0 percent to 100 percent.” 28 personal loans Stelle nur vorübergehend 3 US BRAZIL SWITZERLAND 38 My current position Credit card 70,5 55,6 52,8 is only temporary 34 70.5 55.6 52.8 debt 4

Stelle ist Selbstverwirklichung 37 Debt to mobile 38 phone providers My current position 7 contributes to my 42,1 53,0 56,2 own self-ful llment 42.1 53.0 56.2 36 Debt to 30 friends/family 15 Stelle entspricht Traumjob

35 Car loan/lease 25 My current position 31,9 42,2 51,6 corresponds to my dreams 5 31.9 42.2 51.6

31 Mortgage 17 2

US BRAZIL SWITZERLAND

40 — Bulletin 5 / 2012 — 2012 Credit Suisse Youth Barometer —

Figure 2.03 2. Work and finances What would you do with 10,000 Swiss francs? Question: “If you were given a gift of 10,000 Swiss francs/US dollars/real, what would you do with the money?”

Savings account Go on vacation Save for a house

Switzerland: 2,490 Swiss francs Switzerland: 1,540 Swiss francs Switzerland: 816 Swiss francs US: 3,142 US dollars US: 499 US dollars US: 1,245 US dollars Brazil: 3,148 real Brazil: 629 real Brazil: 1,275 real

Spend on my family Clothes/jewelry Buy a car

Switzerland: 709 Swiss francs Switzerland: 662 Swiss francs Switzerland: 620 Swiss francs US: 828 US dollars US: 448 US dollars US: 916 US dollars Brazil: 628 real Brazil: 453 real Brazil: 586 real

Saving for family Charitable donations Buying presents

Switzerland: 587 Swiss francs Switzerland: 392 Swiss francs Switzerland: 313 Swiss francs US: 782 US dollars US: 451 US dollars US: 242 US dollars Brazil: 673 real Brazil: 506 real Brazil: 322 real

One Swiss franc is equal to approximately 1.05 US dollars and about 2.20 Brazilian real

Bulletin 5 / 2012 — 41 Illustration: Anna Haas — 2012 Credit Suisse Youth Barometer —

3. Politics and society

Awareness of issues reflects the public percentage points higher than two debates taking place in each of the years ago, yielding a hefty increase of three countries. As in prior years, 17 percent. The left camp has lost some young Swiss name issues involving of its attractiveness; 29 percent of 34 % foreigners and integration as the coun- young people count themselves as be- try’s top problem. The question of how longing to it (2010: 31 percent). The refugees and asylum-seekers should be center is represented with 11 percent, a of young Swiss are treated has also gained in importance, bit more than in 2010 (8 percent). with 58 percent seeing the relation- Generally, only a minority of the very heavily involved ship between young Swiss and for- young people in all three countries are in social issues. eigners as “somewhat tense.” politically active. In the US, 48 percent In spite of this, about three- are very involved or somewhat involved quarters of the young people share the politically; in Brazil 44 percent; and in attitude that Switzerland benefits from Switzerland a mere 29 percent. Taking foreign workers. Those who believe the part in political demonstrations is government should do more to inte- clearly “out” for young Swiss – and is grate foreigners (55 percent) and ex- equal to smoking as a source of ridi- tend citizenship rights to Swiss-born cule, for example. children with foreign backgrounds to- While politics seems less popu- 50 % gether form a slight majority (55 per- lar, the confidence young Swiss have in cent). their government has grown steadily Unemployment causes less wor- over the past two years. Only 30 per- of young Brazilians ry than it did in previous years, as do cent think that the government often see corruption as the state of the environment and en- fails in crucial decisions. In the US, ergy issues. The future of old age pen- more than half think so (51 percent), the most pressing sion (AHV) and of social institutions and the figure in Brazil is even higher is still one of the most pressing issues. at 57 percent. problem. It is striking that concerns about eco- The comparatively good grade nomic development in general are still earned by the Swiss government may on the rise and rank among the 10 have something to do with Switzer- most critical problems for the first land’s economic conditions, which re- time this year. main healthy despite the euro crisis. A In contrast, the issue of (youth) very clear majority also believes that unemployment ranks as one of the Switzerland enjoys a very good (27 per- most significant problems for young cent) or somewhat good (65 percent) 82 % people from the US and Brazil. How- reputation abroad. ever, the issue of corruption causes more concern than any other for the of young Americans Brazilian respondents. believe their political Some of the five most important problems are not even mentioned in system needs a Switzerland, such as hunger (27 per- complete overhaul. cent) and urban violence (25 percent). In the US, fuel prices, fear of terrorism and health issues rank alongside unemployment as the top problems. Politically, 34 percent of the young Swiss classify themselves as on the political right. This figure is five

42 — Bulletin 5 / 2012 — 2012 Credit Suisse Youth Barometer —

Figure 3.01 3. Politics and society Young Swiss worry more about the economic crisis “In the list below you’ll see several topics that have been discussed and written about a great deal recently. Read through the entire list and choose five points that you personally feel are the greatest problems in your country.” (Year-on-year change in parentheses)

(–)

(–) (–) (+) (–) (–) (+) (+) (–) (+) US SWITZERLAND Foreigners, integration of foreigners/ integration Foreigners, free movement of persons Educational system Securing institutions social securityAHV+IV/social AHV/retirement provision Economic crisis/economic development/economy Environmental protection/global warming/ protection/global Environmental disasters environmental Energy issues/nuclear energy/ security of supply Unemployment/youth unemployment Unemployment/youth Refugees/asylum issues

Salaries US SWITZERLAND Figure 3.02

Young Brazilians have little faith in government “Do you feel that the politics of the government and administration fail when it comes to important issues? Is this frequently true, rarely or never?” BRAZIL US SWITZERLANDBRAZILUS SWITZERLAND

FREQUENTLY RARELY NEVER DON’T KNOW/NO ANSWER GIVEN

FREQUENTLY RARELY NEVER Figure 3.03 DON’T KNOW/NO ANSWER GIVEN Young Swiss lean NO ANSWER GIVEN to the right BRAZIL BRAZIL LEFT “Left, center and right are three terms used frequently to NOT SIGNIFICANT characterize political views. Can you tell me where you your-

self stand on a scale in whichFREQUENTLY FREQUENTLY RARELY RARELY ‘0’ stands for left, ‘5’ for center, CENTER NEVER NEVER RIGHT and ‘10’ for right?” DON’T KNOW/NO ANSWER GIVEN DON’T KNOW/NO ANSWER GIVEN

Bulletin 5 / 2012 — 43 — 2012 Credit Suisse Youth Barometer —

4. Leisure activities and media

There is one clear trend common to Figure 4.01 the young people from all three countries. They are increasingly using the Friends get in touch by SMS Internet and smartphones like iPhones, Blackberries or Androids. “What ways do you use to contact your friends? Please list the Ninety percent of the young Swiss types of media used for keeping in touch with your friends in the have Facebook profiles, 85 percent of order of importance.” the Brazilians and 75 percent of the US BRAZIL SWITZERLAND Americans. On an interesting note, in the US, the proportion of Facebook SMS/texting 61 26 73 users has seen a sharp drop. This suggests that its attractiveness is waning. Facebook/Twitter/MySpace/Orkut 41 45 23 Today’s means of communication do not lead to isolation, as is so widely feared. For young people, they Telephone (mobile) 33 43 67 primarily represent a way of sharing with friends. In Switzerland, text 11 messaging, mobile phones and social E-mail 24 21 networks are now the most important 14 tools for staying in touch with friends. Chat/messenger services 22 31 Meanwhile, the good old landline has almost reached the end of its useful 10 15 7 life. Meeting friends and getting to Landline phone know new people are just as important as smartphones for young Swiss. The way information is gath- Figure 4.02 ered in the three countries shows another interesting difference. In the Smartphones are in, electric cars are out US and in Brazil, television and new media dominate. Interestingly, more “We have listed some very different activities/attitudes. State whether than half of the American respon- these are ‘in’ or ‘out’ in your personal life and what your opinion of (Swiss responses) dents rely on news apps on their them is” smartphones. On the other hand, the Smartphones such as iPhone or Android 96 young Swiss get most of their information from the free tabloid news- Meeting friends 95 papers. Radio also continues to be an important channel for disseminating Downloading music 93 information. Vacationing abroad 92

Facebook 92

–14 Caring for the environment

–15 Fostering Swiss traditions

–22 Caring for the environment

–22 Landline phone

–27 Hybrid/electric cars

44 — Bulletin 5 / 2012 — 2012 Credit Suisse Youth Barometer —

4. Leisure activities and media

Figure 4.03

Free tabloids are the main source of information for young Swiss people 94 % “How do you keep informed about daily events?”

75 of young Swiss Internet: News sites/newspaper sites 59 are aware that infor- 59 mation posted on

73 Facebook could fall TV 62 63 into the wrong hands.

73 Internet: Facebook/Twitter/ 58 MySpace/Orkut 37

48 News apps on smartphones 28 40 39 %

49 of young Americans Internet: Blogs and message services 30 16 play more than two hours of com- Stelle nur vorübergehend 48 puter games every Radio 28 53 day. 70,5 55,6 52,8

47 Internet: Other social networks 36 Stelle ist Selbstverwirklichung 13

42,1 53,0 56,2 40 Free newspapers 18 77 41 % Stelle entspricht Traumjob 35 of young Br azilians Paid daily newspapers 27 31,9 42,2 51,6 29 donate part of their money to 30 Weekly newspapers 21 charitable causes. 24

US BRAZIL SWITZERLAND

Bulletin 5 / 2012 — 45 — 2012 Credit Suisse Youth Barometer —

Brazil could be a model state Political scientist Lukas Golder on the ambitious and close-knit youth of Brazil, the increasing importance of religion in the US and the career-oriented pragmatism of young Swiss. By Daniel Ammann

You surveyed young people not only in And in Switzerland? Switzerland but also those in the US In Switzerland, traditional ideas carry and Brazil for the Youth Barometer. more weight than ever before. How do these three countries differ in The EU is losing some of its influence. terms of values? A certain insouciance goes hand- Brazil, Switzerland and the US reflect in-hand with a sense of a threat from three basically different national beyond its borders. Non-economic p atterns. In Protestant Europe, which goals are often especially important includes Switzerland, the values of here, and young people are prag- rationalism and the natural sciences matic when it comes to careers. For have driven modernization. Religion, one thing, a high level of satisfac- on the other hand, has taken a back tion lessens the desire to take more seat. The economic boom following responsibility for society. the 1950s also triggered a change Lukas Golder is on the board of in values. Since then, there has been directors at the research firm gfs. What was the biggest surprise for you more emphasis on self-actualization, bern, which conducts the Youth in the study’s findings? while security purely for the sake Barometer survey every year for Despite the wish for greater self- of survival has become less important. Credit Suisse. As a political actualization in Brazil, young people Even in Anglo-Saxon countries, scientist and media scholar, Golder show considerably more solidarity the value of self-realization in the focuses on analyses of commu with others than their counterparts nications, campaigns and media sense of the “American Dream” is in the US and Switzerland. I would effectiveness. particularly common, but religion – have expected pushiness from such an for example, the phenomenon ambitious society. But the desire for of inde pendent churches – plays a solidarity predominates. In Switzer- greater role than in Protestant self-realization is becoming extraordi- land and the US, defending one’s own Europe. narily significant. Sensuality and privileges now takes priority. Finally, Latin American nations body culture play a huge role. How- like Brazil are seeing extreme so- ever, these young people also show What are the biggest differences between cial dynamism, suggesting changing the greatest readiness to take respon- the countries? values. Traditionally, religious val- sibility in the emerging nation, where Young people in the US still pursue ues have played a bigger role in these much is changing. Young people in the American Dream of rising from nations, with security and survival the US, on the other hand, are much office drone to millionaire, but the taking priority over self-realization. more attuned to the economic down- crisis has shaken their confidence and turn. They want to safeguard their prop- frustrates them at times. Almost Did the survey confirm these different erty and their national invulnerability, the opposite is true of Brazil. Young values? and put greater emphasis on security. Brazilians also believe in the chance Overall, yes. In Brazil, traditional If anything, religion is taking on an that they will rise to become a mil- values are omnipresent and religion is even more central role in the US. lionaire – but they want to live the considered important. The views of That is an interesting trend – if young dream with others, while still enjoy- young people, however, are shaped by people preserve their values, Brazil ing life. In Switzerland, everything opportunities for social mobility, and and the US will be trading places. is much more concrete. Instead of

46 — Bulletin 5 / 2012 Photo: zvg — 2012 Credit Suisse Youth Barometer —

dreaming, Swiss young people roll an index of various attitudes toward to this. Economic factors significantly up their sleeves and make their the economy is higher in the US and affect the way values change from dreams of career success a reality, all Brazil than in Switzerland. Young generation to generation. This speaks the while finding ways to achieve people in those two countries are in favor of incorporating economic other goals as well. struggling to gain a foothold in their considerations into education and economies. In Switzerland, this is debate about education. With all of these differences, does the sur- simpler. The economy is, quite simply, vey yield conclusions about globalized normal and part of everyday life. youth? Maintaining a work-life balance is a The innermost Yes, there are parallels in certain ideas. high priority. The Swiss economy circle of friends is In all countries, traditional values also succeeds in downplaying the fact about social interaction are of crucial that young people are a crucial part the main factor importance to young people. Current of it. That is not exactly a motivating shaping the values trends take shape through commu- factor. nication and social networks such as of young people. Facebook, which are truly all-purpose: What impact do young people have on the economic and social future of their coun- This is the third time you have conducted The economic tries? the surveys for the Youth Barometer. Can If Brazil continues to grow and suc- you already identify trends? crisis has shaken ceeds in combating corruption Some trends in values and other young Americans’ effectively, a social market economy long-term indicators will not be vis- of a new kind could develop and ible for several years. What we can confidence and overcome poverty. A new model state say, however, is that communication frustrates them. could emerge in the wake of the media is showing the most dyna- World Cup and the 2016 Olympic mism. Smartphones are currently They allow young people to stay in Games. showing a drastic rise and social touch, share, find tips for leisure In the US, much depends on networks are extremely important to activities and gather information of the economy. If the country loses young people. What is interesting all kinds. ground on the international playing is that the means of communication field, its young people will lack pros- are setting more trends than their You often hear that social networks draw pects in the long run. That increases content is. One could almost sum it young people into politics. What do you the risk of social unrest. up by saying that a new Facebook think? Switzerland depends heavily release sets more trends these days The connection between spontaneous on international events, but converse- than political shifts do. political action organized through ly is better off than its neighbors. If social networks and real political new challenges present themselves, engagement is weak, if it exists at all. it will be difficult to adapt and reform Particularly in Switzerland, there quickly, and young Swiss will lack is little willingness to join together in prospects, too. support of political or social causes. Young people here are comparatively What is the single most important thing well off, and obviously there is little shaping the values of young people? call for change. Researchers believe that the innermost circle of friends serves as the The Youth Barometer gives the impres- main factor shaping the values of sion that particularly Brazilians, but young people. While it is true that also Americans, are economically “hun- friends are important to the young grier” than Swiss. Is that accurate? people in all three countries, I think It is a fact that economic awareness as economic conditions also contribute

Bulletin 5 / 2012 — 47 — Dreaming —

48 — Bulletin 5 / 2012 — Dreaming —

In Africa, a lack of r esponsible ultimately contribute to freeing the continent from poverty and corruption, and cre- leadership in many c ountries ating jobs. “We need good leaders for Afri- directly contributes to ca,” he says. “And such individuals are not born, they are created.” With the financial slow economic growth and support of major companies such as Cisco persistent poverty. Systems, Coca Cola Africa, MasterCard, and Credit Suisse, Swaniker has headed up the African Leadership Academy (ALA) in For thAt re ASon, the AFr iCA n Johannesburg, South Africa since 2008: Leadership Academy is looking to train a The academy houses 200 students on its res- new generation of leaders, ranging from idential campus, and takes them through political and business leaders to innovators the Cambridge “A-levels.” The lucky few are of social enterprise. But, there is also some chosen from thousands of applications from surprisingly positive news coming out of the 54 countries that make up Africa. These Africa. Six out of the world’s ten fastest- are all highly-talented girls and boys – teen- growing economies since the year 2000 can agers between 15 and 18 to be precise. be found in Africa. These are truly rays of In addition to mathematics and lan- light. guages, the timetable focuses on subjects However, the underlying causes of such as leadership skills, entrepreneurship, the underdevelopment of this continent re- and a uniquely designed course on African main largely unresolved. According to the studies, specifically geared toward under- International Monetary Fund, the propor- standing issues that face the continent. Al- tion of people living in absolute poverty has most 80% of ALA students are on a form of declined only slightly south of the Sahara, scholarship, but all students receive admis- to 51 percent. sion to the academy on an important condi- In fact, the world has known for quite tion: after completing their university edu- a long time why this is: Back in 1998, two cation, ALA graduates commit to return to experts from the World Bank, David Dollar Africa and work there for at least 10 years and Lant Pritchett, published a pioneering – or repay the tuition. This is an attempt by study that showed how investment and aid the African Leadership Academy to coun- donations simply disappear without achiev- ter the serious problem of “brain drain:” ing anything in poorly governed states. In Every year, thousands of well-trained Afri- well-governed states, by contrast, the popu- cans leave their continent in search of a bet- lation can reap the benefits of economic ter life and better-paid work. growth. By “well-governed,” Dollar and “Africa can only cut itself free from Pritchett mean governments that uphold poverty if we become entrepreneurs,” says the rule of law and respect private property, Swaniker: “Development aid cannot help us pursue an open market economic policy, in the long run – only we can do that.” The have low levels of corruption, and possess an students of this pioneering institution are efficient administration generally. beacons of hope for this continent. We asked And these are precisely the phenom- eight of them about their dreams and ideas. ena that are still lacking in a large part of Who knows, perhaps there is a future presi- Africa. “In the absence of stable institu- dent or two in their midst? Daniel Ammann tions, a bad leader can completely destroy society,” observes Fred Swaniker. Even more important is the second part of his ob- servation: “But a good leader can have a fantastic influence on a society.” Swaniker, 35, hails from Ghana and 2012 Credit Suisse Youth Barometer studied business administration in the US Social involvement is widespread before going on to work as a management Brazil’s young people show the greatest consultant for McKinsey in Nigeria. But he willingness to accept responsibility for gave up his well-paid job in order to dedicate society. himself to an ambitious goal: To establish a Switzerland 67% US 62% new generation of African political and Brazil 80% business leaders, trained on responsible “I want to accept responsibility for society and leadership and entrepreneurship that will the environment.”

Photos: Delwyn Verasamy Bulletin 5 / 2012 — 49 — Dreaming —

Why do some African countries continue to lag behind? In general, the main reasons are corruption, inefficiency, lack of leadership, inadequate educational systems and unfortunately also dependence on foreign institutions influ- encing the economy in our countries.

How can more jobs be created in Africa? It is necessary to have a good education, ethical entrepreneurs and equal opportunity for all. A good education frees people from ignorance and shows them how to think and work independently. In addition, we need entrepreneurs who will give these well-educated people a chance. Ethical entrepreneurs will create the jobs to reduce Africa’s dependence on foreign companies. Equal opportunity will provide the same chances for everyone once they have a good education and have acquired entrepreneurial skills.

“I dream of an Africa that is not robbed by its own people, but one that makes people strong.”

Biggie Tangane Botswana

50 — Bulletin 5 / 2012 — Dreaming —

Takalani Malivha Cornelius Muhamba South Africa “The source Zimbabwe What makes a good leader? A good leader has to have a of all African vision and the courage to pursue this objective. Only peo- problems is ple with an understanding of their own path, who know how to reach a goal and who the poor education bring along the right values, can lead others. The following equation expresses it best: of the people. Good leader = goal orienta- tion + ethics + sincerity.

What is the most important And the inability Why does Africa lag behind thing you learned at the economically? African Leadership Academy? to tap natural This is one result of the poor The most important thing is leaders in power and the bad that you should express your decisions that they and their opinion freely, because that resources on their predecessors have made. The opens doors, even where you dependence on foreign coun- least expect it. It opens up tries also plays a major role. countless opportunities and own.” gives you incredible new per- spectives. I was never afraid to state my opinion and to listen carefully to other people or groups.

What are three important changes that Africa needs? A concept of freedom, more un derstanding of how important education is. Exempla- ry, strategic and passionate leaders.

What needs to happen for new What needs to happen for more jobs to be created in Africa? jobs to be created in Africa? Brave individuals. There are so We have to reorient our educa- many opportunities waiting tion system and place a great- to be used. Few people take er focus on entrepreneurial these chances, and then greed thinking. Every graduating prevents them from achiev- class should be a pool of entre- ing anything in their society. preneurial talent, able to rec- A new attitude is necessary. ognize the potential in their We have to rely on our own surroundings and to take ad- strengths and be creative, use vantage of opportunities. existing resources, and make things happen that are considered impossible in Africa.

Tebello Qhotsokoane Lesotho

Bulletin 5 / 2012 — 51 — Dreaming —

Anna Hope Tafadzwa Matika Tshibwabwa Zimbabwe Democratic Why does the African continent Republic of Congo lag behind economically? Mainly because of its debt and What is the most important because the industrial sector is thing you learned at the underdeveloped. After gain- African Leadership Academy? ing independence, most Afri- Three things are particularly can countries took on massive important to me: courage, ini- amounts of debt to generate tiative and networking. economic growth. This debt Courage – because we are the had direct positive effects, but future leaders of Africa, and paying it off would soon prove we will be expected to bring detrimental for the young about changes that cannot be economies. achieved overnight. There will be problems, and some people will be against us. Courage is needed to persevere and to address mistakes if we believe that something was not done correctly. Courage is needed to stand up for what we think is right. Initiative is important, too. Things will not always go as expected, especially in A frica, and when that hap- “If I were in pens, we will have to come up with other innovative solu- Over the long term, these tions to our problems. loans brought more unfavor- power, I would able effects than favorable ones. And because our in- encourage the dustrial sector is underdeveloped, we have to export raw materials worth less than the media to be finished goods that we im- port. Therefore, our national economies lag behind because involved in the arts, they are caught in a cycle of poverty; we have to spend to promote them, more than we take in. What is your dream for Africa? and to recognize Networking is important I would like to see a healthy because, as future African continent with high-quali- leaders, we will need to work ty and affordable health care that there is money together to solve Africa’s prob- for all. lems. That will only work when we know one another and to be earned in have access to the experience the arts.” of other Africans. Alexia Paradzai Zimbabwe

52 — Bulletin 5 / 2012 — Dreaming — “When she wakes up in the morning, every African woman should be able to make her own decisions.”

Why does the African continent still lag behind economically? Africa urgently needs financial independence. Our continent is like a dog on a leash held by the West. We are still looking to blame others. We like to cast ourselves as the victim, and we mourn for what we lost under slavery or during the colonial period. Our leaders should finally invest in our local skills. The paternal- istic mindset of the West toward Africa shows a certain ignorance that we desperately need to overcome. Africans must appreciate the value of the resources at our disposal. It is grotesque that we have all these natural resources beneath our feet and export them for next to nothing, only to be unable to afford the finished product. Africans must be able to enjoy the fruits of their labor. My greatest wish is that Africa will truly achieve freedom.

Boikanyo Gosiame Tefu South Africa

Bulletin 5 / 2012 — 53 Leandra, Laura, Annina and Samira (left to right) in the ocean off Málaga.

54 — Bulletin 5 / 2012 — Dreaming —

Life’s a beach Swiss teenagers love to vacation abroad. Four teenage girls from Winterthur tell about their first trip without their parents, how they love Spain and how you can s urvive on 10 euros a day. by Simon Brunner and Maurice Haas (photos)

Bulletin 5 / 2012 — 55 — Dreaming —

elcome back. You’ve just LEANDRA: I googled “cheap apartment And who paid for it all? spent 10 days in Spain beach” – and found this apartment LAURA: I have to get a job now, because my Má laga – the first trip in Málaga. So we looked at some pictures parents lent me the money. the four of you have of the city and immediately liked it. SAMIRA: I still have to pay back part of it – taken together. How was it? SAMIRA: Benidorm was also in the running, we haven’t figured out how much yet. WLEANDRA: Fantastic. We could just lie on but we decided against it – too many LEANDRA: My parents paid for everything ... the beach and be lazy. Mom wasn’t young Brits who were just there to party. there to crack the whip and say, “Come We considered Tenerife, too, but the ... because they were so happy that they could on, time to do something productive!” flights were too expensive. finally go on vacation together, just the two LAURA: We were responsible for taking of them? care of things and had to decide things Did you use a travel agency? LEANDRA: Maybe that’s part of it. They on our own, like whether we still had ANNINA: Why? We searched for flights on went on a bicycling trip along the Baltic water and where we should go shopping. the Internet and saw that the prices were Sea. Nobody could have talked me into And sometimes we got lost, since going up every day. So we went ahead and doing that. we couldn’t just follow dad’s lead. booked. SAMIRA: But we could choose where we LEANDRA: That was all we arranged. Samira Were your parents okay with letting you go? wanted to eat, and when! was supposed to bring a guidebook, but ALL: Yes, absolutely. ANNINA: And we didn’t have to account for she forgot. Too bad, I would have liked to LAURA: I have an older sister who paved everything that we were doing. take a look at it to find out more about the the way for me. fortress in Málaga. ANNINA: We had been talking about this Was there anything about a family vacation trip for a really long time. It didn’t come that you missed? How did you plan the financial side of the trip? as a surprise. LEANDRA: Having our parents foot the ANNINA: We budgeted 40 euros per day – LEANDRA: I never said, “Mom and dad, bill, of course. which was too much. We didn’t spend can I go on vacation?” – I said, “Hey, ANNINA: And maybe the background more than 10. mom and dad, we’re going on a trip by information about the area that we got SAMIRA: For breakfast, lunch and dinner – ourselves!” from our parents without asking. and we had enough left over for shampoo ANNINA: Hmm. For me it was more like, and sunscreen. “Is it okay if we go?" How did this trip come about? ANNINA: Awesome, isn’t it? My father said, SAMIRA: We’ve been talking for years about “Didn’t you eat?” – Hey, all we did was eat! Were there any conditions? Anything that going away together when we were 18. LEANDRA: Sometimes we’d do a big shop- you weren’t allowed to do? ANNINA: We started planning last summer. ping run, and as the cart filled up we’d LEANDRA: “Don’t do anything stupid” – SAMIRA: Our friend Ale was supposed think, “This is going to be expensive ...” that’s what they always say. Nothing to come with us, but her parents weren’t ANNINA: 15 euros! The most we ever spent other than that. so thrilled with the idea. was 30. We really did a great job handling our money. Your parents grew up in the swinging ’70s And why did you decide on Málaga? SAMIRA: We used the money we saved on and ’80s. Any chance they were wilder than LAURA: We wanted to have a good time but essentials to shop for other things. you are? we were interested in culture, too. And LAURA: I’m sure my father was, but not my of course the beach. But we didn’t want to What did you eat? mother. go to a place where it’s all about getting LAURA: We had breakfast in the apartment. SAMIRA: My father had long hair that he drunk. Cereal ... blow-dried so that it looked like a perm. ANNINA: And we didn’t want too many LEANDRA: ... sometimes even fruit. It was a And he had a mustache! tourists. pretty balanced diet. LEANDRA: I think my parents may have ANNINA: ... at least there was fruit on the smoked pot. It was the hippie era, after all. table. 2012 Credit Suisse Youth Barometer SAMIRA: I love jamón. I wish I could have Is marijuana out, as far as you’re concerned? Vacations are most important to the Swiss Vacations have a higher priority for young brought a whole ham hock home with me. LEANDRA: There’s one guy in our class who people in Switzerland than for their Brazil- uses it. ian or US counterparts. How much did your vacation add up to? SAMIRA: We’re past that stage. It’s the 14- Switzerland CHF 1,540 ANNINA: Not quite 1,000 Swiss francs and 15-year-olds who do it. US CHF 499 each – 320 for the apartment, 120 for food, Brazil CHF 629 “If you were given a gift of 10,000 Swiss francs, 300 for the flight, and 240 for other kinds How about other drugs? what would you do with the money?” of shopping. LAURA: I’ve never seen anyone using drugs.

56 — Bulletin 5 / 2012 — Dreaming —

Four friends (left to right) SAMIRA, 17, is planning a language stay in the US after she graduates from high school. After that she wants to go to Spain, which is where her family is from. ANNINA, 17, wants to go straight to university. During her studies she might spend a semester abroad. LAURA, 18, wants to start medical school right away rather than taking a year off, since it takes such a long time to earn a medical degree – travel will have to wait until she spends a semester abroad. LEANDRA, 18, wants to travel after she graduates.

Bulletin 5 / 2012 — 57 — Dreaming —

“When you’re away from your parents, you don’t have to account for everything that you’re doing” – Annina

“Homesick? not at all!” – laura “My father was wilder than we are” – laura (far right)

58 — Bulletin 5 / 2012 — Dreaming —

“I took nine pairs of shoes with me, and bought another two” – Annina

Bulletin 5 / 2012 — 59 — Dreaming —

LEANDRA: Fruity alcoholic drinks are couldn’t get out of bed. LEANDRA: It was nice that we weren’t really popular. ANNINA: I normally get up earlier than always getting hit on. the others, but we were totally exhausted Do your parents think you’re too well-be- from school ... Were you ever afraid? haved? LEANDRA: Right before our vacation was LAURA: No. Why not? ANNINA: Not well-behaved, exactly, but the most stressful time of our lives – we ANNINA: We felt really safe, in the apart- they can trust us. We’re levelheaded. had an unbelievable number of tests. ment, too. LEANDRA: They know that we go out. Three weeks before we left I thought I’d LAURA: We avoided dark alleys. They’d be disappointed if we were in bed collapse. Thinking about Málaga was the LEANDRA: I think guys bother me more by nine o’clock. only thing that kept me going. often in Winterthur. ANNINA: ... and after breakfast we’d head to What did your boyfriends have to say about the beach. For the whole day. Before our trip we were worried about your trip to Málaga? whether there would be an Internet connec- LEANDRA: I’m the only one who has a How can you spend the whole day tion in the apartment. boyfriend. He didn’t say anything. at the beach? ANNINA: Luckily there was, 10 euros for SAMIRA: We watch people. ten days. Didn’t he want to go along? ANNINA: People watching is so much fun. LEANDRA: All of us have smartphones, LEANDRA: That was never even discussed. LEANDRA: And we’d play cards. so we could always look things up ... It was a girls’ trip. LAURA: Samira and Leandra can spend LAURA: And he goes away with his hours in the water, letting the waves wash ... and post pictures on Facebook? friends, too. over them, like a couple of beached ANNINA: I’m not on Facebook. whales. LEANDRA: I can’t remember when I posted Wasn’t he worried about you? something last. LEANDRA: A little bit. More than my How about reading? SAMIRA: I don’t even have a profile picture. parents. SAMIRA: I pulled out a book maybe two or LAURA: I uploaded two pictures during the three times – for a total of 30 minutes. whole time. Getting back to Spain – did the apartment LAURA: We had to read so much for school. SAMIRA: We used Facebook more when it live up to what was online? This was our time to relax. was new. It’s really embarrassing to SAMIRA: Definitely. It was a one-room remember all the things we used to post! apartment on the 12th floor. One wall How about nightlife? Today it’s annoying. was all windows. ANNINA: Of course! We went out a couple ANNINA: You could see the beach and the of times. So you used the Internet just to get informa- castle, which was lit up at night. It was LEANDRA: There were some guys passing tion for your trip? gorgeous. out discount flyers downtown. You could SAMIRA: No. The WhatsApp messaging SAMIRA: I had to share a bed with Annina. get a drink and a shot for just 3 euros! service is important. Everybody has it. During the night, she always turns on LAURA: We never had to pay to get in. And ANNINA: We have a group of 10 people. her side in this weird way that makes her the fact that two of us were only 17 wasn’t Two of them were vacationing in Thai- look like a croissant. a problem. land. We all send photos and messages LAURA: And – very important: There were ANNINA: But the clubs didn’t have dancing. back and forth. lots of mirrors in the apartment! They were more like bars. We were home LEANDRA: If you don’t check your phone for by three o’clock. five minutes, you’ll have 50 new messages. Did you fight at all? LEANDRA: Yes, we’re all pretty strong- You didn’t meet any guys? Why is it better than Facebook? willed. None of us is willing to let the SAMIRA: No. ANNINA: It’s private – not everybody can others make all the decisions. LAURA: They were either too old or other- see what you write. LAURA: We fought about silly things, like wise not an option. We saw more good- LAURA: And there’s not that stupid compe- going out or the washing machine. looking men at the airport when we were tition for “likes." ANNINA: I wouldn’t call it fighting, it flying back ... ANNINA: It’s for chatting. You can always was more that we’d sometimes bitch at ANNINA: ...than in all of Málaga! reach people. each other. Were you disappointed? Did you have to send regular updates to What was your day like? ANNINA: Well, of course it would have been your families? LAURA: We got up at about 10:30. We fun. But it wasn’t a big deal. After all, we ALLE: No. usually set the alarm for earlier, but just had each other. LEANDRA: My mother called me on the

60 — Bulletin 5 / 2012 — Dreaming —

phone when I had a fever for two days. ANNINA: In Spain, luckily, we had all the Were you homesick? Other than that, I sent a message occa- time in the world. LAURA: Not at all. sionally. LEANDRA: Maybe for a little while, when ANNINA: My father sent me pictures from What do your parents say when you get all I was sick. It would have been nice to have his vacation, and I sent him some pictures glammed up? my mother take care of me. of our chaos. LAURA: My father says: “Your skirt’s too short!" According to the Credit Suisse Worry Baro- Did you send postcards? LEANDRA: ... my dad has a problem with meter, young people in Switzerland like to ALLE: We forgot! We wanted to send a few. the color of my nail polish. vacation in other countries. Do you prefer ANNINA: I wanted to write to my grandma LAURA: Mine too. But he’d never say I traveling abroad to staying in Switzerland? and my sister. couldn’t wear it. ALL: Yes! ANNINA: But we don’t go out in such reveal- LEANDRA: I especially like to head south. Did you pack the right things? ing clothes at home. Short dresses and It’s warm there, and I love the ocean. ANNINA: Maybe a little too much. high heels like this, I’d never wear them ANNINA: If you can drive home in two LAURA: I was glad that Annina came with in Winterthur. hours, you’re not really away. us – when she’s along you don’t need to LAURA: It feels different when people speak pack clothes. She has the best things, and Why not? another language and the food is different. she doesn’t mind lending them out. ANNINA: I’d be afraid to wear this out on LEANDRA: Unfortunately her feet are too the street. It’s just not done. And what would be your dream destina- small, so we can’t borrow her shoes. LAURA: It wouldn’t be appropriate. tion? ANNINA: I took nine pairs with me, and ANNINA: It’s the norm in Spain. Everybody LAURA: Thailand or Africa. bought another two. But everything fit into dresses like this. And it’s warmer there. SAMIRA: The Seychelles. my small suitcase. I’m good at packing. LEANDRA: I think it looks great. But I’m not LEANDRA: South America or the US. trying to pick anyone up. In Switzerland Anywhere but Australia. That’s where Speaking of shopping – what kinds of things people would immediately assume, “Oh, they have all of the world’s poisonous did you buy? she’s trying to pick up a man, wearing creatures. ANNINA: Shoes, dresses, underwear ... slutty clothes like that.” ANNINA: New York, Brazil. Everywhere! LEANDRA: ... handbags, jewelry. Everything.

How do you go about shopping? ANNINA: First we pick out some things, then we all find fitting rooms. We show each other the things we try on, and everyone gives her opinion. LEANDRA: Unfortunately they won’t let two people share a fitting room anymore, even if it’s huge. I have no idea why.

How long does it take you to get ready to go out in the evening? ANNINA: When we’re all together it can take up to three hours. First we trade off until everyone has found something to wear. Then we do our makeup. And then we change clothes again. LEANDRA: Then we do our hair. Then come the shoes. ANNINA: Shoes!

Nobody gets bored? I couldn’t stand it. ALL: No! SAMIRA: It’s stressful, hard work! LAURA: It never works out perfectly – some- body is always missing something.

Bulletin 5 / 2012 — 61 — Dreaming —

“He never takes criticism personally:” Xherdan Shaqiri.

62 — Bulletin 5 / 2012 Photos: 13Photo/Christian Grund — Dreaming —

Xherdan Shaqiri. At the age of 20, he is already Swiss football’s great hope. FC Basel’s sports director describes Shaqiri’s rise to the top. By Georg Heitz

he GAve me An eLBoW to the riBS Gross and brought in the deceptively easy- ri was carrying too much weight. His in- at the end of August 2009. We were hus- going Thorsten Fink, but the season had tent was not to provoke Xherdan, but al- tling through the tunnel at St. Jakob Park, yet to live up to expectations. most instinctively to dampen the growing a sports stadium in Basel, on the way to So the situation was anything but euphoria. a photo shoot. A monitor showed the re- clear as Xherdan Shaqiri made his ascent In addition to outstanding football sults of the UEFA Champions League into the pros. The youth development staff skills, though, the player displayed a qual- group phase. Xherdan Shaqiri nudged me had recommended sending him to the ity that still sets him apart: composure. as FC Zürich was drawn. “There,” he said. first team’s preseason camp in Engadine, He never took criticism personally, never “That’s where we need to be.” in southwestern Switzerland. I stayed on let it disrupt his play – on the contrary, he As a reminder, Shaqiri was not yet in Basel, because we still had to deal with would nod when the coach turned to him, 18 at the time and had played just few a few transfers during that high-turnover jog onto the pitch, and simply play even minutes in the Super League, and FC summer. Fink called me on the second better than before. Basel 1893 at that point was in no position day of camp and reported that the best The strategy pursued by Bernhard to seek higher laurels. That spring, the club player in his squad was this young hope- Heusler, FC Basel’s vice president at the had dismissed longtime coach Christian ful – “the little stinker,” as he had affec- time, was clear: Heusler wanted to sign tionately dubbed his protégé. Shaqiri to a new contract by his 18th birthday on October 10 – one that reflect- Xherdan Shaqiri, 20, made his debut The “Shaqiri circus” begins ed the player’s achievements but also with FC Basel in the Super League at just A couple of weeks later, Fink told attendees would guarantee the club a sizeable trans- 17 yearsold. At 18, he not only earned of the club’s technical committee meeting fer fee if he were to leave FCB. In the fall his first cap with the Swiss national team that he couldn’t keep Shaqiri out of the of 2009, nobody at the club had any doubt but also competed in the World Cup starting lineup. After a few matches, a new that Shaqiri would make the jump to the in South Africa. he made an impressive crowd favorite was born, and the Swiss next level. contribution to the under21 european Championship runnerup title the fol news weekly Blick featured pictures of a lowing year. in recognition of his superb reporter with a tape measure around the Discussions in the Shaqiri household achievements, the small and extremely youngster’s powerful thigh. The hype We weren’t able to get the contract signed powerful winger (1.69 m, 72 kilos) was around Xherdan took off. by that deadline, since the Shaqiri family voted 2010 Credit Suisse Youngster of The team’s established players wanted some time to think it over. The the Year. he was crowned both Credit watched the “Shaqiri circus” somewhat discussions were quite open – one day Suisse Player of the Year and Swiss warily, and Fink was fairly critical of the Xherdan asked me to join him at home national Player of the Year in 2011 and again in 2012. in 2012, he transferred eager rookie, too. Quick to rebuke him for a talk. I drove to Augst, outside Basel, from FC Basel to FC Bayern munich. for tactical errors, he put him on the in October, where I found the family scales weekly because he thought Shaqi- home – now almost legendary – to be

Bulletin 5 / 2012 — 63 — Dreaming —

actually quite charming, albeit without and his teammates were playing where resentative from a Russian team had spent central heating. It was a large gathering, they belonged, in his opinion: in the three days in vain at the Rhine bend, the and Xherdan himself served the coffee. UEFA Champions League. Bavarians found a willing ear, especially But after a few hours, I left empty-hand- As the young star’s career skyrock- since the German record title-holders ed. Finally, on a Saturday in December, eted, other clubs inevitably coveted his were willing to wait till the end of the after long consideration and with his cus- talents. Both Shaqiri and FC Basel began season, ensuring that Xherdan could play tomary composure, Shaqiri signed. His to receive inquiries – nothing yet to tempt out one of the most successful seasons in new salary was significantly higher and either the player or the club, but the trend the history of FC Basel. The negotiations his family was the first to benefit – they in this respect was visibly rising. were professional and swift. Xherdan’s soon found a new place to live. Shaqiri’s popularity had continued determination to hold out for the right Meanwhile, the headlines grew to grow. His Kosovar roots made him a opportunity had paid off. larger, the nicknames more inventive: role model for other children of immi- The Swiss national team player’s -fi “Power Cube,” “Mountain Maradona,” nal months in Switzerland once more “Ninja Turtle.” He was called up to the showed what mattered most: the joy of Swiss national team and agents began to Sometimes his playing football. Although he had already show increasing interest in the whirlwind. secured his future by signing with FC It was even said that one German agent impatient teammates Bayern, Shaqiri was one of the crucial fac- had camped overnight on the Shaqiri had to drag him tors on the road to the 2012 champion- doorstep. True or not, it’s a good story… ship. Right up to his last electrifying per- away from the fans. formance at St. Jakob Park, he gave his all Inquiries mount for his team. He captivated spectators with Requests began to pile up in unprece- grants and – along with his distinctive his feints and intuitive play until receiving dented numbers on the desk of the build and sheer joy in his profession – an his final standing ovation from the home spokesperson of FC Basel, Josef Zindel. idol for football fans even far from Basel. crowd at the “Joggeli.” Could Shaqiri read from his favorite book Throngs waited by the team bus outside Now he is where he thought he be- at a library opening in Berne? Could he any stadium – the Pontaise in Lau sanne, longed all along: at the top tier of Euro- please inaugurate this or that athletic the Comunale in Bellinzona, the Tourbil- pean football. He will experience setbacks field? Would he auction off his jersey for lon in Sion. with the Bayern side; the pressure will a good cause? – There was almost nothing Shaqiri responded to as many re- ratchet up once again. But he will face it he wasn’t asked to do. quests as possible, sometimes lingering with the same composure that has made Remarkably, Xherdan did not crack with fans until finally dragged away by an him what he is today the consummate under the mounting demands. Quite the impatient teammate. He never seemed to standard-bearer for Swiss football. opposite: The larger the stage, the stronger let it go to his head, no doubt because at he grew. One impressive example was the home he was just one of the family, under Super League final in Berne in May 2010. his father Isen’s watchful eye. Shaqiri – not for the first time – played left The summer transfer window in back, replacing Behrang Safari. What 2011 got quite tricky for us. Along with made the task particularly daunting was one club in Portugal, Atlético Madrid ex- that the FCB rookie faced Seydou pressed interest in Shaqiri, the first truly Doumbia, the best player that season. prestigious club to do so, and the entice- Xherdan battled like a wily veteran, and ments of the Primera División did give the FCB won the match 2–0 to secure the him pause for thought. Naturally, we double (the Swiss Cup and the Swiss Foot- wanted to keep our player, especially since ball League). A few months later, Shaqiri the offer from Spain came nowhere near what we thought his transfer was worth. When we discussed the situation, Xher- dan once again kept a cool head. Neither annoyed nor offended, he used it as moti- 2012 Credit Suisse Youth Barometer vation to play even harder in order to en- Life Goals Young people consider following their dreams tice an even better offer. an essential goal – especially in Switzerland. Georg Heitz, 43, began working at FC Basel in 2009 Switzerland 86% Waiting pays off: a call from Hoeness as sports coordinator. In 2012, he became sports direc- US 79% That offer arrived at the end of January tor and a member of the club’s board. Trained as a Brazil 79% sports journalist, he wrote for the Basler Zeitung and 2012, when Bayern Munich’s Uli Hoeness for Blick magazine. He published a biography of Swiss “What life goals do you consider essential?” called Bernhard Heusler. While the rep- footballers Murat and Hakan Yakin in 2004.

64 — Bulletin 5 / 2012 Camfed International is a UK-registered charity number 1029161 and Camfed USA Foundation is a 501(c)(3) tax exempt organization

First Name Last Name Country - - Winfrida Msuya TAN 2365 - Ruth Chibamba ZAM 2539 - Mwanaisha Amanzi TAN 2713 - Lawrence Gore ZIM 2884 - Tatu Makenga TAN 3050 - Furaha Chanzi TAN 2193 - Moyo Andile ZIM 2366 - Farida Makela TAN 2540 - Rachael Mulenga ZAM 2714 - Angella Masanga ZIM 2885 - Simela Sandra ZIM 3051 - Bonani Dube ZIM 2194 - Manyando Makumba ZAM 2367 - Memory Kunda ZAM 2541 - Lenia Matenga ZIM 2715 - Fanista Myungile TAN 2886 - Mucezi Masiye ZAM 3052 - Precious Kapambwe ZAM 2195 - Hildah Mukuku ZAM 2368 - Beauty Muyunda ZAM 2542 - Amuria Napari GHA 2716 - Ester Kaira ZAM 2887 - Debora Msabila TAN 3053 - Jubilee Garikai ZIM 2196 - Liceli Mufanda ZAM 2369 - Maria Kalinga TAN 2543 - Alice Nachela ZAM 2717 - Martha Musisinyani ZIM 2888 - Sikhululekile Moyo ZIM 3054 - Advey Mgaya TAN 2197 - Faraja Konzi TAN 2370 - Caster Chikokere ZIM 2544 - Sylvia Ngulube ZAM 2718 - Rabecca Mutambo ZAM 2889 - Lusinde Kumaiba ZAM 3055 - Kasoma Chama ZAM 2198 - Naomi Mumba ZAM 2371 - Moshi Kayuwanga TAN 2545 - Sinikiwe Sibanda ZIM 2719 - Charity Mwembwa ZAM 2890 - Tatenda Moyo ZIM 3056 - Margaret Kangwa ZAM 2199 - Saphira Sankwe ZAM 2372 - Zenabu Mahamah GHA 2546 - Zondani Sibanda ZIM 2720 - Sepiso Musiyebo ZAM 2891 - Prundence Chileshe ZAM 3057 - Faith Sniff ZIM 2200 - Lorren Raundi ZIM 2373 - Nhare Fungai ZIM 2547 - Sara Nakawala ZAM 2721 - Jemimah Namumba ZAM 2892 - Odilly Kaluba ZAM 3058 - Deophister Chiluba ZAM 2201 - Chiti Mwamba ZAM 2374 - Emmeldah Chisenga ZAM 2548 - Trish Dendamera ZIM 2722 - Sibonginkosi Ncube ZIM 2893 - Marian Mukosa ZAM 3059 - Nalukui Libaka ZAM 2202 - Blantina Mbalase TAN 2375 - Situmbeko Naluca ZAM 2549 - Happiness Mutale ZIM 2723 - Adija Issahaku GHA 2894 - Veronica Chisauka ZIM 3060 - Mohammed Hamdia GHA 2203 - Namataa Sitwala ZAM 2376 - Martha Lyambo TAN 2550 - Delphister Lushinga ZAM 2724 - Mary Kisawike TAN 2895 - Nyambe Nawa ZAM 3061 - Naomi Mwila ZAM 2204 - Duachi Moazu GHA 2377 - Pascalina Mwaba ZAM 2551 - Tatu Sanga TAN 2725 - Zikhumba Tendai ZIM 2896 - Mpande Chameya ZAM 3062 - Pumulo Ikwendo ZAM 2205 - Polite Chidawanyika ZIM 2378 - Buchedo Munkuli ZIM 2552 - Madzinise Precious ZIM 2726 - Shorai Chipazaure ZIM 2897 - Priscilla Mudenda ZIM 3063 - Florence Mwansa ZAM 2206 - Rebecca Mhimba TAN 2379 - Change Nancy ZIM 2553 - Victoria Chanda ZAM 2727 - Ireen Mwansa ZAM 2898 - Kajatu Mugala ZAM 3064 - Mildred Machokoto ZIM 2207 - Eunice Marako ZIM 2380 - Margret Gunika ZIM 2554 - Mirriam Nawelwa ZAM 2728 - Mwangala Imbuwa ZAM 2899 - Tumaini Chahe TAN 3065 - Restuta Njelekela TAN 2208 - Mable Mukombi ZAM 2381 - Tumusa Namatama ZAM 2555 - Astridah Chimfwembe ZAM 2729 - Gladys Mulenga ZAM 2900 - Ruth Kondo ZIM 3066 - Mubita Sitali ZAM 2209 - Lucy Namwinga ZAM 2382 - Alleta Tshuma ZIM 2556 - Ayisha Iddrisu GHA 2730 - Njekwa Butale ZAM 2901 - Harmony Shirichena ZIM 3067 - Josephine Chikanyira ZIM 2210 - Bisesa Mwayo ZAM 2383 - Mercy Chate ZAM 2557 - Mwango Mwale ZAM 2731 - Shuvai Dzinda ZIM 2902 - Esnart Chewe ZAM 3068 - Nemakando Kapokola ZAM 2211 - Chita Mabuku ZAM 2384 - Sibanda Acience ZIM 2558 - Priscilla Mwape ZAM 2732 - Aidess Phiri ZAM 2903 - Perfect Nyathi ZIM 3069 - Evans Tete ZIM 2212 - Majory Namukonde ZAM 2385 - Ruth Mwila ZAM 2559 - Judith Masiwa ZIM 2733 - Sibonkinkosi Mpofu ZIM 2904 - Monica Namukwala ZAM 3070 - Rafia Sulemana GHA 2213 - Roseria Musamba ZAM 2386 - Matau Winnet ZIM 2560 - Jema Kaniala TAN 2734 - Mumba Jubilee ZAM 2905 - Hellen Ngabo ZAM 3071 - Gillian Chanda ZAM 2214 - Prudence Chibesa ZAM 2387 - Hellen Mwila ZAM 2561 - Yvonne Kabulo ZAM 2735 - Patience Nyandoro ZIM 2906 - Musonda Mile ZAM 3072 - Esa Mhanda TAN 2215 - Mwala Mutimbwa ZAM 2388 - Mutema Florence ZAM 2562 - Pili Mhongole TAN 2736 - Christine Mwewa ZAM 2907 - Mainess Mutambo ZAM 3073 - Purity Kangwa ZAM 2216 - Florence Mulambia ZAM 2389 - Mervis Nglovu ZAM 2563 - Tololi Namenzi ZAM 2737 - Mayumbelo Munalula ZAM 2908 - Violet Nkaya ZAM 3074 - Irene Chimupunga ZIM 2217 - Deophine Mulinda ZAM 2390 - Kalumba Mukeya ZAM 2564 - Katonga Nsakanya ZAM 2738 - Mercy Satamba ZAM 2909 - Mandelena Hanchabila ZAM 3075 - Shupikai Chibvongodze ZIM 2218 - Karimu Nafisa GHA 2391 - Reliance Ncube ZIM 2565 - Annie Nawila ZAM 2739 - Karimu Margret GHA 2910 - Dorothy Mhepo ZIM 3076 - Alice Chola ZAM 2219 - Rudo Mutendereki ZIM 2392 - Sheba Nanyangwe ZAM 2566 - Thester Namfukwe ZAM 2740 - Juliet Chanda ZAM 2911 - Christerbell Mwamba ZAM 3077 - Libya Tshuma ZIM 2220 - Liywalii Mwenda ZAM 2393 - Carol Mwandu ZAM 2567 - Precious Mwila ZAM 2741 - Rosemary Kaoma ZAM 2912 - Precious Mumba ZAM 3078 - Jacquiline Mwansa ZAM 2221 - Ntumba Bilumba ZAM 2394 - Martha Chikaka ZIM 2568 - Arahanatu Mahama GHA 2742 - Suraya Seidu GHA 2913 - Juliet Nambeye ZAM 3079 - Hellen Chingongo ZAM 2222 - Netsai Makuvarara ZIM 2395 - Elina Mlongwa TAN 2569 - Nandila Songiso ZAM 2743 - Monica Mvula TAN 2914 - Eunice Kalobwe ZAM 3080 - Prudence Namuko ZAM 2223 - Mwaanga Nalukui ZAM 2396 - Miniva Katwishi ZAM 2570 - Lwanzo Muleya ZIM 2744 - Mercy Mabuku ZAM 2915 - Kalumbu Bupe ZAM 3081 - Ignasia Ndunguru TAN 2224 - Given Kasongo ZAM 2397 - Pamela Nachinga ZAM 2571 - Merinda Mwelwa ZAM 2745 - Sikutambua Kasenega TAN 2916 - Mutangu Mubiana ZAM 3082 - Memory Kaipambe ZAM 2225 - Eunice Chabala ZAM 2398 - Monde Liwena ZAM 2572 - Sitegemei Njalang’ona TAN 2746 - Shorai Mawire ZIM 2917 - Mercy Nambeye ZAM 3083 - Hildah Mofya ZAM 2226 - Farasi Mutami ZIM 2399 - Advei Mgaya TAN 2573 - Grace Zibengwa ZIM 2747 - Gift Chipemba ZAM 2918 - Bridget Kufawatama ZIM 3084 - Sharon Namukwasa ZAM 2227 - Atogo Paulina GHA 2400 - Paidamoyo Chikumbirike ZIM 2574 - Fairuzi Mkini TAN 2748 - Marvis Musonda ZAM 2919 - Anna Mukunza ZIM 3085 - Maggie Mubita ZAM 2228 - Matildah Bwalya ZAM 2401 - Maureen Mulubwa ZAM 2575 - Patricia Mlambo ZIM 2749 - Cathreen Mbulo ZAM 2920 - Harriet Nagogo ZAM 3086 - Persistence Bazela ZIM 2229 - Norah Chilufya ZAM 2402 - Cathreen Mumba ZAM 2576 - Akida Kavindi TAN 2750 - Seidu Amina GHA 2921 - Bukari Natu GHA 3087 - Memonse Masiya ZIM 2230 - Bwalya Malama ZAM 2403 - Likezo Miliko ZAM 2577 - Agathar Chanda ZAM 2751 - Esther Mwansa ZAM 2922 - Munyira Mercy ZIM 3088 - Agness Kabanda ZAM 2231 - Georgina Kanbil GHA 2404 - Blessed Ncube ZIM 2578 - Ibrahim Barichisu GHA 2752 - Agness Chibelushi ZAM 2923 - Elicy Migodela TAN 3089 - Muzibe Liwakala ZAM 2232 - Umi Msombe TAN 2405 - Melina Kanzugala TAN 2579 - Kafingwa Petronela ZIM 2753 - Given Kalaba ZAM 2924 - Beatrice Bwalya ZAM 3090 - Monde Matomola ZAM 2233 - Gladys Chewe ZAM 2406 - Alice Nyimbili ZAM 2580 - Sikudhani Kayoka TAN 2754 - Abu Sawana GHA 2925 - Memory Chanda ZAM 3091 - Lucy Kaovela TAN 2234 - Iteni MwalafiTAN 2407 - Tinarwo Melody ZIM 2581 - Christabel Suzyo ZAM 2755 - Mwansa Chalwe ZAM 2926 - Namebo Malindi ZAM 3092 - Nakweti Pumulo ZAM 2235 - Bertha Bwalya ZAM 2408 - Muyunda Mulala ZAM 2582 - Brenda Mavuyu ZIM 2756 - Muyangwa Etambuyu ZAM 2927 - Agnes Kisage TAN 3093 - Sibesanu Tembo ZAM 2236 - Fadzai Mpofu ZIM 2409 - Gowera Fortunate ZIM 2583 - Inambao Nasilele ZAM 2757 - Blessings Dube ZIM 2929 - Manyingidira Previous ZIM 3094 - Gracious Chipman ZAM 2237 - Evelyn Chipulu ZAM 2410 - Memory Kunda ZAM 2584 - Mundia Meamui ZAM 2758 - Nzila Mulwazi ZAM 2930 - Monica Mlambo ZIM 3095 - Marvis Chanda ZAM 2238 - Matehwe Dorcus ZIM 2411 - Namenda Nandui ZAM 2585 - Lucy Ngwila ZAM 2759 - Hildah Ngulube ZAM 2931 - Chido Kunguma ZIM 3096 - Kaywala likando ZAM 2239 - Jeska Munyi TAN 2412 - Dyness Namukonda ZAM 2586 - Shaness Munkuli ZIM 2760 - Mangolwa Mwangala ZAM 2932 - Patience Machisani ZIM 3097 - NyuniInvest Yvonne ZIM 2240 - Safia Mumuni GHA 2413 - Ingonge Lubinda ZAM 2587 - Memory Mumba ZAM 2761 - Chiwaza Banda ZAM 2933 - Libakenu Namatama ZAM 3098 - Vida Kasenegela TAN 2241 - Yuna Mgongo TAN 2414 - Ela Singo ZIM 2588 - Monde Mubonda ZAM 2762 - Sabuni Abdallah TAN 2934 - Charity Mugala ZAM 3099 - Ruth Kanyumbu ZAM 2242 - Ntombozodwa Chaya ZIM 2415 - Maureen Mwila ZAM 2589 - Rahab Nachalwe ZAM 2763 - Nalishebo Mushokabanji ZAM 2935 - Beatrice Chavaligunu TAN 3100 - Faith Nikule ZIM 2243 - Suja Kikoti TAN 2416 - Nawa Muyombo ZAM 2590 - Afia Zakaria GHA 2764 - Elina Nalombe ZAM 2936 - Hadija Kitoki TAN 3101 - Sophie Chikonde ZAM 2244 - Mubita Inutu ZAM 2417 - Amina Shabani TAN 2591 - Kabika Sikwaiketo ZAM 2765 - Josephine Ponga ZAM 2937 - Nessy Chikonde ZAM 3102 - Phillipa Gangazha ZIM 2245 - Muwaneyi Limongano ZAM 2418 - Mulonda Mwananyanda ZAM 2592 - Salamatu Fuseini GHA 2766 - Mhlanga Bridget ZIM 2938 - Levania Malinga TAN 3103 - Namabunga Ngebe ZAM 2246 - Rafiatu Bawa GHA 2419 - Helena Kisumbe TAN 2593 - Sithabile Chilembwe ZIM 2767 - Kanisia Miopelo TAN 2939 - Memory Singogo ZAM 3104 - Alice Banda ZAM 2247 - Pendu Pamela ZIM 2420 - Atia Azumah GHA 2594 - Caroline Munkuli ZIM 2768 - Shyleen Masendu ZIM 2940 - Chitani Ndlovu ZIM 3105 - Andaratu Mahamadu GHA 2248 - Oparine Kalunga ZAM 2421 - Chewe Lwamba ZAM 2595 - Mary Mushibwe ZAM 2769 - Tryline Mudzira ZIM 2941 - Ireen Mwelwa ZAM 3106 - Tendai Chuma ZIM 2249 - Musileti Ngonya ZAM 2422 - Riziki Luhasi TAN 2596 - Brendah Katutule ZAM 2770 - Eugenia Ndlovu ZIM 2942 - Kalaka Mumba ZAM 3107 - Tendai Chibuda ZIM 2250 - Jali Adam GHA 2423 - Moreblessing Rusike ZIM 2597 - Mugbat Suuk GHA 2771 - Justinah Mulumbi ZAM 2943 - Habiba Jabiri TAN 3108 - Harriet Nawelwa ZAM 2251 - Regina Bwalya ZAM 2424 - Esther Matutu ZIM 2598 - Edith Kakomba ZAM 2772 - Duukper Mijatic GHA 2944 - Tadzembwa Philis ZIM 3109 - Ketrina Nkandu ZAM 2252 - Doris Kiyeyeu TAN 2425 - Advera Lupembe TAN 2599 - Mishenyi Mwakamui ZAM 2773 - Sitshiva Muchenje ZIM 2945 - Rusia Mwoneka TAN 3110 - Ruth Phiri ZAM 2253 - Muyangana Lyangeliso ZAM 2426 - Shylet Muchapawana ZIM 2600 - Merit Zhou ZIM 2774 - Natubi Mushabati ZAM 2946 - Kasonta Chanda ZAM 3111 - Christerbell Chipulu ZAM 2254 - Mashule Manki ZAM 2427 - Muchimba Akapelwa ZAM 2601 - Getrude Mwaba ZAM 2775 - Agnes Msipa ZIM 2947 - Domina Nyalusi TAN 3112 - Gift Mwape ZAM 2255 - Kangwa Clara ZAM 2428 - Amama Issah GHA 2602 - Butete Kakoma ZAM 2776 - Rodah Kanyika ZAM 2948 - Rose Chacha ZIM 3113 - Munkombwe Masupa ZAM 2256 - Emmeldah Mwamba ZAM 2429 - Chengetai Nyamukuka ZIM 2603 - Doroth Hogora TAN 2777 - Mwajuma Bwanga TAN 2949 - Memory Lubinda ZAM 3114 - Sophia Nalwamba ZAM 2257 - Blessed Mukanyanyi ZIM 2430 - Gift Namuchimba ZAM 2604 - Sandra Navile ZAM 2778 - Josephine Mutale ZAM 2950 - Devota Mwenda TAN 3115 - Annettyin Mulubwa ZAM 2258 - ChilesheAfrican Phiri ZAM 2431 - Florence Mutsina ZIM 2605 - Munalula Mwenda ZAM 2779 - Issaka Sanatu GHA 2951 - Sara Banda ZAM 3116 - Given Kalaba ZAM 2259 - Ailet Zingani ZIM 2432 - Polite Gadzani ZIM 2606 - Paulina Ayileoh GHA 2780 - Zalia Adam GHA 2952 - Thandanani Mhlanga ZIM 3117 - Esta Manase TAN 2260 - Benadette Kunda ZAM 2433 - Sikhulile Hlabangani ZIM 2607 - Priviledge Muumbe ZIM 2781 - Elizabeth Bazange ZIM 2953 - Eurita Mangisi ZIM 3118 - Pamela Muchinga ZAM 2261 - Hazel Ncube ZIM 2434 - Precious Gumbo ZIM 2608 - Bridget Mukuka ZAM 2782 - Hildah Mwasinga ZAM 2954 - Matrida Kasege TAN 3119 - Polite Dube ZIM 2262 - Svodai Maposa ZIM 2435 - Lwiza Sunga ZAM 2609 - Constance Mbilima ZAM 2783 - Yvonne Mudukuti ZIM 2955 - Ruth Mwila ZAM 3120 - Catherine Lukaki ZAM 2263 - Cecilia Mnyariwa ZIM 2436 - Abigail Chishala ZAM 2610 - Naney Bwlaya ZAM 2784 - Aneti Myinga TAN 2956 - Expelansia Tula TAN 3121 - Kumaiba Situmbo ZAM 2264 - Tia Salamatu GHA 2437 - Gracious Chilekwa ZAM 2611 - Emah Mandere ZIM 2785 - Queeniva Chanda ZAM 2957 - Chinyanga Tariro ZIM 3122 - Priscilla Kolala ZAM 2265 - Musenge Kwiya ZAM 2438 - Ndlovu Victoria ZIM 2612 - Gladys Bwalya ZAM 2786 - Iddi Safiatu GHA 2958 - Monica Mwinuka TAN 3123 - Hellen Chanda ZAM 2266 - Salama Saga TAN 2439 - Monica Masimbira ZIM 2613 - Maan Janet GHA 2787 - Racheal Namukoko ZAM 2959 - Mashame Chipo ZIM 3124 - Mary Nakawala ZAM 2267 - Winfridah Bwalya ZAM 2440 - Mutsokonori Noreen ZIM 2614 - Julien Mwandila ZAM 2788 - Sarah Nanyinza ZAM 2960 - Havijawa Sengo TAN 3125 - Zainabu Mpegusa TAN 2269 - Memory Katemo ZAM 2441 - Bentula Msamba TAN 2615 - Diness Malama ZAM 2789 - Patricia Mungole ZAM 2961 - Roida Mvanda TAN 3126 - Mwangala Mafenyeho ZAM 2270 - Silvia Mumba ZAM 2442 - Elizabeth Kihoo TAN 2616 - Mulomba Misozi ZAM 2790 - Mundia Kombelwa ZAM 2962 - Easther Musonda ZAM 3127 - Nyasha Nzira ZIM 2271 - Leona Chitsapi ZIM 2443 - Zawadi Temba TAN 2617 - Kanyata Namangolwa ZAM 2791 - Ethel Mwansa ZAM 2963 - Oliva Mgimwa TAN 3128 - Ivwananji Nanyinja ZAM 2272 - Nasra Kasunga TAN 2444 - Senelisiwe Sibanda ZIM 2618 - Aziza Mkinga TAN 2792 - Dina Nankamba ZAM 2964 - Abia Mgoli TAN 3129 - Muchini Abigail ZIM 2273 - Recheal Bwalya ZAM 2445 - Wamundia Nkamba ZAM 2619 - Haruna Ayi GHA 2793 - Farida Kiswila TAN 2965 - Mebho Muzavazi ZIM 3130 - Ntombizodwa mabhena ZIM 2274 - Mwiya Seke ZAM 2446 - Shylet Kaura ZIM 2620 - Juliet Nawelwa ZAM 2794 - Samantha Mwariwangu ZIM 2966 - Sharifa Muhenga TAN 3131 - Isabela Ngongo TAN 2275 - Ndumbazye Ncube ZIM 2447 - Sela Kiyeyeu TAN 2621 - Hyveen Chanda ZAM 2795 - Chabala Kasongo ZAM 2967 - Mary Nakamba ZAM 3132 - Nevisy Lihaya TAN 2276 - Ncube Patricia ZIM 2448 - Sikujua Kalolo TAN 2622 - Sophia Machona ZAM 2796 - Musah Habida GHA 2968 - Maria Mayemba TAN 3133 - UmbaFutures. Kaputungu ZAM 2277 - Fozia Musah GHA 2449 - Ziena Ngetwa TAN 2623 - Harriet Chiluba ZAM 2797 - Lenia John TAN 2969 - Euphresia Nyumbu ZAM 3134 - Sara Yuma ZAM 2278 - Mwelwa Manyando ZAM 2450 - Thelma Mupunga ZIM 2624 - Patricia Mofya ZAM 2798 - Jesca Kasosa ZIM 2970 - Mercy Dendera ZIM 3135 - Tamari Chuma ZIM 2279 - Nancy Lengwe ZAM 2451 - Maggie Lusambo ZAM 2625 - Grace Mukuka ZAM 2799 - Roiya Mboga TAN 2971 - Patience Ncube ZIM 3136 - Chola Mwenso ZAM 2280 - Mercy Mlambo ZIM 2452 - Christina Kapinga TAN 2626 - Patricia Mwango ZAM 2800 - Yvonne Chitanha ZIM 2972 - Portia Dube ZIM 3137 - Doreen Chikumba ZAM 2281 - Charity Chihando ZIM 2453 - Safia Sulemana GHA 2628 - Mahamadu Rahinatu GHA 2801 - Petronella Mpundu ZAM 2973 - Mwale Mutemwa ZAM 3138 - Wesega Zhou ZIM 2282 - Chikuta Namakau ZAM 2454 - Joseph Shylet ZIM 2629 - Majana Kabata ZAM 2802 - Agnes Lupala TAN 2974 - Febby Singogo ZAM 3139 - Pozeni Mpalanzi TAN 2283 - Mitchell Matsikidze ZIM 2455 - Tshuma Simenkosini ZIM 2630 - Gladys Kapela ZAM 2803 - Mary Malama ZAM 2975 - Chafesuka Nominabati ZIM 3140 - Tinago Jane ZIM 2284 - Annie Nondo ZAM 2456 - Ivy Biiwa GHA 2631 - Rudo Kutaika ZIM 2804 - Elinah Mpofu ZIM 2976 - Juleit Bwembya ZAM 3141 - Nayunda Pumulo ZAM 2285 - Shyleen Nkosana ZIM 2457 - Kulwa Kamate TAN 2632 - Simonda Mutukwa ZAM 2805 - Farai Mombe ZIM 2977 - Oliva Mangwata TAN 3142 - Sharon Ngandu ZAM 2286 - Sikufele Mebelo ZAM 2458 - Chikonga Bundambo ZAM 2633 - Josephine Mulenga ZAM 2806 - Mwale Isabel ZAM 2978 - Leonida Kanzugula TAN 3143 - Vwanganji Nyimbiri ZAM 2287 - Moleen Murambiza ZIM 2459 - Vester Matshiya ZIM 2634 - Beth Ngwale TAN 2807 - Prisca Chiwila ZAM 2979 - Chimyama Mola ZAM 3144 - Mumuni Maria GHA 2288 - Namkando Maimbolwa ZAM 2460 - Grace Bwalya ZAM 2635 - Muchindu Mukendami ZAM 2808 - Priscilla Chanda ZAM 2980 - Monde Kapula ZAM 3145 - Magreen Mwelwa ZAM 2289 - Margaret Musanta ZAM 2461 - Namate Kufanga ZAM 2636 - Jawuda Yakubu GHA 2809 - Buhlebenkosi Dube ZIM 2981 - Nakpecinka Fannam GHA 3146 - Beauty Kalunga ZAM 2290 - Sisasenkosi Lima ZIM 2462 - Fatia Maliga TAN 2637 - Chaukura Diana ZIM 2810 - Kafuti Kainga ZAM 2982 - Harriet Chanda ZAM 3147 - Phenny Nalungwe ZAM 2291 - Musemo Ranganai ZIM 2463 - Mary Liywali ZAM 2638 - Agness Chilufya ZAM 2811 - Charity Chokera ZIM 2983 - Shelter Choga ZIM 3148 - Naomi Namwinga ZAM 2292 - Chilufya Kibinda ZAM 2464 - Mayani Chanda ZAM 2639 - Faiza Bukari GHA 2812 - Chiba Mainess ZIM 2984 - Lilian Yumba ZAM 3149 - Bridget Kasasa ZAM 2293 - Veronica Kiyeyeu TAN 2465 - Doris Chanda ZAM 2640 - Nokuthaba Mpofu ZIM 2813 - Barbara Lishandu ZAM 2985 - Brenda Nakamba ZAM 3150 - Limbo Kashibi ZAM 2294 - Rutendo Gomo ZIM 2466 - Nontobeko Khumalo ZIM 2641 - Norah Mukuka ZAM 2814 - Silume Namebo ZAM 2986 - Rabecca Yumbe ZAM 3151 - Musawenkosi Ncube ZIM 2295 - Sibusisiwe Nyakurai ZIM 2467 - Charity Ngirandi ZIM 2642 - Yvone Kasonka ZAM 2815 - Bridget Chileshe ZAM 2987 - Maririma Everjoy ZIM 3152 - Sara Kingarata TAN 2296 - Rodah Chibale ZAM 2468 - Zita Kalaluka ZAM 2643 - Chimuma Mbangu ZAM 2816 - Salifu Miila GHA 2988 - Adah Mwembe ZIM 3153 - Nanalelwa Nosiku ZAM 2297 - Theodora Kunhe ZIM 2469 - Laari Regina GHA 2644 - Bitian Namiteeb GHA 2817 - Sarah Nakazwe ZAM 2989 - Exildah Makoleka ZAM 3154 - Hamida Kambalage TAN 2298 - Brilliant Moyo ZIM 2470 - Mapula Nalukui ZAM 2645 - Hijira Ngulugulu TAN 2818 - Isabel Siniwa ZIM 2990 - Sosala Asuya ZIM 3155 - Rabecca Matambiso ZAM 2299 - Goretty Kasongo ZAM 2471 - Linda Nyoni ZIM 2646 - Memory Chiwaya ZAM 2819 - Siphatheleni Ngwenya ZIM 2991 - Catherine Chasala ZAM 3156 - Nomagugu Mpofu ZIM 2300 - Thelma Bwalya ZAM 2472 - Sophia Mapurisa ZIM 2647 - Mwiya Mushanukwa ZAM 2820 - Monde Monde ZAM 2992 - Emma Namukonda ZAM 3157 - Salamatu Tia GHA 2301 - Charity Mubanga ZAM 2473 - James Tamari ZIM 2648 - Itai Chinherera ZIM 2821 - Euphrasia Kunda ZAM 2994 - Catherine Chota ZAM 3158 - Olipa Namwale ZAM 2302 - Judith Chimfwembe ZAM 2474 - Clara Kafula ZAM 2649 - Cynthia Liyombe ZAM 2822 - Ravia Mwansa ZAM 2995 - Ruth Chisanga ZAM 3159 - Zela Chimukwe ZAM 2303 - Agness Mwansa ZAM 2475 - Patience Tshuma ZIM 2650 - Sabata Kubukwa ZAM 2823 - Norest Bhikoko ZIM 2996 - Uzia Luwumbwa TAN 3160 - Jenipher Kasongo ZAM 2304 - Enesia Kulanga TAN 2476 - Matildah Mukabo ZAM 2651 - Faggie Nkhoma ZAM 2824 - Fuseini Amira GHA 2997 - Reprieve Magocha ZIM 3161 - Frola Samia TAN 2305 - Alice Machembe ZAM 2477 - Dainess Chingongo ZAM 2652 - Sara Badyogo TAN 2825 - mwase Rosemary ZIM 2998 - Sofiah Chikonde ZAM 3162 - Fungai Mhlangeni ZIM 2306 - Zuhura Mhongole TAN 2478 - Carol Machokocha ZAM 2653 - Rumbidzai Chapatarongo ZIM 2826 - Liness Nakaonga ZAM 2999 - Moyo Siziwe ZIM 3163 - Noris Chungu ZAM 2307 - Prudence Bwalya ZAM 2479 - Jane Namwizye ZAM 2654 - Akusia Gariba GHA 2827 - Theresa Kamanda ZAM 3000 - Masamu Mpande ZAM 3164 - Cathrine Dziva ZIM 2308 - Doomaak Jamant GHA 2480 - Praxidence Chanda ZAM 2655 - Doreen Mukwasa ZAM 2828 - Precious Chileshe ZAM 3001 - Mercy Chanda ZAM 3165 - Feddy Chonde ZAM 2309 - Pyelina Kasuga TAN 2481 - Maggie Mumba ZAM 2656 - Imusoka Nalishebo ZAM 2829 - Namasiku Kumoyo ZAM 3002 - Ngandwe Prudence ZAM 3166 - Imanga Nganga ZAM 2310 - Sikwanyi Namushi ZAM 2482 - Joyce Wissa TAN 2657 - Emmanuella Mubanga ZAM 2830 - Mary Kampamba ZAM 3003 - Nalishebo Likando ZAM 3167 - Brendah Mwape ZAM 2311 - Emeldah Katongo ZAM 2483 - Regina Filango TAN 2658 - Purity Mutale ZAM 2831 - Tagarira Tariro ZIM 3004 - Theresa Nyahunzvi ZIM 3168 - Sikumbeleti Mubulukwa ZAM 2312 - Elizabeth Sikanyika ZAM 2484 - Limpo Kufanga ZAM 2659 - Doris Mayuka ZAM 2832 - Elina Sakatwe ZAM 3005 - Feika Munmuni GHA 3169 - Astridah Mulenga ZAM 2313 - Nipe Mgongolwa TAN 2485 - Sikitu Kibadu TAN 2660 - Silibaziso Nkomo ZIM 2833 - Judith Musonda ZAM 3006 - Mutanga Mwangala ZAM 3170 - Cindy Chaba ZAM 2314 - Sylvia Kalenga ZAM 2486 - Hellen Chisala ZAM 2661 - Kakoma Tumba ZAM 2834 - Memory Kasonkomona ZAM 3007 - Magaya Loryn ZIM 3171 - Navone Livinga TAN 2315 - Zulhatu Iddrisu GHA 2487 - Hilda Kitosi TAN 2662 - Fuseina Abukari GHA 2835 - Patience Bhokisi ZIM 3008 - Kamona Nangana ZAM 3172 - Hlengiwe Maphosa ZIM 2316 - Sandra Mutamiri ZIM 2488 - Hawa Kitambulio TAN 2663 - Catherine Kasalwe ZAM 2836 - Kufa Fungai ZIM 3009 - Mulima Alisheke ZAM 3173 - Naomi Msunza TAN 2317 - Lyness Mukalati ZAM 2489 - Mumba Mukube ZAM 2664 - Kwabena Jenifa GHA 2837 - Sisasenkosi Nyathi ZIM 3010 - Messiah Chipulu ZAM 3174 - Naisha Lukosi TAN 2318 - Shelter Billy ZIM 2490 - Loveness Siachilamba ZIM 2665 - Nash Matope ZIM 2838 - Nkumbula Harriet ZAM 3011 - Size Advantage ZIM 3175 - Inonge Mukela ZAM 2319 - Sandra Mwale ZAM 2491 - Shangao Nyemba TAN 2666 - Leonida Kanzugula TAN 2839 - Mwengwe Chola ZAM 3012 - Sabina Sumka TAN 3176 - Munjanja Cathrine ZIM 2320 - Mohammed Mariam GHA 2492 - Maeresera Sarah ZIM 2667 - Gloria Nachula ZAM 2840 - Hadija Muhenga TAN 3013 - Sanelisiwe Sibanda ZIM 3177 - Lutty Nankonde ZAM 2321 - Anna Sibanda ZIM 2493 - Getrude Mhandu ZIM 2668 - Fiona Makoma ZIM 2841 - Chipo Matutu ZIM 3014 - Sitali Pelekelo ZAM 3178 - Angeline Zhou ZIM 2322 - Lidia Nambela ZAM 2494 - Clemencia Moyo ZIM 2669 - Precious Kakoma ZAM 2842 - Nakazwe Zimba ZAM 3015 - Cecilia Nakamba ZAM 3179 - Namwamba Sililo ZAM 2323 - Heppines Petter TAN 2495 - Anzeni Kindole TAN 2670 - Fadzai Mbele ZIM 2843 - Masekela Jenny ZAM 3016 - Gladys Malupande ZAM Mirriam Mando ZAM 2324 - Nyambe Nawelwa ZAM 2496 - Zainabu Kuntelela TAN 2671 - CamfedGracious Korera is delighted ZIM 2844 - toNanunyi partner Mbumwae with ZAM 3017Credit - 3180 Suisse - Hilda Mpagama TAN 2325 - Melinda Chimfwembe ZAM 2497 - Lucia Nyikadzino ZIM 2672 - Agness Musonda ZAM 2845 - Sarudzai Moyo ZIM 3018 - Charity Memory Mutsakani ZIM 2326 - Belita Shampale ZAM 2498 - Izukanji Nanyinza ZAM 2673 - Maureen Musukwa ZAM 2846 - Grace Mpantamato ZAM 3019 - Nkubula ZAM Sibongile Mushuku ZIM 2327 - Chiwisa Sibote ZAM 2500 - Njamba Boli ZAM 2674 - toEverlyn regenerate Nakawala ZAM rural 2847 - communitiesMercy Mwale ZAMin Africa 3020 - by3181 - Bwalya Mwenya ZAM 2328 - Anny Kampamba ZAM 2501 - Ruth Chilambe ZAM 2675 - Nesia Manyanga ZIM 2848 - Mwela Chibamba ZAM 3021 - Sandow Ntombezihle Mpofu ZIM 2329 - Joyce Mbiligenda TAN 2502 - Ruth Chisanga ZAM 2676 - susen Malama ZAM 2849 - Patience Chama ZAM 3022 - Prinsilla Mercy Mulenga ZAM 2330 - Mawere Nyasha ZIM 2503 - Rabi Yakubu GHA 2677 - Bupe Bwalya ZAM 2850 - Lucia Kalinga TAN 3023 - GHA Mwila Chinga ZAM 2331 - Gladys Bwale ZAM 2504 - Mayumbelo Mwabange ZAM 2678 - educatingGetrude Chise girls. ZAM 2851Educated - Kokusima womenBashagi TAN invest 3024 - three3182 - Vera Nakamba ZAM 2332 - Precious Mwila ZAM 2505 - Mercy Nkamba ZAM 2679 - Kusumi Abrofo GHA 2852 - Stelina Mdenge TAN 3025 - Priscilla Currency Chondwa ZAM 2333 - Nothando Nyathi ZIM 2506 - Falitu Issahaku GHA 2680 - Yasinda Kihongosi TAN 2853 - Sidumisile Mpofu ZIM 3026 - Mudhuma ZIM Mwalye Mwense ZAM 2334 - Babbra Nyadowa ZIM 2507 - Kelezo Situmbeko ZAM 2681 - timesZaituni Kabokomore TANof their 2854 - incomesConsilia Landamuka back ZAM into 3027 their- 3183 - Prudence Muyunda ZAM 2335 - Sharon Kabwe ZAM 2509 - Mildred Maliti ZAM 2682 - Lusia Mkame TAN 2855 - Gloria Mulenga ZAM 3028 - Kudzai Tendai Muchecheti ZIM 2336 - Linda Chitalu ZAM 2510 - Grace Sililo ZAM 2683 - Mbututu Makando ZAM 2856 - Felistus Muzamba ZIM 3029 - Mpofu ZIM Janet Nakamba ZAM 2337 - Mumba Elizabeth ZAM 2511 - Amina Nongwa TAN 2684 - familiesBridget Chipanda than ZAM educated 2857 - Poniso men. 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66 — Bulletin 5 / 2012 — Living —

MoreSo than half tired of Swiss teenagers are sleep-deprived. They can’t help it. By Mathias Plüss

Photos: Magnumphotos/Alex Majoli Bulletin 5 / 2012 — 67 — Living —

week in the life of a about 60 years old, we have finally re- typical 18-year-old turned to the schedule of a 10-year-old. student looks some- The reason for these changes is un- thing like this: She known. But trying to resist them is futile, goes to bed at about since they are essentially biologically pro- midnight and sleeps grammed. We also see this shifting bio- until about 6:30, getting six to seven hours rhythm in cultures with less of a sense of of sleep a night, significantly less than the individual freedom. Although the time recommended nine hours. By Friday, she that adolescents go to bed is quite natural, Ais completely sleep-deprived. But she still the time that they wake up is decidedly stays out late on weekend nights. By sleep- not. “In the evening, our sleep is regulated ing in long enough on weekend mornings, by our internal clock; in the morning, it is she manages to make up for the lost hours. regulated by the alarm clock,” explains “On non-school days, more than half Till Roenneberg, a bio logist at the Uni- of teenagers are still in bed at 1:00 p.m.,” versity of Munich. For teenagers, a class says Christian Cajochen, a biologist at the that starts at 8:00 in the morning actually University of Basel, whose research team starts in the middle of their subjective conducted a representative survey on sleep night. in Switzerland last year. “Teenagers not only sleep longer on Saturdays and Sun- days, they push back both when they go to bed and when they wake up by several Scientists agree hours.” This causes a significant disrup- tion in their sleeping and waking pat- that adults should terns, not unlike a long plane flight, which is why this phenomenon is also referred to get around as “social jet lag.” But teenagers recover quickly. Sleep- 8 ¼ hours of sleep ing in twice a week is enough to get them back on track – at least until Monday a night. morning, when school or work resumes. For many of them, Sunday afternoon is probably the only time when they are truly well rested. This correlates with the Better grades in the afternoon findings of the 2012 Credit Suisse Youth The simplest solution would be to have the Barometer: A full 56 percent of teenagers school day start later. Experts like Chris- feel tired most of the time. Other studies tian Cajochen have been pushing for this have yielded similar results, and teachers for a long time, but they have gotten no- at high schools and vocational schools where. “In Switzerland, classes often start readily confirm that their students are as early as 7:30,” he says. “That is just too chronically tired and listless. early. A good compromise would be 8:30, but not before 8:00 in any case.” So far, “Go to bed earlier!” just doesn’t cut it though, Liestal Gymnasium is the only When students are constantly on the school that has succeeded in shifting its brink of exhaustion, their performance start time from 8:00 to 8:30 – and that suffers, as do their grades. But simply only on Mondays. telling them to go to bed earlier doesn’t Cajochen’s research has yielded some work, because teenagers are just doing persuasive arguments. “At one point in for- what their bodies are wired to do. They function according to an internal clock that simply cannot be altered. Even if they go to bed earlier, they are just not able to fall asleep. 2012 Credit Suisse Youth Barometer With the onset of puberty, our natu- Sleeplessness on the rise ral sleep/wake rhythm shifts rapidly to 56 percent of Swiss teenagers complain about being tired. That is 10 percent more the later hours, an average of 20 minutes than in 2011. per year. After about five years, we reach the top of the curve, and then the time we 2012 56% 2011 51% fall asleep starts to shift back, but only by “Is the following statement accurate? five minutes per year. By the time we are I am tired most of the time.”

68 — Bulletin 5 / 2012 — Living — mer Yugoslavia, they didn’t have enough (from 8 ½ hours to 7 ½ hours) and has since school buildings, so they established morn- fallen well below seven hours. ing and afternoon schools in some parts of The economic consequences of sleep the country,” he explains. “The afternoon deprivation are considerable. Sleep-de- students had much better grades, because prived doctors and nurses, for example, they were able to sleep in.” make twice as many errors as their well- But small changes can also make a rested colleagues. Around 20 percent of big difference. At a school in the US, they all serious traffic accidents and half of all shifted the start time from 8:00 to 8:30, industrial accidents can be attributed to which immediately had a positive effect sleep deprivation. In the US, the costs of on the students’ grades. Perhaps even sleep deprivation (missed work, acci- more significant, though, was that the dents, loss of productivity) added up to an percentage of unhappy and depressed stu- estimated 150 billion US dollars in 2001. dents fell from 65 percent to 45 percent. Moreover, there is increasing data that In many European countries, schools shows that sleep deprivation contributes don’t start until 9:00, but in the German- to obesity. Tired people’s hormones are speaking countries the resistance to a later markedly out of balance, with insulin lev- start time is powerful. The typical argu- els that are similar to those of diabetics, ment is that kids can’t leave for school at and this makes them want to eat more. It 9:00 if the parents already have to be at is no coincidence that a correlation was work at 7:30 or 8:00. found in the US between the average The simplest solution would be to amount of sleep people get and the num- have the work day start a little later, too. ber of people who are obese. But this is a cornerstone of our society that probably isn’t going to budge any More social acceptance for sleep time soon. The early-to-bed-early-to-rise “Just like the rich cultural traditions that maxim that stems from agrarian societies we have developed over the centuries sur- is still deeply rooted in our culture. And rounding food, we need to establish cul- indeed, getting up early does make sense tural traditions for sleep,” suggests Chris- when you really do have to make hay while tian Cajochen. “The more in sync we are the sun shines. But for French and math- with our own biological clock, the better ematics, a clear, well-rested mind would we feel and the more efficiently we work. be more advantageous. A little bit more When we get caught up in the vicious cycle sleep could do the working world some of social jet lag, we pay the price, even if good, too. we don’t want to admit it.” “In my opinion, there is an ideal av- But what can we do, if we won’t be erage amount of sleep for adults, and it is able to adjust our work or school schedule approximately eight hours,” Christian any time in the foreseeable future? Per- Cajochen says, summing up the current haps introducing the tradition of a mid- state of scientific research. Each lost min- day nap or siesta is the answer. A 20-min- ute results in a reduction in performance ute power nap can be amazingly refreshing, over the long term. Experiments with re- and can also reduce the risk of heart at- action time have shown that our perfor- tack. But unfortunately naps still have a mance drops off drastically after only a bad reputation in our country. In Japan, few nights of seven hours of sleep. If we though, it is actually socially acceptable. only get six hours, the deprivation accu- They even have a word for sleeping on the mulates – after two weeks we have the job: inemuri—"sleeping while present.” same reaction times as someone who is Here in the West, we still don’t under- legally drunk. The worrisome part is that stand that taking a little nap at the office the test subjects felt tired, but mistakenly is not a sign of weakness. On the contrary, believed that their performance was not it demonstrates a desire to succeed. impaired. In Switzerland, sleep habits are still “relatively good,” says Cajochen. Accord- ing to his survey, the average Swiss person goes to bed at 23:15 and sleeps for 7 ½ hours. In other countries, sleep depriva- Mathias Plüss is a physicist and freelance science tion is becoming a serious risk. In the US, writer. He has received many awards for his work, including the Axel Springer Prize, the ALSTOM Jour- the median amount of sleep for adults de- nalism Award and the Prix Media from the Swiss creased by one hour from 1960 to 1990 Academy of Natural Sciences.

Bulletin 5 / 2012 — 69 — Living —

Smartphone

fever

70 — Bulletin 5 / 2012 — Living —

What do young people love municator series flip phones from the late ing systems to a blood pressure monitor 1990s? But did anybody have one besides and remote control for a home heating and the most? 100-plus grams Arnold Schwarzenegger’s Terminator? In alarm systems. (4-plus ounces) of technology contrast, Apple had sold about 250 million Smartphones are no longer just iPhones as of mid-2012, creating a whole gadgets for teens and twentysomethings. behind a glass screen, accord- new market. Although both groups confessed in the ing to the Credit Suisse Youth Since 2007, Apple has launched a Credit Suisse Youth Barometer that their Barometer. How smartphones new iPhone about every 300 days. The smartphones were more important to iPhone 5 is coming to market with the them than anything else – even “meeting have fundamentally changed usual fireworks. “I feel the need to be the friends,” “Facebook,” or “vacationing us – in only five years. best,” declared Apple CEO Tim Cook af- abroad.” Even doctors, pilots and soldiers ter presenting the new phone. Despite all use special apps to help them in their By Steffan Heuer the low-priced imitators, experts have cal- work. culated that more units are sold of each iPhone iteration than of all the previous “Appifying” the world turninG oFF Your moBiLe Phone iS versions combined. If this holds true with Apple customers have already down- as difficult as pulling the plug on a ventila- the latest version, Apple will sell about loaded more than 30 billion apps, and tor. That may sound like an exaggeration, 250 million new phones. the company ensures a constantly fresh but anyone who has misplaced a mobile supply by giving the developers 70 per- phone, dropped it into the water, or found The prototypical smartphone cent of the proceeds – to the tune of more himself or herself in one of the last dead Google, originator of the most widespread than five billion US dollars so far. All spots in the world knows the resulting feel- mobile operating system, Android, was ing of powerlessness. Your boss e-mails you, not the only company to copy Apple’s Number of downloads ordering you to make changes to the pre- ideas immediately. A simple touch- sentation you’re working on, “ASAP!!!” – screen user interface gives users a from the App Store: Missed it! What’s the name of the book by blank page to customize and config- more than 30 billion that former World Bank economist? – ure their own personal wireless Can’t google it! Deadlines? Addresses? experience, pro viding the very mobile device providers – from Amazon Phone numbers? – Nobody has those definition of a smartphone. to Microsoft – are now following this memorized nowadays. Social life? – Gone! The crushing blow Samsung suffered “crowdsourcing” model of innovation, Shorten your wait time? – How? Navi- in late August in its patent suit with Apple leading experts to talk about the “appifi- gation? – Forget it! has made it clear that simply copying the cation” of the world. Until five years ago, the human race iPhone is no longer an option for the com- These figures for apps do not even managed to live and work just fine without petition. The good news for consumers is include the billions of songs, TV shows, an invisible umbilical cord tying us to the that smartphones will be more varied, al- movies and books that are downloaded or Internet. But the iPhone, unveiled in June though they will likely get more expensive streamed. The smartphone is fundamen- 2007 by late Apple founder Steve Jobs, has as well. tally changing consumer behavior. View- undoubtedly changed the world by popu- Of course, Apple also benefits from ers no longer have to wait to watch their larizing the smartphone and turning a the ruling in the patent case, cementing its shows according to the schedule decreed whole array of industries and business market position. The company has created from on high; they can now watch when models inside out. That means the Inter- a complete, carefully-controlled ecosystem and where they want. net, consumer electronics and telecommu- around the iPhone and its iOS operating Smartphones allow us to curate our nications providers, software development system; it encompasses iPods, iPads, and own collections of information and enter- and industrial design, computer games now desktop and laptop computers, with tainment – a trend that has gained and the publishing industry, and even aca- televisions soon joining the fold. Apple demia. But these pocket computers have keeps the competition, from Asus and also made indelible changes in people’s HTC to Samsung, on their toes, while hearts and minds – creating everything driving traditional mobile phone manu- 2012 Credit Suisse Youth Barometer from the expectation that you can know or facturers like Nokia to the fringes. Smartphones are in look up anything at any time, to a patho- The iOS ecosystem gives life to the Swiss young people feel that their smartphones are more important than “meeting logical addiction to maintaining a rela- App Store, which now has more than friends” and “downloading music.” tionship with a device, while ignoring 650,000 apps. These apps change the Smartphones 96% your fellow humans. phone into anything the programmers and Meeting friends 95% Apple did not invent the smart- engineers can dream up, from high-resolu- Downloading music 93% phone. Remember Nokia’s clunky Com- tion game consoles and expense account- “Are these things ’in’ for you and your friends?”

Photos: [m] VII/Joachim Ladefoged, [m] Gettyimages/Henrik Sorensen Bulletin 5 / 2012 — 71 — Living —

momentum since the launch of the iPad in able touchscreen changing users? Technol- from Boston Consulting Group, Perlow 2010. Networking, shopping and enter- ogy is not a one-way street where people tested how difficult it was to hit the off tainment are even more engaging on a tab- simply come up with new functions. The button. All the study’s participants were let. Market researcher IDC estimates that device also shapes user behavior and can asked to turn their phones off after 6:00 222 million tablets will be sold annually by even become addictive. You could fill a p.m. one evening per week – which was 2016 – from Apple’s iPad and Samsung’s small library at this point with all of the hard for them at first. Galaxy to Amazon’s Kindle Fire. books and studies written about the topic, Only the certainty that everyone including “iDisorder” and “Sleeping with was doing it – as with a 12-step group Are smartphones changing their users? Your Smartphone.” trying to shake an addiction – helped Along with the more trivial purposes it Neurologists and psychologists these knowledge workers make the leap serves – socializing and gossip – the have proven that obsessive iPhone users over the smartphone abyss. “We estab- iPhone phenomenon has also turned suffer from “phantom vibrations” even lished surprisingly quickly that the par- when they are not receiving alerts. People ticipants were more engaged in what they who constantly read their e-mail or up- were doing, were better able to set priori- By 2016 there will date their status on social networks are ties, and talked to each other more,” said be more smartphones activating the same regions of the brain Perlow, who has since expanded her ex- that light up on an MRI during sex or periment to a thousand consulting teams than people when taking drugs. in 14 counties. Sherry Turkle is a researcher at the Everyone deals with smartphones the working world inside out, leaving the Massachusetts Institute of Technology differently, and it’s important not to con- trusty old BlackBerry in the dust thanks to (MIT) who has been studying the inter- fuse using a smartphone with an addic- the iPhone’s versatility. BYOD or “bring play of technology and society for more tion to the apps installed on it. Cutting your own device,” is the keyword. Employ- than three decades. She recently pub- the cord, so to speak, is much easier in ees bring their own smartphones or tablets lished a book called “Alone Together.” your own home, as described by psycholo- from home and want to use them to access “We are so busy communicating that we gist Larry Rosen in his book “iDisorder,” enterprise data, even when they are away often don’t have time to talk to one anoth- for example by banning mobile devices from their desks and well outside of working er about what really matters,” she con- from the dinner table and talking with hours. “This is a fascinating trend, which cludes. The phone and its apps fool you your family instead. not only boosts morale within a company, into thinking you have your life better un- Researchers are in no way unani- but also raises security issues,” says Craw- der control.” The opposite is the case, ac- mous on the use of pocket-sized comput- ford Del Prete, executive vice president for cording to Turkle: “The world throws ers, which some consider detrimental to worldwide research at IDC. “Employees more information at you than you could intellectual achievement. A smartphone feel more productive, because they are using ever process – it’s a race you can’t win. You full of sensors is ideally suited to demo- the latest tools and are more flexible.” really have to tune out in order to be cre- cratizing the work of researchers – either According to Del Prete’s surveys, ative or finish a task.” when it comes to personal use by the sub- the proportion of people who use their jects (for example, a patient, athlete or own smartphones for work has skyrock- A carpet of data for the future environmental watchdog), or as a member eted from one-third in 2010 to more than That is easier said than done, as shown by of a loosely organized team comprising one-half in 2012. Leslie Perlow, a professor at the Harvard millions of researchers and investigators. IT expert Del Prete says there is no Business School, in her experiments. She Big data – a collection of data sets so going back now, thanks to the iPhone: large and complex that they become diffi- “The days when the IT director could in- cult to enter, process and present in real struct clients or employees to use a spe- Only 50 of 1,600 execu- time – will in large part be influenced by cific device are over.” This is all the more tives turn off their smart- the data fed into the network every second true now that the young people flooding phones when they are by smartphones. Google, for example, cal- the labor market have been used to navi- on vacation culates its traffic-jam forecasts based on the gating through documents or pictures travel speed of all Android phones in tran- with a finger swipe since childhood. sit in their owner’s pockets or bags – with- Thousands and thousands of iPads in interviewed 1,600 ex- out the need for any public authority to schools are only strengthening this ecutives and found out that install expensive sensors in the asphalt. trend. Steve Jobs fundamentally changed only one in 50 turned off their Urban environment researchers like how we interact with computers in no smartphones while on vacation. MIT’s Carlo Ratti rely on mobile devices time at all. Sooner or later, people who can be online that citizens use to measure their cities. The big question is, how is this tri- and available all the time will indeed be “Smartphones and sensors are turning ev- umphal march of the endlessly customiz- online all the time. With a small team ery city into a giant computer where any-

72 — Bulletin 5 / 2012 — Living —

one can see the data, thereby improving the suaded at least younger users to entrust the global database that serves our fami- quality of life,” said Ratti, who heads their most personal secrets to the web. lies and schools as well as city planners MIT’s Senseable City Lab. Following ex- They consider it harmless to disclose their and epidemiologists. This literally round- periments around the world – from Brazil current location, despite the fact that the-clock “self-aware” world is closer and Denmark to Singapore – he envisions 94 percent of Swiss young people sur- than you would think: The networking veyed for the Youth Barometer are aware experts at Cisco Systems are predicting Ninety-four percent that their Facebook data could land in the that there will be more mobile devices of respondents wrong hands. than people in the world by 2016. The always-on world exists only in think that their our pockets at this point; just under one Facebook data is billion of the world’s approximately six not secure billion mobile phones are smartphones. Ten percent of all Internet traffic is -al a thick carpet of data woven by au- ready wireless, which is ten times more tonomous sensors and the smart- than three years ago – and growing. phones of dedicated citizens, benefiting Soon, wide swaths of the planet will everyone through better traffic routing, a be covered with an electronic central more flexible infrastructure and a lower n ervous system for which pocket-sized Steffan Heuer is a US-based correspondent for Ger- environmental impact. computers are key hubs. Smartphones man business magazine brand eins in San Francisco, where he follows economic and technological innova- And what about protecting privacy? will feed data measured in passing, such tions. His reports and analyses also appear in the MIT The various social networks long ago per- as air quality and body temperature, into Technology Review Deutschland and The Economist.

Social networks in Brazil

5 00 online friends! Brazilians have more online friends than anyone, even though only 40 percent of the population has accessaccess ttoo tththehe e IInternet.nternet. Facebook and Google’s Orkut are in a neck-and-neck race.

tively modest 40 percent – half of that in Operated by Google and named for its the US. In the Worry Barometer, Brazil’s Turkish developer, Orkut Büyükkökten, youth topped those in the US and Swit- the network is unique to Brazil. Founded zerland in contacting friends via social in 2004, it was the uncontested market networks. leader for years until Facebook sharpened There are several reasons for Brazil’s the competition when its user base and vis- social media mania. The cliché of the itor figures exploded. Over the last three open, outgoing, always flirtatious Brazilian years, the number of users on Facebook c ontains a big kernel of truth. Social increased sixfold, putting Brazil in second network users in Brazil have an average of place behind the US for the number of 481 friends – the most of any country. Facebook profiles. In D ecember 2011, Bringing up the rear is Japan with an aver- Facebook took the lead against Orkut for For Internet companies, especially social age of 29. the first time, with 36 million monthly media like Twitter, Facebook and LinkedIn, In addition, over the last 10 years users to 34 million. Brazil is heaven on Earth. According to millions of people have joined the middle English teacher Lisandra Coelho, the latest surveys, close to 100 percent class in Brazil, Latin America’s most im- 33, says that although she still has an Or- of Brazilian Internet users belong to a social portant national economy. The members of kut account, she only uses her Facebook network, and for 60 percent of them, social this new, self-confident social group have one. The same applies to her friends and networks are the primary reason to go a need to present themselves and commu- pupils. “Because almost everyone used to online. No other country in the world has nicate with their peers. The Internet and use Orkut, Facebook had the advantage of a greater percentage of Twitter users, social networks are seen as a grassroots op- novelty in Brazil,” she said, indicating that and Facebook is growing faster in Brazil portunity to infiltrate the Brazilian media Facebook has an international focus in than anywhere else. landscape, which is dominated by a few contrast to Orkut, and the level of the And the untapped potential is diz- major companies. posts is significantly higher. Sandro Benini zying, because the percentage of Internet An epic battle is raging between users in the country is still a compara- Facebook and the similar Orkut network.

Bulletin 5 / 2012 — 73 — Living — Young love teenagers value friends, honesty, loyalty and a happy family life. Fernando Cuccaro, a contestant in the Mister romandie pageant, had all of that – at only 15 years old. The exceptional story of a young father.

By Beatrice Schlag and Cédric Widmer (photo)

Fernando Cuccaro, 18, with family: “We knew that we were taking a risk. But the idea that Emma could become pregnant was wonderful too.”

LASt SPrinG, FernAnDo CuCCAro gleefully calling him “papa.” But he is all young the parents are. They are both visibly entered the Mister Suisse Romande 2012 too familiar with how people respond self-conscious, and their smiles are a bit pageant. No one asked him whether he when someone who looks 17 at most says strained. Fernando never expected that his was a father. The men’s pageant had no that he has a two-year-old son. They clam experience as an underage father would equivalent for the rule that excludes young up. No one knows how to react. attract more attention than his looks as a women with children from competing. As we had arranged, Emma, Fernan- pageant contestant. Previously, only the lo- The good-looking teenager with the gentle do and little Raúl are waiting at the train cal gossips showed any interest in the fact eyes and perfect manners from French- station in Châtel-Saint-Denis in the Swiss that he was a young father. speaking Switzerland, or Romandie, was canton of Fribourg. From a distance, they accepted as a contestant. look like a storybook family: two excep- Abortion not an option Fernando is the kind of man who tionally attractive adults and a boisterous The son of an Italian mother and a Portu- wants to do everything right. He bursts two-year-old in his stroller, tugging im- guese father, Fernando was still in high with pride over his son Raúl. Sometimes he patiently at his seat belt. Only when you school when Emma, who had just started gets choked up when Raúl toddles over, get closer is it apparent how incredibly an apprenticeship as a hairdresser, became

74 — Bulletin 5 / 2012 Photo: Cédric Widmer — Living — pregnant. Fernando explains how happy he and hurriedly googled the signs of labor. decided to keep the child. Another is that is that they now are finally over 18 and The Internet said the time had come. The her boyfriend was young. When teenagers therefore legal adults. After all, they had to staff at the hospital disagreed, however. become pregnant, the fathers are usually tackle entry into adulthood long before The young couple was sent away, after older. Sometimes 19, sometimes 30. their peers. Since little Raúl was born two being told it was too early for the baby to Day-to-day life for the pair is stress- and a half years ago, they have not had time arrive. ful. Fernando dropped out of school a few or money for drinks, clubs or dancing the Fernando accompanied Emma months after Raúl’s birth. “I wasn’t think- night away. home, but he accidentally left his mobile ing straight anymore.” He attempted to When their parents learned about phone at her house in all the excitement. earn his diploma at a private school. “Un- the pregnancy, they were shocked. “My When he returned the next day, no one was fortunately I failed the final exam and parents said I was too young and too im- home. He waited there for hours before then tried to look for work. It was all too mature to have a child,” says Emma. “But finally making the trip back to Bulle, be- much: Raúl, exams, responsibility.” Since I just didn’t listen. An abortion was never side himself with fear. When he got home, then he has been working at an insurance an option for me.” Fernando’s parents were his mother told him that the hospital in agency in Bulle. Emma works as a sales- against the pregnancy as well. But they had Fribourg had called and Emma had given person in Morges. She quit her appren- no chance against Emma’s determination birth to a baby boy. “I started crying,” said ticeship before giving birth. to keep the baby. They are both frustrated that they can only see each other on the weekends. A missed birth Sometimes Fernando Fernando believes they will soon be able to The pregnancy wasn’t really a mistake, says afford an apartment together. Emma is Fernando: “We knew that we were taking a gets choked up when hesitant, although they are now engaged. risk. But the idea that Emma could become raúl toddles over, She can’t save, she says. Fernando smiles at pregnant was also somehow wonderful. We her indulgently. “She is a bit spoiled, but I absolutely wanted to become parents. Just gleefully calling him love her just the way she is,” he says. “My not so soon.” parents never had much money – it is easier He was happy that Emma wanted to “papa.” for me to do without things.” keep the child. But he was also scared. How They are both thrilled by the fact was he supposed to provide for the family? Fernando. “I had wanted to be there no that they will have a teenage son when “I didn’t know how I would manage to fin- matter what. And in the end she had to do they are 30. “We’ll still be young then and ish school with a baby. And I wanted my it all alone.” The baby in the incubator in the coolest parents around,” says Emma. son to be able to one day say that his dad is Fribourg was so tiny that neither one of Fernando is not afraid of the f uture either. an engineer or some other cool thing.” them could believe he had survived. “I will have a lot more experience then. It’s Emma and Fernando saw each other the present I’m worried about.” nearly every day throughout Emma’s preg- A good shot at Mister Romandie The upcoming Mister Romandie nancy, even though they both lived with Emma and Fernando agreed that they pageant in December will bring a welcome their parents: he in Bulle, she 20 minutes would continue to live with their parents change of scenery. When he entered the away in Châtel-Saint-Denis. But when for the time being. They didn’t have enough contest, Fernando didn’t want to call atten- Emma had cravings, Fernando was there money to live on their own. tion to the fact that he was a father. He to bring her sweets or a Big Mac from When asked if he feels like he has didn’t bring up his son until a subsequent Bulle, since Châtel-Saint-Denis doesn’t missed out on his youth because of Raúl’s meeting with the organizers. The rules have a McDonald’s. birth, Fernando shakes his head vehe- were immediately revised to exclude par- On April 26, 2010, they were cele- mently. “I’ve had an incredible amount of ticipants with children in the next competi- brating Fernando’s 16th birthday in a res- fun in my life,” he says. “I don’t feel like I tion. Fernando can still compete this year taurant when Emma suddenly began exam missing out on anything.” Sometimes, and has good chances of winning the pag- periencing severe pain. She was in her however, he feels awkward because his eant on December 31 – after all, what other seventh month of pregnancy and didn’t friends treat him differently, he says. “Sud- candidate became a father so early and think she could be in labor yet. He imme- denly they see me only as a father. I have ne ver once shirked his responsibility? diately brought her home to her parents the feeling I’m not part of the gang anymore. They no longer talk with me about the things we used to talk about. They never ask about the baby.” Emma’s experience is similar. She no 2012 Credit Suisse Youth Barometer longer goes out with her old girlfriends and Friends, honesty, loyalty, family says she doesn’t miss it either. Not because Traditional values are important to young she feels like an outsider, however. “There people in Switzerland. was a girl here who had a baby at age 12,” Friends 98% Honesty 98% she says. Both say that nearly everyone from Loyalty 98% their class in school was sexually active, so Family life 97% they weren’t an exception. One difference Beatrice Schlag is an editor and columnist for Die “How important are the following things to you?” was that Emma became pregnant and Weltwoche who writes from Zurich and Los Angeles.

Bulletin 5 / 2012 — 75 “Passionate outrage causes people to awaken from their lethargy and take action:” Stéphane Hessel, 94

76 — Bulletin 5 / 2012 — Living — Vive la Révolution

In the Internet age, it is difficult to get young people to listen to your political concerns – !especially when you are 94 years old and attempting to do it in print. Stéphane Hessel has succeeded in doing just that with the publication of two essays: “Time for Outrage!” and “Get Involved!” are striking a chord with an entire generation.

By Mandana Razavi and Christian Grund (photo)

Stéphane Hessel, after an extraordinarily resistance movement, I call upon the lar, to focus on their own personal eventful life guided by the values of the younger generation to take up our intel- happiness. And to mobilize young French resistance, you have written two es- lectual and moral cause, and defend the people, you need to show that you take says calling on young people to resist. Why? values of the resistance. them seriously, that their opinion counts. Passionate outrage – the driving force behind the resistance – awakens people The results of the Credit Suisse Youth Baro- How can that be done? from their lethargy, gives them strength meter have shown yet again that young peo- We have to convince them to take their and encourages them to take action. ple tend to be apolitical. More than anything place in society today, rather than at some I have experienced this personally often else, they are looking for a modest amount of far-off point in the future. If we can enough. In my case, profound abhorrence happiness. Individual well-being is their de- convince them that we are counting on of National Socialism triggered my clared aim in life. them, we can hope that they will tap into political involvement. Hitler, Stalin and So we should try to understand the their immense power. Ultimately, the Franco are dead; but today we face reasons why, shouldn’t we? After all, it is strength of youth is the capacity to other threats. As an elderly veteran of the only natural for young people, in particu- demonstrate solidarity; belonging to a

Bulletin 5 / 2012 — 77 — Living —

group is extremely important during that You emphasize the importance of values. The with popular outrage, especially on the period of one’s life. These were the reasons Youth Barometer indicates that young people part of young people. From Tahrir Square that led me to write these two pamphlets in religious countries such as Brazil are more to the Acropolis and all the way to Wall and call on young people around the world tolerant and attach greater importance to the Street in New York, people are expressing to rise up and let their voices be heard. common good than their counterparts in their frustration over the economic crisis However, they need our support to meet Switzerland, who tend to be agnostic. As an and demonstrating that they have lost the challenges that lie ahead. avowed atheist, how do you respond? trust in governments. The changes of I am not religious myself, but I know regime in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and When you were young, the world was in that religions have always encouraged Yemen are examples of how outrage can the iron grip of totalitarianism and war. people to take an interest in others. result in concrete action. We shouldn’t What cause is there for outrage in today’s in- The underlying messages of the major deceive ourselves: Loss of trust and dustrialized world? religions are fundamentally positive and resistance to the prevailing order are also It is true that the reasons why we should affirm values such as love of one’s becoming evident in democratic countries join together to offer resistance are no neighbor. So the results from Brazil do such as Greece and Spain, and even in the longer quite as obvious. But they do exist. not come as a surprise. Unfortunately, United States. Greed, for example, has knocked the the original messages contained in entire economic system askew. Even religious texts are often willfully misin- The outrage is there, now we need solutions. democratic countries such as Greece, terpreted and misused as a means of Where do you see possibilities for action? Spain and Italy find themselves deep in It is becoming increasingly difficult to debt. Unemployment, especially among solve our problems on a national level. young people, is a huge problem. The Governments will have to work together gap between rich and poor has never been Governments more closely. We are, in a way, moving this wide, and not just in Africa and toward global citizenship. Turning back South America. Just think of the ban- will have to to the economy, however, I think it is lieues of Paris or the suburbs of London vital for the financial industry to reflect where violent confrontations are be- work together on the reasons for the crisis and to draw coming more and more common. What’s the appropriate conclusions. I am not a more, there is cause for great concern more closely. banker, but I see great promise in the about the planet itself. We are depleting approach proposed by Claude Alphan- natural resources as if there were We are moving déry, who actively supports a social and no tomorrow. solidarity-based economy aimed at toward global reducing the gap between rich and poor. To what extent is the agenda of the resistance With respect to the environment, it is still relevant today? citizenship. imperative that the business world, Much has changed since that era, but not policy-makers, and NGOs work together the values that we fought for: Our em- to find ways to stop the reckless exploita- phatic rejection of social inequality and retaining power. This is why we need tion of our planet. of a single-minded focus on profits, as something that goes beyond religion – well as our affirmation of democracy, a kind of universal humanism that may, What can individuals do? social security, and freedom of speech of course, also contain religious elements. Individuals must become actively involved and the press, are as relevant as ever. Something akin to the Universal – and I urge young people, in particular, Declaration of Human Rights, which I to do so. Like Sartre, I am convinced that helped to draft. The first article comes true humanity begins with a sense of very close to what I am getting at: “All responsibility. In concrete terms, that human beings are born free and equal in means becoming involved in politics, dignity and rights. They are endowed supporting parties that attach the neces- with reason and conscience and should sary priority to these issues and voting. 2012 Credit Suisse Youth Barometer act towards one another in a spirit of We all bear responsibility. We cannot Involved Americans Young people in the US and Brazil consider brotherhood.” afford to be indifferent and passive. It is “being politically active” to be a more equally unacceptable, however, to commit important goal in life than do young people The goal of a just world – as you envision it – in Switzerland. violent acts of terrorism in order to bring Switzerland 34% appears to be rather utopian, given the many about change. US 48% global conflicts that exist today. Brazil 44% We have a long path before us, that is You were a firsthand witness to the worst that “What are your goals in life?” correct. But the Arab Spring, too, began human society is capable of. You saw, and ex-

78 — Bulletin 5 / 2012 — Living —

STEPHANE HESSEL Witness to a century

1917 CHILDHOOD Stéphane hessel is born in 1941 Berlin in 1917 as the son of THE RESISTANCE Jewish author Franz hessel and At age 24, hessel joins journalist helen Grund. his the French resistance led by family moves to France when he General de Gaulle. is seven years old.

2 010/11 “TIME FOR OUTRAGE!” 1944 Stéphane hessel now lives with BUCHENWALD his second wife in Paris. his two As a member of the armed essays “time for outrage!” and resistance, he is arrested by the “Get involved!” have been Gestapo in 1944, deported to translated into 30 languages. the Buchenwald concentration millions of copies have been camp and sentenced to death. sold since their publication in he manages to escape under 2010 and 2011. dramatic circumstances.

FRoM 1950 DIPLOMACY Stéphane hessel holds a number of diplomatic posts. he spends two years in vietnam, is 1948 appointed ambassador by HUMAN RIGHTS French President mitterrand, After the war, hessel cofounded the Association is involved in drafting the FranceAlgérie, advises the universal Declaration of president of Burkina Faso, human rights in his capacity and actively supports the goal as a diplomat for the un. of a united europe.

perienced, great suffering. I am amazed that Don’t you think that you may be underesti- ing truly inspiring people such as Man you can look to the future with such optimism. mating the problems we face today just a little? Ray, Marcel Duchamp and Hannah My mother is really the one to thank Of course we are facing great challenge s – Arendt. So I am convinced that our for that. She taught me that you have I am old, but I am not naive. The reason current problems can be solved as well. to be happy yourself before you can make for my optimism and sense of happiness Our hearts and minds offer the courage others happy. I survived many things: lies in the fact that I have faced seemingly and intelligence to solve problems that World War II, a concentration camp, hopeless situations and problems in my may now seem intolerable. Believe me! and other challenges - often because of life that were ultimately resolved. Decolo- sheer luck. Whenever I meet young nization, for example, and the defeat of people like you, I tell them that they totalitarianism. While I was forced to Contest Bulletin is raffling off one signed copy of “time for Outrage!” should be optimistic about their future make the acquaintance of several Gestapo and two signed copies of “Get Involved!.” For more details, and their plans for their lives. officers, I also had the privilege of meet- see www.credit-suisse.com/bulletin.

Photos: [m] Keystone, [m] Gettyimages, [m] Wikipedia/Andreas Trepte Bulletin 5 / 2012 — 79 — The last page — Dreaming of a home of their own According to the Youth Barometer, one of the primary goals young people have in life is a house of their own – a hope held by 76 percent of the Swiss and American respondents and 80 percent of the Brazilians.

AnDreAS GeFe “I wanted my illustration to capture the ambivalent relationship between dream and reality. I understand the wish for a little house of one’s own, but it also brings consequences that are not all positive, like the commute, the isolation, etc. I tried to express that in the colors and composition of my pictures.” Andreas Gefe is known for his work in “Die Weltwoche,” “nZZ Folio” and “nZZ am Sonntag”. His graphic novels have been published by edition Moderne.

80 — Bulletin 5 / 2012 Teach For All is a global network of national organizations working to expand educational opportunity in their countries. The organizations recruit promising future leaders to teach for two years in high-need schools and to work throughout their lives as leaders in the classroom, in education more broadly, and across all sectors to address the root causes of educational need.

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