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Irradiation As a Quarantine Treatment of Arthropod Pests

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Irradiation As a Quarantine Treatment of Arthropod Pests IAEA-TECDOC-1082 XA9950282-<M(S irradiation as a quarantine treatment of arthropod pests Proceedings of a final Research Co-ordination Meeting organized by the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture and held in Honolulu, Hawaii, 3-7 November 1997 INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY /A> May 1999 30- 22 The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Food and Environmental Protection Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria The IAEA does not normally maintain stocks of reports in this series. However, copies of these reports on microfiche or in electronic form can be obtained from IMS Clearinghouse International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O.Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria E-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.iaea.org/programmes/inis/inis.htm Orders should be accompanied by prepayment of Austrian Schillings 100,- in the form of a cheque or in the form of IAEA microfiche service coupons which may be ordered separately from the INIS Clearinghouse. IRRADIATION AS A QUARANTINE TREATMENT OF ARTHROPOD PESTS IAEA, VIENNA, 1999 IAEA-TECDOC-1082 ISSN 1011-4289 ©IAEA, 1999 Printed by the IAEA in Austria May 1999 FOREWORD Fresh horticultural produce from tropical and sub-tropical areas often harbours insects and mites and are quarantined by importing countries. Such commodities cannot gain access to countries which have strict quarantine regulations such as Australia, Japan, New Zealand and the United States of America unless treated by an approved method/procedure to eliminate such pests. Current approved methods include fumigation by methyl bromide, hot water dip, vapour heat, dried heat and irradiation. Methyl bromide is being phased out globally under the Montreal Protocol in view of its strong ozone depleting properties. Countries such as the USA and those of the European Union are required to phase out the production of this chemical by the year 2005. Among other phytosanitary treatments, irradiation appears to have an edge as it is more versatile in controlling various pests and causes insignificant changes in quality of the treated products. Based on data generated by a Co-ordinated Research Project (CRP) on Irradiation as a Quarantine Treatment of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables, in operation between 1986 and 1990, irradiation as a quarantine treatment of fresh fruits and vegetables against tephretid fruit fly is gaining wide acceptance by national and international authorities. It has been applied on a small commercial scale on fruits being exported from Hawaii for the US mainland market since 1995. The scope for expansion of this application is high as the USD A has established a policy in 1996 to accept irradiation as a quarantine treatment against major species of tephretid fruit flies regardless of commodities. In addition, the ASEAN countries have adopted a unified protocol on this subject. The CRP on Irradiation as a Quarantine Treatment of Mites, Nematodes and Insects other than Fruit Flies, in operation between 1992 and 1997, attempted to fill the gap of information on the effectiveness of irradiation against other quarantine pests. Significant data were generated by this CRP to demonstrate that a minimum dose of between 200 and 400 Gy would render a number of non-fruit fly insects and mites sterile, thus meeting quarantine requirements. However, only a limited species pf insects and mites were studied. Additional data are required to provide conclusive evidence that such a dose would render most, if not all, species of non-fruit fly insects and mites sterile. Plant parasitic nematodes appear to be resistant to irradiation as the dose required to render them sterile would cause damage to fresh horticultural commodities. Irradiation would be a useful quarantine treatment against this pest only for durable commodities such as pot soil, wood products, etc. This publication presents the research results of the CRP presented at the final FAO/IAEA Research Co-ordination Meeting hosted by the College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, and Department of Agriculture, State of Hawaii, held in Honolulu, Hawaii, from 3 to 7 November 1997. The Scientific Secretary of this CRP was P. Loaharanu of the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture. EDITORIAL NOTE In preparing this publication for press, staff of the IAEA have made up the pages from the original manuscripts as submitted by the authors. The views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the IAEA, the governments of the nominating Member States or the nominating organizations. Throughout the text names of Member States are retained as they were when the text was compiled. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. The authors are responsible for having obtained the necessary permission for the IAEA to reproduce, translate or use material from sources already protected by copyrights. CONTENTS SUMMARY OF THE CO-ORDINATED RESEARCH PROJECT 1 Irradiation as an alternative to methyl bromide: the Australian situation 19 N. W. Heather Gamma irradiation as a quarantine treatment for spider mites (Acarina: Tetranychidae) in horticultural products 29 S. Ignatowicz, K. Banasik-Solgala Effectiveness of electron irradiation as a quarantine treatment of cut flowers 49 T. Hayashi, S. Todoriki, H. Nakakita, T. Dohino, K. Tanabe Irradiation as a quarantine treatment of cut flowers, ginger and turmeric against mites, thrips andnematodes 57 A.D. Bhuiya, M.Z.R. Majumder, G. Hahar, R.M. Shahjahan, M. Khan Post harvest controlling of orchid thrips on cut flowers by irradiation 67 K. Bansiddhi, S. Siriphontangmun Irradiation as a quarantine treatment for ornamentals 81 E.C. Manoto, G.B. Obra, M.R. Reyes, S.S. Resilva Tolerance of cut flowers to gamma-radiation 93 O.K. Kikuchi, F.M. Wiendl, V. Arthur Radiation disinfection or disinfestation of nematodes, aphids, mites, thrips, and other pests on food plant materials: Evaluation for effectiveness and product quality 105 J.H. Moy, B. Chinnasri, B.S. Sipes, D.P. Schmitt, R.T. Hamasaki, E.F. Mersino, R.M. Yamakawa Disinfestation of litchi stem-end borer Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley with irradiation for export of litchi fruits 115 Mei-Ying Hu, Xiu-Qiong Liu, Ren-Huan Hou, Xiao-Dong Li, Zhen-Wei Yao, Xue-meiLou, Qun-Fang Weng Development of the yellow potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochieitsis (Woll.) on potatoes after gamma irradiation of cysts 123 W. Karnkowski, S. Ignatowicz Physiological markers in insects indicating treatment with ionizing radiation 129 J.L. Nation, B.J. Smittle, K.R. Milne Detection methods for irradiated mites and insects 141 S. Ignatowicz An irradiation marker for mango seed weevil 163 N.W. Heather, H.G. Lescano, B.C. Congdon Phenoloxidase and melanization test for mango seed weevil 169 N. W. Heather List of Participants 173 SUMMARY OF THE CO-ORDINATED RESEARCH PROJECT INTRODUCTION The past few decades have seen increasing interest in the use of irradiation as a quarantine treatment of fresh horticultural commodities. Increasing acceptance and application of irradiation as a quarantine treatment against fruit flies which was the subject of a co-ordinated research programme sponsored by the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture from 1986 to 1990. In particular, the following positive developments on this subject have occurred in recent years in the United States of America, especially in Hawaii: (1) The issuing of the Notice of Policy by the USDA/APfflS in May 1996 which proposed regulation of irradiation as a quarantine treatment of fresh fruits and vegetables at specific minimum doses against major species of fruit flies regardless of commodities. (2) The publication of the Final Rule by USDA/APfflS in July 1997 on Irradiation as a Phytosanitary Treatment of Carambola, Litchi, and Papaya from Hawaii at a minimum dose of 250 Gy against fruit flies in Hawaii. (3) The market acceptance of and increasing demand for irradiated fruits from Hawaii, treated to meet quarantine requirements, in several States in the USA in the past few years. In view of the global phasing out of methyl bromide, a major fumigant used for treating food and agricultural commodities to meet quarantine requirements, there is an urgent need to develop data on irradiation as a phytosanitary treatment of other arthropod pests of quarantine importance. Data generated in the past 5 years by the participants of the Co-ordinated Research Project (CRP) on Irradiation as a Quarantine Treatment of Mites, Nematodes and Insects other than Fruit Flies have shown promise on additional applications of irradiation as a quarantine treatment. Yet, much more work needs to be done to meet increasing national requirements with regard to global trade liberalization of food and agricultural commodities following the GATT Uruguay Round. OVERALL OBJECTIVES OF THE CRP The CRP puts emphasis on the following aspects of research in the past 5 years on irradiation as a quarantine treatment of agricultural commodities against mites, nematodes and insects other than fruit flies: (1) Determine criteria, e.g. inability to reproduce, for accepting irradiation as a quarantine treatment against these pests. (2) Determine the effect of irradiation on the most resistant stage of these quarantine pests at the time of treatment. (3) Evaluate the quality of agricultural commodities irradiated at 2-3 times the dose(s) required to meet quarantine requirements. (4) Develop method(s) for identifying surviving insects/other pests which were subjected to irradiation at a dose required for quarantine purposes.
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