2.5 How German Is the Holy Roman Empire? 2.6

Home , Diet of Worms (1495), Reichskammergericht

Introduction to Modern German History 2. Emperor, Empire, Reform, and Reformation: 1486 – 1555

Dr. Tobias Winnerling Introduction to Modern German History: 2. Emperor, Empire, Reform, and Reformation: 1486 – 1555

2.1 Emperor Maximilian I and Emperor Maximilian I Imperial Reform 2.2 Late 15th century and Imperial Reform developments 2.3. Reformation and Maximilian of Habsburg, Son of Emperor Charles V 2.4 Confessional and Emperor Frederick III Political Conflict *1459 2.5 How German is the Holy Roman King of the Romans in 1486 Empire? 2.6. The End of Holy Roman Emperor since 1508 Universal Monarchy and the Peace of †1519 Augsburg

Maximilian c.1485, etching by Daniel Hopfer Introduction to Modern German History: 2. Emperor, Empire, Reform, and Reformation: 1486 – 1555

2.1 Emperor Maximilian I and Holy Roman Empire Imperial Reform 2.2 Late 15th century around 1486 developments 2.3. Reformation and Emperor Charles V Ca. 16 million 2.4 Confessional and Political Conflict inhabitants (north of the 2.5 How German is Alps) the Holy Roman Empire? Ca. 4000 cities (north of 2.6. The End of the Alps), 90% with less Universal Monarchy than 2000 inhabitants and the Peace of Augsburg Population grows, economy gathers momentum

Holy Roman Empire in 1400 Introduction to Modern German History: 2. Emperor, Empire, Reform, and Reformation: 1486 – 1555

2.1 Emperor Diet of Worms, 1495: Maximilian I and Imperial Reform  Eternal Public Peace 2.2 Late 15th century (“Ewiger Landfrieden”) developments 2.3. Reformation and  Imperial Chamber Court Emperor Charles V (“Reichskammergericht”) 2.4 Confessional and Political Conflict  Common Penny 2.5 How German is (“Gemeiner Pfennig” – the Holy Roman Empire? not successful) 2.6. The End of Universal Monarchy and the Peace of Further reforms: Augsburg  Imperial Postal Service (“Reichspost”, 1498)  Aulic Court (“Reichshofrat”, 1498) Italy in 1494 Introduction to Modern German History: 2. Emperor, Empire, Reform, and Reformation: 1486 – 1555

2.1 Emperor th Maximilian I and Late 15 century Imperial Reform 2.2 Late 15th century developments developments 2.3. Reformation and  Since the 1450s: Printing Emperor Charles V 2.4 Confessional and with movable type Political Conflict Classical learning surges after 2.5 How German is the Holy Roman the fall of Constantinople in Empire? 1453 2.6. The End of Universal Monarchy Roman Church becomes and the Peace of increasingly centralized and Augsburg bureaucratic

Replica of Johannes Gutenberg‘s printing press Introduction to Modern German History: 2. Emperor, Empire, Reform, and Reformation: 1486 – 1555

2.1 Emperor Papacy sells Maximilian I and Imperial Reform indulgences 2.2 Late 15th century to raise developments money, e.g. 2.3. Reformation and for building Emperor Charles V projects (St. 2.4 Confessional and Political Conflict Peter, 2.5 How German is Rome, the Holy Roman 1516) Empire? 2.6. The End of Universal Monarchy and the Peace of Augsburg

Pre-printed indulgence form from the printshop of Johannes Gutenberg, 1455 Introduction to Modern German History: 2. Emperor, Empire, Reform, and Reformation: 1486 – 1555

2.1 Emperor Martin Luther (*1483, †1546), Maximilian I and Imperial Reform challenges indulgences in 1517 2.2 Late 15th century Huge public resonance, opposition developments from inside the church 2.3. Reformation and Emperor Charles V Luther excommunicated in 1521; first 2.4 Confessional and modern media celebrity Political Conflict 2.5 How German is the Holy Roman Empire? 2.6. The End of Universal Monarchy and the Peace of Augsburg

Martin Luther, ca. 1521 Introduction to Modern German History: 2. Emperor, Empire, Reform, and Reformation: 1486 – 1555

2.1 Emperor Maximilian I and Imperial Election of 1519 Imperial Reform 2.2 Late 15th century Francis I, Charles of Habsburg, developments King of grandson of Emperor 2.3. Reformation and France Maximilian I Emperor Charles V 2.4 Confessional and *1500 Political Conflict King of Spain (Carlos I) 2.5 How German is the Holy Roman in 1516 Empire? 2.6. The End of King of the Romans Universal Monarchy Henry VIII, (Charles V) in 1519 and the Peace of King of Holy Roman Emperor Augsburg England Charles of Habsburg since 1530 Abdicated 1556 †1558 Introduction to Modern German History: 2. Emperor, Empire, Reform, and Reformation: 1486 – 1555

2.1 Emperor Maximilian I and Imperial Reform 2.2 Late 15th century developments 2.3. Reformation and Emperor Charles V 2.4 Confessional and Political Conflict 2.5 How German is the Holy Roman Empire? 2.6. The End of Universal Monarchy and the Peace of Augsburg

Dominions of Charles V Introduction to Modern German History: 2. Emperor, Empire, Reform, and Reformation: 1486 – 1555

2.1 Emperor Charles V‘s European Maximilian I and dominions Imperial Reform 2.2 Late 15th century developments 2.3. Reformation and Emperor Charles V 2.4 Confessional and Political Conflict 2.5 How German is the Holy Roman Empire? 2.6. The End of Universal Monarchy and the Peace of Augsburg Introduction to Modern German History: 2. Emperor, Empire, Reform, and Reformation: 1486 – 1555

2.1 Emperor Maximilian I and Luther‘s 1520 writings Imperial Reform 2.2 Late 15th century developments 2.3. Reformation and Emperor Charles V 2.4 Confessional and Political Conflict 2.5 How German is the Holy Roman Empire? 2.6. The End of Universal Monarchy and the Peace of Augsburg “Von der babylonischen Gefangenschaft der “Von der Freiheit eines Kirche” Christenmenschen” “An den christlichen Adel deutscher Nation” Introduction to Modern German History: 2. Emperor, Empire, Reform, and Reformation: 1486 – 1555

2.1 Emperor Maximilian I and Diet of Worms, 1521 Imperial Reform 2.2 Late 15th century Luther refuses to recant and is outlawed developments 2.3. Reformation and Imperial Register (“Reichsmatrikel”) finally implemented Emperor Charles V 2.4 Confessional and Charles V leaves the Empire, only returns in 1529 Political Conflict Luther goes underground, translates the bible 2.5 How German is the Holy Roman Empire? 2.6. The End of Universal Monarchy and the Peace of Augsburg Introduction to Modern German History: 2. Emperor, Empire, Reform, and Reformation: 1486 – 1555

2.1 Emperor Huge successes Maximilian I and Imperial Reform on the book 2.2 Late 15th century market developments Making the 2.3. Reformation and Emperor Charles V Gospel freely 2.4 Confessional and accessible Political Conflict 2.5 How German is the Holy Roman Empire? 2.6. The End of Universal Monarchy and the Peace of Augsburg

Luther‘s Translation of the New Luther‘s Translation of the Old Testament, 1522 Testament, 1523 Introduction to Modern German History: 2. Emperor, Empire, Reform, and Reformation: 1486 – 1555

2.1 Emperor Maximilian I and Peasants’ War, Imperial Reform 2.2 Late 15th century 1525 developments 2.3. Reformation and  Peasants, Emperor Charles V artisans, and 2.4 Confessional and Political Conflict commoners 2.5 How German is revolt against the Holy Roman feudal authority Empire? 2.6. The End of  Revolt justified Universal Monarchy and the Peace of by the Bible Augsburg  Luther condemns the revolt, which is bloodily suppressed Introduction to Modern German History: 2. Emperor, Empire, Reform, and Reformation: 1486 – 1555

2.1 Emperor Maximilian I and Developments after the 1520s Imperial Reform 2.2 Late 15th century Reformation splits in two between Luther and Zwingli in 1529 developments 2.3. Reformation and 1530, Diet of Augsburg: Lutherans unite behind Confession of Augsburg, Emperor Charles V but Emperor and Diet reject it 2.4 Confessional and Political Conflict Protestant estates of the Empire form the League of Schmalkalden 2.5 How German is the Holy Roman Rival confessional church structures are established Empire? 2.6. The End of Universal Monarchy and the Peace of Augsburg Introduction to Modern German History: 2. Emperor, Empire, Reform, and Reformation: 1486 – 1555

2.1 Emperor In 1545, Sebastian Münster Maximilian I and Imperial Reform publishes his “Cosmographia 2.2 Late 15th century Münster‘s description of developments Germany differs significantly 2.3. Reformation and Emperor Charles V from his predecessors 2.4 Confessional and Political Conflict 2.5 How German is the Holy Roman Empire? 2.6. The End of Universal Monarchy and the Peace of Augsburg Introduction to Modern German History: 2. Emperor, Empire, Reform, and Reformation: 1486 – 1555

Map of Germany from Münster‘s Cosmographia, 1545, oriented to the south Introduction to Modern German History: 2. Emperor, Empire, Reform, and Reformation: 1486 – 1555

2.1 Emperor Maximilian I and Imperial Reform 2.2 Late 15th century developments 2.3. Reformation and Emperor Charles V 2.4 Confessional and Schedel‘s ancient Germany Political Conflict 2.5 How German is Münster‘s ancient Germany the Holy Roman Empire? 2.6. The End of Universal Monarchy and the Peace of Augsburg

Ancient German lands according to Schedel‘s team (1493) and Münster (1545) Introduction to Modern German History: 2. Emperor, Empire, Reform, and Reformation: 1486 – 1555

2.1 Emperor Maximilian I and Münster: German language, German land Imperial Reform 2.2 Late 15th century “Long ago the lands have been sorted from each other developments 2.3. Reformation and by mountains and waters, but nowadays languages, Emperor Charles V governance, and lordships sort the lands from each 2.4 Confessional and Political Conflict other. And following this we in our times call German 2.5 How German is the Holy Roman land each place which uses the German tongue, be it Empire? over or yonder the Rhine or the Danube.” 2.6. The End of Universal Monarchy Sebastian Münster: Cosmographia, Basel: Petri 1545, p. cxcv. and the Peace of Augsburg Introduction to Modern German History: 2. Emperor, Empire, Reform, and Reformation: 1486 – 1555

2.1 Emperor Maximilian I and Münster: German Emperor, German Empire Imperial Reform 2.2 Late 15th century “But this I have had to bring to attention here because of the French who developments 2.3. Reformation and say that the first Western Emperor would have been a Frenchman and Emperor Charles V under Charlemagne the Emperorship would have been laid into France 2.4 Confessional and Political Conflict and not into Germany. We Germans tell the opposite instead. For 2.5 How German is the Holy Roman Charlemagne has been a born German and a ruler over the German land, Empire? he also knew the German language and so brought the greater part of 2.6. The End of Universal Monarchy Germany to the Christian belief. He has resided in German land, namely in and the Peace of Augsburg Aachen and Ingelheim, in my fatherland where he also was born, as almost all histories tell.”

Sebastian Münster: Cosmographia, Basel: Petri 1545, p. ccxv-ccxvi. Introduction to Modern German History: 2. Emperor, Empire, Reform, and Reformation: 1486 – 1555

Sebastian Münster: Cosmographia, top of title page, Basel: Petri 1550. Only the emperor carries shield, sword, and sceptre. Introduction to Modern German History: 2. Emperor, Empire, Reform, and Reformation: 1486 – 1555

2.1 Emperor Maximilian I and Universal Monarchy Imperial Reform 2.2 Late 15th century Sebastian Münster’s concept of Germany ties in very well with the developments 2.3. Reformation and concept of Universal Monarchy advanced by Charles V Emperor Charles V In 1545 imperial patriotism still bridges confessional and political 2.4 Confessional and Political Conflict divides 2.5 How German is the Holy Roman Empire? 2.6. The End of Universal Monarchy and the Peace of Augsburg Introduction to Modern German History: 2. Emperor, Empire, Reform, and Reformation: 1486 – 1555

2.1 Emperor In 1547 Charles V battles the Maximilian I and Imperial Reform Schmalkaldic League, which is 2.2 Late 15th century defeated developments  Diet of Augsburg passes a preliminary 2.3. Reformation and Emperor Charles V (“interim”) settlement of the religious 2.4 Confessional and conflicts in 1548 Political Conflict 2.5 How German is Augsburg Interim very much on the the Holy Roman Catholic side, never really accepted by Empire? many estates 2.6. The End of Universal Monarchy and the Peace of Augsburg

The Augsburg Interim, 1548 Introduction to Modern German History: 2. Emperor, Empire, Reform, and Reformation: 1486 – 1555

2.1 Emperor In 1552 German princes ally with the Maximilian I and Imperial Reform king of France against Charles V 2.2 Late 15th century The Emperor is defeated and flees developments from the Empire 2.3. Reformation and Emperor Charles V His brother Ferdinand, King of the 2.4 Confessional and Romans, negotiates political and Political Conflict 2.5 How German is religious peace the Holy Roman Peace of Augsburg grants tolerance to Empire? 2.6. The End of Catholics and Protestants in 1555 Universal Monarchy and the Peace of Augsburg

Imperial recess of the Augsburg Diet of 1555 (= Peace of Augsburg) Introduction to Modern German History: 2. Emperor, Empire, Reform, and Reformation: 1486 – 1555

2.1 Emperor Peace of Augsburg Maximilian I and establishes a Imperial Reform bipartite 2.2 Late 15th century developments confessional system 2.3. Reformation and in the Empire Emperor Charles V Charles V abdicates 2.4 Confessional and in 1556, dies in 1558 Political Conflict 2.5 How German is Habsburg domains the Holy Roman partitioned between Empire? Spanish and Austrian 2.6. The End of line Universal Monarchy and the Peace of Austrian line holds Augsburg the Emperor‘s office, Spanish line rules the most powerful European state Introduction to Modern German History: 2. Emperor, Empire, Reform, and Reformation: 1486 – 1555

2.1 Emperor Further Reading: Maximilian I and Imperial Reform 2.2 Late 15th century developments Thomas A. Brady Jr.: German Histories in the Age of Reformations, 1400- 2.3. Reformation and 1650, Cambridge 2009 Emperor Charles V 2.4 Confessional and Political Conflict ULB: 02 his m 255 b 812 2.5 How German is the Holy Roman Empire? 2.6. The End of Universal Monarchy and the Peace of Augsburg