Oikos OIK-00056

Jackson, B. G., Peltzer, D: A. and Wardle, D. A. 2012. Are functional traits and litter decomposability coordinated across leaves, twigs, and wood? A test using temperate rainforest tree species. – Oikos 000: 000–000.

Appendix 1 Table A1. Species names, abbreviations and families of the 27 New Zealand tree species used in the study

Species Abbreviation Family

Angiosperms

Aristotelia serrata ARISER Elaeocarpaceae

Carpodetus serratus CARSER Escalloniaceaee

Fuchsia excorticata FUCEXC Onagraceae

Griselinia littoralis GRILIT Griseliniaceae

Hedycarya arborea HEDARB Monimiaceae

Melicytus ramiflorus MELRAM Violaceae

Metrosideros umbellata METUMB Myrtaceae

Myrsine australis MYRAUS Myrsinaceae

Neomyrtus pedunculata NEOPED Myrtaceae

Nothofagus cliffortioides NOTCLI Nothofagaceae

Nothofagus fusca NOTFUS Nothofagaceae

Pittosporum eugenioides PITEUG Pittosporaceae

Pseudowintera colorata PSECOL Winteraceae

Pseudopanax crassifolius PSECRA

Quintinia acutifolia QUIAQU Paracryphiaceae

Raukaua simplex RAUSIM Araliaceae

Schefflera digitata SCHDIG Araliaceae

Weinmannia racemosa WEIRAC Cunoniaceae

Gymnosperms

Dacrydium cupressinum DACCUP Podocarpaceae Dacrycarpus dacrydioides DACDAC Podocarpaceae

Libocedrus bidwillii LIBBID Cupressaceae

Manoao colensoi MANCOL Podocarpaceae

Phyllocladus alpinus PHYALP Podocarpaceae

Prumnopitys taxifolia PRUTAX Podocarpaceae

Podocarpus totara PODTOT Podocarpaceae

Podocarpus hallii PODHAL Podocarpaceae

Prumnopitys ferruginea PRUFER Podocarpaceae Table A2. Trait ranges (and mean values given in brackets) of the green leaves and leaf, twig and wood litter traits of 18 angiosperm and nine gymnosperm New Zealand tree species. Significant differences (Welch’s t-test, p < 0.05) between angiosperm and gymnosperm mean trait values are shown in bold

Trait Angiosperm Gymnosperm t (p-value) Leaves C (%) 45.4 – 53.7 (48.8) 50.5 – 54.4 (51.9) 4.46 (< 0.001) N (%) 0.70 – 2.12 (1.38) 0.69 – 1.63 (1.07) 1.69 (0.103) P (%) 0.05 – 0.28 (0.123) 0.06 – 0.17 (0.115) 0.36 (0.718) C/N 21.6 – 71.0 (40.8) 31.5 – 79.2 (52.4) 1.89 (0.070) C/P 162.1 – 934.5 (492.5) 319.5 – 934.1 (524.4) 0.51 (0.618) Specific leaf area (m2 kg-1) 4.6 – 18.0 (11.0) 3.2 – 8.6 (5.0) 4.30 (< 0.001) Leaf dry matter content (mg g-1) 0.20 – 0.50 (0.364) 0.38 – 0.48 (0.44) 3.54 (0.002) Leaf litter C (%) 44.2 – 55.7 (48.5) 50.7 – 56.0 (52.7) 4.15 (< 0.001) N (%) 0.45 – 1.34 (0.85) 0.33 – 1.92 (0.96) 0.72 (0.478) P (%) 0.02 – 0.22 (0.075) 0.03 – 0.14 (0.075) 0.19 (0.850) C/N 33.2 – 111.9 (68.3) 27.1 – 167.0 (68.2) 0.16 (0.875) C/P 201.6 – 2047.9 (910.9) 383.7 – 1840.0 (916.8) 0.03 (0.978) Lignin (%) 4.3 – 31.3 (17.8) 14.2 – 51.2 (38.8) 4.34 (0.001) Lignin/N 3.2 – 64.5 (26.5) 11.4 – 90.4 (49.1) 2.27 (0.032) Phenolics (%) 0.50 – 13.0 (6.3) 2.0 – 14.0 (4.3) 0.38 (0.710) Twig litter C (%) 45.1 – 52.8 (49.8) 50.9 – 54.5 (52.0) 3.72 (0.001) N (%) 0.46 – 1.91 (0.86) 0.45 – 1.01 (0.68) 1.45 (0.161) P (%) 0.03 – 0.27 (0.106) 0.03 – 0.07 (0.054) 3.24 (0.004) C/N 25.6 – 113.3 (66.9) 51.9 – 116.2 (81.3) 1.53 (0.137) C/P 170.2 – 1687.4 (647.8) 721.2 – 1876.0 (1035.9) 3.45 (0.002) Lignin (%) 12.3 – 37.5 (24.1) 23.2 – 47.9 (37.3) 3.87 (< 0.001) Lignin/N 8.9 – 82.2 (33.2) 36.1 – 106.6 (58.2) 3.03 (0.006) Phenolics (%) 0.56 – 11.27 (4.07) 3.06 – 11.67 (6.09) 2.37 (0.027) Wood litter C (%) 48.1 – 50.3 (48.9) 50.03 – 51.49 (50.72) 7.68 (< 0.001) N (%) 0.09 – 0.33 (0.18) 0.15 – 0.22 (0.18) 0.04 (0.970) P (%) 0 .0046 – 0.061 (0.019) 0.0035 – 0.0103 (0.006) 4.23 (< 0.001) C/N 146.3 – 563.9 (304.8) 231.5 – 332.4 (286.2) 0.66 (0.514) C/P 794 – 10468 (4261) 4940 – 14223 (9229) 4.39 (< 0.001) Lignin (%) 9.5 – 41.8 (20.7) 31.0 – 37.0 (33.4) 5.89 (< 0.001) Lignin/N 51.5 – 341.8 (127.7) 151.0 – 238.9 (188.0) 4.03 (< 0.001) Phenolics (%) 0.52 – 6.24 (1.96) 0.66 – 3.18 (1.36) 0.73 (0.475) Lumen fraction (%) 10.9 – 41.2 (23.8) 27.87 – 43.91 (34.5) 4.23 (< 0.001) Kp (kg m s-1 Mpa-1)* 194.8 – 834.2 (520.2) 543.1 – 726.1 (626.9) 2.46 (0.021) Density (g cm-3) 0.47 – 1.08 (0.73) 0.44 – 0.67 (0.56) 3.79 (< 0.001) *Kp – potential hydraulic conductivity Table A3. Eigenvector scores of traits for the first and second axes from the ordinations of the matrix of 27 New Zealand tree species and the functional traits of their green leaves and leaf, twig and wood litter

Leaf PCA Leaf litter PCA Twig litter PCA Wood litter PCA Species Trait Axis 1 Axis 2 Axis 1 Axis 2 Axis 1 Axis 2 Axis 1 Axis 2

All species C % 0.428 –0.255 0.509 –0.408 0.527 0.212 –0.501 0.263

(n = 27) N % –0.463 –0.039 –0.437 –0.460 –0.370 0.702 0.237 0.595

P % –0.415 –0.169 –0.546 –0.289 –0.510 0.286 0.449 0.399

lignin % - - 0.459 –0.545 0.458 0.213 –0.364 0.422

phenolics % 0.100 0.940 0.201 0.491 0.340 0.579 –0.006 –0.437

SLA –0.457 0.145 ------

LDMC 0.460 –0.014 ------

Kp ------–0.406 –0.113

density ------0.440 –0.188 Variance explained by axis % 60.5 16.9 43.5 29.7 61.4 19.6 35.7 23.5 Table A4. Eigenvector scores of traits for the first and second axes from the ordinations of the matrices of angiosperm and gymnosperm New

Zealand tree species and the functional traits of their green leaves and leaf, twig and wood litter

Leaf PCA Leaf litter PCA Twig litter PCA Wood litter PCA Species Trait Axis 1 Axis 2 Axis 1 Axis 2 Axis 1 Axis 2 Axis 1 Axis 2 Angiosperms C % 0.410 0.245 0.491 –0.444 0.529 0.185 –0.376 –0.354 (n = 18) N % –0.472 0.099 –0.452 –0.573 –0.341 0.702 –0.336 0.459 P % –0.459 0.194 –0.496 –0.449 –0.487 0.361 –0.262 0.582 lignin % - - 0.484 –0.303 0.463 0.236 –0.447 –0.043 phenolics % –0.044 –0.945 0.275 –0.426 0.389 0.535 –0.140 –0.530 SLA –0.458 0.010 ------LDMC 0.433 –0.004 ------Kp ------0.542 –0.003 density ------–0.406 –0.203

Variance explained by axis % 62.7 17.8 52.3 21.5 61.0 23.3 32.1 28.9

Gymnosperms C % 0.095 0.632 0.468 -0.093 0.506 –0.165 –0.468 0.213 (n = 9) N % –0.425 0.257 –0.487 –0.151 –0.316 –0.663 –0.035 –0.418 P % –0.519 0.138 –0.583 0.095 –0.498 –0.455 –0.174 –0.701 Lignin % - - 0.291 –0.713 0.519 –0.402 –0.481 –0.150 Phenolics % 0.542 0.021 0.347 0.672 –0.355 0.405 –0.496 0.155 SLA 0.039 –0.664 ------LDMC 0.495 0.273 ------Kp ------–0.414 0.346 Density ------0.318 0.349

Variance explained by axis % 45.7 28.3 46.8 28.9 45.7 32.7 49.4 22.9

Table A5. Linear R2 values (p-values in brackets) of the relationships between the N loss of each of three litter types (leaf litter, twig litter and wood litter) and the traits of the litters, for 27 New Zealand tree species decomposed under controlled conditions. Data in bold indicate significance at p <

0.05

Trait N loss - all species N loss - angiosperms N loss - gymnosperms

Leaf litter Twig litter Wood litter Leaf litter Twig litter Wood litter Leaf litter Twig litter Wood litter

C % 0.088 (0.133) 0.119 (0.079) 0.101 (0.105) 0.189 (0.072) 0.213 (0.054) 0.011 (0.673) 0.147 (0.308) 0.000 (0.985) 0.239 (0.182)

P % 0.254 (0.007) 0.358 (0.001) 0.006 (0.693) 0.327 (0.013) 0.405 (0.005) 0.209 (0.057) 0.121 (0.36) 0.166 (0.277) 0.028 (0.666)

C/P 0.267 (0.006) 0.357 (0.001) 0.005 (0.728) 0.347 (0.001) 0.408 (0.004) 0.206 (0.059) 0.128 (0.345) 0.157 (0.291) 0.025 (0.688)

Lignin (%) 0.006 (0.704) 0.038 (0.331) 0.080 (0.152) 0.074 (0.274) 0.027 (0.518) 0.010 (0.693) 0.047 (0.576) 0.000 (0.993) 0.361 (0.087)

Phenolics (%) 0.172 (0.031) 0.252 (0.011) 0.120 (0.077) 0.104 (0.193) 0.231 (0.060) 0.077 (0.266) 0.613 (0.013) 0.348 (0.095) 0.326 (0.109)

Lumen fraction - - 0.024 (0.439) - - 0.313 (0.016) - - 0.366 (0.085)

Kp (kg m s-1 Mpa-1)* - - 0.002 (0.805) - - 0.038 (0.438) - - 0.152 (0.300) Density (g cm-3) - - 0.026 (0.418) - - 0.241 (0.038) - - 0.550 (0.022) Spurious relationships with the traits N%, C/N and Lignin/N excluded; *Kp – potential hydraulic conductivity; Table A6. Linear R2 values (p-values in brackets) of the relationships between the P loss of each of three litter types (leaf litter, twig litter and wood litter) and the traits of the litters, for 27 New Zealand tree species decomposed under controlled conditions. Data in bold indicate significance at p <

0.05

Trait P loss - all species (n = 27) P loss - angiosperms (n = 18) P loss - gymnosperms (n = 9)

Leaf litter Twig litter Wood litter Leaf litter Twig litter Wood litter Leaf litter Twig litter Wood litter

C % 0.081 (0.150) 0.358 (< 0.001) 0.121 (0.075) 0.08 (0.254) 0.456 (0.002) 0.021 (0.564) 0.713 (0.004) 0.043 (0.593) 0.102 (0.402)

N % 0.060 (0.218) 0.396 (< 0.001) 0.109 (0.092) 0.084 (0.242) 0.470 (0.002) 0.144 (0.121) 0.028 (0.669) 0.032 (0.645) 0.164 (0.280)

C/N 0.106 (0.097) 0.389 (< 0.001) 0.110 (0.091) 0.111 (0.177) 0.498 (0.001) 0.151 (0.111) 0.097 (0.415) 0.045 (0.584) 0.168 (0.274)

Lignin (%) 0.104 (0.101) 0.269 (0.006) 0.003 (0.800) 0.165 (0.094) 0.317 (0.015) 0.049 (0.375) 0.293 (0.132) 0.062 (0.517) 0.008 (0.823)

Lignin/N 0.164 (0.036) 0.520 (< 0.001) 0.062 (0.211) 0.185 (0.075) 0.624 (< 0.001) 0.009 (0.711) 0.292 (0.133) 0.082 (0.455) 0.126 (0.349)

Phenolics (%) 0.002 (0.815) 0.363 (0.001) 0.183 (0.026) 0.000 (0.941) 0.389 (0.010) 0.333 (0.012) 0.019 (0.724) 0.055 (0.545) 0.017 (0.739)

Lumen fraction 0.157 (0.041) - - 0.103 (0.194) - - 0.011 (0.786)

1Kp (kg m s-1 Mpa-1) 0.085 (0.141) - - 0.028 (0.504) - - 0.259 (0.162) Density (g cm-3) 0.015 (0.537) - - 0.000 (0.987) - - 0.200 (0.227) Spurious relationships with the traits P % and C/P excluded; Kp – potential hydraulic conductivity;

Table A7. Linear R2 (p-values in brackets), between the principle components (two primary axes; Axis 1 and Axis 2) summarizing the trait data for each of four parts (green leaves, and leaf, twig and wood litters), and the N loss of leaf, twig and wood litters of 27 New Zealand tree species decomposed under controlled conditions. Data in bold indicate significance at p < 0.05

PCA Axis N loss - all species N loss - angiosperms N loss - gymnosperms

Leaf litter Twig litter Wood litter Leaf litter Twig litter Wood litter Leaf litter Twig litter Wood litter

Leaf axis 1 0.053 (0.249) 0.072 (0.175) 0.003 (0.801) 0.055 (0.350) 0.015 (0.626) 0.085 (0.241) 0.124 (0.353) 0.544 (0.023) 0.001 (0.929)

Leaf axis 2 0.015 (0.537) 0.087 (0.135) 0.051 (0.256) 0.042 (0.417) 0.060 (0.329) 0.137 (0.130) 0.070 (0.493) 0.013 (0.772) 0.082 (0.456)

Leaf litter axis 1 0.238 (0.010) 0.294 (0.003) 0.050 (0.262) 0.378 (0.007) 0.205 (0.059) 0.254 (0.033) 0.202 (0.225) 0.304 (0.124) 0.001 (0.943)

Leaf litter axis 2 0.131 (0.064) 0.079 (0.157) 0.170 (0.033) 0.024 (0.540) 0.102 (0.197) 0.004 (0.792) 0.423 (0.058) 0.014 (0.758) 0.114 (0.375)

Twig litter axis 1 0.000 (0.971) 0.278 (0.007) 0.013 (0.590) 0.001 (0.918) 0.294 (0.030) 0.214 (0.071) 0.018 (0.729) 0.012 (0.777) 0.185 (0.248)

Twig litter axis 2 0.008 (0.671) 0.028 (0.422) 0.003 (0.797) 0.001 (0.918) 0.062 (0.352) 0.003 (0.843) 0.096 (0.418) 0.344 (0.097) 0.000 (0.990)

Wood litter axis 1 0.005 (0.736) 0.092 (0.124) 0.003 (0.785) 0.006 (0.770) 0.189 (0.072) 0.243 (0.038) 0.093 (0.426) 0.019 (0.727) 0.462 (0.044)

Wood litter axis 2 0.089 (0.130) 0.164 (0.036) 0.474 (< 0.001) 0.127 (0.148) 0.185 (0.075) 0.245 (0.037) 0.031 (0.652) 0.031 (0.650) 0.010 (0.802)

Table A8. Linear R2 (p-values in brackets), between the principle components (two primary axes; Axis 1 and Axis 2) summarizing the trait data for each of the four plant parts (green leaves, and leaf, twig and wood litters), and the P loss of leaf, twig and wood litters of 27 New Zealand tree species decomposed under controlled conditions. Data in bold indicate significance at p < 0.05

PCA Axis P loss - all species P loss - angiosperms P loss - gymnosperms

Leaf litter Twig litter Wood litter Leaf litter Twig litter Wood litter Leaf litter Twig litter Wood litter

Leaf axis 1 0.102 (0.105) 0.089 (0.130) 0.087 (0.136) 0.150 (0.112) 0.024 (0.538) 0.051 (0.369) 0.044 (0.590) 0.312 (0.118) 0.100 (0.408)

Leaf axis 2 0.030 (0.389) 0.162 (0.037) 0.028 (0.406) 0.095 (0.212) 0.154 (0.107) 0.116 (0.167) 0.499 (0.033) 0.099 (0.410) 0.039 (0.611)

Leaf litter axis 1 0.281 (0.004) 0.229 (0.012) 0.220 (0.014) 0.271 (0.027) 0.209 (0.057) 0.256 (0.032) 0.557 (0.021) 0.015 (0.757) 0.072 (0.486)

Leaf litter axis 2 0.008 (0.651) 0.024 (0.441) 0.001 (0.886) 0.016 (0.619) 0.001 (0.888) 0.043 (0.411) 0.065 (0.507) 0.071 (0.489) 0.074 (0.479)

Twig litter axis 1 0.047 (0.300) 0.557 (< 0.001) 0.354 (0.002) 0.037 (0.477) 0.674 (< 0.001) 0.558 (0.001) 0.429 (0.055) 0.010 (0.795) 0.037 (0.619)

Twig litter axis 2 0.008 (0.665) 0.007 (0.690) 0.008 (0.669) 0.012 (0.683) 0.024 (0.565) 0.027 (0.542) 0.019 (0.722) 0.048 (0.570) 0.131 (0.339)

Wood litter axis 1 0.048 (0.270) 0.144 (0.051) 0.253 (0.007) 0.013 (0.655) 0.067 (0.299) 0.061 (0.324) 0.022 (0.700) 0.003 (0.885) 0.005 (0.853)

Wood litter axis 2 0.064 (0.202) 0.155 (0.042) 0.185 (0.025) 0.302 (0.018) 0.346 (0.010) 0.457 (0.002) 0.034 (0.635) 0.391 (0.072) 0.962 (< 0.001)