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The Human-Alloprimate Interface in Gandoca, Costa Rica: an Ethnoprimatological Approach to Assess Conflict Between Residents and Three Neotropical Primates

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The Human-Alloprimate Interface in Gandoca, Costa Rica: an Ethnoprimatological Approach to Assess Conflict Between Residents and Three Neotropical Primates Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2017 The umh an-alloprimate interface in Gandoca, Costa Rica: an ethnoprimatological approach to assess conflict between residents and three Neotropical primates Giselle M. Narvaez Rivera Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, Natural Resources Management and Policy Commons, and the Quantitative, Qualitative, Comparative, and Historical Methodologies Commons Recommended Citation Narvaez Rivera, Giselle M., "The umh an-alloprimate interface in Gandoca, Costa Rica: an ethnoprimatological approach to assess conflict between residents and three Neotropical primates" (2017). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 15588. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/15588 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The human-alloprimate interface in Gandoca, Costa Rica: an ethnoprimatological approach to assess conflict between residents and three Neotropical primates by Giselle M. Narváez Rivera A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Major: Anthropology Program of Study Committee: Jill D. Pruetz, Major Professor Cassandra Nuñez Maximilian Viatori Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2017 Copyright © Giselle M. Narváez Rivera, 2017. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... v NOMENCLATURE .................................................................................................. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT………………………………. .............................................................. viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW ...................... 1 Ethnoprimatology ................................................................................................ 1 Crop-raiding by nonhuman primates ................................................................... 3 Why study human attitudes and perceptions towards nonhuman primates? ....... 6 Nonhuman primates of Costa Rica ...................................................................... 7 The Caribe Sur of Costa Rica .............................................................................. 8 Agriculture and conservation in Costa Rica ........................................................ 9 Objectives, research questions, and predictions .................................................. 11 CHAPTER II METHODOLOGY ......................................................................... 15 Study Site ......................................................................................................... 15 Nonhuman primates of Gandoca, Costa Rica ...................................................... 20 Los Gandoqueños ................................................................................................. 22 Interviews ......................................................................................................... 23 Camera trapping and primate observations .......................................................... 26 Data processing and analyses ............................................................................... 26 CHAPTER III RESULTS ....................................................................................... 28 Animals identified as problematic and/or crop raiders ........................................ 28 Perceived behavioral differences between monkeys ........................................... 32 Feeding habits when raiding crops/gardens ......................................................... 34 Perceptions and attitudes toward monkeys .......................................................... 36 Management practices ......................................................................................... 37 Importance of conservation .................................................................................. 40 Observations of feeding instances and camera traps ........................................... 42 iii CHAPTER IV DISCUSSION ................................................................................. 45 Monkeys are among the most problematic animals in Gandoca ......................... 45 Perceived differences between monkeys in Gandoca .......................................... 46 “Monkeys love the water apple” .......................................................................... 47 Perceptions and attitudes toward monkeys .......................................................... 49 “Spider monkeys are my favorite monkey” .......................................... 53 Perceiving primates as human-like creatures ........................................ 54 Importance of wildlife conservation .................................................................... 54 Management practices ......................................................................................... 58 Recommendations ................................................................................................ 62 Future directions .................................................................................................. 65 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................... 67 APPENDIX A INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD APPROVAL LETTER...................................................................... 76 APPENDIX B PARTICIPANTS’ SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC DATA ..................... 77 APPENDIX C PARTICIPANTS’ LAND INFORMATION .................................... 78 APPENDIX D ADJECTIVES USED BY PARTICIPANTS TO DESCRIBE THE MONKEYS OF GANDOCA AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION, NUMBER OF RESPONSES AND PERCENT OF RESPONSES ................................................... 80 APPENDIX E ADJECTIVES USED TO DESCRIBE EACH SPECIES, THE CLASSIFICATION OF ADJECTIVES AND THE NUMBER AND PERCENT OF RESPONDENTS WHO USED EACH ADJECTIVE .................................................... 81 iv LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1 Map of Costa Rica with the location of some main towns in the Limón Province of the Caribe Sur ............................................................. 17 Figure 2 Map of the RNMVS-GM and important location points ........................... 19 Figure 3 Map of the areas interviewed in Gandoca and the approximate interview location points ............................................................................ 29 Figure 4 The percentage for each class of animals reported as problematic and/or crop raiders across 105 responses (N=24) ...................................... 30 Figure 5 The percent of responses that were positive, neutral, or negative for each monkey species. ........................................................................... 36 Figure 6 The respondent’s preference for the different monkey species ................. 37 Figure 7 Scare crow installed in the canopy of a rambutan tree to scare away raiders, only reported to work for oropendolas. ............................... 39 Figure 8 The methods used by respondents to prevent or deter monkeys from entering their land and/or raiding their crops and gardens and the percent of respondents who used each method ............................. 40 Figure 9 Percent of responses for the importance of conservation that had a utilitarian, intrinsic, and non-use value ..................................... 41 Figure 10 Yolillo fruit (Raphia taedigera) half-eaten by Ateles ................................ 42 Figure 11 A black-handed spider monkey (A. geoffroyi ornatus) feeding on rambutan fruits (Nephelium lappaceum) .............................................. 43 Figure 12 Group of howler monkeys (A. palliata) resting near a banana (Musa spp) plantation ................................................................................ 44 Figure 13 The clearing of forests near their land is common to star new plantations as needed, such as for banana or plantain ............................... 56 Figure 14 According to locals, several years ago, people from the Netherlands established a program where they gave monetary compensation to locals as incentive ........................................................... 57 v LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1 Studies reporting crop-raiding by the primates of interest in this study .... 5 Table 2 Estimated population density (individuals/km2) of A. palliata, A. geoffroyi, and C. capucinus in selected sites of Costa Rica ................. 8 Table 3 Formulated research questions for this study ............................................. 12 Table 4 Life history traits of primates of interest in this study ............................... 21 Table 5 Range and mean percent time spent foraging fruits, leaves, flowers, and prey by primate species ......................................................... 21 Table 6 Questions posed to the participants
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