Fair Рlay & Sportsmanship

Home , Konstantin Zyryanov

S.A. Vaginova R.G. Gainullina

Izhevsk 2013

Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации

ФГБОУ ВПО «Удмуртский государственный университет»

Факультет профессионального иностранного языка

С. А. Вагинова, Р. Г. Гайнуллина

Честная Игра и Спортивное поведение

Учебно-методическое пособие

Ижевск

2013

2 УДК 811.111 (07) ББК 81.432.1 я 7 В 124 Рекомендовано к изданию Учебно-методическим советом УдГУ

Рецензент: кандидат педагогических наук, доцент Е.В. Тарабаева. В 124 Вагинова, C. А. Факультет профессионального иностранного языка, ФГБОУ ВПО «Удмуртский государственный университет»

кандидат филологических наук, доцент Р. Г. Гайнуллина Факультет профессионального иностранного языка ФГБОУ ВПО «Удмуртский государственный университет»

Fair Play & Sportsmanship. Честная игра и Спортивное поведение: учебно-методическое пособие по английскому языку для бакалавров ФФКиС, профилей подготовки «Спортивная тренировка» и «Физкультурное образование» / Сост. С. А. Вагинова, Р. Г. Гайнуллина. – Ижевск: Изд-во «Удмуртский университет», 2013. – 200 с.

Учебно-методическое пособие «Fair Play & Sportsmanship» предназначено для бакалавров профилей подготовки «Спортивная тренировка» и «Физкультурное образование», обучающихся по направлению 034300 – «Физическая культура», и составлено в соответствии с ФГОС ВПО по дисциплине «Иностранный язык». Пособие включает спортивно-ориентированные, этико-педагогические, художественные тексты и фактический материал по страноведению. Учебно-методическое пособие нацелено на обучение устным формам общения, развитие навыков чтения специальной литературы и формирование компетентности коммуникативно-партнёрского взаимодействия студентов. Пособие может быть использовано для проведения практических занятий по иностранному языку под руководством преподавателя и для самостоятельной подготовки студентов к Федеральному Интернет-экзамену в сфере профессионального образования.

УДК 811.111 (07) ББК 81.432.1 я 7

3 Contests Preface……………………………………………………………………………...5 Introduction. …………………………………………………………………….. 7 Unit 1. Nice to meet you…………………………………………………………..11 Unit 2. Student life ……………………………………………………………….26 Unit 3. English as an international language……………………………………...50 Unit 4. Travelling. …………………………………………………………….....57 Unit 5. English - speaking world …………………………………………………81 Unit 6. Сustoms and traditions of Great Britain………………………………... 104 Unit 7. The Olympic Games……………………………………………………..113 Unit 8. The British and Sport ……………………………………………………121 Unit 9. Sport and Health…………………………………………………………127 Unit 10. Sport in the USA……………………………………………………...... 133 Unit 11. Fair Play principles……………………………………………………...139 Unit 12. Ethical code of a physical culture teacher ……………………………...142 Additional texts ………………………………………………………………….150 Preparation for Internet Test …………………………………………………….167 Irregular verbs……………………………………………………………………179 English – Russian Dictionary of Sports Terms ……………………………………… 183 References and Internet resources ……………………………………… … 202

Предисловие Данное учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для бакалавров, обучающихся по направлению 034300 - «Физическая культура». Пособие составлено в соответствии с ФГОС ВПО по дисциплине «Иностранный язык». Актуальность создания данного пособия обусловлена отсутствием узкоспециализированных учебных изданий по английскому языку, посвящённых спортивной этике, в частности принципам «Фэйр Плей». Оригинальность учебного пособия «Fair Play & Sportsmanship» заключается в том, что студентам предлагаются образцы исследовательских проектов этической направленности и список рекомендуемых интернет- ресурсов для активизации спортивных терминов англоязычного происхождения. В тематическом разделе «Этика учителя физического воспитания» рассматриваются конфликтные ситуации на уроках, что способствует формированию педагогической коммуникативной компетентности студентов, обучающихся по направлению 034300 – «Физическая культура». Учебное пособие «Fair Play & Sportsmanship» нацелено на развитие коммуникативных умений и совершенствование профессионального иностранного языка студентов, обучающихся по направлению 034300 – «Физическая культура». Данная разработка позволяет подготовить студентов к чтению литературы по специальности и общению на английском языке в процессе их профессиональной деятельности. Основной курс учебника состоит из двенадцати тематических разделов, каждый из которых включает лексический словарь-минимум и грамматический материал. Коммуникативные ситуации и тексты этической направленности способствуют формированию компетентности коммуникативно-партнёрского взаимодействия студентов и их подготовке к педагогической практике.

5 Достижение цели на каждом этапе обучения обеспечивается выполнением предтекстовых, текстовых и послетекстовых заданий. Предтекстовые задания нацелены на опознавание интернациональных и производных слов, синонимов, антонимов. Они позволяют подготовить студентов к чтению текста и выполнению текстовых заданий, целью которых является извлечении информации и представление её в виде аннотации, эссе, перевода или устного высказывания по заданной теме. Послетекстовые задания обеспечивают контроль понимания содержания текста с помощью тестов. Тексты составлены на основе статей из газеты «Moscow News» и художественных произведений англоязычных авторов, что способствует развитию когнитивных способностей студентов-спортсменов и повышению уровня их мотивации к изучению иностранного языка. Данное пособие включает: 1. Тексты для самостоятельного чтения с ипользованием словаря для пополнения лексического запаса студентов; 2.Таблицу неправильных глаголов для совершенствования грамматических умений; 3. Англо-русский словарь спортивных терминов для развития навыков перевода профессионально-ориентированных текстов; 4. Репетицинные тесты для самостоятельной подготовки студентов к зачётам и экзаменам; 5. список рекомендуемой литературы и интернет-ресурсов, необходимых для написания эссе, рефератов, разработки исследовательских проектов и презентаций. Учебно-методическое пособие «Fair Play & Sportsmanship» рекомендуется для использования преподавтелем на практических занятиях по иностранному языку и для самостоятельной подготовки студентов к занятиям.

Авторы - составители

6 INTRODUCTION.

Fair Play Where does it come from? What is it? Fair play is a term that is employed in various ways. Although mainly associated with sporting vocabulary, it is also applied to different situations where people either get along or confront each other (in politics, at work, in traffic, etc.). But what do we really mean when we use this expression? What are its origins? Has it always been linked to sport? Some etymology… Do you know that between the sixth and the third century BC, the British Isles were invaded by Celtic tribes who settled in southern England? They originally came from central Europe. Their culture goes back to about 1200 BC (before Christ).

Сeltic Battle. The Celts (Galloi/Keltoi) were an aggressive race that loved war. A typical part of Celtic warfare was that of single combat. Strict rules governed this folkway and it was termed fir fer (fair play). This rule stated that a single combatant would be opposed only by another single opponent. In the Tain, the Connachtman Ferchu Loingseach went into combat with his men, against Cu Chulainn “and they came forward to the place where Cu Cuchlainn was, and they did not grant him fair play or single combat, but all 12 of them attacked him straight away.”

7 The word “fair” comes from medieval English, in which it meant “beautiful”, “pleasant”, “pure” or “immaculate”. Its first appearance (1205) was in reference to the weather. From the 14th century onwards, the adjective began to be used in the figurative sense, encompassing the idea of rightness. The word “fair” has been associated with sport since the Swordplay century. Thus things that were “fair” were those that were beautiful, both aesthetically and morally.The word “play” also came from medieval English, and meant “to occupy oneself in a physical activity, frolic, “make music”. “Swordplay”, referring to fencing, was it first use linked to physical activities.

Medieval Swordplay.

Put together, the words fair and play appear for the first time in Shakespeare’s King John. Shakespeare coined this phrase and used it in several of his plays; for example,

William Shakespeare

Miranda: Yes, for a score of kingdoms you should win, and I would call it, fair play.

(TheTempest, 1610).

8 Since the 19th century, the word has frequently been used in relation to the acceptance of rules and traditions associated with the games practised particularly by the British ruling classes. Certain expressions show to what extent the practice of a sport was bound up with a fair play attitude: for example, the use of “That’s not cricket!” to mean “That’s not fair!”

A cricket match between Sussex and Kent at Brighton in 1849.

Fair play was the watchword of the gentleman amateur. Before the mid 19th century the terms ‘gentlemen’and ‘players’ were used in cricket to denote who were of independent means and those who were not. These expressions are used in a sense similar to that which we still use today: referring to the courteous rapport between opponents in confrontation. You can find the following meanings of the term “fair play”in the dictionaries:

1. Properly conducted conditions for a game, giving all participants an equal chance.

2. Also used more widely to mean fairness and justice in contexts other than games.

3. Just and honorable treatment, action, or conduct: The political campaign was notably lacking in fair play.

9 4. An established standard of decency, honesty, etc.

5. Abidance by this standard.

6. Brittish slang for correct or okay. Phrase taken from sports, where an action (play) is judged whether or not it qualifies or is within the rules. "You must be pissed, mate." "I've had a few, fair play."

7. Irish slang. Another form of saying "good job”. "That's a great idea, fair play to you man”.

Conclusions Fair play originated in Great Britain as part of this new sporting ethos. From there it was exported to the European continent and elsewhere in the world. Fair play is a worldwide understood concept, which found its origins in sport. Fair play is not only an essential element of sport, it has also become a more general philosophy of respect for rules and respect for others (rivals and partners, lecturers and groupmates, colleagues and the management) whether on the sporting field or in business, in politics, in a university setting, at work, in traffic, etc.

10 UNIT 1. NICE TO MEET YOU.

A proper English Gentlman.

I. Do you know the words? Try to translate the words into Russian. Address, business, boyfriend, form, formula, manager, person, position, professor, religion, secretary, situation, speaker, status, title; comfortable, formal, real, alternative, pardon, provide.

II. Read the text and try to memorize the forms of addressing people in the situation of getting acquainted.

How to Address People in English English learners often feel confused about how to address Surname people properly. Many feel uncomfortable asking the Family name First name Last name question, "What should I call you?" Even native English William Shakespeare people find this question awkward. For example, many Hilary Clinton women don't know how to address their boyfriend's mother. On the other hand, some parents don't know what to call their children's teacher.

Note that: For Mr we say “Mister”; For Mrs -“Misses”; For Miss - “Miss”.

Why is "What should I call you?" such a difficult question to ask? Perhaps it's because you are asking the other person to provide their status or position in the world in relationship to yours. This position may involve age, job, education, religion and even marital status. If you are unsure of what to call someone, it's best to use a formal address or simply ask one of these questions:

11 - What should I call your mum / the teacher / the manager?

- Is it okay if I call you [the nickname you've heard others use]?

- What's your name? (use in a casual situation like a party or classroom where first names are used)

Formal Titles in English In business situations, use formal titles unless the people you meet tell you otherwise. To get someone's attention you can say: "Excuse me, Sir" or "Pardon me, Madam/Ma'am." To greet someone you can say: "Hello Sir" or "Good morning, Madam/Ma'am." Here are the formal titles English speakers use:

1. Sir (adult male of any age) 2. Madam (adult female) 3. Mr + last name (any man) 4. Mrs + last name (married woman who uses her husband's last name) 5. Miss + last name (unmarried woman) 6. Dr + last name (some doctors go by Dr + first name) 7. Professor + last name (in a university setting).

A Lady and two Gentlmen.

12 III. Read and translate the dialogue. Write out the modes of address.

Modes of Address John: Do you know the right way to address people in English?

В rend a: When you know people well it's very easy, of course. You just call them by their first name. J. Yes, that's right. I call you Brenda, don't I? And you call me John. But if we didn't know each other very well, if we weren't personal friends, then I should call you Miss Grey, and you would call me Mr Green. Remember, that "Mr" and "Mrs", "Miss" and "Ms" should always be followed by the name of the person you are talking to. For example, Mr Smith, Mrs Brown, Miss Robinson, Ms Greene. B. "Sir" and "Madam", on the other hand, are never followed by a name except in the special case when "Sir" is a title, such as Sir Stafford Cripps or Sir Francis Drake. When "Sir" is a title we always use it as part of the name. J. Yes, but notice that in speaking to such a person we use "Sir" with the first name, the Christian name only, and we say Sir Stafford. B. "Sir" and "Madam" used alone show respect for position or seniority. Tradespeople and shopkeepers call their customers "Sir" and "Madam". And schoolchildren call their men teachers "Sir". Though as a matter of fact women teachers are never called "Madam". J. Young men, too, often call older men "Sir" as a mark of respect. But "Madam" is not used in the same way by young women speaking to older ones. B. That reminds me, it is quite un-English to speak, as many foreigners do, of "Madam, your mother" or of "Sir or Mr your father", or of "Mr your husband". J. Students of English often have difficulty too with professional titles like "Doctor" or "Professor", and the first thing to note here is again that we

13 never use any of these titles with "Mr". We don't say "Mr Doctor" or "Mr Professor". B. No, a medical practitioner is usually called just "Doctor" when you are speaking to him. In fact, we do this whether or not he holds the actual degree of Doctor of Medicine.

Doctor of Medicine and his patients.

J. But any other kind of Doctor, such as a Doctor of Philosophy or a Doctor of Music, we never call him by the one word "Doctor". B. That's right: we might speak to him formally as Doctor Smith, or whatever his name is, but "Doctor" by itself always means a medical man. As for "Professor", in Britain a professor is nearly always a university professor and if you know one you can call him "Professor" with or without his name, according to how formal or informal you want to be.

A university professor and students.

14 J. Just as it's wrong to say "Mr Professor" or "Mr Doctor", so it's wrong, too, to give any title to the wife of a man in such a position. We do not speak of "Mrs Professor White" or "Mrs Doctor Black". B. No, nor of "Mrs Colonel Brown". We simply say "Mrs White", "Mrs Black" and "Mrs Brown" in all such cases. J. Since you've mentioned a military title, I think I should add that "Mr" is never used with these titles either. Soldiers, sailors and airmen, of course, address their officers as "Sir", but in ordinary life we just say "Colonel", "Captain", or "Commander" as the case may be. B. On the other hand, administrative or commercial titles like "Director" or "Manager" are never used at all as a form of address. Except when you are working for such a person and you require to call him "Sir", you must always address him by his ordinary name.

IV. Can you say? 1. What is the most accepted formal form of greeting which is suitable any time of day? 2. What standard replies are there to "Good morning", "Good afternoon", "Good evening"? 3. What is the widely used formula of an informal greeting? 4. What are the standard replies to the question "How are you?" 5. When people part what do they usuall say that is suitable any time of day? 6. Which are the less formal ways of saying good-bye? 7. When do you say "Good night"?

15 Greetings

V. Read and memorize the following formulas of greeting and farewell. 1. How do you do?: this is not really a question, but just a formula used when people meet for the first time or have not seen each other for a long time. The usual answer to it is: “How do you do?” Both the opening sentence and the answer are said with a falling tone. This' formula may be used almost any time of day. You say this without expecting any answer but "How do you do" and do not offer to shake hands. It is a rather formal greeting, young people in similar circumstances may just say to each other: “Hello!”

2. You say "Good morning" to people when your greeting is more formal. This formula is used before lunch. To those you know well you may say simply "Morning". 3. You say "Good afternoon" to people you do not know well between lunch time and tea-time. 4. You say "Good evening" to people you do not know very well after 6 p.m. To those you know well you may just say "Evening". 5. The proper universal informal greeting is "Hello". This formula is usually used with the first name. After an informal or a friendly greeting often comes the question: "How are you?" Farewells

The usual phrase to use when, you leave is "Goodbye", but there are a number of other less formal ways of parting, such as: 16 Bye-bye! Cheerio! See you later! (I'll) be seeing you (soon). So long. Farewell. (When parting for long) Say "Good night" only when you leave and it is after eight o'clock at night.

It’s 9 o'clock at night.

VI. Read the dialogues. Pay attention to the formulas of greeting and farewell. Greeting People

A. What must I say when I am introduced to someone? B. Oh, just "How do you do?" A. And what do they answer? B. "How do you do?" A. But it seems nonsense, I ask them a question about their health and they don't give an answer; instead they ask me a question which I don't answer. B. Yes, I suppose it is rather strange, but we don't think of "How do you do?" as a question — it's just a greeting. If you really wanted to know about your friend's health you would say "How are you?" A. Oh, yes, I've heard that; and what do they answer? B. "Very well", "Thank you", "How are you?" A. And what do you say if you are not very well? B. Just "Not very well" or "Not too well". A. That's good. It's just what I wanted.

VII. List what is right to say and how to behave:

When greeting a person you do not know well (in the morning, after lunch time, after six o'clock); when greeting a friend; when parting with a person you do not know very well (in the morning, after lunch time, after six o'clock, after eight o'clock at night); when parting with a friend; when formally introduced.

VIII. Say how you respond to:

1. "How do you do?"

2. "Good morning" ("Good afternoon", "Good evening").

3. "Hello, how are you?"

IX. Ask a friend what is the correct thing to say: when greeting a person you do not know well; when greeting a person you know well; when parting formally; when saying good-bye informally

X. Practise greeting each other and leave taking. Work in pair.

XI. Dramatize the dialogue.

Mr. Brown: Good morning, Mr. White.

Mr. White: Good morning, Mr. Brown.

Mr. Brown: Won’t you come in and join us? I’d like to introduce you to to my friend Miss Green, who has just come to London.

Mr. White: How do you do, Miss Green?

Miss Green: How do you do, Mr. White? I’m very glad to meet you.

Mr. White: How's your business going?

Miss Green: Pretty good, thank you. And how are things with you?

18 Mr. White: Well, not too good.

Miss Green: I’m sorry to hear that. I hope things will soon improve.

Mr. White: Yes, let’s hope for the best. And how long are going to stay in Moscow?

Miss Green: I don’t know exactly. I’m having a very pleasant time here.

Note that: Glad to meet you: the complete sentence is: “I’m glad to meet you”.

It is a formula which may be used alternatively with “How do you do?” by people who are being introduced to other people. On parting, people who have been introduced to each other usually say ”Glad to have met you” .

XII. Do you know that?

In Britain you will find most people are kinder to you if you behave politely, respecting local people. You may sometimes upset people by things that you say or do, even if these things seem perfectly normal in your own culture. When you first meet someone it can be difficult to know how to start a conversation, especially if your first language is not English.

Which topics are safe for small talk? Introductions.

"Hello.May I introduce myself? My name is Mark".

19 - Family, eg "How is your family?" (if you already know about the person's family) - Hospitality, eg "Can I get you something to eat or drink?" - The weather.

"It's a lovely day today, isn't it?"

- Holidays, eg "Are you going anywhere this weekend?" or "Are you going anywhere on holiday this year?" - Nature, eg "The garden looks lovely, doesn't it?" - Pets, eg "What a lovely dog. What is his name?" (British people love dogs or cats) - Television, eg "Did you see The X Factor last night?" - Music, eg "What sort of music do you like?" - Books, eg "Have you read any good books recently?"

- Wimbledon Master Plan.

- Sport, eg "Have you been watching Wimbledon?" (note that many British people, especially men, enjoy talking about football)

20 - Hobbies, eg "What do you enjoy doing in your spare time?" - Business, eg "How's your business going?" (if you know the person has a business)

A University Student.

-Studies, eg "What are you studying?" (if you know the person is a student)

A lovely Chinese meal. - Food, eg "I had a lovely Chinese meal last night - do you like Chinese food?" - General matters on subjects that you know that interests the person you are talking to, eg cars, film stars etc. Which topics are best avoided for small talk?

You may need to be careful!

21 You may need to be careful, when you talk about some topics, especially with people that you've only just met, people who are older than you, people who appear to have strong religious or political views, or people who may have some personal problems or sensitivities. For example, be cautious if you discuss these subjects: - Age, eg "How old are you?" - Appearance or weight, eg "You seem to have put on some weight" - Personal gossip about somebody you know - Jokes that might offend (especially sexist or racist jokes) - Money, eg "How much do you earn?" - Sex (some people have strong religious views about this) - Previous or current relationships, eg "Do you have a girlfriend?" - Politics, eg "Who did you vote for at the last election?" - Religion, eg "Do you believe in God?" - Criticisms or complaints, eg "Why is British food so bad?"

XIII. Make up your dialogues. Use all the previous exercises and the expressions:

1. Let me introduce myself – Позвольте представиться.

2. How do you do? – Здравствуйте.

3. What should I call you? – Как мне Вас называть?

4. Is it okay if I call you…? – Вы не возражаете, если я буду называть …?

5. It's a lovely day today, isn't it?

6. How are things with you? – Как Ваши дела?

7. How's your business going? – Как Ваш бизнес?

8. How is your family? – Как Ваша семья?

9. What do you enjoy doing in your spare time – Что делаете в свободное время? 22 10. Have you been watching Wimbledon? – Вы смотрели соревнования по теннису?

11. What sort of music do you like? – Какая музыка Вам нравится?

XIV. Try to fill in the form.

1. Name______2. Surname ______3. Age ______4. Date of birth ______5. Place of birth ______6. Place of residence: city, town, village ______7. Habitation: block of flats, cottage, communal flat, hostel ______8. Family: members of your family and their occupations______Parents ______Brothers ______Sisters ______9. Number of the school you graduated from ______10. Your favourite school subjects ______11. Your hobbies______12. Your favourite sports ______13. Your speciality ______14. Sporting ranking, title ______15. Future profession: physical culture teacher, trainer, instructor ______

XV. Grammar. Test youself. Use the articles. Pay attention to the notes. a) … book; … English book; … sportsman; … athlete; … German athlete; … writer; … American writer; … coach; … instructor; … student; … university; … airport; …hamburger; … hour; … injury; … bad injury; … problem; … economic problem. 23 b) 1. I am … first – year student of … University. 2. I am … student of … group number 12. 3. We are ten in … group. 4. In … morning I have classes. 5. After … classes I usually go to … University canteen and have … lunch there. 6. In … evening I train in … gym or at … stadium. 7. Sometimes I go to … library to take books and textbooks. 8. I always have … lot of … things to do at … University. 9. When I am tired I return … home. 10. I often leave my house very early and come back from … University very late.

Note 1. The Indefinite article indicates that its noun is not a particular one (or ones) identifiable to the listener. It may be something that the speaker is mentioning for the first time, or its precise identity may be irrelevant or hypothetical, or the speaker may be making a general statement about any such thing. English uses a/an, from the Old English forms of the number 'one', as its primary indefinite article. a) The form an is used before words that begin with a vowel sound (even if spelled with an initial consonant, as in an hour). b) The form a is used before words that begin with a consonant sound (even if spelled with a vowel, as in a European). She had a house so large that an elephant would get lost without a map.

Before some words beginning with a pronounced (not silent) h in an unstressed first syllable, such as hilarious, historic(al), horrendous, and horrific, etc.).

Note 2. The definite article indicates that its noun is a particular one (or ones) identifiable to the listener. It may be something that the speaker has already

24 mentioned, or it may be something uniquely specified. The definite article in English, for both singular and plural nouns, is the.

The children know the fastest way home.

The sentence above refers to specific children and a specific way home; it contrasts with the much more general observation that:

Children know the fastest way home.

The latter sentence refers to children in general, perhaps all or most of them.

Give me the book. refers to a specific book whose identity is known or obvious to the listener.

XVI. Get ready to speak about yourself. Use the following expressions:

Let me introduce myself; my name is …; my surname is …; I am … years old; I was born in …; my birthday is on the … of …; I live in …; I have a (big) family; my father is a …; my mother is a …; my brother is a … ; my sister is a …; we have (a flat, a cottage, a house); it’s big (small) and comfortable; I graduated from school number …; my favourite school subjects were …; this year I entered the university; I study; at the physical culture and sport faculty; my hobbies are …; my favourite sports are …; my speciality is …; I have a first (second, third) ranking; I am a Master of Sport (a Candidate of Master of Sports); my future profession is (a physical education teacher, a coach, an instructor).

XVII. Write down an essay on the topic “My biography”.

25 UNIT 2. STUDENT LIFE.

Student life isn’t easy, is it?

I. Can you guess the meaning of the words? Do you need a dictionary? University, institute; college, college building; student, a first-year student; group, faculty, physical culture, physical culture faculty; course, the course of study; lecturer, lecture, lecture-hall; seminar, test, credit test; examination, final examinations; specialization; instructor; trainer, training; stadium. II. Write down the transcription of the words and practise to pronounce them.

III. Read and remember all the words and word combinations. I. Enter – поступать в учебное заведение. Every year many young people enter the universities. 2. Applicant - абитуриент. Every applicant usually takes some examinations. 3. Entrance examinations - вступительные экзамены. The entrance examinations are difficult. 4. Take exams and credit tests - сдавать экзамены и зачеты. The students take some exams and credit tests twice a year. 5. Term - семестр. The exams and credit tests take place at the end of each term. 6. Pass exams and credit tests - сдать экзамены и зачеты.

26 Some applicants passed all entrance exams and became students. 7. To be admitted to the university - быть принятым в университет. They were admitted to the university. 8. Specialism - специальность. Their specialism is physical culture. 9. Study - учиться, учить. They study at physical culture faculty. All the students of our faculty study a foreign language. 10. Day-time department - дневное отделение. Correspondence department - заочное отделение. Our students study at the day-time and correspondence departments. 11. The course of study - курс обучения. They completed the course of study last year. 12. Last - длиться, продолжаться. The course of study at our faculty lasts 5 years. 13. Attend - посещать, присутствовать. Our students usually attend all the classes and trainings. 14. Miss a lecture - пропустить лекцию. If the students don't miss their classes, they will pass all the exams. 15. Participate in the competitions - участвовать в соревнованиях. The students miss the classes because they participate in the competitions. 16. Grant - стипендия. Almost all the students of our group get a grant. 17. Final-year student - студент-выпускник. Many final-year students of our faculty achive Master of Sports standard. 18. Final exams (finals) - выпускные экзамены. Finals at the sports faculty usually consist of physiology, theory and teaching methods. 19. Higher education - высшее образование. They received the Diploma of Higher education. 20. Graduate - окончить учебное заведение, выпускник ВУЗа. Our trainer (coach) graduated from our faculty 10 years ago. The graduates of our university usually work at schools. 27 IV. Try to find synonyms. 1) coach a) undergraduate 2) athlete b) miss 3) final exams c) trainer 4) final-year student d) scholarship 5) specialism e) sportsman 6) take part f) attend 7) pedagogical faculty g) educational faculty 8) grant h) speciality 9) to be present i) finals 10) to be absent j) to continue 11) to get k) participate 12) to last l) receive

V. Complete the sentences. Use exercises I, II, III, IV. 1. I … from school in … . 2. Then I … the university. 3. I passed all my … exams and was … to the university. 4. Now I am a … . 5. I … at the physical culture faculty. 6. The course of study … 5 years. 7. At the end of each … I take exams and credit tests. 8. Our … begin at 8.20. 9. After the lectures I have my … . 10. My trainings are held in the gym, in the swimming pool or at the … . 11. I … all the lectures and seminars. 12. But sometimes I … the classes because I … in the competitions. 13. I like to … at the university.

28 VI. Try to find antonyms. 1) applicant a) final exams 2) first-year student b) miss 3) enter c) fail 4) entrance exams d) final-year student 5) day-time department e) graduate from (v) 6) attend f) end 7) pass g) graduate (n) 8) begin h) correspondence department

VII. Choose the right word.

1. Students get a higher (examination, education, graduation) at the universities.

2. Every lecture at the University (begins, lasts, completes) an hour and a half.

3. Students must (complete, return, attend) lectures on different subjects.

4. Students receive a monthly (profession, scholarship, subject).

5. He is a good student, he can (understand, require, pass) all the exams well.

6. My friend didn’t enter the University because he (failed, prepared) in maths.

VIII. Translate the sentences into English. 1. Я - студент-первокурсник. 2) Я учусь в университете. 3) Курс обучения на дневном отделении длится пять лет. 4) Обычно наши лекции начинаются в 8.20. 5) Я посещаю все лекции и тренировки. 6) Но иногда я пропускаю занятия, потому что участвую в соревнованиях. 7) Мне нравится учиться на факультете физической культуры. 8) Моя будущая профессия – учитель физической культуры (тренер, инструктор).

IX. Are you ready to speak on the topic “I am a student now"?

X. Fill in the blanks with the prepositions. 1. He hasn't been to the University for a week, ... I haven't seen him. 2. We stayed at home yesterday ... it rained. 3. We stayed at home ... the rain. 4. It was rather late, .... we went home. 5. She wanted me to bring her the book ... she was to take her examination on Monday. 6. She asked me to help her with her English, ... we did the exercises together.

XI. Read and translate the text about the oldest British universities.

THE OLDEST BRITISH UNIVERSITIES You have certainly heard or read something about the oldest British Universities — Oxford and Cambridge. Here are some facts about them. Oxford is the older of the two, for its history goes back to the twelfth century. Cambridge is a century younger than Oxford. The University is a federation of colleges, each largely independent. A college consists of a certain number of students and teachers or tutors. It doesn't train students in a particular subject or a particular branch of science. The members of a college may be studying all the subjects the University provides for. A college is the place where the students live, while the University is mainly an administrative centre which organizes lectures, arranges examinations and gives degrees. There are nineteen colleges at Camdridge and thirty at Oxford, including two for women at Cambridge and five — at Oxford. A University consists of a number of faculties: medicine, arts (philosophy), law, music, natural science, commerce, and education. The students have three short terms a year, eight weeks each, beginning in October, January and May. During the terms students hear lectures given by professors and lecturers.

30 Their studies are sometimes directed by tutors who are responsible for students' work at the University. After three or four years of study final examinations are held. Tuition at the University isn't free, of course. The fee at Oxford and Cambridge is so high that only the sons of rich people can afford to attend them. Very few of those who are accepted to the University get grants. That is why only three per cent of the students are children of the working people. The city of Oxford is like London. It is very old, it is international and it is situated on the river Thames. Oxford is a beautiful and a very green city. Green fields and parks surround the town. Green gardens with a lot of flowers and trees surround the colleges. The river Thames is situated quite near the city. We say that Oxford is old and historical because it has existed since 912. The university was founded in 1249. Oxford is international because people from many parts of the world come to study at its university.

The students of Oxford.

They come to study at one of the twenty-seven men's colleges or at one of the five women's colleges that are the university: they join the university "family" that has more then 9 000 members (among them only three hundred women, who study at women's colleges). The red buildings of the women's colleges are new. The men's colleges are beautiful grey old buildings. Every year more than one thousands students enter the Oxford University. The entrance exams are difficult. It is necessary to work hard to become a student of the Oxford University.

This photo is of Oxford. When a new woman student comes to Oxford she is shown the room where she wll live. Then a a third-year student of the university invites her in her room for tea together with some other nine first-year students. She tells them everything about college life and answers their questions. The academic year in England has three terms which usually last from the beginning of October to the middle of December, from the middle of January to the end of March and from the middle of April to the end of June. Examinations take place at the end of each term. If a student fails in examination, he may be allowed to take the exam again. Only two re-examinations are usually allowed. The university of Oxford has a tutorial system of education: every student has a tutor (= teacher) who plans his work. Each week some students come to see him, they discuss different questions connected with their studies, they tell their tutor about the work they have done. The students of Oxford must spend the morning hours working. They have classes, lectures and seminars, or they study in their rooms. At 2 they have dinner break which lasts till 4. After tea they resume their studies. Almost all students go in for some kind of sport. One of the most favourite kinds of sport among the students at Oxford is punting (плавание на плоскодонных лодках). The life of the students at Oxford is interesting. They have good teachers. But only the children of the rich people can study at Oxford, because the students have to pay much for their studies. Very few children of the working people can be found among the students of British universities.

This photo is of Cambridge.

The University of Cambridge is situated on the banks of the Cam. Willow trees drown their branches into the water. The colleges line the right bank. There are beautiful college gardens with green lawns and lines of tall trees. The oldest college is Peterhouse, which was founded in 1284, and the most recent is Robinson College, which was opened in 1977. The most famous is probably King's College because of its magnificent chapel, the largest and the most beautiful building in Cambridge and the most perfect example left of English fifteenth-century architecture. The University was only for men until 1871, when the first women's college was opened. In the 1970s, most colleges opened their doors to both men and women. Almost all colleges are now mixed. The University of Cambridge was founded in the twelfth century. It was formed on the model of European continental universities, in' 1 particular that of Paris. Until the fifteenth century the history of Cambridge was not as significant as that of Oxford. But by the end of the seventeenth century the University was the home of Sir Isaac Newton - professor of mathematics" from 1669 till 1702 whose influence was deep and permanent. At that time serious tests were offered to the candidates for degrees. During the early part of the nineteenth century examinations were greatly improved and written examinations were more often used than oral ones. At the same time there were built a number of laboratories for natural sciences, among them the Cavendish Laboratory. The Cavendish Laboratory

33 organized by the well-known Scottish mathematician and physicist Maxwell was opened in 1871. It was named after the English scientist of the 18th century Sir Henry Cavendish. Today it is one of the greatest physical laboratories known throughout the world. Research is becoming increasingly international and the Laboratory is widening its contacts with the leading research centres in other countries

XII. Test youself. Choose the correct answer. Prove your answer. Use the text about the oldest British Universities.

1. The city of Oxford is like London because a. it’s large and beautiful. b. it’s old, historical and it’s situated on the river Thames. c. many books are written about them.

2. We say that Oxford is old and historical because a. a lot of writers wrote about it. b. there is a university there. c. it has existed since 912.

3. The academic year has a. two terms. b. three terms. c. four terms.

4. The entrance exams a. are easy. b. are difficult. c. are not difficult.

34 5. To become a student of the Oxford university a. it is necessary to pass difficult entrance exams . b. it is necessary to be invited to tea by a third-year student. c. it is necessary to be a good sportsmen.

6. A third-year student invites new students who have entered the university a. to speak to them about life in London. b. to tell them everything about college life and to answer their questions. c. to speak to them about the city of Oxford and different kinds of sport.

7. A tutor helps his student a. to pay for his studies. b. to choose the necessary kind of sport to go in for. c. to plan his work.

8. The students at Oxford usually spend the mornings a. go in for sport. b. studying. c. going for a walk with their tutors.

9. If a student fails in an examination, a. he is allowed to take it again, but only two re-examinations are allowed. b. he is not allowed to take it again as no re-examinations are allowed. c. he is allowed to take it as many re-examinations as he likes.

XIII. Translate the sentences into English. Pay attention to the notes. 1. Чтобы стать студентом, абитуриент должен много трудиться. 2. Студенты обязаны проводить утренние часы в университете. 3. Они не должны пропускать занятия. 4. Им следует встречаться с их руководителем (тьютором). 35 5. Всем студентам следует заниматься спортом. 6. Если студент не сдает экзамен, ему могут разрешить сдать экзамен ещё раз. 7. Если он не получает стипендию, ему приходится работать. 8. Студенты вынуждены платить много денег за своё обучение. 9. Только дети обеспеченных (богатых, состоятельных) людей могут учиться в Оксфордском университете. 10. Детей рабочих людей редко можно встретить среди студентов Британских университетов.

Notes: Modal verbs must (duty); should (advice); may (permission for action); can (physical or mental ability); have to (difficult sitiation). 1. Модальные глаголы обозначают не действие, а способность, допустимость, возможность, вероятность, необходимость совершения действия. 2. В сравнении со смысловыми глаголами модальные глаголы имеют ряд особенностей: a. Модальные глаголы не употребляются без смыслового глагола. Смысловой глагол после модальных глаголов стоит в инфинитиве без частицы to. I can look out of the window and see, can't I? b. Модальные глаголы не изменяются по лицам и числам, т. е. в третьем лице единственного числа не имеют окончания -s (-es): He can remember drinking tea... c. Вопросительную и отрицательную формы модальные глаголы образуют без помощи других вспомогательных глаголов: May I ask, sir, by what right it has been taken from me? d. Модальные глаголы не имеют форм инфинитива, причастия, герундия. e. Модальные глаголы не имеют форм будущего времени. f. Глаголы can, may имеют форму прошедшего времени (could, might), а глагол must формы прошедшего времени не имеет.

36 Собственно Особенности формообразования (чисто) Структура Изменение в Indicative — времена модальные Present Past Future единицы can Модальный can could - глагол + инфинитив смыслового глагола без частицы (to) may Модальный may might - глагол + инфинитив смыслового глагола без частицы (to) must Модальный must - - глагол + инфинитив смыслового глагола без частицы (to) Модальные единицы эквивалентного типа to be able Модальный am able + was able + to shall be able + to (to) = can глагол + are to were will be инфинитив is was will be смыслового are were shall be глагола + are were will be частица (to) are were will be to be allowed Модальный am allowed+ was allowed + shall be allowed + (to) = may глагол + to to are are to инфинитив is was will be смыслового are were will be глагола + are were shall be частица (to) are were will be will be

to be (to)= Модальный am able + was able + to - ought, must, глагол + are to were should инфинитив is was смыслового are were глагола + are were частица (to) are were

Глагольные единицы многофункционального типа need Модальный need needed - глагол + инфинитив смыслового глагола без (to) should Модальный should - - глагол + инфинитив смыслового глагола без частицы (to)

XIV. Do you know that?

The Boat Race is an annual rowing race between the Oxford University Boat Club and the Cambridge University Boat Club, rowed between competing eights on the River Thames in London, United Kingdom. It is also known as the University Boat Race and the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race, or by a title that includes the name of its current sponsor (from 2013, the BNY Mellon Boat Race). It usually takes place on the last Saturday of March or the first Saturday of April.

The first race was in 1829 and the event has been held annually since 1856, except during World War I and World War II. The course covers a 4.2-mile (6.8 km) stretch of the Thames in West London, from Putney to Mortlake.

Members of both teams are traditionally known as blues and each boat as a "Blue Boat", with Cambridge in light blue and Oxford dark blue. As of 2013 Cambridge have won the race 81 times and Oxford 77 times.

The race is a well-established and popular fixture in the British sporting calendar. In 2010 an estimated quarter of a million people watched the race live from the banks of the river and millions on television.

The Boat Race, Cambridge at the left.

XV. Read the text and list the things you can do in Britain when you leave school.

Getting into university

There are 91 universities in and 47 colleges of higher education in Britain. But only 25 per cent of the student population goes on to higher education. Competition to get into one of Britain's universities is fierce and not everyone who gets A levels can go.

Students usually need three A levels to go to tmiversity and grades at A level go from A, the highest grade, to E. Students apply to universities months before they take their A-levels. The students are given a personal interview and the universities then decide which students they want. They offer them a place which depends on A-level results. The more popular the university, the higher the grades it will ask for.

Universities offer three- and four-year degree courses; colleges of higher education offer both two-year HND (Higher National Diploma) courses, as well as degree courses. A degree is the qualification you get from university when you pass your final exams. You are then awarded a BA (Bachelor of Arts), BSc (Bachelor of Science) or BEd (Bachelor of Education). Undergraduates, students who are studying for degrees, go to large formal lectures, but most of the work takes place in tutorials: lessons in groups of ten or more when the students discuss their work with the lecturer.

A tutorial at Birmingham University.

XVI. Make up an annotation of the text accoding to the plan:

1. The title of the text is … 2. It is published in … 3. The purpose of this text is to show … 4. The athor analyses (explains, characterizes, describes) … 5. Some parts of the text deal with … 6. The author points out … 7. In conclusion the author says, that …

XVII. Read the text. Try to answer the question “Is it easy to be a student?”

Living at university.

Most British young people choose to go to the university a long way from their home town: university is seen as a time to be independent, to live away from home and develop new interests. British students do not to pay to enter university, but do need money to live away from home while they are studying. Some students whose parents do not earn a lot of money are given a grant from the local education authority. If students do not get a grant, parents are expected to pay for their children. Some students borrow money from the bank which must be paid back after they leave university. In theory the grant pays for rent, food, books, tansport and socializing. In fact, the grant is not a lot of money. Students have to work during the holidays to earn more money, but it is now difficult to find such jobs. The result is that more students are dropping out, failing to finish their courses.

40 XVIII. Dramatize the dialogue between two students.

After the Exams

Two University Students.

Malcolm: What did you think of the exams, Pete? I reckon they were dead easy.

Pete: Maybe they were easy enough for you but they were much too hard for me.

Malcolm: Oh, come on. You've probably done better than you think.

Pete: No, I'm dead certain I've failed in Latin, and most likely in French and History too. Thank goodness it's all over though. We can forget about it now- at least until the results come out.

Malcolm: Yes. Now I can get on with reading all the books I've been wanting to read for months, but haven't had time for.

Pete: What! ...Well, it's up to you, I suppose, but I've had enough of reading. I'm not going to open another book for months. Don't you think we all deserve a break?

Malcolm: Well, yes... I'll take a day or two off perhaps. And I think I'll come to Bob's sister's party tomorrow night. But if I'm going to university in October, I'll have to get down to some serious work again pretty soon.

Pete: I've got to get through the A level exams first. I'll worry about university if and when I ever get there.

41 Malcolm: That's the trouble with you. You always try to do everything at the last minute.

Pete; And you're too serious; that's your trouble. You never stop swotting.

Malcolm; Well, I like reading.

Pete: And I can't stand it. Don't know why I decided to try to go to university in the first place. I think I'll run away and join the army or something.

XIX. Do you know that students of the British universities must observe Ethic code and wear formal academic dress?

Sub-fusc (academic dress) should be worn for Matriculation, Examinations and Graduation, as well as for various other formal events at the University of Oxford.You should wear the appropriate gown, a mortar board or soft cap and your preferred sub fusc (formal academic dress) from the following list:

1. Dark suit with dark socks; or Dark skirt with black tights or stockings,

or Dark trousers with dark socks;

2. Dark coat, if desired;

3. Black shoes;

4. Plain white collared shirt or blouse;

5. White (black) bow tie, black full-length tie or black ribbon.

You may not be allowed to enter the Examination Schools/Sheldonian Theatre if you are not wearing the correct clothing, so it is very important that you adhere strictly to the dress code. All students need to wear an Advanced Student's gown and a mortarboard or soft cap.

XX. Read and translate the text. Use the vocabulary:

1. Was founded был основан

2. Originally первоначально

3. Presently сейчас

4. Encompasses включает

5. A publishing house издательство

6. A printing plant типография

7. A post-graduate department аспирантура

8. Further education courses курсы по повышению квалификации

43 9. A teaching staff преподавательский состав

10. Disposal распоряжение

11. Facilities благоприятные условия, оборудование

12. Hostels общежития

13. Canteens столовые

14. Public garden сквер

15. To manage справлятся

16. A research center исследовательский центр

17. To make experements ставить эксперименты

18. To do research work заниматься исследовательской работой

19. To put theory into practice применять теорию на практике

20. Lines специальности

21. A competition for admission конкуренция при поступлении

22. Keen острый, жестокий, сильный

44 The Udmurt State University

The Udmurt State University was founded in 1931. Its fist name was The Udmurt State Pedagogical Institute. It originally had four departments: Philological, Physico - Mathematical, Biochemical, Geographo - Biological. Presently, the structure of the University encompasses 14 faculties, 6 institutes, a publishing house, a printing - plant, a science library with more than 1.000.000 volumes of books. The University has also a post - graduate department, further education courses and Problem Laboratories. The teaching staff numbers over 1.000 lecturers. It includes 130 Doctors and over 460 Candidates of Science. More than 28.000 students study at all departments of the University. The students of the University have at their disposal all the necessary facilities. The Udmurt State University houses 6 college buildings, hostels, canteens, a Palace of Sports, a stadium and the Alexander Pushkin Garden. Every college building has lecture-halls, laboratories and computer centers. The studets study at the day-time and correspondence departments. The academic year at the University has two terms. The students take their credit tests and exams twice a year. Undergraduates who passed all course credit tests and exams are admitted to the state finals. The students who manage to pass all the exams successfully receive the Diploma of higher education.

45 Today The Udmurt State University is also a research center. The students make experements and do research work connected with their special subject. So the students put theory into practise.A good tradition of the establishment is that theory is accompanied by practical training. The USU is the largest and the oldest one in the Republic. The establishment celebrated its 80-th anniversary in 2011. Presently, it trains the specialists in 86 lines. The USU is international because young people from many different parts of the country come to study at the establishment. The entrance exams are difficult but the competition for admission is rather keen.

XXI. Complete the sentences.

I. The Udmurt State University was founded in . . . . 2. There are ... faculties and 6 ... at the USU. З. Тпе teaching staff numbers over ... . 4. Presently … students study at the USU. 5. The USU houses 6 ... buildings. 6. The students take credit tests and ... twice a year. 7. The USU is also a research .... 8. The students put theory into .... 9. This establishment celebrated its 80-th ... in 2011. 1O. The competition for admission is rather ...

XXII. Put the necessary preposition into each gap. Sometimes no preposition is necessary.

1 The teaching staff numbers ... 1.000 lecturers. 2. More than 28.000 students study ... all departments ... the USU. 3. The students have ... their disposal all the necessary facilities. 4. The USU houses ... 6 college buildings. 5. The USU trains the specialists ... 86 lines. 6. Every year many young people enter... the USU. 7. It is not easy to become a student... the USU.

46 XXIII. Make up a dialogue using the following questions.

1. What faculty do you study at? 2. What course are you in? 3. What is your speciality? 4. When do you have your trainings? 5. Do you participate in the competitions? 6. Do you miss you classes? Why? 7. Do you study at the day-time or correspondence department? 8. Do you work after the classes? 9. Does your work interfere with your classes? 10. Do you like to study at the University? Why?

XXIV. Read the Udmurt State University’ Charter and find the student’s duties. Use the pattern and make up your own Student’s Ethic code.

Ethic code for students 1. Students must make way for women, lecturers and trainers entering and leaving a college building of the university. 2. Students must greet all the lecturers, trainers and classmates. 3. Students must leave their street-clothes at the cloak-room. 4. Students must not be late for the classes and trainings. 5. Students must stand up when their lecturer comes into the lecture-hall. 6. Students must be polite and they must keep silence at the lectures. 7. Students must listen to the lectures and trainers attentively and they must not interrupt their teachers. 8. Students must not leave the room without the lecturer’s permission. 9. Students must not speak and laugh loud during the break. 10. Students must know Mobile Phone Etiquette.

47 XXV. Do you remember about ethics use mobile communication? Translate the rules into Russian. Try to be polite.

Ethics use mobile communication. 1. Try to switch off mobile phone if there is a “Please turn off your mobile phone” warning. For example, if you are in airplanes or in medical facilities. 2. Remember to switch your mobile phone in the “silent” mode in theaters, museums, exhibitions, cinemas. 3. Choose the ring tones which will be pleasant not only for you, but to others. 4. Remember to switch your mobile phone in the “silent” mode at the business meetings. 5. In public places: shopping, transportation, elevators try to speak quietly not to disturb others with your conversation. 6. At the library turn the ringer into the silent mode. 7. It is not polite to use somebody’s phone for your own purposes or give their mobile phone numbers to third parties without permission.

XXVI. Test youself. Choose the correct form of communication.

1. Student: “Professor, shall I take the exam for the next time?”

Professor: ______a) I’m very busy. b) You are too lazy. c) Yes, of course. d) Never mind.

48 2. Lecturer: “I hope I didn’t keep you waiting”.

Dean: ______a) You are late. b) You are in time. c) You are crazy. d) You are the best manager.

3. Student: Could you help me to do my grammar exercises?

Student: ______a) It’s your problem. b) Sorry, I’m hurrying to my doctor. c) I wish you good luck. d) I don’t think so.

4. Committee member: “ ______”

Dean: ”He isn’t a Bachelor student? He is studying for a Master.”

a) He is a Master student, isn’t he?

b) We want to know everything about his studies.

c) Isn’t he studying for a Master degree?

d) I consider him to be a Bachelor student.

49 UNIT 3. ENGLISH AS AN INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE.

English –speaking world.

/. Do you know that? People have been learning foreign languages for thousands of years because they needed some second foreign language to understand each other. The ancient Egyptians learned the Greek language 2.500 years ago. In the 12-th century the French language was learnt in many countries of Europe. In the 16-th century Europe began to study the German language. The English language began to spread throughout the world in the 17-th century. In the 19-th century the nobility of different countries communicated in French again. Nowdays, the English language is the most widespread in the world. No wonder that one person in seven of the world's population knows English.

II. Do you need a dictionary to understand the meaning of the following words? Business; politics; process; culture; literature; original; discussing; problem; planet; colony; territory; technology; organization; communication. National; international; technical; popular; public; English; British; Russian; American; German. To master; to communicate; to occupy; to realize. 50 ///. Read the text and be ready to answer the following questions: 1. Why is the English language the most popular in the world? 2. When did the English language begin to spread throughout the world? 3. When did you begin to take up English? 4. Did you ever speak to a foreigner? 5. What other foreign language would you like to study?

The importance of learning foreign language

Nowadays learning of foreign languages is very important as people from different parts of the world have common business affairs. Politicians should also communicate with each other discussing the affairs in their countries and the world problems. Many people travel a lot trying to learn more about different countries, their culture and the life of people. It is very difficult to live in the modern world without knowing foreign languages. Of course it is impossible to know all the languages existing on the Earth. They say that there are about 6.000 languages on our planet. Fortunately, those who study English are lucky enough because English is becoming the language of international communication. For a long time I couldn't understand how English had become the most popular language in the world. Then I learnt that England used to have many colonies which occupied the territory 30 times larger than the territory of the British Isles. The people who lived in those colonies certainly had to speak English and it spread more and more. Besides that, English is the national language in the United States of America - the most developed country in the world. The English language spreads together with new high technologies and technical achievements. English is the language of science. A real scientist cannot do without English, he has to read literature in English if he wants to be up-to-date in his field of knowledge.

51 The English language is the language of the United Nations Organization. Without English you cannot be a success neither in business, nor in politics, nor in public relations. Those who are fond of literature should also know English if they want to read in the original the works of the great English and American writers. Certainly, most of the books by W. Shakespeare, W.Thackeray, M.Twain, J.London have been already translated into Russian, but you will never understand them to the full in translation. I think a well-educated man should know more than one foreign language. I dream of studying German. I want to see and understand English, American and German films without translation or subtitles. I do realize that it is impossible to master a foreign language and speak it like a native speaker. I'm ready to improve my English all through my life, I enjoy the process. I take delight in studying English!

IV. Try to translate the text. Can you prove that English is the language of sport?

English is an international language.

The modern world is becoming smaller all the time. Every day distances between different countries seem less. For this reason it's becoming more and more important to know different languages, especially English.

52 One billion people speak English today. That's about 20% of the world's population. 400 million people speak English as their first language. For the other 600 million people it's either a second language or a foreign language. English is the first language in the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Australia and New Zealand. It is one of the official languages in Canada, the Irish Republic and the Republic of South Africa. As a second language English is spoken in more than 60 countries. It is used by the government, businessmen and universities. English is the language of politics and diplomacy, science and technology, business and trade, sport and pop music. 80% of all information in the world's computers is in English. 75% of the world's letters and faxes are in English. 60% of all international telephone calls are made in English. More than 60% of all scientific journals are written in English. To know English today is absolutely necessary for every educated person, for every good specialist. Learning a language is not an easy thing. It's a long and slow process that takes a lot of time and patience. But it's a must. English is taught throughout the world and a lot of people speak it quite well. In our country English is very popular: it is studied at schools (sometimes even at nursery schools), colleges and universities. Have you ever wondered how many people there are who speak English? It's quite a number! Geographically, English is the most widespread language on earth, and it is second only to Chinese in the number of people who speak it. It is spoken in the British Isles, the USA, Australia, New Zealand and much of Canada and South Africa. That's about 400 million people. English is also a second language of another 300 million people living in more than 60 countries. If you add to this the enormous number of people who learn to understand and speak English (like yourself), you will realise that English is indeed a "world language".

53 In Shakespeare's time only a few million people spoke English. All of them lived in what is now Great Britain. Through the centuries, as a result of various historical events, English spread throughout the world. Five hundred years ago they didn't speak English in North America: the American Indians had their own languages. So did the Eskimos in Canada, the aborigines in Australia, and the Maoris in New Zealand. Today, English is represented in every continent and in the three main oceans — the Atlantic, the Indian and the Pacific. English is mixing with and marrying other languages around the world. There are words from 120 languages in its vocabulary, including Arabic, French, German, Greek, Italian, Russian, and Spanish. Other languages absorb English words too, often giving them new forms and new meanings. One of the many "Englishes" spoken and written today is Euro-English. Euro-English has its origins in the political arena of the European community. A century ago, some linguists predicted that one day England, America, Australia and Canada would be speaking different languages. However, with the advent of records, cinema, radio, and television, the two brands of English have even begun to draw back together again. Britons and Americans probably speak more alike today than they did 50 or 60 years ago. (In the 1930s and 1940s, for example, American films were dubbed in England. It's no longer the practice today).

V. It is interesting to know about the English language.

Many people beleive that the English language is rather an easy language to learn. It doesn't have such a difficult grammar as modern Russian, German and Greek. But it's true only by half. English has the largest vocabulary in the world because it is a mixture of 120 languages. There are about 500.000 words and 300.000 technical terms in it. Its vocabulary includes Arabic, French, German, Italian, Russian and Spanish. That's why there are problems of English spelling and pronunciation. 54

VI. Test youself. Use the articles where necessary. Pay attention to the notes. 1. … United Kingdom is situated on … British Isles. 2. … British Isles consist of two large islands, … Great Britain and … Northern Ireland, and about five thousand small islands. 3…. United Kingdom is made up of four countries: …England, … Wales, … Scotland and … Northern Ireland. 4. Their capitals are … London, … Cardiff, … Edinburgh, and … Belfast respectively. 5. … capital of … UK is London. 6. British Isles are separated from the European continent by … North Sea and … English Channel. 7. The western coast of … Great Britain is washed by … Atlantic Ocean and … Irish Sea. 8. … surface of … British Isles varies very much. 9. … north of … Scotland is mountainous and is called … Highlands. 10. … north and west of … England are mountainous. 11. … Ben Nevis in … Scotland is … highest mountain (1.343 m). 12. There are a lot of rivers in … Great Britain, hut they are not very long. 13. … Severn is the longest river, while … Thames is … deepest one. 14. The mountains, … Atlantic Ocean, and the warm waters of Gulf Stream influence on the climate of … British Isles. 15. … UK is one of … world's smallest countries. 16. … UK is a highly developed industrial country. 17. It is known as one of … world's largest producers and exporters of machinery, electronics, textile, aircraft, and navigation equipment. 18. One of … chief industries of the country is shipbuilding. 19. … UK is a constitutional monarchy. 20. … Queen reigns, but does not rule.

55 Note that: The use of articles with geographical names has certain patterns.

1. The name of a river is used with the definite article, and the name of a lake is used without any article. The name of one mountain (or one island) is used without any article, and the name of a mountain chain (or a group of islands) is used with the definite article.

2. No article: America, North America, South America, Latin America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, Antarctica;

3. Article the: the Atlantic Ocean,the Pacific, the Arctic Ocean, the Indian Ocean;

4. No article: Lake Baikal / Baikal, Lake Victoria, Lake Superior, Lake Huron, But: the Great Salt Lake, the Great Lakes (5 lakes).

5. Article the: (Rivers, straits, canals, currents, waterfalls) the Amazon / the Nile / the Mississippi / the Thames / the Amur /the Strait of Gibraltar,/ the Gulf Stream, the Florida Current,the Panama Canal; the English Channel/ the Victoria Falls.

6. No article: America, Australia, Great Britain, Britain, England, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand.

7. Article the: the United States (the U.S.), the United Kingdom (the UK), the Russian Federation, the Netherlands, the Philippines.

8. No article: (Cities, towns) Berlin, London, Madrid, Moscow, New York, Paris, But: The Hague (Гаага).

VII. Write down an essay on the topic “English is an international language.

UNIT 4. TRAVELLING.

Travelling around the world.

I.Read the text and get ready to answer the questions. 1. Are you fond of travelling? Have you travelled a lot? 2. What places have you visited? What impressed you most? 3. Why do people travel? How do different people spend their holidays? 4. What means of travelling do you know? 5. What are their advantages and disadvantages? 6. How do you prefer to travel? Why? 7. Why do people take a camera with them? What do they usually photograph? 8. What do we see and learn while travelling? 9. Have you ever travelled by sea? Was it a liner or a small boat? Do you get seasick? 10. Have you ever taken a holiday cruise down the Volga, the Kama or along the Black Sea coast? 11. Some people prefer to travel on their own and hate travelling in a group. What about you? 12. Have you ever been abroad? How did you travel? 13. What countries would you like to visit? Why?

Vocabulary abroad – за границей all over the world – во всём мире different – разные way of life – образ жизни musical rhythms – музыкальные ритмы shop window – витрина магазина сity-dweller - горожанин Millions of people all over the world spend their holidays travelling. They travel to see other countries and continents, modern cities and the ruins of ancient towns, they travel to enjoy picturesque places, or just for a change of scene. It's always interesting to discover new things, different ways of life, to meet different people, to try different food, to listen to different musical rhythms. Those who live in the country like to go to a big city and spend their time visiting museums and art galleries, looking at shop windows and dining at exotic restaurants. City-dwellers usually like a quiet holiday by the sea or in the mountains, with nothing to do but walk and bathe and laze in the sun. Most travellers and holiday-makers take a camera with them and take pictures of everything that interests them - the sights of a city, old churches and castles, views of mountains, lakes, valleys, plains, waterfalls, forests; different kinds of trees, flowers and plants, animals and birds. Later, perhaps years later, they will be reminded by the photos of the happy time they have had. People travel by train, by plane, by boat and by car. All means of travel have their advantages and disadvantages. And people choose one according to their plans and destinations. If we are fond of travelling, we see and learn a lot of things that we can never see or learn at home, though we may read about them in books and newspapers, and see pictures of them on TV. The best way to study geography is to travel, and the best way to get to know and understand people is to meet them in their own homes. 58 II. Read and translate the dialogue. Use it as a pattern for your role play.

Registering a Delegate.

Delegate Registration Secretary: What's your name, please? Delegate: My name's John Brown. Secretary: How old are you? Delegate: I'm 54. Secretary: What's your occupation? Delegate: I'm a physical education teacher. Secretary: What's your nationality? Delegate: I'm English. Secretary: Where d'you come from? Delegate: London. Secretary: What's your permanent address? Delegate: 22, Holland Park, London, W. 11. Secretary: Where are you staying over here? Delegate: The Grand Hotel.

The Grand Hotel. 59

III. Role play. Imagine that you are at the hotel abroad. Dramatize the dialogue. At the hotel A sportsman: Good morning. An administrator: Good morning. A sportsman: My name is Victor. Му surname is Petrov . I have reserved a room for three nights. An administrator: Would you like a single or a double room? A sportsman: I’d like a single one. An administrator: Your room is number 56. May I have your passport? A sportsman: Yes, please. Here’s my passport. An administrator: Thank you. Here’s the key to your room. A sportsman: Thank you. IV. Read the text and try to memorize this useful information for travellers.

A World Guide to Good Manners How not to behave badly abroad Travelling to all corners of the world gets easier and easier. We live in a global village, but how well do we know and understand each other? Here is a simple test. Imagine you have arranged a meeting at four o'clock. What time should you expect your foreign business colleagues to arrive? If they're German, they'll be bang on time. If they're American, they'll probably be 15 minutes early. If they are British, they'll be 15 minutes late, and you should allow up to an hour for the Italians. When the European Community began to increase in size, several guidebooks appeared giving advice on international etiquette. At first many people thought this was a joke, especially the British, who seemed to assume that the widespread understanding of their language meant a corresponding understanding of English customs. Very soon they had to change their ideas, as they realized that they had a lot to learn about how to behave with their foreign business friends. 60 For example:

The British are happy to have a business lunch and discuss business matters with a drink during the meal; the Japanese prefer not to work while eating. Lunch is a time to relax and get to know one another, and they rarely drink at lunchtime.

The Germans like to talk business before dinner; the French like to eat first and talk afterwards. They have to be well fed and watered before they discuss anything. Taking off your jacket and rolling up your sleeves is a sign of getting down to work in Britain and Holland, but in Germany people regard it as taking it easy.

American executives sometimes signal their feeling of ease and importance in their offices by putting their feet on the desk whilst on the telephone. In Japan, people would be shocked. Showing the soles of your feet is the height of bad manners. It is a social insult only exceeded by blowing your nose in public.

The Japanese have perhaps the strictest rules of social and business behaviour. Seniority is very important, and a younger man should never be sent to complete a business deal with an older Japanese man. The Japanese business card almost needs a rulebook of its own. You must exchange business cards immediately on meeting because it is essential to establish everyone's status and position. When it is handed to a person in a superior position, it must be given and received with both hands, and you must take time to read it carefully, and not just put it in your pocket! Also a bow is a very important part of greeting someone. You should not expect Japanese to

61 shake hands. Bowing the head is a mark of respect and the first bow of the day should be lower than when you meet thereafter.

The Americans sometimes find it difficult to accept the more formal Japanese manners. They prefer to be casual and more informal, as illustrated by the universal "Have a nice day!' American waiters have a one-word imperative 'Enjoy!' The British, of course, are cool and reserved. The great topic of conversation.between strangers in Britain is the weather - unemotional and impersonal. In America, the main topic between strangers is the search to find a geographical link. “Oh, really? You live in Ohio? I had an uncle who once worked there.” “When in Rome do as the Romans do”. Here are some final tips for travelers.

In France you shouldn't sit down in a cafe until you've shaken hands with everyone you know.

In Afghanistan you should spend at least five minutes saying hello. In Pakistan you mustn't wink. It is offensive. In the Middle East you must never use the left hand for greeting, eating, drinking, or smoking. Also, you should take care not to admire anything in your hosts' home. They will feel that have to give it to you.

In Thailand you should clasp your hands together and lower you head and your eyes when you greet someone.

62 V. Test youself. Choose the correct answer. l. Which nationality is the most punctual? a) The British b) The German c) The American d) The Italians

2. Which nationality is the least punctual? a) The Italians b) The British c) The Americans d) The Germans

3. Why did the British think that everyone understood their customs? a) Because they thought highly of other nationalities. b) Because the European Community began to increase in size. c) Because a lot of guidebooks appeared giving advice on international etiquette. d) Because they believed that people acquire the knowledge of British customs together with the English language.

4. Which nationality likes to eat and do business at the same time? a) The Japanese b) The British c) The Germans d) The French 5. Why would the Japanese be shocked if somebody put his feet on the desk? a) Because they would consider it the ignorance of their habits. b) Because they would never expect such a thing to happen. c) Because they would consider the person crazy. d) Because they would think that the person is extremely ill-bred. 63 6. Why is it necessary to exchange business cards when you meet the Japanese? a) They must know how to behave with you. b) They don't shake hands. c) It is essential for them to know your age. d) It is an ancient custom.

7. Why do the Americans find it difficult to accept Japanese manners? a) They find the Japanese customs senseless. b) They consider the Japanese old fashioned. c) They prefer not to be so formal. d) They think it is difficult to complete a business deal with people in Japan.

8. Why is it not a good idea to say that you like your Egyptian friend's vase ? a) He may feel shocked by your emotional speech. b) He may dislike it. c) He may feel that he has to present it to you. d) He may be embarrassed.

9. What is the main topic of conversation between strangers in America? a) The weather. b) Politics. c) Latest news. d) Familiar places.

1O. In what country do people have no special rules of behaviour about hands? a) Thailand. b) Japan. c) Egypt. d) Britain.

64 VI. Read the text and write out three important rules for traveling abroad.

Travel Wisely, Travel Well

Traveling businessman

A businessman who travels all over the world gives a little advice on "wise travelling". I have learned, often the hard way, that there are a few simple rules about how to make life easier both before and after your journey. First of all, always check and double-check departure times. It is amazing how few people really do this carefully. Once I arrived at the airport a few minutes after ten. My secretary had got the ticket for me and I thought she had said that the plane left at 10.50. I walked calmly to the departure desk, thinking I still had a little time to spare. I hadn't bothered to take a good look at the ticket. The clerk at the desk told me politely but firmly that the departure time was 10.15 and the flight was, according to international regulations, "now closed". I had to wait three hours for the next one and missed an important meeting. The second rule is to remember that even in this age of credit cards, it is still important to have at least a little of the local currency with you when you arrive in a country. This can be absolutely essential if you are flying to a place few tourists normally visit. A few years ago I was sent to Tulsa, Oklahoma. I flew there from London via Dallas, with very little time to change planes in between. I arrived there at midnight and the bank at the airport was closed. The only way to get to my hotel was by taxi and, since I had no dollars, I offered to pay in pounds instead."Listen,

65 buddy! I only take real money!" the driver said angrily. Luckily I was able to borrow a few dollars from a clerk at the hotel, but it was very embarrassing. The third and last rule is to find out as much as you can about the weather at your destination before you leave, specially, if you can take only a little luggage with you. I feel sorry for same of my colleagues for travel in heavy suits and raincoats in May, when it is fairy cool in London or Manchester, to places like Athens, Rome, or Madrid, where it is already beginning to get quite warm during the day. Few people understand just how important it is to have the right sort of clothes with you in these days of rapid air travel.

VII. Read and translate the dialogue. Get ready to dramatize the dialogue. At the airport A customs officer: Can I see your passport? A passenger: Certainly, here it is. A customs officer: Have you anything to declare? A passenger: Nothing. A customs officer: What’s the purpose of your visit? A passenger: I’m attending a conference in London. A customs officer: Well, would you mind opening this bag, please. A passenger: There you are, please. A customs officer: Thank you. Right. That’s all. You can go now. A passenger: Thank you.

Two customs officers and a passenger.

VIII. Try to fill-in the Short-stay Visa Application Form. Use the internet.

How To Fill-In The No. Designation Section?

1 Last Name 2 Birth Name 3 First Name(s) 4 Date of Birth 5 Place of Birth 6 Country of Birth Current Nationality 7 Nationality at Birth 8 Gender 9 Civil Status 10 Minors 11 National Identity Number 12 Travel Document Type 13 Travel Document Number 14 Issue Date 15 Expiration Date 16 Issued By: 17 Home Address and E-mail Address Telephone Number 18 Residence in Another Country 19 Current Occupation 20 Employer or Educational Institution 21 The Main Purpose for Your Trip 22 Destination Member State 23 First Entry Member State 24 Number of Entries Requested 25 Length of Stay 26 Schengen Visas Issued during the Last 3 Years 27 Fingerprints… 28 Entry Permit for Your Final Destination Country, If Applicable 29 Arrival Date 30 Departure Date 31 Inviting Person’s Name... 32 Host Organization / Firm Name and Address 33 Travel and Living Expenses During Your Stay Are Covered by? Personal Information Regarding a Family Member who is a European Union, EEA, or Swiss 34 National 35 Relationship… 36 Date and Location 37 Signature

IX. Read and translate the text. Can you give your friend good advice for traveling abroad?

Travelling abroad.

Vocabulary person – личность, человек avoid – избегать, уклоняться local customs - местные обычаи offend - обижать, оскорблять medical kit — медицинская аптечк luggage – багаж

Good advice for travellers Look at the recommendations which we give a person who is going abroad for the first time.

Luggage consisting of 3 suitcases.

Luggage. Avoid packing too much luggage in order not to carry around many things you will never use. Only take what is really essential. Make a list of everything you pack for checking your things every time you repack on the journey. Travel Information. Read a good travel book for finding out the most interesting places to visit, best way to travel.

These cities are worth visiting. Local Customs. Find out as much as you can about the local customs of the country you suggest visiting in order not to offend people there. Language. Learn some basic languages so that you can communicate with the people of the country you are going to visit. Don't forget to use expressions like: "Hello", '"Goodbye", "Yes", "No", "Please", "Thank you", "You're welcome", "I'd like" and so on.

A medical kit. Health. Take along a basic medical kit in case you become ill. Include in it essential medicines, such as antibiotics, pain killers, and something for insect bites and stomach complaints. Remember also to take a supply of bandages and plasters.

X. Try to find the gerund in the text “Good advice for travelers”. Pay attention to the notes. 1. In English grammar, the gerund is a non-finite verb form used to make a verb phrase that can serve in place of a noun phrase. 2. The English gerund ends in -ing (as in I enjoy playing football); the same verb form also serves as the English present participle (which has an adjectival or adverbial function), and as a pure verbal noun.

3. A gerund behaves as a verb within a clause (so that it may be modified

by an adverb or have an object); but the resulting clause as a whole functions

as a noun within the larger sentence. 69 Examples of use

The following sentences illustrate some uses of gerund clauses, showing how such a clause serves as a noun within the larger sentence.

In some cases the clause consists of just the gerund Swimming is fun. (gerund as subject of the sentence)

• I like swimming. (gerund as direct object)

• I never gave swimming all that much effort. (gerund as indirect object)

• Eating biscuits in front of the television is one way to relax. (gerund clause as subject)

• Do you fancy going out? (gerund clause as direct object)

• On being elected president, he moved with his family to the capital. (gerund clause as complement of a preposition)

XI. Сan you find the gerund in the sentences? Translate the sentences into Russian.

Pay attention to the pattern: Pattern: Smoking is a bad habit. • (Smoking — герундий). Курение – это плохая привычка.

1. Walking fast is good exercise. 2. Jogging is her favourite occupation. 3. He finished reading the book. 4. I remember doing it. 5. We like dancing. 6. After having dinner they watched TV. 7. Thank you for coming. 8. He likes inviting his friends to his house. 9. He felt satisfaction in helping them. 10. There is no sense in going there today. 11. After saying ihis he left the room. 12. Excuse me for being so late. 13. Besides being lalented he works very hard. 14. I enjoy listening to music. 15. Skating is pleasant.

70 XII. Read and translate the sentences into Russian. 1. Avoid catching cold. 2. It's very dull discussing the same thing from early morning till late at night. 3. His main occupation is coaching. 4. They stopped arguing. 5. Avoid lying in the sun. 6. The suit needs cleaning. 7. We are interested in attending our English classes. 8.1 hate interrupting people. 9. She hates disturbing people. 10. William likes reading detective stories. 11. Don't leave without speaking to the coach. 12. It's no use lalking about it. 13. Tom's taking the medicine surprised us. 14. His knowing English will help him in his work. 15. If your going there is a question of money, I might help you.

XIII. Use the gerund instead of verbs in brackets. Pattern: It isn't worth (eat) late at night. — It isn't worth eating late at night.

1. What is worth (do) is worth (do) well. 2. These words are not worth (remember). 3. Such people are not worth (speak) about. 4. It's not worth (swim) in cold water. 5. This match is worth (watch). 6. This competition is worth (take part) in it. 7. This book isn't worth (read). 8. This film is ically worth (see). 9. It's no use (get angry). 10. This country is worth (visit).

XIV. Use the gerund instead of verbs in brackets. Pattern: I t's no good (miss) lessons. — It's no good missing lessons. 1. It's no use (accuse) him. 2. It's no use (consult) a bad physician. 3. It's no good (lose) things. 4. It's no good (help) him. 5. It's no use (teach) them. 6. It's no use (talk). 7. It's no good (go) there. 8. It's no good (wait) for her.

XV. Make up the sentences. Use the words and word combinations in the table. Pattern: You can become famous only by working hard.

71 We learn to speak English by working hard. We can't learn a foreign language only running. One learns to swim speaking. A child learns to run arguing. You won't change anything reading books. You won't achieve anything swimming. One can become famous only shouting.

XVI. Change the sentences according to the pattern. Pattern: I had a cup of coffee and then left home. After... . After having a cup of coffee 1 left home.

1. He practised for a long period and then decided to take part in sports competitions. After.... 2. The plane took off and soon afterwards it crashed. Soon after.... 3. 1 read the book and then I went to bed. After.... 4. They visited Ann but first they phoned her. Before ... . 5. She had her dinner but first she washed her hands. Before ... . 6. She began to practise again but first she consulted a physician. Before .... 7. What did you do when you left school? What did you do after?

XVII. Read and translate the sentences into Russian. Yesterday Mary got up at 7 o'clock. She washed and dressed. Then she had breakfast. After that she went to the University. At first she had English classes. Then she studied Anatomy. Next she went to the swimming pool for the training session. After that she did some shopping and arrived home at 6 o'clock. Then she had dinner. After that she prepared for her next-day classes. Then she watched TV. At 11.30 she went to bed.

XVIII. Answer the questions. Use the prepositions after / before. Pattern: When did Mary have breakfast? (before) - She had breakfast before going to the University. 1. When did Mary wash and dress? (after) 2. When did she have English classes (after). 3. When did she do shopping? (before) 4. When did she have dinner? (after). 5. When did she prepare for her next-day classes? (before). 6. When did she go to bed? (after).

XIX. Make up your story about youself. What did you do yesterday? Tell your groupmates about your classes, trainings, hobbies. Use the gerund and the prepositions after / before.

XX. Change the sentences according to the pattern. Pattern: My leg was injured during the races so I couldn't help (lose). – My leg was injured during the races so 1 couldn't help losing.

1. She was so funny that we couldn't help (laugh). 2. They played in such a bad weather that they couldn't help (get ill). 3. He did his best. He really couldn't help (win). 4. She has lived in England for some years. She couldn't help (speak English fluently). 5. I was tired. I couldn't help (sleep until 12 o'clock). 7. It was very sunny there. She couldn't help (get very hwwn). 8. It was very tasty. I couldn't help (eat it up). 9. The film was so sad that we couldn't help (cry). 10. The situation was so bad that he couldn't help (speak to the coach).

73 XXI. Complete the sentences. Use the following word combinations: go skiing; go swimming; go riding; go shopping; go climbing. 1. There isn't any food in the fridge. We have to .... 2. The students of I he Lesgaft State University have to ... . 3. We are going to the Alps this vcar. We'll be able to ... there. 4. She is a "rock star" (звезда скалолазания, альпинист высокого уровня). She often ... . 5. If you like horses, you should....

XXII. Change the sentences according to the pattern. Pattern: I have many books. I like (read). - I have many books. I like reading. 1. I hate (watch TV) in summer. I like (sunbathe). 2. They work in the zoo. They love (look after) animals. 3. He hates (play football). He likes (play hockey). 4. My sister loves (cook) but she hates (wash) up. 5. "Why do you always wear jeans?" "I like (wear) them." 6.1 don't like this coat. I hate (wear) it. 7. "Why do you never go to the beach?" "I don't like (sunbathe)" 8.1 like (arrive) at work in time. 9. My father hates (do) sports but he likes (watch) sports games on TV.

XXIII. Read and translate the newspaper article about real life drama.

COUPLE WHO SURVIVED AN AMAZING 66 DAYS AT SEA

Вill and Simone Butler.

74 A couple from Miami, Вill and Simone Butler, spent sixty six days in a life-raft in the seas of Central America after their yacht sank. They survived in very good condition. Twenty-one days after they left Panama in their yacht, Siboney, they met some whales. 'They started to hit the side of the boat,' said Bill, 'and then suddenly we heard water.'

The whales’ attack

Two minutes later, the yacht was sinking. They jumped into the! life-raft and watched the boat go under the water. For twenty days they had tins of food, biscuits, and bottles of water. They also had a fishing-line and a machine to make salt water into drinking water - two things which saved their lives. They caught eight to ten fish a day and ate them raw. Then the line broke. So we had no more fish until something very strange happened. Some sharks came to feed, and the fish under the raft were afraid and came to the surface. I caught them with my hands.'

Bill’s fishing About twenty ships passed them, but no one saw them. After fifty days at sea their life-raft was beginning to break up. Then suddenly it was all over. A fishing boat saw them and picked them up. They couldn't stand up, so the captain carried them onto his boat and took them to Costa Rica. Their two months at sea was over.

75 XXIV. Make up an annotation of the article accoding to the plan:

1. The title of the article is … 2. It is published in … 3. The purpose of this article is to show … 4. The athor analyses (explains, characterizes, describes) … 5. Some parts of the article deal with … 6. The author points out … 7. In conclusion the author says, that …

XXV. Here are the past tense forms of twelve irregular verbs. Write all the forms.

spend spent spent

caught

sank

ate

left

broke

met

saw

heard

could

had

took

76 XXVI. Put the verds into the simple past:

1. Last year I (go) to England on holiday.

2. It (be) fantastic.

3. I (visit) lots of interesting places.

4. I (be) with two friends of mine.

5. Every mornings we (walk) in the streets of London.

6. The weather (be) fine. It (not / rain) a lot.

7. But we (see) some beautiful rainbows.

XXVII. Read and try to dramatize the dialogues.

Sightseeing in London

Big Ben and the Houses of Parliament. Dialogue 1 Mike: So, what are you going to do today? John: Frankly speaking, I have no idea. What would you advise? Mike: Why not visit Hyde Park? It's one of the most picturesque places in London. Besides you both look slightly tired and a day in the open air will do you no harm. Susan: Yes, you're quite right. I'm tired of shopping. Wait, I heard something of the place... Hyde Park... Please, remind me of it.

Hyde Park in London.

Mike: Oh, I see you're really too tired if you forget about the best-known park in London! Hyde Park together with Kensington Gardens and Regent's Park are still called Royal because many centuries ago the kings of England usually hunted there. Now these places are the most favourite ones for a lot of people. You can walk on the grass or even lie down there if it's warm enough. John: Great! Let's go there immediately! As far as I remember visitors can also go horse-riding. I'm fond of riding! Don't you mind, Susan? Susan: I don't. I want to go there too. How can we get there, Mike? Mike: We'll drive there by car. It'll take us about half an hour, if we don't get into the traffic jam. Vocabulary frankly speaking - откровенно говоря I have no idea - понятия не имею Hyde Park - Гайд Парк, одна из лучших парковых зон Европы picturesque - живописный harm - вред, ущерб immediately - немедленно, тотчас же as far as I remember - насколько я помню traffic jam - пробка (на дорогах)

78 Dialogue 2 Susan: Hyde Park! Such a wonderful place! Thank you, Mike. Well... I'd like to see Westminster Abbey, the Tower of London, Buckingham Palace...

The Tower of London

John: Yes! Changing of the Guard! Susan: Why! You've already seen it twice. John: And I'm eager to see it again. It's really fantastic! These tall fellows dressed in scarlet tunics, blue trousers and huge bearskin caps look so impressive! Let's go there now.

Changing of the Guard.

Mike: Unfortunately it's impossible today because it's too late. Changing of the Guard takes place at half past eleven every morning. But tomorrow we'll go there by all means if you don't change your mind.

79 Susan: Then why not go to the Tower Bridge? It's so beautiful at night! Mike: Brilliant idea! Come along!

The Tower Bridge.

Vocabulary 1. Westminster Abbey - Вестминстерское аббатство; место коронации английских королей, основано в XI веке; 2.The Tower of London - Лондонский Тауэр; крепость на северном берегу Темзы, которая с XI века выполняла самые разные функции: была королевским замком, тюрьмой для высокопоставленных узников, королевским арсеналом, сокровищницей и даже зоопарком 3. Buckingham Palace - Букингемский дворец, официальная королевская резиденция Великобритании. 4. I'm eager to see - я очень хочу увидеть; to be eager to do smth; to be eager for smth очень хотеть, страстно желать, стремиться 5. scarlet ярко-красный, пурпурный, алый 6. tunic - (зд.) мундир 7. bearskin - медвежья шкура 8. by all means - обязательно 9. to change one's mind - передумать, расхотеть, изменить свое мнение

80 UNIT 5. ENGLISH - SPEAKING WORLD

English speaking countries

1. Read the texts about English-speaking countries. Get ready to answer the questions:

1. What English-speaking countries do you know? 2. What countries is the UK made of? What are their capitals? 3. W'hat can you say about the climate and the weather of the country? 4. What are the main political parties in the UK? 5. Who is the British Prime Minister now? 6. What are the most popular holidays in Britain? 7. How do people celebrate them? 8. How many states does the USA consist of? 9. Who were the first people to live in North America? 10. Who are the Americans? 11. Why did so many people go across the sea to the New World? 12. What stereotypes about Americans do you know? 13. What is the American dream? 14. What problems do the Americans face today? 15. What American holidays do you know? 16. What are the main political parties in the USA? 17. Who is the US President now? 18. What other English speaking countries do you know?

81 THE UK

Royal coat of arms of the UK.

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is an island state: it occupies the territory of the British Isles and is composed of some 5,500 islands, large and small. The two main islands are: Great Britain (in which are England, Wales and Scotland) to the east and Ireland (in which are Northern Ireland and the independent Republic of Ireland) to the west. They arc separated by the Irish Sea. The UK is one of the world's smaller countries. However, there are only nine other countries with more people, and London is the world's seventh biggest city. The UK is separated from the European continent by the English Channel and the Strait of Dover.The highest mountains are in Scotland and Wales: There are many lakes in Great Britain. On the northwest lies the Lake District, containing the beautiful lakes that give it its name. The largest cities of Great Britain are: London, Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester, Sheffield, Bristol, Leeds and Edinburgh. The most important ports are: London, Liverpool, Southampton, Belfast, Glasgow and Cardiff. The climate in the UK is usually described as cool, temperate and humid. The weather is so changeable that the English often say that they have no climate but only weather. The weather is the favourite topic of conversation in the UK. The population of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is over 57 million people. The population lives mostly in towns and cities and their suburbs. Four out of every five people live in towns. The UK is inhabited by the English, the Scottish, the Welsh, and the Northern Irish, who constitute the British 82 nation. The British are the descendants of different peoples who settled in the British Isles at different times. There have been many waves of immigration into Britain. Now there are many people of all colours and races in the UK. These are mostly former inhabitants of lhe former British colonies. These people came to the UK in search of better living standards. Nowadays the policy is to encourage these new immigrant communities to continue speaking their own languages as well as English. The children of immigrants are often taught their own languages in school, and there are special newspapers, magazines, and radio and television programmes for these communities. The latest wave of immigrants from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Hong Kong has of course caused problems. I here is certainly racial tension and racial prejudice in Britain today. In spite of laws passed to protect them, there is still discrimination against Asian and black people, many of whom are unemployed or in low-paid jobs. However, the atmosphere is improving and the different races are slowly learning to trust one another. The UK is a constitutional monarchy. In law, the Head oi State is the Queen. In practice, the Queen reigns, but does not rule. The country is ruled by the elective government with the Prime Minister at the head. There are three main political parties in Great Britain: the Labour, the Conservative and the Liberal parties.

II. Test youself. The UK quiz. 1. What's the Queen's name? a. Queen Ann I b. Queen Elizabeth II с. Queen Margaret II

2. Where does the Changing of the Guard take place? a. Buckingham Palace b. Piccadilly Circus с. Victoria and Albert Museum

83 3. What is a double-decker? a. A bus b. A disco с. A taxi

4. What is Harrods? a. A bank b. A department store c. School

5. Where can you buy stamps? a. At the post office b. At the stationer's с. At the department store

6. How many pence are there in 1 pound sterling? a. 10 b. 100 с. 1000

7. What is the name of the famous stadium in the north of London? a. Wembley b. Westminster с. Wimbledon

8. Which Liverpool band was so popular in the 60s? a. The Beatles b. The Police с. The Rolling Stones

9. Where is Nessie supposed to live? a. Isle of Man b. Loch Ness с. River Thames 84 10. In Britain, cars are driven on the______side of the road. a. left-hand b. right-hand с. wrong-hand

11. Dame Agatha Christie wrote lots of______. a. detective stories b. plays с. Poems

12. Where is Belfast? a. In Northern Ireland b. In Scotland с. In Wales

13. Manchester United is a popular______team. a. basketball b. football с. Handball

14. Which famous writer was born in Stratford-upon-Avon? a. Samuel Beckett b. James Joyce c. William Shakespeare

15. Which king had 6 wives? a. Henry IV b. Henry V с. Henry VIII

85 THE USA

The USA. New York. The Statue of Liberty.

The United States of America - the richest and one of the biggest countries in the world - has several names. People say "the United States", "the States", "America", or just "the USA" or "the US". The United States is a federal union of 50 states, each of which has its own government. According to the US Constitution the powers of the government are divided into 3 branches: the executive, headed by the President, the legislative, exercised by the Congress, and the judical. The Congress consists of the Senate and the House of Representative. There are two main political parties in the USA: the Republican and the Democratic. The population of the USA is about 250 million. There is no "American climate" or "American countryside". Every part of the country is different, from Alaska in the north, covered with snow and ice, to tropical Florida in the south.

Native American Indians picture.

86 The American Indians were the first people to live in that vast land. They had a fascinating, ancient culture, and a rich tradition of language and customs. When Christopher Columbus arrived, in 1492, there were probably about 1,500.000 Indians in North America. But then, the immigrants came. By the early nineteenth century, the population was more than 17 million. Most came from Europe, but there were also many from the Middle East and the Far East, as well as millions of Africans, caught in the terrible slave trade. Immigration went on growing. By 1914, the population was 92 million. Now there are more than 25 million British Americans (nearly half the population of Britain), about 23 million African Americans, 25 million German Americans and more Irish Americans than the whole population of Ireland. You can find almost anything in America. There are .mountains and deserts, old churches and moon rockets, homes with three cars and homes with no electric lights at all. There are people who speak Chinese, Italian, Spanish, Arabic, Polish, Swedish, Japanese - in fact, almost every language under the sun. There is no such thing as a typical American, but there are some views of Americans which many think are fair. Ordinary Americans are friendly and not afraid to show their feelings. They are generous, lively and amusing. They are not as snobbish or class-conscious as the English, and the way people speak is not important to them. However, there is 'money snobbery' in the USA. The American's dream is success in his job, success earned by his own skill and hard work. There is no one an American admires more that the self-made man, no matter what kind of family he comes from. Many foreigners have the false idea that there is no public transport in the USA. Since the vast majority of Americans own at least one car, buses aren't necessary, it is believed, so the very poor have to walk. This is quite untrue. There is public transport. There is a cheap and regular bus service in every city. Many cities also have a new subway system, equally cheap. But better-off Americans in many parts of the USA never go by bus. In fact, they wouldn't want to be seen in one in case someone thought they couldn't afford a car! 87 The USA has many serious problems - crime, violence, unlawful immigration across the Mexican border, pollution, unemployment, race relations. But there has been an improvement in race relations that few non-Americans know much about.

III. Test youself. The USA quiz.

1. What are the two major parties in the US? a. The Republicans and the Democrats. b. The Republics and the Socialists. c. The Democrats and the Socialists. d. The Conservationists and the Democrats.

2. How many states are there in the US? a. 49 b. 50 с. 51 d. 48

3. What do Americans celebrate on July 4th? a. Flag Day. b. The Revolution. с The Discovery of America, d. Independence Day.

4. In which year was the independence from England declared? a. 1776 b. 1876 c. 1676 d. 1778

5. Which president freed the slaves? a. Thomas Jefferson b. George Washington с Abraham Lincoln d. Henry Ford

88 6. Who was the civil rights leader who fought through non-violent action? a. Thomas Paine b. Martin Luther King, с John Kennedy 7. Who was the first person to walk on the moon? a. John Glenn b. Jim Lowell с Neil Armstrong

8. What was the name of the ship that brought the Pilgrims to P England in 1620? a. Pitta b. Sunflower с Mayflower

9. Where's the White House located? a. New York b.Washington, D.C. с. Houston

10. What organisation tries to find solutions to world problems. a. The United Nations c. IMF b. UNICEF d. Green Peace

11. What does IMF stand for? a. International Monetary Foundation b. International Monetary Fund с. Internal Monetary Foundation d. Internal Monetary Fund

12. Who said: 'We hold these truths to be self evident that all men I created equal'? a. Bill Clinton b. George Washington с. Richard Nixon d. Thomas Jefferson

89 CANADA

Coat of Arms of Canada.

Canada is a good example of the way peoples of different ways of life and different languages can live side by side under one government. The population of Canada has risen from 11.5 million in 1941 to 25 million in 1980. Most of the newcomers are from Europe, Asia and the USA, so that today less than 44% of Canada's population is of British origin. Quebec Province is still 90% French. There are some groups of French Canadians in Ontario and Manitoba, but the numbers are quite small.There are many Indians, Pakistanis and Chinese, and also blacks from the USA, among the immigrants who are pouring into Canada now. All Canadian children have to learn both French and English at school. The Canadian government is more British in style than American, except that it is a federal government. The head of government is the Prime Minister, often called the PM', as in Britain. The Federal Government has a Senate and House of Commons, and each province also has a House of Commons.

The Maple Tree.

The maple tree is the national tree of Canada. In the fall maple leaves turn a brilliant red and orange. Queen Elizabeth II is still Queen of Canada. She is head of the government, as in Britain, but has a Governor-General to represent her.

IV. Test youself. Canada quiz. 1. Canada is the second______country in the world. a. larger b. Large c. largest

2. The capital______Canada is Ottawa. a. for b. of c. in

3. Canada is made______ten provinces. a. for b. of c. in

4. The flag of Canada______a red maple leaf in the centre. a. has b. is c. are

5. The two official languages of Canada______French and English. a. has b. is с. are

6. The first Europeans came_____Canada for the wealth of fur, fish and forests. a. in b. at с. To

7. The national sport_____Canada is lacrosse. a. of b. at с. in

8. Both basketball and hockey _ first played in Canada. a. are b. were с. was 91 AUSTRALIA

Australian Coat of Arms.

Australia and New Zealand. Here arc some common views that the British have of Australians. Some Australians would agree, others might not. They are fiercely independent and they say exactly what they think, even if it sometimes sounds rude. Five out of six Australians live in the suburbs of towns and cities, and they like to own the house they live in. It is still sometimes said that Australia is not a place for women, and some men still like to spend more time with their mates than with their wives. But more and more Australians have wider interests, now that Australia has citizens from so many different' countries.

NEW ZEALAND

New Zealand Coat of Arms.

New Zealanders are tough, too, but less lively and less carefree. They live just as comfortably, and they have one of the best welfare systems in the world. Hospital treatment costs patients nothing at all. The Australians are becoming more and more attracted towards the USA, but not the New Zealanders, who do not have much love for the Americans. Both Australians and New Zealanders have a great pride in their own countries. They no longer have strong ties with the mother country. 92 Like the USA, Australia is a federation of states, but both federal and stale governments are run on British, not American lines. The New Zealand Parliament has only one House, which it calls the House of Representatives. Otherwise the whole New Zealand parliamentary system is very like that of the UK. The Queen is head of both Australian and New Zealand governments, but is represented in both cases by a Governor-General.

V. Test youself. Australia quiz.

1. In what year did federation take place? a. 1788 b. 1896 c. 1902 d. 1901 e. 1897

2. Which day of the year is Australia day? a. 7 June b. 26 February c. 26 January d. 17 May e. 7 January

3. Who was the first Prime Minister of Australia? a. James Cook b. Edmund Barton c. Alfred Deakin d. Henry Parkes e. Billy Hughes

93 4. What is the first line of Australia's national anthem? a. Australia let us all rejoin b. Waltzing Mathilda c. Australians all let us rejoice d. Australia let's all of us rejoice e. Australians all let us reach us

5. What is the floral emblem of Australia? a. Waratah b. Golden wattle c. Royal Bluebell d. Sturt's Desert Pea e. Red and Green Kangaroo Paw

6. What is the population of Australia? a. 21 million b. 17 million c. 45 million d. 92 million e. 71 million

7. In what city is the Parliament House of the Commonwealth Parliament located? a. London b. Sydney c. Canberra d. Perth e. Melbourn

8. Who is the Queen's representative in Australia? a. John Howard b. The Prime Minister c. Gordon Brown d. The Governor-General e. Prince Charles

9. What are the colours on the Australian flag? a. Red, black and yellow b. Green, blue, black and white c. Red, white and blue d. Green, white and yellow

10. Who is the head of the Australian Government? a. The Queen b. The President c. The Governor-General d. The Prime Minister

VI. Try to analise the text about English-speaking countries and find the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives.

Pattern 1: wider (interes ts) – более широкий круг интересов (c.d.) Pattern 2: the most important (ports) – важнейшие порты- (s.d.) Notes: 1. Adjectives and adverbs have different forms to show degrees of comparison. We even have a name for each of these forms of degree: positive, comparative, and superlative. Let's meet the whole gang.

95 Positive degree: the base form of the adjective or adverb. It does not show comparison. Comparative degree: the form an adjective or adverb takes to compare two things. Superlative degree: the form an adjective or adverb takes to compare three or more things. The following table shows the three degrees of comparison with some sample adjectives and adverbs.

Comparative Levels of Adjectives and Adverbs

Part of Speech Positive Comparative Superlative

Adjective low lower lowest

Adjective big bigger biggest

Adjective fat fatter fattest

Adverb highly more highly most highly

Adverb widely more widely most widely

Adverb easily more easily most easily

2. The positive degree is the base form of the adjective or adverb. It does not show comparison. The comparative degree compares two things. The superlative degree compares three or more things. As you can see from this table, the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives and adverbs are formed differently. Here's how: Less and least can also be used to form the comparative and superlative degrees of most adjectives and adverbs, as inless attractive and least attractive. Less and fewer cannot be interchanged. Less refers to amounts that form a whole or can't be counted (less money, less filling), while fewer refers to items that can be counted (fewer coins, fewer calories).

96 3.All adverbs that end in -ly form their comparative and superlative degree with more and most. quickly, more quickly, most quickly slowly, more slowly, most slowly

4.Avoid using more or most when they sound awkward, as in “more soon than I expected.” In general, use -er/-est with one- and two-syllable modifiers. fast, faster, fastest high, higher, highest

5.When a word has three or more syllables, use more and most to form the comparative and superlative degree. beloved, more beloved, most beloved detested, more detested, most detested

Size Does Matter Now that you know how to form comparisons with adjectives and adverbs, follow these guidelines to make these comparisons correct.

Use the comparative degree (-er or more form) to compare two things. Your memory is better than mine. Donald Trump is more successful than Donald Duck, Don Ameche, or Don Use the superlative form (-est or most) to compare three or more things. This is the largest room in the house. This is the most awful meeting.

Never use -er and more or -est and most together. One or the other will do the trick nicely. No: This is the more heavier brother. Yes: This is the heavier brother. 97 No: He is the most heaviest brother. Yes: He is the heaviest brother.

Good, Gooder, Goodest: Irregular Adjectives and Adverbs Irregular adjective/adverb use, like much of life, is the result of accidents. In this case, it arose from the way the language formed. Good, for instance, has Indo-European roots; worse andworst, in contrast, originated in Old English. So here's one reason English isn't consistent, Mouseketeers. Of course, life can't be that easy in the land of adjectives and adverbs. And so it isn't. A few adjectives and adverbs don't follow these rules. The following table shows the most common irregular adjectives and adverbs. Tap the noggin and memorize these forms.

Inconsiderate Adjectives and Adverbs

Positive Comparative Superlative good better best well better best bad worse worst badly worse worst far farther farthest far further furthest late later later or latest little (amount) less least many more most much more most some more most

98 VII. Write three degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs. small younger fine the newest easy dirtier famous more beautiful difficult the most serious more comfortable expensive the most suitable more charming good worse many/much the least

VIII. Test your grammar. 1. This house is fantastically expensive. We expected it to be...... A. more cheaper B. much cheaper C. much cheap 2. He is very loud he should behave...... A. more quietly B. quieter C. more quiet

99 3. He was driving at a hundred miles an hour, he should have driven...... A. slower B. much slowlier C. more slowly

4. Can you walk...... ? A. a bit faster B. more fastly C. little faster

5. He did...... in his driving test - ...... than we expected. A. bad...... worse B. very badly...... worse C. badly...... worser

6. Will you give me...... information on delivery arrangements? A. farther B. further C. more further

7. His English is...... than mine. A. worst B. more worse C. a bit worse

8. Tom works long hours so he looks...... than he really is. A. far older B. much elder C. little old

100 9. I bought...... edition of today’s paper. No copies were left. A. the latest B. the least C. the last

10. I`ve got...... than you. A. lesser B. less C. least

11. Have you heard...... news? A. the last B. the latest C. farther

12. It`s a rule: ...... the hotel, ...... the service. A. more expensive...... the best B. the expensiver...... much better C. the more expensive. . . . the better

13...... I waited, ...... I became. A. the more long...... the more impatiently B. the longer...... the more impatient C. the longer...... the more unpatient

14. My apartment is...... than yours. A. smaller B. a bit little C. bit smaller

101 15. Now petrol is...... it was a few years ago. A. two times more expensive as B. twice as expensive as C. in two times so expensive as

16. Nobody could swim...... A. faster as him B. as fast as he could C. as faster as him

17. He spent...... money...... A. less...... as me B. more...... than me C. the least. . . . as I did

18. She is...... intelligent to believe that! A. too B. more C. much more

19. We stayed at...... hotel in this town. A. a cheaper B. more cheap C. the cheapest

20. Don`t go by air. It will be...... ! A. much more expensive B. a far too expensive C. a lot expensive

102 IX. Translate the following proverbs into Russian. Can you give your examples? 1. Two heads are better than one. 2. Better late than never. 3. East or West, home is best.

X. Translate the following sentences and get ready to write your examples. Try to give some information about English-speaking countries. 1. British people are the world's most dedicated home-video users and the world's third biggest newspaper buyers. 2. The House of Parliament the centre of the British government is one of the most famous tourist attractions. 3. The House of Commons has more real power than the House of Lords.

XI. Fill in the gaps. Use one of three degrees of adjectives. 1. The (large) cities of Great Britain are: London, Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester, Sheffield, Bristol, Leeds and Edinburgh. 2. London is the world's seventh (big) city. 3. The (important) ports are: London, Liverpool, Southampton, Belfast, Glasgow and Cardiff. 4. The people came to the UK in search of (good) living standards. 5. The (late) wave of immigrants from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Hong Kong has of course caused problems. 6. Nowadays the policy is to encourage these (new) immigrant communities to continue speaking their own languages as well as English. 7. The United States of America is the fourth (large) country in the world. 8. The (cold) regions are in the north. 9. The climate along the Pacific coast is much (warm) than that of the Atlantic coast.

10. The (high) mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the Cordillera, the Sierra Nevada.

103

UNIT 6. СUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS OF GREAT BRITAIN

The national symbols of Great Britain.

1. Can you tell your groupmates about the British traditions? Read the text. Get ready to speak of the British ustoms and traditions.

British nation is considered to be the most conservative in Europe. It is not a secret that every nation has its own customs and traditions. In Great Britain people attach greater importance to traditions and customs than in other European countries. Englishmen are proud of their traditions and carefully keep them up.

The British Money.

The best examples are their queen, money system, their weights and measures.There are many customs and some of them are very old. There is, for example, the Marble Championship, where the British Champion is crowned;

104 he wins a silver cup known among folk dancers as Morris Dancing. Morris Dancing is an event where people, worn in beautiful clothes with ribbons and bells, dance with handkerchiefs or big sticks in their hands, while traditional music sounds.

The Boat Race.

Another example is the Boat Race, which takes place on the river Thames, often on Easter Sunday. A boat with a team from Oxford University and one with a team from Cambridge University hold a race.

The Grand National horse race.

British people think that the Grand National horse race is the most exciting horse race in the world. It takes place near Liverpool every year. Sometimes it happens the same day as the Boat Race takes place, sometimes a week later. Amateur riders as well as professional jockeys can participate. It is a very famous event. There are many celebrations in May, especially in the countryside, for example, May Day.

105

A May Queen. It is the time of year when warmer weather begins and flowers and trees start to blossom. It is said to be a time of love and romance. It is the time when people celebrate the coming of summer with lots of different customs that are expressions of joy and hope after a long winter.

Morris dancing. Traditional English May Day celebrations include Morris dancing, crowning a May Queen and dancing around a Maypole.

Dancing around a Maypole.

106 Halloween is a day on which many children dress up in unusual costumes. In fact, this holiday has a Celtic origin. The day was originally called All Halloween's Eve, because it happens on October 31, the eve of all Saint's Day. The name was later shortened to Halloween. The Celts celebrated the coming of New Year on that day.

Halloween. Another tradition is the holiday called Bonfire Night. On November 5, 1605, a man called Guy Fawkes planned to blow up the Houses of Parliament where the king James 1st was to open Parliament on that day. But Guy Fawkes was unable to realize his plan and was caught and later, hanged. The British still remember that Guy Fawkes' Night. It is another name for this holiday. This day one can see children with figures, made of sacks and straw and dressed in old clothes. On November 5th, children put their figures on the bonfire, burn them, and light their fireworks.

Bonfire Night. In the end of the year, there is the most famous New Year celebration. In London, many people go to Trafalgar Square on New Year's Eve. There is singing and dancing at 12 o'clock on December 31st.

Christmas Bells.

107 A popular Scottish event is the Edinburgh Festival of music and drama, which takes place every year. A truly Welsh event is the Eisteddfod, a national festival of traditional poetry and music, with a competition for the best new poem in Welsh.

The Edinburgh Festival of Music and Drama.

If we look at English weights and measures, we can be convinced that the British are very conservative people. They do not use the internationally accepted measurements. They have conserved nine old measures. For general use, the smallest weight is one ounce, then 16 ounce is equal to a pound. Fourteen pounds is one stone. The English always give people's weight in pounds and stones. Liquids they measure in pints, quarts and gallons. There are two pints in a quart and four quarts or eight pints are in one gallon. For length, they have inches, foot, yards and miles. If we have always been used to the metric system therefore the English monetary system could be found rather difficult for us. They have a pound sterling, which is divided into twenty shillings, half-crown is cost two shillings and sixpence, shilling is worth twelve pennies and one penny could be changed by two halfpennies.

One Shilling Coins.

108 II. Try to write the calender of the most popular pubic, political, sports holidays in Great Britain. For example:

The calender of the British holidays 1. Chrstmas – the 25 - th of December. 2. New Year’s Day - the 31-st of January. 3. Saint Valentine’s Day - the 14 - th of February. 4. The Boat Race (Oxford – Cambridge) – the last Saturday of March. 5. April Fool’s Day – the 1-st of April.

III. Write the list of the British holidays, which are popular with young people in Russia. Get ready to tell your groupmates about one of the holidays.

IV. Do you know the History of May Day in Great Britain? Read the text.

Render it into Russian.

The Celtic god of the Sun.

The old Celtic celebration of May Day was called Beltane, (or Beltaine in its most popular Anglicized form) the Celtic god of light or the sun. He, in turn, may be traced to the Middle Eastern god Baal. Other names for May Day include: Cetsamhain ('opposite Samhain') and Walpurgisnacht (in Germany). For the Celts, Beltane was a festival where fires were set to mark the beginning of summer: 109 "They rolled wheels of fire down hillsides, lit bonfires, and drove their cattle through the flames in a ceremony of purification". Some people believe that the celebrations on May Day began with Beltane and the tree worship of the Druids. Others believe they go back to the spring festivals of ancient Egypt and India. The people of ancient Rome honored Flora, the goddess of flowers and springtime, with a festival called Florialia. Later, festivals of this kind spread to other lands conquered by the Romans, and of course this included Britain. Medieval May Day celebrations started on the night before the first of May, Beltane Eve. There would be a bonfire and dancing. At the break of dawn on May Day, it was traditional for the young men and women of a community to go into the woods or forest and gather flowers and branches to decorate their houses. They believed that the vegetation spirits would bring good fortune.

The men and women gathering flowers and branches.

Girls would make a special point of washing their faces in the dew of the early morning. They believed this made them very beautiful for the following year. One popular Mayday custom was the making of a maypole. Early in the day people would go to the nearest woodland and cut down a young tree. The tree (usually a tall birch tree) would be stripped of its branches except at the top (where the leaves symbolized new life) and dragged or carried to an open space in the town square or village green. It was then decorated with garlands of flowers and ribbons.

110 Flowers and trees were a major feature of this festival. Men could deliver a tree decorated with streamers to the doorstep of a girl they liked. Long streamers were also attached to the village Maypole for dancing. Young men and women would wind the ribbons around each other as the dance progressed, in the hope of becoming entangled with their future love.

Morris Dancers From left to right the dancers are: Piper, Hobby-Horse, Maid Marian, Robin Hood, and the jester. Notice the bells worn by the dancers.

May Day was given over to various festivities. There was dancing on the village green. Morris dancing was a traditional English form of folk dance.

Archery contest on May Day.

111 On May Day young men of each village tried to win prizes in archery contest and exhibitions of strength. There was a tradition of 'lifting' where a gang of young men would lift a pretty girl in a flower bedecked chair on May day. Then the girl would choose a boy on May 2nd. The highlight of the day was the crowning of the May Queen, the human replica of Flora. By tradition she took no part in the games or dancing, but sat like a queen in a flower-decked chair to watch her 'subjects'. The queen was chosen from all the eligible young women in the community. She was crowned with flowers and paraded around the village.

IV. Get ready to answer the questions: 1. What holiday is celebrated in Russia on the first of May? 2. What other political holidays are celebrated in our country? 3. What religious holidays are celebrated in Russia? 4. What sports holidays do you know? 5. Do you remember any interesting facts about the 22-nd Olympic Games in Moscow?

Moscow Olympics 1980

112 UNIT 7. THE OLYMPIC GAMES

I. Can you guess the meaning of the words? Do you need a dictionary?

Olympia, Greece, Zeus, conflict, finish, idea, territory, legend, Heracles, distance cook, tradition, champion, fundamental, ritual, poems, statues, period, Olympiad.

II. Read the text about the Olympic Games and make up some questions.

Olympia, Greece.

The Ancient Olympic Games were religious and athletic festivals held every four years at the sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia, Greece. Competition was among representatives of several city-states and kingdoms of Ancient Greece. These Games featured mainly athletic but also combat sports such as wrestling and the pankration, horse and chariot racing events.

Chariot racing events.

113 It has been widely written that during the Games, all conflicts among the participating city-states were postponed until the Games were finished.

This cessation of hostilities was known as the Olympic peace or truce. This idea is a modern myth because the Greeks never suspended their wars. The truce did allow those religious pilgrims who were traveling to Olympia to pass through warring territories unmolested because they were protected by Zeus.

Zeus is father of Greek gods.

The origin of the Olympics is shrouded in mystery and legend; one of the most popular myths identifies Heracles and his father Zeus as the progenitors of the Games. According to legend, it was Heracles who first called the Games "Olympic" and established the custom of holding them every four years. The myth continues that after Heracles completed his twelve labors, he built the Olympic Stadium as an honor to Zeus. Following its completion, he walked in a straight line for 200 steps and called this distance a "stadion", which later became a unit of distance.

The Olympic Stadium.

114 The most widely accepted inception date for the Ancient Olympics is 776 BC; this is based on inscriptions, found at Olympia, listing the winners of a footrace held every four years starting in 776 BC. The Ancient Games featured running events,

a pentathlon (consisting of a jumping event, discus and javelin throws, a foot race, and wrestling), boxing, wrestling, pankration, and equestrian events. Tradition has it that Coroebus, a cook from the city of Elis, was the first Olympic champion.

The Olympics were of fundamental religious importance, featuring sporting events alongside ritual sacrifices honoring both Zeus and Pelops, divine hero and mythical king of Olympia. Pelops was famous for his chariot race with King Oenomaus of Pisatis. The winners of the events were admired and immortalized in poems and statues.

The Games were held every four years, and this period, known as an Olympiad, was used by Greeks as one of their units of time measurement. The Games were part of a cycle known as the Panhellenic Games, which included the Pythian Games, the Nemean Games, and the Isthmian Games.

The Olympic Games reached their zenith in the 6th and 5th centuries BC, but then gradually declined in importance as the Romans gained power and influence in Greece. While there is no scholarly consensus as to when the Games officially ended, the most commonly held date is 393 AD, when the emperor Theodosius I decreed that all pagan cults and practices be eliminated. Another date commonly cited is 426 AD, when his successor, Theodosius II, ordered the destruction of all Greek temples.

III. Try to tell your groupmates a short story about the Ancient Olympic Games.

IV. Read the text about the modern Olympic Games. Render the text into Russian.

115 The modern Olympic Games

The first modern Olympics happened in 1896 in Athens, Greece. People choose to play in the Olympics to represent the place they are from. Over time the Olympics have become bigger. The Winter Games were created for ice and snow sports.

1896 Olympic opening ceremony

The Paralympic Games were created for athletes with physical disabilities. As well, the Olympics became bigger with the addition of the Youth Olympic Games for teenage athletes. World War I and World War II led to the cancellation of the 1916, 1940, and 1944 Games.

As the decision-making body, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) is responsible for choosing the host city for each Olympic Games. The IOC is also responsible for choosing what sports are in the games.

The celebration of the Games includes many rituals and symbols, such as Olympic flag and torch, as well as the opening and closing ceremonies.

The Olympic logo known as the Olympic rings, consists of five intertwined rings. It represents the unity of the five inhabited continents (America, Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe). The colored version of the rings—blue, yellow, black, green, and red—over a white field forms the Olympic flag. The flag was adopted in 1914 but flown for the first time at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium. The flag has since been flown during every Games.

116

The Olympic flag. The Olympic motto is Citius, Altius, Fortius, a Latin expression meaning "Faster, Higher, Stronger".

A female performer lights a torch. Before each Games, the Olympic flame is lit in Olympia in a ceremony that reflects ancient Greek rituals. A female performer, acting as a priestess, lights a torch with the use of the sun. The woman then lights the torch of the first relay bearer. Starting the Olympic torch relay that will carry the flame to the host city's Olympic stadium. The flame has been an Olympic symbol since 1928 and the torch relay was introduced at the 1936 Summer Games.

The torch relay at the 1936 Berlin Games.

117 The Olympic mascot was introduced in 1968. The mascot is either an animal or human figure representing the cultural heritage of the host country.

The Olympic mascot 1980.

The opening ceremony As mandated by the Olympic Charter, various elements frame the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games. Most of these rituals were established at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. The ceremony typically starts with the hoisting of the host country's flag and a performance of its national anthem. The host nation then presents artistic displays of music, singing, dance, and theater representative of its culture.

After the artistic portion of the ceremony, the athletes parade into the stadium grouped by nation. Greece is traditionally the first nation to enter in order to honor the origins of the Olympics. Nations then enter the stadium alphabetically according to the host country's chosen language. The host country's athletes are always the last to enter.

During the 2004 Summer Olympics, which was hosted in Athens, Greece, the Greek flag entered the stadium first and last. When it came in to the stadium for the second time it was followed by the athletes. Speeches are then given formally opening the Games. Finally the athletes oath said. Following this the Olympic torch is brought into the stadium and passed on until it reaches the final torch carrier who lights the cauldron.

118

2004 Olympic opening ceremony.

The closing ceremony The closing ceremony of the Olympic Games takes place after all sporting events have concluded. Flag-bearers from each participating country enter the stadium. They are followed by the athletes who enter together without any national distinction. Three national flags are hoisted while the corresponding national anthems are played. The flag of Greece to honor the birthplace of the Olympic Games. The flag of the current host country. The flag of the country hosting the next Summer or Winter Olympic Games is also flown. The president of the organizing committee and the IOC president make their closing speeches. The Games are officially closed and the Olympic flame is put out. In what is known as the Antwerp Ceremony (as this tradition was started in Antwerp), the mayor of the city that organized the Games transfers a special Olympic flag to the president of the IOC. The president then passes it on to the mayor of the city hosting the next Olympic Games. After these compulsory elements, the next host nation briefly introduces itself with artistic displays of dance and theater representative of its culture.

119

1980 Olympic closing ceremony.

Medal presentation

A medal ceremony is held after each Olympic event is concluded. The winner, second and third-place competitors or teams stand on top of a three-tiered rostrum to be awarded their respective medals.

After the medals are given out by an IOC member, the national flags of the three medalists are raised while the national anthem of the gold medalist's country plays.

Medal ceremony at the 1984 Summer Olympics.

120

Unit 8. THE BRITISH AND SPORT

2012 Olympics in London.

I. Read the text and get ready to answer the following questions:

1. What is a spectator sport? 2. Can you give an example of a team sport? 3. Which sports do you associate with Britain? 4. Can you name any important sports competitions which take place in Britain? 5. What are the most popular sports in your country? Compare them with the most popular spofts in Britain. 6. Which of the sports mentioned in the text are played in your country? Britain does not often produce sportsmen or sportswomen who are successful in world sporting championships, but it has been good at inventing sports and writing the rules of games.

Two young people playing golf.

121 Golf was first played in Scotland in the fifteenth century and the most famous golf club, Saint Andrews in Scotland, is still the most respected authority on golf in the world.

British men playing cricket. Cricket was first played in England in the sixteenth century and its rules were written in the eighteenth century. Today it is often played in schools, colleges, universities and by club teams all over the country. Summer isn't summer without cricket. To many Englishmen cricket is both a game and a standard of behaviour. When they consider anything unfair, they sometimes say: "That isn't cricket." Nineteenth-century team sports, such as football, rugby and hockey, were first played in British public schools. The rules for all of these games were written between 1870 and 1890.

Britain's national sport.

Britain's national sport is football. During the football season (August to May) most professional footballers play two matches every week.

122 The 22 best English teams play in the Premier League, run by the Football Association (the FA). The other professional teams play in three divisions run by the Football League. Liverpool is the most successful team and have won the most games and tournaments. The most exciting games are often between teams from the same city: Manchester United and Manchester City; Arsenal and Chelsea from London; Celtic and Rangers from Glasgow. The highlight of the football season is the FA Cup Final at Wembley Stadium in London. Eighty thousand fans fill the stadium and there is usually a very good atmosphere. The most successful FA Cup team is Tottenham Hotspur. They have won the cup eight times.

The chief spectator sport in Britain.

Next to football, the chief spectator sport in British life is horseracing. A lot ol people are interested in the races and risk money on the horse, which they think will win. The Derby is perhaps the most famous single sporting event in thewhole world. Britain is also famous for motor-car racing, dog-racing, boat-racing, and ever races for donkeys.

Tennis tournament.

123 A great number of people play and watch tennis. Tennis tournaments at Wimbledon are known all over the world. The British also like to play golf, baseball, , hockey, and grass-hockey. Various forms of athletics, such as running, jumping, swimming, boxing are also popular. Cricket is a popular summer sport in England but is not played much in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, but it is played in the Commonwealth countries of Australia, India, New Zealand, Pakistan and the West Indies. Every year there are Test Matches between all these countries. A Test Match can last for up to five days. Usually the Commonwealth countries play much better and faster cricket than England.

Rugby is a type of football. It is played with an oval ball and players can both kick or run with it. There are two types of rugby: in Rugby Union there are teams of 15 players, who are amateurs, and it is played by England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland (a joint team from both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland), France, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. There are regular matches between these countries. In Rugby League there are 13 players in a team, the players are all professionals and it is mostly played in the north of England and Australia.

II. Use the dictionary and translate the text. Can you explain the football fans’ behaviour at the stadium?

Football crazy

Football hooliganism refers to what is widely considered unruly, violent, and destructive behaviour by overzealous football fans. Actions such as brawling, vandalism and intimidation are enacted by association football club fans participating in football hooliganism. 124 A football firm (also known as a hooligan firm) is a gang formed for the specific purpose of antagonising and physically attacking supporters of other clubs. The behaviour is often based upon rivalry between different teams and conflict may take place before or after football matches. Participants often select locations away from stadia to avoid arrest by the police, but conflict can also erupt spontaneously inside the stadium or in the surrounding streets.

Football hooliganism can range from shouts, spitting and small-scale fistfights to huge riots where firms attack each other with deadly weapons (including, but not limited to, sports bats, glass bottles, rocks, knives, machetes and even pistols). In some riots, stones, bricks, flares, smoke bombs and even Molotov cocktails are thrown.

Football Crazy.

In some cases, stadium brawls have caused fans to flee in panic and injuries have been caused when fences or walls have collapsed from the pressure of the exiting crowd.

In some football riots, the chaos spreads to the city area surrounding the football field, and shop windows may be smashed, rubbish bins set on fire, and police cars may be overturned.

In the most extreme cases, hooligans, police, and bystanders have been killed, and helmeted, body-armouredriot police have intervened with tear gas, police dogs, armoured vehicles and water cannons.

125

III. Do you know that FIFA hard at work fighting hooliganism?

Sepp Blatter when he met FKF's Sam Nyamweya.

FIFA hard at work fighting hooliganism

Fifa President Joseph Sepp Blatter says that the fight against hooliganism and corruption is made difficult owing to the large section of the populace that is involved in the sport. He commented upon the situation.

1. As an institution, football has 300 million members, the same as the population of the USA.

2. With so many people involved, there will always be people who break the rules, that is something you cannot prevent. You cannot speak about a corrupt organisation based on the actions of individuals.

He, however, confirmed that his institution has put measures in place to fight the two vices. Fifa President says that they do everything possible to fight against it.

For example, they work together with Transparency International. The Ethics Committee combats and decides on any persons who are uncovered.

Furthermore, they have brought in the Swiss anti-corruption expert Mark Pieth to advise us on the prevention of corruption. Sepp Blatter thinks that hooliganism is a question of education and the organisation of security.

126 UNIT 9. SPORTS AND HEALTH

Healthy lifestyle. I. Read and translate the text. Get ready to answer the questions: 1. Why do teenagers like going for sports? 2. What are advantages and disadvantagers of taking up sports? 3. What are the most popular sports? 4. Do you enjoy sports? 5. What is your favourite kind of sport? Nowadays, more and more people start to pick up sports such as football, badminton and squash. Besides that, some even spend a great amount of time practicing sports. Sports seem to be the best way to promote health besides helping the people to fill their leisure time. However, they spend too much time in sports that may neglect their studies and affect their family’s bond. Young people that spend time on sports not only keep their bodies healthy but at the same time build a strong body. Teenagers who spend too much time studying and spend less on sports may obtain a very good result in academic studies but not in sports. Besides that, they are vulnerable against illnesses as their bodies are relatively weak. Furthermore, sports help them to make full use of their time. By spending most of their time on sports, teenagers may not have enough time to spend on other bad activities such as illegal racing, smoking and drugs which will eventually spoil their future.

127 However, young people that spend too much time on sports may face a negative effect on their studies. This is because by spending too much time on sports, they may not have enough time to study. Even if they want to study, their exhausted body may not allow them to do so. This will eventually cause their academic performance to decline. Besides that the relationship between teenagers and their family members will be affected. This is because most of their time were spend on the sports and they have no time to spend with their family as their remaining time are used on doing their homework and studies. In conclusion, sports do give advantages to young people as it helps preserve their health besides ensuring their times were fully utilized. However, they should not be encouraged to spend too much time on sports as this will affect their studies and family’s relationship.

II. Read and translate the dialogue. Try to dramatize the dialogue.

Consulting a Doctor

A doctor and his patient.

Doctor: Well, what's the matter with you, Mr. Walker? Patient: You'd better ask me what is not the matter with me, doctor. I seem to be suffering from all the illnesses imaginable: insomnia, headaches, backache, indigestion, constipation and pains in the stomach. To make things still worse, I've caught a cold, I've got a sore throat, and I'm constantly sneezing and coughing. To crown it all, I had an accident the other day, hurt my right shoulder, leg and knee, and nearly

128 broke my neck. If I take a long walk, I get short of breath. In fact, I feel more dead than alive. Doctor: I'm sorry to hear that. Anyhow, I hope things aren't as bad as you imagine. Let me examine you. Your heart, chest and lungs seem to be all right. Now open your mouth and show me your tongue. Now breathe in deeply through the nose... There doesn't seem to be anything radically wrong with you, but it's quite clear that you're run down, and if you don't take care of yourself, you may have a nervous breakdown and have to go to hospital. I advise you, first of all, to stop worrying. Take a long rest, have regular meals, keep to a diet of salads and fruit, and very little meat. Keep off alcohol. If possible, give up smoking, at least for a time. Have this tonic made up and take two table-spoonfuls three times a day before meals. If you do this, I can promise you full recovery within two or three months. Patient: And if I don't, doctor? Doctor: Then you'd better make your will, if you haven't yet done so! Patient: I see. Well, thank you, doctor. I shall have to think it over and decide which is the lesser evil— to follow your advice or prepare for a better world!

III. Read and translate the extract from the novel “Three Men in a Boat”.

Jerome Klapka Jerome

an English writer and humorist

(2 May 1859 – 14 June 1927)

129 Jerome Klapka Jerome was born in Walsall, Staffordshire,England on 2nd May 1859. In 1873 Jerome left school to begin a series of jobs. In his mid twenties he was completely broke and penniless.

At the age of 29 he married Georgina Elizabeth Henrietta Stanley Marris. They spent their honeymoon on the Thames and Jerome began writing his novel “Three Men in a Boat” on his return.

In the beginning the book was intended to be serious, but the humorous elements eventually took over. It was published in 1889 and made him rich and famous. A thousand diseases I remember going to the British Museum one day to read up the treatment for some slight disease. I got down the book and read all I had come to read. Then without realizing what I was doing I turned the leaves and began to study diseases generally. I do not remember which was the first disease I read about but before I looked through the list of the symptoms I felt that I had it. I kept on reading, feeling rather nervous, and realized that I was suffering from every disease imaginable. The only thing I had not got so far was housemaid's knee.

To say that I was worried and upset and that I felt miserable would be to say nothing. I nearly fainted. In fact I felt more dead than alive. I tried to examine myself. I felt my pulse. I discovered that I had no pulse. I tried to feel my heart. I could not feel my heart. It had stopped beating. I tried to look at my tongue. I stuck it out as far as it would go. I shut one eye, and tried to examine it with the other. I could only see the tip but I no longer doubted that in addition to everything I had scarlet fever. It became clear to me that I would never recover and would never get rid of the thousand diseases I had. I gave up all hope. Medicine could not help me. I had walked into the reading-room a happy healthy man, I walked out an invalid.

130 Though I doubted if anyone would be able to cure me of my diseases, I decided to consult my physician. I always turn to him for advice and help. He is a good fellow and an old friend of mine. He has been treating me for many years. I never make an appointment with him, he's always ready to see me. He looks at my tongue, feels my pulse, talks about the weather, and all for nothing, when I imagine that I am ill. He never remains indifferent to what I say and always does his best to encourage me when I start complaining of my diseases. I thought that he would be grateful if I went to him. "What a doctor wants," I said to myself, "is practice. He shall have me. He will get more practice out of me than out of seventeen hundred ordinary patients with only one or two common diseases each." "Well, what's the matter with you? Got any complaints?" he asked. I did not pretend to be calm. My whole life depended on what he would say. "I will not take up your time, dear fellow, by telling you what is the matter with me," I began. "Life is short and you may die before I'm through. But I'll tell you right away what is not the matter with me. I haven't got housemaid's knee. Why I haven't got it I cannot tell you. But the fact remains that I haven't got it. Everything else I have got. My life is in danger." I told him how I came to discover it all. I didn't pretend I wasn't frightened. He took my temperature, felt my pulse, and then hit me over the chest when I wasn't expecting it. After that he sat down and wrote out a prescription. He folded it and giving it to me said that I had better go home. I did not open the prescription. I went to the nearest pharmacy to have it filled. The chemist read the prescription and handed it back. He apologized for being unable to help me. He said he didn't keep it and smiled. I was very much annoyed. I did not see the joke. I said, "You are a chemist, aren't you?" He did not deny it. "I am a chemist," he said. "If I were a department store and family hotel combined, I might be able to help you. But the matter is I am only a chemist. That's why I can't oblige you." 131 I read the prescription. It said:

"1 lb beefsteak, with 1 pt beer every six hours.

1 ten-mile walk every morning.

1 bed at 11 sharp every night. And avoid stuffing up your head with things you don't understand."

I felt relieved. My life was out of danger. I didn't tear up the prescription or throw it away. I followed the directions with the happy result that my life was saved and is still going on. My health improved, but I never mention the incident to anyone.

(From Jerome K. Jerome. Three Men in a Boat, adapted)

IV.Get ready to answer the questions: 1. How did it happen that Jerome K. Jerome discovered he had a thousand diseases? 2. Why did the poor invalid think his doctor would be glad to have him for a patient? 3. What did the prescription say?

V. Make up an annotation of the text accoding to the plan: 1. The title of the text is … 2. It is published in … 3. The purpose of this text is to show … 4. The athor analyses (explains, characterizes, describes) … 5. Some parts of the text deal with … 6. The author points out … 7. In conclusion the author says that …

132

UNIT 10. Sport in the USA

The most popular sport in America.

I. Read and translate the text. Render the text into Russian.

Baseball is the most popular sport in America. So many people play the game as children (or play its close relative, Softball) that it has become known as "the national pastime. It is also a democratic game. It originated before the American Civil War (1861-65) but it became really popular in the 1920s. Nowadays baseball is also widely played in Japan, Cuba and other Caribbean nations. Another American game that has travelled well is basketball, now played by more than 250 million people worldwide in an organized fashion. It originated in 1891 in Massachusetts. Most Americans enjoy sports—both playing sports themselves and watching their favourite sports and teams. Major professional sports events—baseball, football, basketball and hockey, as well as golf and tennis - are witnessed by tens of thousands of fans, and by millions more on TV.

II. It is interesting to know about “National Tom Sawyer Days”.

National Tom Sawyer Days is a yearly event on 4 July, organized by the Hannibal Chamber of Commerce in Hannibal, Missouri in the United States.

133 In the town, National Tom Sawyer Days and the fourth of July are celebrated at the same time.

Samuel Langhorne Clemens

(30.11. 1835 – 21.04.1910).

Hannibal is the hometown of the famous author Mark Twain, the writer of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Many local Tom fans or some other fans from all over the world are attracted by the big parade float, flea market, carnival for children. What is more, the fans can enter a no speed-limited car competition and a Mud Volleyball Tournament.

Tom is painting the fence.

Most of the competitions are inspired from the novels written by Mark Twain, for instance, the inspiration “Frog long jump” is from The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County which is Mark Twain’s first famous book. This activity and contest “Tom and Becky” are one of the earliest activities which were celebrated in National Tom Sawyer Days. Besides, a couple of goodwill ambassadors from Junior school students in Grade 7 will be selected to introduce the local culture in Hannibal.

134

Painting fence contest.

“Painting fence contest” is the same as “Tom and Becky”, which is based on The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Aunt Polly punishes Tom to paint the fence, but little Tom asked some friends to help him paint the fence.

Children from place to place aged from ten to thirteen will dress up as Tom, because the costume is one of the 3 standards for evaluation. The other two dominating factors are the speed and the quality of painting the fence. Once the child wins the preliminary contest, he or she is qualified to the final competition.

III. Dramatize the extract of the novel “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”.

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.

PartI.

Aunt Polly.

(Tom Sawyer and his younger brother Sid went to live in the house of their Aunt Polly when their mother died. Aunt Polly was a kind woman and loved the boys very much.)

135 "Tom!" cried Aunt Polly No answer. "Tom!" No answer again. "Where can that boy be? Tom!" Aunt Polly thought for a few minutes and then said, "If I catch you, Tom, I'll..." She did not finish what she wanted to say. She looked under the bed. But... no Torn... only the cat ran out. Aunt Polly went to the open door, looked out into the garden and cried again, "Tom!" Then she turned quickly, saw Tom and caught h i m by the arm. "What? In the cupboard again?" "No, Aunt Polly." "No? Look at your mouth. Look at your hands. What is that on them?" "I don't know. Aunt." "But I know. It's jam. I've told you so many times: don't touch that j a m in the cupboard. Give me that stick." The stick was in Aunt Polly's hand and , ready to f al l on Tom's back when she heard: "Look behind you, Aunt!" Aunt Polly turned quickly and looked down. Tom ran into the garden and jumped over the fence. His aunt stood and looked at the fence for some time and then she laughed. "What a boy!" she thought. "Why can't I learn? He has often done that. But I can't beat him. He is my sister's boy." The next morning Aunt Polly told Tom that he must not go to the river after school. He must come home. But Tom did not go to school that day. He had a good time on the river. At supper Aunt Polly told the boy. 136 "It's Saturday tomorrow — a holiday. But no holiday for you, my boy. You will work."

P a r t II.

Saturday. A beautiful warm morning. “No school. But I must work. I must whitewash the fence,” thought Tom when he came out into the street with a bucket of whitewash and a brush. It was a very long and very high fence. “How terrible life is,” Tom said and began to work. He worked for some time, then sat down on a box and thought: “The boys will come soon. They will laugh at me when they see that I am working.” He put his hands in his pockets and took out the things he had there—toys, little stones, pieces of glass. “I have very little to pay the boys if I ask them to help me,” Tom said to himself. He thought a little, then took the brush and began to work again. Soon Ben Rogers came up. He had an apple in his hand. He stopped and looked at Tom. Tom did not stop working. Then Ben said, “Tom! What are you doing?” Tom did not answer but looked at the fence with attention. “Hello, Tom!” said Ben. “Why are you working today?” Tom turned to Ben. “Oh, it’s you, Ben! I didn’t see you.” “I’m going to the river, don’t you want to go too? But you must work, I see.” “Work? You think this is work?” “Why, isn’t this work?” “You may think so. But Tom Sawyer likes it.” “You say you. Like it, Tom?”

137 “Why not? Does a boy whitewash a fence every day?” That showed the thing in a new light. Ben stopped eating his apple and looked at Tom. Then he said: “Tom, let me whitewash a little.” “Oh, no, Ben. Aunt Polly asked me to do it very well. The fence is on the street, you know. There isn’t a boy in a thousand that can do it better than I can.” “Oh, please, Tom, let me do it. I’ll give you my apple. I can whitewash as well as you can. You’ll see.” Then Tom gave Ben the brush. Ben began to work and Tom sat down under a tree, ate the apple and thought how to make other boys work for him.

Tom is thinking.

Soon some boys came up. When they saw how well Ben worked, they wanted to whitewash too. Billy Fisher gave Tom a knife. Johnny Miller gave Tom a dead cat. Tom had a good time while the other boys whitewashed the fence. When the middle of the afternoon came, Tom was very rich and the work was over. He went into the house and thought life was not so terrible.

138 UNIT 11. Fair Play principles

The symbol of Fair Play.

I. Do you know that Fair Play means behaving and acting honestly on sports grounds? Give three examples of sportsmanship.

II. Can you explain the meanings of the following proverbs? 1. A good name is better than riches. 2. Honesty is the best policy. 3. Better a glorious death than a shameful life 4. Better die standing than live kneeling.

II. It is interesting to know that …

Fair Play is the name of a FIFA programme which aims to increase sportsmanship as well as prevent discrimination in the game of football. This also involves programmes to reduce racism in the game.

The programme extends to outside of football, in trying to support charities and other organisations which improve conditions around the world.

The principles of the Fair Play programme can be summarised as follows: 1. Play fair (no diving) 2. Play to win but accept defeat with dignity 3. Observe the laws of the game

139 4. Respect opponents, team-mates, referees, officials and spectators

5. Promote the interests of football

6. Honour those who defend football’s good reputation

7. Reject corruption, drugs, racism, violence, gambling and other dangers to our sport

8. Help others to resist corrupting pressures

9. Denounce those who attempt to discredit the sport

10. Use football to make a better world

Both FIFA and UEFA have awards which they hand out to individuals or groups of people who have promoted what they see as the spirit of Fair Play, both within and outside of football. An example of this was the Italian player Paolo Di Canio who, while not given an award, was congratulated by many sections of the football world for a generous display of Fair Play. Despite having a goal scoring opportunity while playing for West Ham United against Everton, when Di Canio saw the Everton goalkeeper had picked up an injury, instead of scoring what could have been the easiest goal of his career, he caught the ball, thus stopping play and allowing the goalkeeper to receive treatment.

In 1963 the members of UNESCO established the CIFP (Comité International pour le Fair Play). The International Fair Play Committee serves to foster sportsmanship in international competition. It presents awards annually at the World Fair Play Awards to recognise acts of fair play carried out by sportspeople or teams. The awards ceremony is held in France and has been broadcast on television in Europe.

The Russian sportsmen were awarded for their sportsmanship. For example, Alexei Nemov, one of the most medaled gymnasts.

140 After Athens Olympics in 2004 Russian Federation of Journalists Covering Sports submitted a request to Fair Play International Committee to grant Alexei Nemov the award of this organization. The Russian sportsman became the victim of unfair judges who gave him unreasonably low mark for his performance at the horizontal bar. The public in the Olympic stadium became indignant with the judges’ decision.

For 15 minutes, the people were expressing their protest by shouting and whistling. Besides Russians, the sport fans of all nationalities were protesting: Greeks, Italians, Germans, Americans, Japanese, Koreans, Spanish, Canadians. The recognition by the public was the real medal for the Russian athlete.

III. Try to find the examples of fair play. Make up the gallery of 10 gentlemen.

1. Igor Netto – footballer -1962 World Cup match against Uruguay team.

1. Alexei Nemov – gymnast - Athens Olympics in 2004.

2. Konstantin Zyryanov – football player - Gentleman of the Year

(awarded by Komsomolskaya Pravda): 2007.

141

UNIT 12. Ethical code of a physical Education teacher

I. Can you speak about ethical principles? Read the text and get ready to discuss ethical code of a physical Education teacher.

Introduction Ethics has an important place in Education. The core of the ethics of education consists of student-related attitudes. Student and teacher relationship must be based on respect and love. In the school environment, we may come across teachers who are violent with students, who insult them, or threaten them with low grades (Bilgen, 1994). The fact that the concept of human's rights is being included more in the society's agenda has caused the student's rights to be placed in the agenda as well. With the increase in the consciousness level of the society, the relationships of teacher and student have started to be evaluated more carefully. Therefore, teachers must interrogate more whether their behaviour is right or not, in their relations with students, students' families, school principals and other teachers (Haynes, 2002; Peach & Reddick, 1986). Studies towards the awareness of teachers about the individual responsibility in the ethical dimension and application of teaching shall facilitate this awareness (Terhart, 1998). Ethical relations are expected to prevail in an education environment. That's why, ethics codes must be determined for education and the teachers must follow these codes. While ethics codes are defined international values (honesty, justice, faithfulness, respect) are focused on. Main aims of ethics codes are to transform the application to the most useful state, to provide public interest, to protect the profession, to discipline the members, to guide and to be a source of help for teachers in coping with the dilemmas, which they may encounter in the daily applications (Campel, 2000). It is necessary that ethics codes must be defined in order for teaching to be accepted as a real 142 profession. Ethics codes have played an important role in professionalizing education and making it independent. Teachers who determine ethics codes and apply them create confidence in the society (Travers & Rebore).

The branch of physical education shows differences when compared to other branches because the lessons are mainly based on application and there are inside and outside activities school. Through physical education and sports activities, and extra curricular activities, teachers and students can come together more often. The relationship of students and teachers may continue as a trainer and sportsman relation. There is a multidimensional, continual relationship continuing apart from school between the physical education teachers and their students. Physical education teachers are expected to follow vocational ethics codes for better qualified education in an environment where such an intensive relationship is experienced (Pehlivan, 1998).

Professional Ethics and Teaching Ethics scrutinizes objects and events' importance for human beings in order to determine how a good life is (Haynes, 2002). Ethics interests everyone who wants to shape and improve the communication and action forms together and decently (Pieper, 1999). Professional ethics is the entire set of general regulations considering the jobs performed by the members of the profession in an ethical way and complied with by most of the members (Sockett, 1990; Kultgen, 1988). Ethics codes, which are determined by professional organizations and supported with sanctions, will guide the person who applies them and help him/her decide in possible dilemmas (Fain, 1992). Although professional ethics codes are shaped differently for each profession, there are many common codes. The firsts of these are honesty, legality, reliance, professional loyalty, and respect (Wiley 2000). Ethics codes in education were developed first in 1915 in Canada. Professional ethics codes which were brought up by Canada Ontario State 143 Ministry of Education have been developed continuously by theorists and applicators (Campbell, 2000). Professional ethics codes for educators were introduced clearly first in 1929 by National Education Association (NEA), the U.S.A. Ethics codes of NEA had its current form in 1975 (Travers & Rebore, 2000). Each teacher has to reflect an ethical vision in order to be a good teacher. An ethically good teacher has to be honest, compassionate, wise, brave, and fair (Luckovski, 1997). Teachers have various and intensive relationships with students, the parents, principals, the other teachers, and the society. It is inevitable to have ethics dilemmas in these relationships. When there is an ethics dilemma, according to which values a teacher should decide, has been a matter of discussion (Rushwort & Patricia, 1998). Teachers experience ethics dilemmas more in very sensitive situations. For instance; when a teacher has to touch the student in accordance with his profession, he/she experiences dilemma. A teacher has to decide the limits of help he/she makes to the student. Mainly physical education teachers and private education teachers experience such dilemmas (Tirri, 1999). In practical ethics education given to teachers, rules and codes are emphasized. The rules and ethics codes comprise a wide area in decision making. They provide easiness to teachers because they make the teachers acquire the skill of ethical decision making. Because rules and codes are judgments, truthfulness of them has been accepted. While teachers are making ethics decisions, they have to correlate these decisions to the suitable rules and codes (Nash, 1991). However, in educating teachers, it isn't sufficient to make them acquire the skills of ethical thinking and decision making depending on only codes and rules. In addition to this, there should be techniques such as sample event analysis, screenplays, dramatization (Strike & Soltis, 1998; Sottile, 1994).

144 Physical Education Teacher and Ethics Physical education is an important part of education process. It isn't an unnecessary lesson, which is added to other lesson programs with the aim of occupying the students (Bucher, 1983). The principal aim of physical education is to contribute to each individual's being in society through providing them with physical, intellectual, social and emotional development. Physical education could be defined as a process including physical activities, which get the individual acquire physical, psychological and social skills with the aim of providing long-term life quality (Lumpkin, 1990). The objective of physical education courses is not to discover and train inherent capabilities, and give skills, but to equip and train the individual in such a way as to allow the preservation of his/her social, physical and mental integrity (Anderson, 1999). Physical education courses in schools focus on the dependency of life on physical actions. Physical education curricula intends to develop the basic motor skills of children through various games and movements (Bucher and Wuest, 1999). Physical education teacher is assigned to make principal duties inside and outside the school and coaching in addition to the duty inside the class. A physical education teacher has the responsibility of being a model for the student and the society by his/her physical appearance and, his/her healthy life style while he/she is doing these duties. They should display the behaviors and life styles that would constitute good examples for the students not only inside but also outside the school (Harrison & Blakemore, 1992). Physical educations teachers encounter the situation of making ethical decisions while they get the students acquire the values they should have, in school and sportive activities (Harrison & Blakemore, 1992, 60). These decisions are evaluated according to ethics codes. Ethics codes for physical education teachers were published first in 1950 with the recommendation of AAHPER (American Alliance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation) professional ethics committee (Resick, Seidel & Mason, 1975, 94-95). Janelle and Taylor (1994) have determined ethical codes for physical education teachers 145 based on the literature. These ethics codes include the behaviors which physical education teachers should perform concerning their duties and responsibilities.

Physical education teachers who don't renew themselves and lose their professional ideas can make lessons without any aims and planning after a while and act with the understanding of "throw out the ball" (Ballinger, 1993). In inter-school sports competitions, educational aim has been left aside, ethics abuses have increased and the thought of wining at any rate has become a rule (Willgose, 1984). The saddening memories from childhood (such as falling from box, getting injured at some part of the body, minor accidents, forcing a child who is scared to do an exercise he dislikes in physical education lesson) cause the person to get scared from these activities forever. Teacher's tolerant attitudes towards the students who experience such events, is a requirement of professional ethics and responsibility (Anderson, 1999). The physical education teacher is expected to take certain precautions to provide student's participation in the lessons. Physical education lessons have an important role in helping disabled students to be included in the society and in the improvement of their personality. In this lesson, the disabled student may feel bad but it may be vice versa, too. In such a matter, the attitude of the teacher is very important. Following statements belonging to a disabled person about his school days show its importance clearly (Guclu, 2002, p.21): "...I was born with my right hand half developed. I had infantile paralysis when I was one year old... I always hid my half-arm when I was in primary school. Especially since I couldn't participate in physical education lessons, I felt like being separated by my friends and I sat down and thought whether I could do the things they did." Some unethical events, which physical education teachers are involved in, are announced in media. For example; An elemantary school student in Istanbul, was kicked and beaten by his teacher for refusing to participate in a

146 game where two teams of players pile on top of each other to test the other team's strength and stamina in a Turkish school yeard game ("uzun esek"). The student who was beaten by his teacher was given a doctor's report of five days. The student who was beaten, said he plays soccer and basketball well, but he does not like the game "uzun esek", and therefore cannot play properly ("Beating at", 1993). A female high-school student in Ankara with 800, 1500, and 3000 metre championships in athletism, failed her class by receiving 1 (corresponding to an F). The teacher of the champion student stated that she failed because she did not know all the sports branches. The parents of the student claimed that their daughter failed due to the personal approach of the physical education teacher. The parents also claimed that their daughter did not make a donation to the sports club at school, and therefore she failed ("Champion Athlete," 2003). It is striking to see a student who is a champion of athletism, to fail pursuant to a reason not related with success at school. During the Turkey 2002 Elementary School Basketball Championships, incidents not compliant with the purpose of the school sports have been encountered. Students of 12 to 13 years old were forced to play games between 01.00 and 04.00 a.m. Due to lack of allowances, the games were squeezed into three days, instead of four, to reduce the expenditures. Therefore, some students were sent back to their home towns without sleeping, after the games were over ("A Turkish, 2002). The purpose of school sports is to protect the mental and physical well-being of the students. It is not correct to force a child at the development stage to play a game, at a time when s/he should be sleeping. Generally, as a result of the events which include beating and violence, students become disabled or encounter the situations requiring serious treatments. In physical education lessons, the unethical behaviors are always in the agenda. Physical education teachers should behave in compliance with professional ethics codes in order to increase the quality of physical education lessons, arrange inter-professional competition and protect professional ideals 147 (Pehlivan, 1998). It is worth investigating whether or not the teachers conform to these codes. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to determine the extent to which the physical education teachers conform to professional ethics codes. In this study we tried to find the answers to these questions. 1. Is there a significant difference between the opinions of high school principals and physical education teachers concerning the extent to which physical education teachers who work in official high schools and equivalents comply with professional ethics codes in the dimensions of professionalism, responsibility, honesty and respect? 2. Is there a significant difference among the opinions of the physical education teachers who work in official high schools and equivalents according to age, gender, seniority, and the schools they graduated from, about the level of their compliance with professional ethics codes in the dimensions of professionalism, responsibility, honesty andrespect? 3. Is there a significant difference among the high schools principals' opinions regarding the extent to which physical education teachers who work at official high schools and equivalents comply with ethics codes in the dimensions of professionalism, responsibility, honesty and respect?

II. Read the text and try to explain this meaning of the term “Fair Play”.

FAIR PLAY

Fair play among children is really good sportsmanship. It includes the practice of kindness, taking turns and sharing. Amy's insistence on bossing a group of children throughout the play period has to be changed to cooperative agreement where the majority decide what to play, or each child has the chance to suggest a game or activity. If her mother sees that Amy is being bossy and demanding that everyone do what she wants to do, Amy must

148 be taught that she can't always have her way. This lesson should be taught by example or in private however, never in a way that embarrasses a child in front of others. Fair play has to be practiced by parents, too. Parents have to realize that each child is an individual and as such must be treated with respect. If you don't treat your children with respect, it is quite unlikely that they will ever learn how to treat others with the respect that they deserve, including you. Don't talk about other people in disrespectful ways, and don't talk about your own child's shortcomings or "funny ways" to others in your child's presence. As important, never break a confidence, no matter how cute you think it is. There are so few people we can trust today, and it is a sad day when we can't trust members of our own family, especially our parents.

III. Use the exercises I, II and create your own project on the topic “Ethical code of a physical Education teacher”.

149 ADDITIONAL TEXTS

Text 1.

CELTS

Celts — кельты weapon — оружие chariot — колесница tribe — племя temple — храм invaders — завоеватели

Two thousand years ago, Britain was very different from the country you know today. The people who lived in Britain were called Celts. They lived in wooden huts in small villages.

Celtic village.

Thick forests full of wild animals surrounded the villages. The Celts men were good hunters. The Celts were farmers, too. Living in villages, they grew all their own food. They also made things from wood and iron like weapons and chariots.

Celtic warriors on chariot.

150 They lived in groups called tribes with their own king and queen. The tribes built forts on the hills which were very difficult to attack. Forts give us the information about how the Celts lived. Helmets, shields, cooking pots were found inside the forts nowadays. The Celts had no books. They could neither read nor write. So we don't know much about the Celts.

Celtic fort.

Who were the first invaders who attacked the Celts? They were known in he Romans and they lived in the country called Italy now. They were very different from the Celts. They lived in big cities, like Rome, full of buildings made of stone. There were shops, baths, temples and theatre. The Romans could write and read. Their country was highly developed. The Romans wanted Britain to lose its independence. Julius Caesar was the first Roman who attacked the Celts in 55 B.C. Вut after a few weeks he had to leave.

Julius Caesar and Celts.

151

I. Can you answer the questions?

1. What can you tell us about Britain two thousand years ago? 2. How were the people called who lived then in Britain? 3. Did the Celts live in villages or in towns? 4. How did the Celts live? (in separate families, groups, tribes) 5. What was found inside the forts? 6. Could the Celts read or write? Did they have books? 7. Do we know much about the Celts? 8. Tell us about the Romans, their way of life. 9. Was their life different from the life of the Celts? 10. Who was the first Roman to attack the Celts?

CELTS attempt — попытка; conquer — завоевывать; be defeated — быть побежденным; invader — завоеватель.

After the unsuccessful attempt, Caesar tried to attack the Celts once more a year later. He won a few battles but he could not conquer the Celts. Nearly one hundred after it, Emperor Claudius sent a large army for the same purpose.

The Celtic Queen Boudicca.

152 The Celtic Queen Boudicca gathered a large army and fought bravely against Romans. Boudicca and her soldiers killed many Romans but were finally defeated. Soon the Romans occupied a part of Southern Britain. Since then, Britain had lost its independence. During the centuries, ilie history of England became the history of wars. Different invaders changing each other had a great influence with the development of the country. As for Romans, they stayed in Britain for nearly four hundred years leaving a significant cultural trace. Romans made roads, built military ini nesses grown into English towns later. Besides, being more developed, the language of Romans influenced the dialects of different British tribes.

II. Do you agree or disagree? Use the text and comment on the statesments. 1. Caesar could conquer the Celts. 2. The Celts were defeated because Boudicca couldn't gather a large army. 3. During the centuries, the history of England was the history of wars. 4. Romans left a significant cultural trace in England. 5. The dialects of different British tribes influenced the language of Romans.

TEXT 2. New view on the UK By Konsantin Romanov. What do you think a typical Brit is like? He is believed to be snobbish, sluggish, and dull. Being a tea-drinker, he talks of the weather and constantly reads "The Times".

And, oh yes, there's cricket.

153

After several years of studying the language, some cultural stereotypes about England and Englishman are deeply engrained into a learners' mind. Our knowledge of foreign countries to some extent is based on stereotypes. Some of the stereotypes are true; some are not. Stereotypes are a cause of culture shock. When a tourist sets off on a long- awaited voyage to new a country (the culture which he thinks he is familiar with), the first strong impression is a more realistic vision of the country - breaking the common stereotypes. The "familiar" country turns out to .be completely unfamiliar. Having spent several months in Britain, 1 managed to obtain a totally new outlook (certainly subjective) on the country and its people. Let me introduce my new vision on the traditional stereotypes about the English lifestyle.

A cup of tea?

1. The nation of tea-drinkers? Traditional English tea? That is a myth. The legendary "Earl Grey" is far from being No. 1 in England. Well, it is definitely popular among tourists in Oxford Street; but I would hardly imagine an English person buying it at Sainsbury's. Different Indian teas are in major demand in England as well as all over Europe. Moreover, tea is not the primary drink for modern British. Nowadays, they also don't necessarily drink it at 5 o'clock. Freedom of choice rules the cuisine - an English person would choose between tea and coffee in the morning, tea and water at lunch, and they would have some juice with dinner. Children ask parents for a glass of Coke; young people, sharing the latest fashion for a healthy way of life, take a bottle of pure water. Tea seems to be in the shadows. The stereotype is to some extent correct - the English usually do drink tea with milk and with no sugar.

154

2. Rainy Weather.

It is universally acknowledged that there are very few dry days in Britain.That is not true. I had to open an umbrella for the first time after one and a half months of living in London. I doubt I used it more frequently than in Russia. Nevertheless, it is sometimes very windy outside, especially in winter.

Foreigners suppose English weather to be truly insular and that is partly true. The weather is changeable. In fact it is quite severe in the northern part of the country - Northern Ireland, Scotland, Yorkshire and the Lake District. In the southem part, where the major part of the whole population lives, it is quite mild.

Climate has become much warmer in Britain, due to global climate change. You won't see snow more than two or three times in winter and it never settles; whereas the Thames used to freeze in winter a century ago. The majority of children, as well as their parents, never threw snowballs; so snow is longed for both by children and adults.

3. Long Live The King, Let It Be! Britain is believed to be a country of old traditions and customs. The unique system of government proves this statement - Britain is a monarchy. The Queen is the official head of state. The recent scandals of the Royal family have diminished its role and influence over the people. The voices of abolition are becoming more and more powerful. The forthcoming abolition of the monarchy won't be a surprise.

155 Britain is yearning to become more liberal. That can be proved by the recent electoral results - the Labour Party has retained the overall majority in Parliament despite peoples' dissatisfaction with its policies. The main competitors, the Conservatives, may loose their second place quite soon — Lib Dems are out of the shadow.

The Royal family.

Talking about the Royal family is taboo. British people consider it to be bad form. The recent Royal wedding was ignored by the majority of people - they didn't watch the ceremony on television, nor discuss it at the dinner table. While the wedding was big news abroad, the I-do-not-care approach dominated in Britain. Being ignorant of the monarchy is becoming trendy. Old traditions are lapsing; new rules and principals are being introduced. The stereotypes are failing. That is inevitable - the modem world is a single whole. The main task of coming generations is to get accustomed to the new reality and establish intercultural relations on the new basis. Culture studies are progressing. Living in the country the language of which you study, certainly helps to learn more about its culture. Staying at one place is good; traveling around the country is definitely better. Traveling broadens ones horizons and helps to more quickly get rid of notorious stereotypes. Visiting different parts of the United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland) helps to mark differences within the country. Modern Britain is different even from the post-war country. Yet recent changes are deeply rooted in British history.

156 TEXT 3. The MSU celebrates its 250th anniversary.

By Oleg Liakhovlch.

The Moscow State University.

The Moscow State University celebrates its 250-th anniversary. The main festivities scheduled include the grand opening of the new Fundamental Library and fireworks. The university has also been holding a series of conferences and has founded the MSU International Alumni Association. And, as if this week's three-day celebrations weren't enough, the MSU satellite was launched from Plesetsk cosmodrome on Jan. 20. The Moscow State University is the largest educational institution and one of the major research centers in Russia. Founded in 1755 by the decree of Russian Empress Elizabeth, the university originally had three faculties: Law, Philosophy and Medicine. The university's curator and first president Count Shuvalov chose Jan. 25 to present the decree to the Empress for signing, as it fell on the feast of St. Tatiana, his mother's name day. In 1940 the university was named after Mikhail Lomonosov, the illustrious Russian scientist, who, together with Shuvalov, stood behind the university's foundation and became one of its first professors.

157 Presently, MSU structure encompasses 29 faculties, 15 research institutes, 4 museums, over 350 departments, the Scholar's Park, the Botanical Garden, a science library, a publishing house, a printing-plant, and other facilities. The tradition to celebrate the university's birthday on St.Tatiana's Day, lost during the Soviet time, was resurrected in1992, quickly gaining popularity and never failing to attract thousands of students. January, 2005 MN.

TEXT 4.

The Origin of Olympic Games in Ancient Greecе

LEGENDS

Vocabulary

Asia Minor – Малая Азия Ares (the God of War) – Арес (Бог Войны)

Heracles – Геракл King Augeis – Царь Авгий

Pithia – Пифия Delphi Oracle – Дельфийский Оракул

Hellenic King Ipfutos – эллинский (греческий) король Ифит

The beginnings of Olympic Games in Ancient Greece are associated with the names of the Greek hero Heracles, the legendary King Pelds, Spartan legislator Lykurgos, and Hellenic King Ipfutos. According to an ode of the ancient Greek poet Pindar, the origin of the Olympic Games is tied in with Heracles. In 1253 ВС King Augeias, owner of enormous herds of cattle, instructed Heracles to clean his vast farm yard. Heracles agreed to do so in one day, provided Augeias gave him a tenth part of the cattle.

158 The King accepted the condition, being sure that it was impossible to complete such work in only one day. Thereupon, Heracles tore down the two opposite walls of the farm yard and directed the flow of two rivers (the Alpheios and the Pineos) through the breach, patching it up after the water had carried r*way all dung from the yard. When he came to claim his reward, King Augeias never gave it and Heracles had to return to Tyrinphe empty-handed.

Heracles.

A few years later Heracles took a terrible revenge on the King. After his service for Eurystheus was over, Heracles led numerous troops, defeated Augeias in a bloody battle and killed him with a lethal arrow. After the victory he gathered his troops and all the rich spoils near the city of Pythia, made sacrifices to the Olympic gods and in the name of the Olympic Games which since had been held every four years at the sacred plains planted with olive trees by Heracles in honor of the goddess Pallas Athena. According to another legend, the Olympic Games were introduced by Pelops. King Oinomas of Hellas had a beautiful daughter Hippodameia. The King was foretold that he would perish at the hand of his son-in-law. So he wanted every man wishing to marry his daughter to take part in chariot races. Losers were killed by Oinomas himself. Pelops, son of King Tantalos of Asia Minor, accepted the challenge of the King, who let him to start first in the 120-kilometer race. Pelops led the race all the time, but Oinomas was drawing closer and closer, having the fastest-running horses in Greece, the present of Ares, the God of War.

159 Oinomas almost caught up with Pelops, who turn his head in time to see the King's spear poised to kill him. But at that very moment the king's chariot fell apart, killing Oinomas. There is also a third (and not at all last) legend of how the Olympic Games came about. Those times were characterized by on-going strife and wars between city states in Ancient Greece. Iphitos, the King of Hellas, turned to a Delphi oracle after an outbreak of plague for advice what to do next. The oracle suggested that Iphitos should abstain from warfare, strengthen ties with other Hellenic cities, and hold an annual "Year of Joy" to be added to local festivals. This was alleged to have opened the way for Pan-Hellenic festivities and the Olympic Games. Sparta, 350 kilometers away, being the main enemy of Hellas was also asked to join, King iphitos appealed to the Spartan legislator Lykurgos to jointly follow that advice. Some scientists argue that the Olympic Games used to be held in honor of the Harvest festivities. That is why, they say, the winners were decorated with an olive branch and a wreath. The season of holding the Games (August - September) seemed to support this argument. Besides, there are many other myths and legends about the origin of the Olympic Games, all of them relating to the heroes, mythology and religious festivals of Ancient Greece.

ТЕКСТ 5.

Sporting events.

160 I. Can you answer the questions?

1) Which sports are popular in different countries (Russia, the U.K., the U.S., Canada, Australia)? 2) What's your favourite sport? Why do you like it? 3) Can you name any outstanding sportsmen in this kind of sport? 4) Did you use to do any sports? Do you attend any sports club? 5) What do you know about the history of the Olympic Games? 6) What is Pierre de Coubertin famous for? 7) Which country did the Olympic Games start in? 8) Which was the host country for the last Olympic Games? 9) Do you ever watch the Olympic Games on TV? 10) Which Olympic kinds of sport do you enjoy watching and why? 11) What's your impression of the Olympic Games in Salt Lake City, the USA? What did you like most? What did you dislike? 12) Do you think there's too much politics in professional sport now?

II. Read the text and render it into Russian.Use the dictionary.

SPORTING EVENTS IN RUSSIA.

Sport has always been popular in our country. There are different sporting societies and clubs in Russia. Many of them take part in different international tournaments and are known all over the world. Russian sportsmen have set a great number of world records: gymnasts, weightlifters, tennis players, swimmers, figure skaters, runners, high jumpers. Our sportsmen take part in the Olympic Games and always win a lot of gold, silver and bronze medals. Millions of people watch figure skating competitions, hockey and football matches, car races, tennis tournaments and other sports events.

161 Certainly watching sports events and going in for sports arc two different things. Sport can be a profession and a business, it can be fun as well. Besides, it helps to stay in good shape, to keep fit and to be healthy. Doing sports is becoming more and more popular. Some people do it occasionally - swimming in summer, skiing or skating in winter. But many people go in for sports on a more regular basis. I try to go to a swimming pool or a gym at least once a week for aerobics or yoga classes, body building or just work-out on a treadmill. Some people jog every morning, some play tennis. For those who can afford it there are clubs where they give lessons of scuba diving or riding. In spring and summer young people put on their roller-skates and skate in the streets and parks.

TEXT 6.

Sharapova Triumphs in U.S. Open

By Adam Kleszewski

Maria Sharapova.

Sharapova claimed the second Grand Slam title of her career with victory over Justine Hem'n-Hardenne 6-4 6-4 in the U.S. Open women's singles final. She lost her opening service game but hit back with two breaks on her way to winning the first set, news agencies reported. Sharapova took the second set with one break to win in one hour 30 minutes.

162 The 2004 Wimbledon champion said: "I'm still pretty shocked but richest female sportsperson in the world. She is said to have earned more than $25 mln in 2005, largely through a number of high-profile endorsement deals with major companies. "I know it's hard for everyone to hear that I'm a normal girl," Sharapova said on Sunday. "I have a career at 19 years old. I've never gone to a regular school, I'm not a social bunny, I don't go babysitting to make an extra buck." "At the end of the day, no matter how much money I'm making, what I've done in my career, no matter what cool cars or house I have, I'm still Maria, I'm still a normal girl who still enjoys life," she said. Asked to comment on that after her U.S. Open triumph, which brought her an additonal US$1.7 million, a miffed Sharapova initially replied: "I'm not going to get into that right now." But after a moment's reflection she decided that attack was the best form of defence saying: "You can't buy a Grand Slam title, you know? You can't buy it!" The 19-year-old former world number one, who has won WTA tour titles in San Diego and Indian Wells this year, is in third place in the WTA Tour champions race with 2,727 points. Belgian Henin-Hardenne, beaten by Sharapova in Saturday's U.S. Open final, leads the standings on 3,473 points with Frenchwoman Mauresmo second on 2,735. In the season-ending championships, which run from November 7-12, the top eight singles players and top four doubles teams will compete for a share of a prize purse worth $3 million. MN

www.mn.ru/english | The Moscow News / №35 (4239)/ 15-21 September.

163 TEXT 7.

OLYMPICS

By Sojan Sec

When the International Olympic Committee holds its 119th session on July 4 in Guatemala City to elect the host city of the 2014 Winter Olympic Games, Russian fans will be rooting hard for their candidate, Sochi.

The Black Sea resort, predominanty known as many Russians' favored summertime vacation spot, has been shortlisted in acontest that initially featured applications from seven cities. Last June, the IOC Candidature Acceptance Working Group announced results of the applications' survey, suggesting to the Executive Board to name Sochi, Austria's Salzburg and South Korea's Pyeongchang as candidate cities. Also-rans included Almaty (Kazakhstan), Jaca (Spain), Borjomi (Georgia) and Sofia (Bulgaria).In its rich sports history, Russia has already hosted the Olympics back in summer 1980 when the event was shunned by a U.S.-led bloc of Western nations protesting the Soviet Union's military campaign in war-torn Afghanistan. Despite the boycott, the Moscow games were a huge success and its organization said to be the best ever in the history of Olympics at the time.Several years ago, Moscow - now the supermodern capital of post- Soviet Russia - tried its luck again bidding to host the 2012 Summer Olympics. However, it stood little chance against heavily favored Paris and London, and as the news

164 broke that the British capital had ultimately won the IOC vote, hardly anyone was surprised in Moscow. It took little time, though, for Russia to review its bidding prospects and launch a new campaign seeking to host, as the IOC puts it, "the largest and the most complex winter sports event in the world." Coming to grips with what the IOC labels as the "organization of 15 world championships in multiple locations over 16 days with one of the largest security operations in the world" didn't frighten Russian bidders. "Why should it?" they say. Wedged between the Black Sea coast and towering Caucasus mountains, Sochi is an extremely attractive venue, having a lot to offer to athletes, officials and media. Moreover, the Sochi bid has received unanimous support of the Russian government, which earmarked $12 billion for the project regardless of the outcome of the IOC vote in early July. These investments will be made under a federal program running from 2006 to 2014, and will partly be allocated by Russia's private companies. As the preelection effort to showcase the opportunities offered by Sochi reaches its climax, it is no wonder that Russia's Olympic bid will be one of the highlights of the exhibition program at St. Petersburg's XI International Economic Forum. Russian President Vladimir Putin, who from the very outset has backed the idea of Sochi hosting the Olympics, will definitely add more weight to the bid, both in his native St. Petersburg, where he will traditionally attend the forum, and in Guatemala City, which he plans to visit during the IOC's key session.Traditionally, Olympic bids receive strong government backing to push the effort through. In Putin's case, throwing support behind Sochi's nomination is almost a personal issue.Often dubbed the most sportsmanlike of all world leaders, Putin - a judo black belt who regularly swims and is an avid skier - has probably done more than anyone else on the Sochi bidding to promote the coastal city's effort to land the Olympics. Just as his predecessor Boris Yeltsin had given a major boost to tennis (in Soviet times considered a bourgeois sport and therefore shunned by many), Putin during his tenure has largely contributed to make skiing one of the most popular sportsteam among fellow Russians.

165 The picture of Russia's fit and ague president skillfully handling the slopes of his favorite Krasnaya Polyana mountain resort outside Sochi has become a trademark image of Putin during his winter breaks in the area.Yet there is more to Putin's promo- tional efforts than a mere demonstration of his good skiing skills - the Russian leader was also at hand in February when the IOC Evaluation Commission members spent four days in the region assessing Sochi's prospects. "I don't have the slightest doubt that, if Russia gains the right to host the Olympic Games in Sochi, we will handle this task," Putin told IOC inspectors then.He rejected to rate the candidate cities' chances, but added that Sochi had better places to offer than its competitors."Sport is always a battle, accompanied by many unexpected circumstances. I am sure that the Olympics will be interesting, and who wins - time will tell," said Putin.

166

Preparation for Internet Test

Тест 1.

1. Her current interest was _ and development, but she has changed fields. a.reputation b.research c.resistance d.residence

2. Did you make your — by phone or by fax? a.reservation b.transition c.impression d.institution

3. To understand the characteristics of learners at different age-grades educational psycology applies theories of human_ a.efforts b.development c.knowledge d.relations

4. _ is the science studying the mind and its processes. a.psychotherapy b.psychology c.pharmacology d.biology

167 5. A shorter, more _ meeting leaves time for work. a.production b.productive c.productivity d.productiveness

6. It was a good idea of _ to go swimming this afternoon. a.your b.yours c.you d.youself

7. The grass was much _ than on the upper field. a.longer b.more long c.the longest d.long

8. The oldest living tree in the world grows in _ California. a.the b.an c.a d.-

9. The Pyramids were build _ people who lived a long time ago. a.with b.after c.by d.of

168 10. Begin with a minute _ two of small talk. a.and b.but c.if d.or

11. -Do you want a sandwich?

-No,thanks. I_____just______lunch. a. am______having b. was______having c. have_____had d. had______had

12.______of her arrival, I went to see her.

a.being told b.to tell c.telling d.told 13. Paul ______visiting his parents. a.insisted of b.insisted to c.insisted - d.insisted on

14. You face seems familiar to me. We ____have met somewhere. a.need b.must c.should d.ought

169 15. Guest: «______» Hostess: «Oh, I'm glad you enjoyed it.» a.Enjoy your meal. b.The meal was rather good. c.The meal was absolutely delicious. d.The meal wasn't as bad as I expected.

16. Shop assistant: «Can I help you?» Customer: «______» a.Fine. b.No, that's not necessary. c.Oh,good. I'm so glad to have met you. d.No, it's all right,thanks.

17. Student: Have you had time to mark my composition? Teacher: ______

a.Oh,you look awful, what's the matter with you? b.Yes, I have. c.Yes, it was quite good. I've underlined the mistakes you've made. d.Yes, I had.

18. Boss: Do you see what I mean? Employee: ______

a.I don't think so. b.Yes, please. c.Yes, and I don't agree with you. d.Yes, but I'm not sure I quite agree. 170

19. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland consists of ______

a.two parts b.three parts c.four parts d.five parts

20. The USA consists of 50 ______a.republics b.states c.districts d.counties

21.Bill Gates is a founder of _____

a.the Metropoliten Museum b.the largest automobile corporation c.the first entertainment park d.the Microsoft Corporation

Тест 2. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания Cognitive theories 1. Cognitive theories are appropriate to the school situation, for they are concerned with knowing and thinking. They assume that perceiving and doing, shown in manipulation and play, precede the capacity to symbolize, which in turn prepares for comprehensive understanding. Although the sequence of motor-perceptual experience followed by symbolic representation has been advocated for a long time, Jean Piaget offered the first 171 penetrating account of this kind of intellectual growth. His views have exercised great influence on educators. 2. Cognitive theories of learning also assume that the complete act of thought follows a fairly common sequence, as follows: arousal of intellectual interest; preliminary exploration of the problem; formulation of ideas, explanations, or hypotheses; selection of appropriate ideas; and verification of their suitability. 3. Teaching based on cognitive theories of learning recognizes, first, the growth in quality of intellectual activity and capitalizes on this knowledge by organizing instruction to anticipate the next stage in development but does not await it; otherwise there would be no instruction; i.e., instruction should pace development but not outstrip it. Second, it seeks to tune the learning situation to the sequences of the complete act of thought and to arrange, simplify, and organize the subject matter accordingly. Some educators emphasize strongly the arousal phase; in many modern science curricula there is, thus, the idea of inquiry training, which tries to arouse in the child a spontaneous rather than a directed interest. Other educators are concerned more with the middle intellectual phases of the thinking sequence — especially the playing with hypotheses or hunches and the working with organizing ideas 4. Once started, the motivation of cognitive learning depends less on notions of reinforcement and more on standards of intellectual achievement generated by the learner himself. Accordingly, the learner may begin to have aspirations and to set himself future standards that are influenced by his past performances and those of his fellows. (Encyclopedia Britannica)

1. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста. According to cognitive theories of learning the complete act of thought passes some common stages.

2. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста. According to cognitive theories symbolic representation is followed by motor- perceptual experience.

172 3.Ответьте на вопрос How can teaching based on cognitive theories of learning promote the educational process?

It seeks to tune the learning situation to the sequences of the complete act of thought and to arrange, simplify, and organize the subject matter.

4. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) содержится ответ на вопрос What sequence does the complete act of thought follow according to cognitive theories of learning?

5.Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея Educators treat the thinking sequence differently. (3)

6.Определите основную идею текста. The application of cognitive theories in teaching increases the effectiveness of educational process.

ТЕСТ 3.

№1. Would you like a cup of tea? Yes, I ___.

would

will №2. Please don´t talk to me now. I ___ to finish my test.

will try

try

have tried

am trying

173 №3. Does he smoke? Yes, he ___ twenty a day.

smokes

is smoking

smoke

has smoked №4. Can I help? Yes, I´d like ___.

the information

to inform

any information

some information №5. I´d like some coffee. I´m afraid there isn´t ___.

anything

any

some №6. Where is your book? I ___ it last week.

have lost

lose

was losing

lost №7. Is John ___ Paul? No, I don´t think so.

more taller than

so tall as

taller than

tall like №8. Can I help you? Yes, I am looking ___ Mr Smith´s office.

for

after

to 174 №9. Why are you running? There isn´t ___ time. The film´s going to begin soon.

many

any

much

some №10. Where are you staying? I´m living ___ Mr Smith and his family.

with

among №11. Has he written to his brother? Yes, he ___ him a letter last night.

has written

was writing

had written

wrote №12. She likes living in a warm climate ___?

wouldn´t she

doesn´t she

won´t she

isn´t she №13. Do you smoke? Not now, but I ___.

use to

am used to

was used

used to №14. This is my first visit to the doctor. Who ___ to before?

are you going

went you

you went

did you go 175 №15. Did you do any homework? Yes, but only ___.

any

not much

a few

a little №16. Could you lend me some money? I´m very ___ of cash at the moment.

down

scarce

low

short №17. Do you know who she is? No, she didn´t ___ her name.

say me

say to me

tell me

tell to me №18. Everyone understood. The teacher ___ to explain again.

may not

musn´t

didn´t need

needn´t №19. That house is in a terrible state. You can see it ___ for years.

hasn´t been repaired

wasn´t repaired

isn´t repaired

hadn´t been repaired №20. My watch is broken but it´s not worth ___.

repairing

to repair

to repair it

to be repaired 176 №21. I´m terribly tired. Well, I suggest ___ to bed.

you go

you to go

you going

you went №22. Why didn´t you tell me? You ___ angry if I had.

were

were to be

had been

would have been №23. Here is your Ј5 back. Thanks, but I don´t remember ___ it to you.

to lend

lending

my lend

me to lend №24. Is he coming to the meeting? Well, I asked him ___.

if he will come

will he come

if he was coming

would he come №25. I´m fine, it´s only a little cut. ___ you better see a doctor.

wouldn´t

shouldn´t

won´t

hadn´t №26. Do I have to get ready now? Yes, it´s time we ___.

went

would go

will go

go 177 №27. Do you like your new flat? Yes, it´s small but it ___ my needs perfectly.

settles

meets

supplies

fills №28. I suppose tomorrow´s bus strike means ___ the start of class.

have delayed

delay

to delay

delaying №29. I wrote to the manager ___ to getting my money refunded.

in the hope

on the question

with the aim

with a view №30. Did you know everybody at the party? No, nobody ___ the host.

except

apart

other

rather

178 Irregular vebs

VERB PAST SIMPLE PAST PARTICIPLE ПЕРЕВОД be [bi:] was [w z], were [wз:] been [bi:n] Быть beat [bi:t] beat [bi:t] beaten ['bi:tn] Бить become [bi:k m] became [bi:keim] become[bi:k m] Становиться begin [bi'gin] began [bi'gæn] begun [bi'g n] Начинать bleed [bli:d] bled [bled] bled [bled] Кровоточить blow [blou] blew [blu:] blown [bloun] Дуть break [breik] broke [brouk] broken ['brouk(e)n] Ломать bring [briŋ] brought [br :t] brought [br :t] Приносить build [bild] built [bilt] built [bilt] Строить burn [bз:n] burnt [bз:nt] burnt [bз:nt] Гореть buy [bai] bought [b :t] bought [b :t] Покупать catch [kæt ] caught [k :t] caught [k :t] Ловить, хватать, успет choose [t u:z] chose [ əuz] chosen [t əuz(ə)n] Выбирать come [k m] came [keim] come [k m] Приходить cost [c st] cost [c st] cost [c st] Стоить creep [kri:p] crept [krept] crept [krept] Ползать cut [k t] cut [k t] cut [k t] Резать do [du:] did [did] done [d n] Делать draw [dr :] drew [dru:] drawn [dr :n] Рисовать, тащить dream [dri:m] dreamt [dremt] dreamt [dremt] Мечтать, дремать drink [driŋk] drank [dræŋk] drunk [dr ŋk] Пить drive [draiv] drove [drouv] driven ['drivn] Водить eat [i:t] ate [et] eaten ['i:tn] Есть fall [f :l] fell [fel] fallen ['f :lən] Падать feed [fi:d] fed [fed] fed [fed] Кормить feel [fi:l] felt [felt] felt [felt] Чувствовать fight [fait] fought [f :t] fought [f :t] Бороться find [faind] found [faund] found [faund] Находить fit [fit] fit [fit] fit [fit] Подходить по размеру fly [flai] flew [flu:] flown [floun] Летать forget [fə'get] forgot [fə'g t] forgotten [fə'g t(ə)n]Забывать

179 freeze [fri:z] froze [frouz] frozen ['frouzn] Замерзать get [ get ] got [g t] got [g t] Получать give [giv] gave [geiv] given [givn] Давать go [gou] went [went] gone [g n] Идти grow [grou] grew [gru:] grown [groun] Расти hang [hæŋ] hung [h ŋ] hung [h ŋ] Вешать have [hæv] had [hæd] had [hæd] Иметь hear [hiə] heard [hз:d] heard [hз:d] Слышать hide [haid] hid [hid] hidden ['hidn] Прятать hit [hit] hit [hit] hit [hit] Попадать в цель hold [hould] held [held] held [held] Держать hurt [hз:t] hurt [hз:t] hurt [hз:t] Ушибить keep [ki:p] kept [kept] kept [kept] Содержать kneel [ni:l] knelt [nelt] knelt [nelt] Стоять на коленях know [nou] knew [nju:] known [noun] Знать lay [lei] laid [leid] laid [leid] Класть lead [li:d] led [led] led [led] Вести lean [li:n] leant [lent] leant [lent] Наклоняться learn [lз:n] learnt [lз:nt] learnt [lз:nt] Учить leave [li:v] left [left] left [left] Оставлять lend [lend] lent [lent] lent [lent] Занимать let [let] let [let] let [let] Позволять lie [lai] lay [lei] lain [lein] Лежать light [lait] lit [lit] lit [lit] Освещать lose [lu:z] lost [l st] lost [l st] Терять make [meik] made [meid] made [meid] Производить mean [mi:n] meant [ment] meant [ment] Значить meet [mi:t] met [met] met [met] Встречать mistake [mis'teik] mistook [mis'tuk] mistaken [mis'teik(e) Ошибаться pay [pei] paid [peid] paid [peid] Платить prove [pru:v] proved [pru:vd] proven [pru:vn] Доказывать put [put] put [put] put [put] Положить quit [kwit] quit [kwit] quit [kwit] Выходить

180 ride [raid] rode [roud] ridden ['ridn] Ездить верхом ring [riŋ] rang [ræŋ] rung [r ŋ] Звенеть rise [raiz] rose [rouz] risen ['rizn] Подниматься run [r ŋ] ran [ræŋ] run [r ŋ] Бежать say [sei] said [sed] said [sed] Говорить see [si:] saw [s :] seen [si:n] Видеть seek [si:k] sought [s :t] sought [s :t] Искать sell [sel] sold [sould] sold [sould] Продавать send [send] sent [sent] sent [sent] Посылать set [set] set [set] set [set] Ставить sew [sou] sewed [soud] sewn [soun] Шить shake [ eik] shook [ uk] shaken [' eik(ə)n] Встряхивать show [ əu] showed [ əud] shown [ əun] Показывать shrink [ riŋk] shrank [ ræŋk] shrunk [ r ŋk] Уменьшать shut [ t] shut [ t] shut [ t] Закрывать sing [siŋ] sang [sæŋ] sung [s ŋ] Петь sink [siŋk] sank [sæŋk], sunk [s ŋksunk [s ŋk] Тонуть sit [sit] sat [sæt] sat [sæt] Сидеть sleep [sli:p] slept [slept] slept [slept] Спать slide [slaid] slid [slid] slid [slid] Скользить sow [sou] sowed [soud] sown [soun] Сеять speak [spi:k] spoke [spouk] spoken ['spouk(e)n] Говорить spell [spel] spelt [spelt] spelt [spelt] Произнести по буквам spend [spend] spent [spent] spent [spent] Тратить spill [spil] spilt [spilt] spilt [spilt] Проливать spoil [sp il] spoilt [sp ilt] spoilt [sp ilt] Портить spread [spred] spread [spred] spread [spred] Расстилать spring [spriŋ] sprang [spræŋ] sprung [spr ŋ] Прыгать stand [stænd] stood [stu:d] stood [stu:d] Стоять steal [sti:l] stole [stoul] stolen ['stəulən] Красть stick [stik] stuck [st k] stuck [st k] Колоть sting [stiŋ] stung [st ŋ] stung [st ŋ] Жалить sweep [swi:p] swept [swept] swept [swept] Выметать

181 swim [swim] swam [swem] swum [sw m] Плавать swing [swiŋ] swung [sw ŋ] swung [sw ŋ] Качать take [teik] took [tuk] taken ['teik(ə)n] Брать, взять teach [ti:t ] taught [t :t] taught [t :t] Учить tear [t ə] tore [t :] torn [t :n] Рвать tell [tel] told [tould] told [tould] Рассказывать think [θiŋk] thought [θ :t] thought [θ :t] Думать throw [θrəu] threw [θru:] thrown [θrəun] Бросать understand [ ndə'stændunderstood [ ndə'stud] understood [ ndə'stuПонимать wake [weik] woke [wouk] woken ['wouk(e)n] Просыпаться wear [w ə] wore [w :] worn [w :n] Носить weep [wi:p] wept [wept] wept [wept] Плакать wet [wet] wet [wet] wet [wet] Мочить win [win] won [w n] won [w n] Выигрывать wind [waind] wound [waund] wound [waund] Извиваться

182 English – Russian Dictionary of Sports Terms

А accumulate the points набирать очки actual duration of about чистое время боя actual playing time чистое время игры additional дополнительный adjust регулировать adjustable регулируемый adopt a position занимать позицию advance опережать; advantage преимущество aerobics аэробика aggregate сумма (очков) aggregate of times суммарное время agile проворный; быстый aim прицеливаться alpine skiing горнолыжный спорт amateur любитель anchor якорь anemometer ветромер angle тени. угол (корта) ankle trip бор. подсечка announce объявлять appoint назначать aquatic sports водные виды спорта arena арена argue спорить arrow лук стрела 183 artificial искусственный assistant вспомогательный assistant referee помощник судьи athlete спортсмен, атлет athletic gymnastics атлет. гимнастика attach прикреплять attempt попытка audience зрители award награда

B bar 1. планка 2. гриф barbells т. атл. штанга barrier борт base line тенн. задняя линия baseball бейсбол record бить рекорд bend нагибаться, сгибать biathlete биатлонист biathlon биатлон bicycle велосипед bilateral breathing. двустороннее дыхание blocker вол. блокирующий {игрок) blood кровь bow 1. лук 2. нос {лодки) boxing бокс break a record бить рекорд

184 C catch up л. атл. догонять cell клетка centre back центральный защитник centre line средняя линия поля challenge вызов (на состязание) charging блокировка chase преследовать соперника checkup осмотр (медицинский) chest грудь chest measurements объем грудной клетки circle the track обегать поле по кругу classic guard классическая стойка classification зачет clay-pigeon shooting стендовая стрельба clearance фут. удар от ворот climb карабкаться, взбираться close match равная игра closed position закрытая стойка club exercises гимн. упражнения с булавами coach 1. тренер 2. тренировать

D daily routine распорядок дня damage повреждение dead ball вышедший из игры мяч deal with иметь дело с чем-л. debilitate 1. ослаблять 2. истощать decathlon л. атл. десятиборье

185 deceive the opponent обманывать соперника

Е education образование effort усилие eight греб. восьмерка (лодка) elbow локоть eligible подходящий exhalation выдох exhale выдыхать experience опыт expression выразительность external внешний exhalation выдох exhale выдыхать experience опыт expression выразительность external внешний

F face смотреть в лицо face-off хокк. вбрасывание шайбы fail the score терять очки failure неудача fair play игра по правилам fake attack ложная атака fall down 1. падение 2. падать false start фальстарт

186 fan болельщик fatigue усталость fault ошибка fence забор, фехтовать figure-skater фигурист; фигуристка figure-skating фигурное катание finish финиш fire стрелять firmness твердость first aid первая помощь fist кулак flat плоский flex сгибать flexibility гибкость flexible гибкий forbidden element запрещенный элемент forearm предплечье formation система (игры) forward нападающий four with coxswain . четверка с рулевым four-kick crawl . четырехударный кроль free kick свободный удар free throw свободный бросок freestyle wrestling вольная борьба friendly match товарищеский матч frustration расстройство full-back защитник

187 G gain a point выигрывать очко game won выигранный матч gear передача getaway отрыв (от соперника) give a warning делать предупреждение glide скользить glove перчатка go in for sports заниматься спортом go into play вступать в игру goal 1. ворота 2. гол goal crease хокк. вратарская зона goal difference разрыв в счете goal-keeper вратарь goalless draw нулевая ничья goal-post стойка ворот, штанга goaltender хокк. вратарь goggles защитные очки grace грация Greco-Roman wrestling классическая борьба grip 1. рукоятка 2. хват guest of honour почетный гость gym гимнастический зал gym wall bars гимнастический стенка gymnast гимнаст; гимнастка gymnastic hall гимнастический зал gymnastic horse гимнастический конь gymnastics гимнастика

188 Н half в. поло полузащитник half-back фут., хокк. полузащитник hammer 1. молот 2. разгромить hammer throwing л. arm. метание молота handicap гандикап handle 1. ручка 2. рукоять handspring vault гимн. опорный прыжок handstand гимн. стоика на руках НВ, H-bar гимн. перекладина head фут. играть головой head coach главный тренер head in фут. забивать мяч головой health здоровье heel пятка height difference разность высот helmet шлем helmsman парус. рулевой high dives пр. в воду прыжки с вышки high jump л. arm. прыжки в высоту highest total наибольшая сумма hindrance помеха hippodrome ипподром honour честь honour round круг почета horizontal bar гимн. перекладина horizontal spin гимн. горизонтальное вращение hurdle барьер

189 hurdle race л. атл. барьерный бег horsemanship конн. искусство верховой езды housing размещение, расселение hunting охота

I ice лед ice up обледенеть (о лыже) icing ледовое покрытие illegal blow бокс запрещенный удар imagine представлять imitate имитировать immobile неподвижный immobilize сковывать (действия) impetus 1. импульс 2. толчок implement снаряд (спортивный) impose a penalty on подвергать наказанию improve the record улучшать рекорд incorrect неправильный increase 1. увеличение 2. рост increase the lead увеличивать счет incur a penalty назначать наказание indispositon недомогание individual classification личный зачет inhalation вдох initiate начинать injure травмировать injury 1. травма 2. увечье insufficiency недостаточность 190 intense интенсивный intentional foul умышленное нарушение intercept a ball перехватывать мяч interfere (with) мешать (чему-л.) interlocking rings соединяющиеся кольца intermission перерыв; пауза internal внутренний interrupt a competition прерывать соревнование interval перерыв invalid goal незасчитанный гол invalid trial л. атл. незасчитанная попытка j jam стр. заедать (об оружии) javelin копье jostling фехт. столкновение judge судья judo дзюдо jump прыгать jumping hill трамплин jury жюри

К kayak байдарка kayak four байдарка-четверка kayak paddler гребец на байдарке kayak pair байдарка-двойка kayak single байдарка-одиночка

191 knee blow удар коленом knee caps наколенники knee lean упор в колени knock сбивать knock-down бокс нокдаун knock-out, К. О. нокаут

L labyrinth сани лабиринт lag behind отставать lameness хромота land приземляться lap вело, лыжи, коньки круг гонки lap of honour круг почета launch a blow бокс наносить удар leader ведущий гонку, лидер league лига leave the course сходить с дистанции left back левый защитник left forward в. поло левый нападающий left half-back. левый полузащитник left winger хокк. крайний левый leg trip бор. подножка left-hander левша length длина level уровень lever рычаг lighting освещение line judge судья на линии 192 list of competitors список участников list of officials список судей locker room раздевалка (на стадионе) lodge a protest подавать протест lodge an appeal подавать аппеляцию long jump л. атл. прыжок в длину loop course кольцевая трасса lose проигрывать

М major error значительная ошибка major fault грубая ошибка make a draw проводить жеребьевку make a return нанести ответный удар man on duty дежурный manual руководство; учебник marathon марафон mark оценка; результат mass start общий старт mat 1. ковер 2. мат measure измерять measurement измерение medical aid медицинская помощь medical commission медицинская комиссия medical examination медицинский осмотр membership членство middle defence вол. средняя стойка игрока minor error незначительная ошибка 193 miss a win упускать победу motor-paced race гонка за лидером motto девиз movement движение

N national anthem государственный гимн national champion чемпион страны national championship чемпионат страны natural ice естественный лед neck шея net 1. сетка 2. ворота notice board информационное табло novice новичок number номер

оаг весло observe the rules соблюдать правила obstruction помеха odd нечетный odd score нечетный счет offence нарушение offside фут. оффсайд Olympiad Олимпиада Olympic oath олимпийская клятва Olympic torch олимпийский факел open player свободный игрок 194 opponent соперник optional start произвольный старт ordinary fault простая ошибка originate происходить orthodox stance бор. классическая стойка ounce унция outdoor sports спорт на открытом воздухе outnumbering численное превосходство overstep л. атл. заступ overtake 1. обгон 2. обгонять oxygen кислород

расе 1. темп 2. шаг palm ладонь parallel bars брусья participant участник participate участвовать pass пас, передача penalize наказывать penalty 1. взыскание 2. штраф penalty bench хокк. штрафная скамья pennant вымпел pentathlete л. атл. пятиборец pentathlon л. атл. пятиборье perfection совершенствование performance л. атл. выступление personal foul персональная ошибка physical education физкультура 195 physical stamina физическая выносливость pike пр. в воду сгибаться pitch поле, площадка placing распределение мест point 1. балл 2. очко point advantage преимущество в очках pole vault л. атл. прыжок с шестом prize winner призер provide обеспечивать

Q qualification квалификация qualification competition квалификационное соревнование quarterfinal четвертьфинал quota квота (участников)

race гонка rank шеренга ranking распределение мест rate of respiration ритм дыхания rebound отскок (мяча) rebound tumbling батут (вид спорта) recall вспоминать receive принимать receive accreditation получать аккредитацию 196 record holder рекордсмен recover one's strength восстанавливать силы rehabilitation восстановление (сил) reimbursement возмещение расходов relay эстафета release выпускать (из рук)

S sabre фехт. сабля sabre fencing фехт. фехтование на саблях safety безопасность safety measures меры безопасности sail парус sailing парус. плавание под парусом salto гимн. сальто salute фут. приветствие sanction наказание save спасать scale of marks шкала оценок score a goal засчитывать гол score a point выигрывать очко score points набирать очки Scoreboard табло scorer секретарь соревнований second бокс секундант second best result второй результат second run вторая попытка select the team набирать команду 197 selection process процесс отбора semifinal полуфинал send off удалять с поля serve подавать мяч serve a penalty хокк. бить штрафной удар server подающий игрок set up a record устанавливать рекорд setter пасующий игрок shallow поверхностный shelter укрытие skier лыжи лыжник skiing лыжи лыжный спорт skip-rope гимн. скакалка skis лыжи sledging сани катание на санях slip уклоняться slope лыжи спуск [склон]

т table таблица table of result таблица результатов tag игра в салки, пятнашки take the count начинать отсчет take the course проходить трассу take the hit принимать удар take the shot наносить удар take the start стартовать

198

team команда teammate партнер technical skill техничность technique техника temporary suspension временное удаление thrust выдвигать tie with smb. for place делить с кем-л. место time allowed контрольное время time trials вело гонка на время time-keeper конн. судья-хронометрист total (of) points сумма очков, баллов total (of) times сумма времени total score общий счет touch касаться tournament турнир trace след track беговая дорожка, трек track and field легкая атлетика train тренироваться trampoline батут trial попытка turn поворот turn-over переворот

199 U

umpire судья, рефери uneven parallel bars брусья разной высоты uneven score нечетный счет unilateral breathing плав. одностороннее дыхание unnecessary roughness излишняя грубость unofficial title неофициальный титул unsportsmanlike conduct неспортивное поведение upbringing воспитание upset расстраивать, нарушать

V valid heat засчитанный заезд valid trial л. arm. засчитанная попытка value ценность vault(ing) опорный прыжок verification подтверждение vice-president вице-президент victor победитель victory победа victory ceremony церемония награждения view the competitions смотреть соревнования violate the rules нарушать правила

200 W walking л. атл. спортивная ходьба warm-up разминка warn предупреждать warning предупреждение weapon оружие weather conditions погодные условия weigh взвешивать weigh-in взвешивание weight вес weight divisions весовые категории weightlifting тяжелая атлетика whistle свисток whitewash победа с «сухим» счетом wing half-back крайний полузащитник winger крайний нападающий winner победитель working ability работоспособность world championship чемпионат мира world record мировой рекорд

Y yacht парус. яхта

Z zone of support зона поддержки

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