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Umm Salama and Her Hadith The American University in Cairo School of Humanities and Social Sciences Umm Salama and her H଼adīth A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Arabic and Islamic Civilizations in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts by Yasmin Amin Under the supervision of Dr. Mohamed Serag December 2010 i ii DEDICATION To my grandfather, for being the first. To my Uncle Hussein, for carrying the torch. To my parents, for being who they were. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is a pleasure to acknowledge my debt and express my gratitude to many people whom I would like to thank here. Dr. Sartain and Dr. Badawi, thank you for making time to read through my first draft and offer many valuable suggestions and improvements. Dr. Salem and Prof. Sundelin, thank you for accepting to be my committee readers and for your efforts, insights, advice and your attention to details, without which this study would not have been what it is. I am deeply indebted to Prof. Sundelin for great discussions and filling huge holes in my knowledge of Shi'ism and pointing out very useful sources to use, without which the section on Shī'i ḥadith would not have been possible. Sahar Farrag, thank you for spending so much time on my data spreadsheets and sharing your resources as well as tips and tricks on how to rise above excel limitations. My gratitude also extends to my cousin, Dr. Zeinab Amin, who helped numerous times with my statistics, listened to my sometimes weird justifications of numbers and set me straight on them and to Dr. Badrawi for sharing her books and debating with me. My appreciation goes to the special ‘mature’ ladies of the "Green Manuscript Club" (Nehal, Amira, Ranya and Hoda), who acted as sounding boards, 'cheerleaders' and accompanied me on the bumpy road from day one. And last but by no means least, to my friend Arshia, for proof-reading and making helpful and constructive linguistic suggestions. Maggie, Marwa and Noha - the three ‘good fairies’ of ARIC, deserve my thanks for their limitless help with forms and reminders and for their patience and welcoming smiles. The helpful and attentive ladies at the library and the Interlibrary Loan Staff were tireless and indispensable in providing sources and advice. iv Thanks are also very much due to my husband and both my sons, for putting up with my long hours, cranky times, for giving me space to work and for their endless encouragement. I am deeply indebted to my mother and father, who have been peerless role models for me throughout my life and whose memory kept me going when I had doubts. Finally, saving the best for last, I would like to thank my advisor and mentor, Dr. Serag, for his guidance, comments and support beyond the call of duty, for pushing me to my limits and making me realise that I had miscalculated them and that there was still more to learn, do and work on. Thanks go to him for his comments and valuable critical assessments. I owe several of the ideas in this study to his insightful and original scholarship. I have greatly benefitted from (and enjoyed) working under his guidance. There are no words to describe my gratitude; the closest that comes to mind is the German word "Studienvater". Thank you for adopting me intellectually. v Abstract Narrations by notable Islamic personalities are a significant part of the Islamic religious edifice. However, these narrations are of variable quality and authenticity. To evaluate these narrations, standards and tools were developed and used. This study will look into whether or not it is possible to add a new tool that might aid in evaluating the narrations of an individual muḥaddith, using the example of Umm Salama. The study investigates Umm Salama from multiple perspectives to draw a rich picture of her. A detailed review of Umm Salama’s life is presented, her genealogy reviewed, her character explored, her contributions to political and social events studied. The research uses both Shīʿite and Sunnī expositions on her life and draws upon both Shīʿite and Sunnī ḥadīth collections to extract her narrations, creating the first musnad of Umm Salama. The research results point to several interesting conclusions. It becomes evident that all types of sources of both Twelver Shīʿa and traditional Sunnī scholarship (annals, chronicles, ḥadīth collections, literature, etc.) have to be used when possible to enable an objective evaluation of a narrator. The original sources themselves suffer from inherent biases and methodological issues which necessitate using material produced by both sects to enable a more balanced view. The final result shows that these sources themselves provide a more complete image of the personality and the characteristics of the narrator, which when compared to the prophetic traditions narrated by that person provide a tool to help evaluate these aḥādīth. vi Table of Contents Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One - Sources and Historical Context ................................................................................ 4 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 4 1. Some Background to the Historical Sources ....................................................................... 5 1.1. Orality ........................................................................................................................... 6 1.2. Tools for establishing the veracity of the body of different narratives .......................... 9 1.3. T଼abaqāt Works (Biographical dictionaries) ................................................................ 16 1.4. Debate about the Sources ......................................................................................... 21 1.5. Further Challenges regarding the Sources ................................................................ 35 1.6. Summary, Recommendations and Methodology ....................................................... 44 Chapter Two - The Life of Umm Salama ....................................................................................... 51 2.1. Genealogy ...................................................................................................................... 51 2.2. Acceptance of Islam ....................................................................................................... 55 2.3. Emigration to Abyssinia .................................................................................................. 55 2.4. Emigration to Medina ..................................................................................................... 58 2.5. Medina ............................................................................................................................ 60 2.6. First Widowhood ............................................................................................................ 62 2.7. Second Marriage ............................................................................................................ 64 2.8. In the Prophet’s Household ............................................................................................ 67 2.9. Motherhood .................................................................................................................... 69 2.10. With the Mothers of the Believers .................................................................................. 72 2.11. Fiqh ................................................................................................................................ 80 2.12. Some Main Traits of Umm Salama ................................................................................ 82 2.12.1. Studious ...................................................................................................................... 82 2.12.2. Observant ................................................................................................................... 82 vii 2.12.3. Generous .................................................................................................................... 83 2.12.4. Conscientious ............................................................................................................. 83 2.12.5. Not Jealous ................................................................................................................. 84 2.12.6. Courageous ................................................................................................................ 85 2.12.7. Cautious and Dignified ................................................................................................ 88 2.12.8. Inquisitive .................................................................................................................... 89 2.12.9. Outspoken................................................................................................................... 91 2.12.10. Humble...................................................................................................................... 91 2.12.11. Reflective .................................................................................................................. 92 2.12.12. Detail-oriented .......................................................................................................... 92 2.12.13. Counselling ..............................................................................................................
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