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Disertaciones Astronómicas Boletín Número 31 De Efemérides Astronómicas 16 De Abril De 2020

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Disertaciones Astronómicas Boletín Número 31 De Efemérides Astronómicas 16 De Abril De 2020 Disertaciones astronómicas Boletín Número 31 de efemérides astronómicas 16 de abril de 2020 Realiza Luis Fernando Ocampo O. ([email protected]), Noticias de la semana. China quiere una porción de la Luna. Acá los detalles de cómo quiere lograrlo. La nación planea lanzar la misión Change 5 que traerá muestras lunares para finales del presente año. Imagen 1: Imagen de la Luna como la observó la sonda Clementina en 1994. NASA Un vistazo de cómo China planea manipular muestras de la Luna revela los pasos a se- guir para el almacenamiento, procesamiento y preparación de las muestras. La misión de la luna robótica Chang'e 5 de China está programada para lanzarse a finales de este año. Esa empresa representa la tercera fase del programa de exploración lunar Chang'e de China: devolver muestras de la luna. La región de aterrizaje candidata reportada para Chang'e 5 es la región de Rümker, ubi- cada en el norte de Oceanus Procellarum ("Océano de tormentas"). El área es geológica- mente compleja y conocida por su actividad volcánica. La misión Chang'e 5 tiene cuatro partes principales: un módulo orbitador, ascendente, aterrizador y de re-entrada en la Tierra, que contendrá hasta 4.4 libras. (2 kilogramos) de muestras de superficie lunar y sub-superficial. Imagen 2: China planea lanzar la ambiciosa misión de retorno de la muestra lunar Chang'e 5 a finales de 2020. (Crédito de la imagen: usado con permiso: Loren Roberts / The Planetary Society en https://www.planetary.org/) La ex Unión Soviética ejecutó con éxito tres misiones robóticas de retorno de muestras lunares. Luna 16 devolvió una pequeña muestra (101 gramos) de Mare Fecunditatis ("Mar de la fertilidad") en septiembre de 1970; en febrero de 1972, Luna 20 devolvió 55 gramos de suelo de la región de las tierras altas de Apolonio; y Luna 24 recuperó 170.1 gramos de muestras lunares del Mare Crisium de la luna ("Mar de Crisis") para regresar a la Tierra en agosto de 1976. Estados Unidos trajo mucho más material lunar. Las seis misiones Apolo que aterrizaron en la superficie lunar de 1969 a 1972 recogieron 842 libras. (382 kg) de muestras luna- res en diferentes sitios de aterrizaje en la superficie lunar, incluyendo rocas, muestras de núcleos, tierra lunar y polvo. En un artículo que estaba programado para ser presentado el mes pasado en la Confe- rencia de Ciencia Lunar y Planetaria (LPSC), que terminó siendo cancelado debido a las preocupaciones sobre el nuevo coronavirus, el autor principal GL Zhang del Observatorio Astronómico Nacional, Academia de Ciencias de China, detalla las tareas principales del Sistema de Aplicación de Investigación Terrestre (GRAS) del proyecto de exploración lu- nar del país. Estas tareas incluyen: recibir muestras lunares del sistema de naves espaciales; estable- cer instalaciones y laboratorios especiales para el almacenamiento local permanente de muestras y el almacenamiento de respaldo en otra ubicación; y preparación y preproce- samiento de muestras lunares. De acuerdo con los requisitos de la misión, GRAS formó un plan completo de preprocesa- miento, almacenamiento y preparación de muestras lunares. Este plan incluye principalmente: traspaso y transferencia de muestras lunares del sis- tema de naves espaciales a GRAS, desempaquetado, separación (separación de muestras perforadas de las recogidas), almacenamiento (muestras recogidas y perforadas) y pre- paración de muestras. Primero, las muestras lunares devueltas se dividirán en muestras recogidas y muestras perforadas después de ingresar al laboratorio. Las muestras recogidas y perforadas se dividirán en cuatro categorías: muestras de almacenamiento permanente, muestras de almacenamiento permanente de respaldo, muestras de investigación científica y mues- tras de exhibición. "Todas las herramientas que entran en contacto con la muestra lunar están hechas de acero inoxidable, teflón, vidrio de cuarzo o materiales de composición conocida para con- trolar estrictamente los factores que afectarán el análisis científico posterior. El contenido de agua y oxígeno en la guantera, lleno de [ nitrógeno], será estrictamente monitoreado para evitar que las muestras lunares se afecten, o se contaminen con la Tierra ", señala el documento LPSC. "Parecen estar adoptando un enfoque muy similar a cómo procesamos (y seguimos) pro- cesando y curando muestras de Apolo (y otros astromateriales en nuestra colección)", dijo Ryan Zeigler, curador de muestras de Apolo de la NASA y gerente de la adquisición y curación de astromateriales. Oficina de la División de Ciencia de Investigación y Explora- ción de Astromateriales en el Centro Espacial Johnson de la NASA en Houston. "Hay algunas diferencias menores, pero eso es de esperarse ya que cada misión tiene ca- racterísticas únicas", dijo Zeigler a Inside Outer Space. Los chinos claramente se están tomando en serio el manejo, el almacenamiento y el exa- men preliminar de un conjunto potencial de nuevas muestras lunares. La tecnología des- crita es en muchos aspectos similar a la tecnología en el Laboratorio de muestras lunares de la NASA, señaló Carlton Allen, un ex curador de astro-materiales de la NASA. (Ahora está retirado). "El uso de una atmósfera de nitrógeno para la preparación, subdivisión y almacena- miento ha demostrado ser necesario y suficiente durante 50 años de curación lunar en la NASA", dijo Allen. Las fotos de la caja de guantes muestran que el nitrógeno se mantiene a presión positiva con respecto a la atmósfera del laboratorio, lo que ha sido importante para el control de la contaminación. También se reconoce la importancia de restringir los materiales que entran en contacto con las muestras, otro aspecto importante del control de la contami- nación. La tecnología descrita por G. L. Zhang y sus colegas "tiene el potencial de hacer que es- tas futuras muestras lunares sean directamente comparables con las muestras Apollo y Luna, lo que podría aumentar significativamente el valor de cada conjunto de muestras", dijo Allen. Asteroide con gran acercamiento se deja ver antes del sobrevuelo a la Tierra el 29 de abril. Imagen 3: El Observatorio de Arecibo capturó esta imagen de radar del gran asteroide OR2 1998 el 18 de abril de 2020. 1998 OR2 volará por la Tierra a una distancia de 3.9 millones de millas (6.3 millones de kilómetros) el 29 de abril. (Imagen: © Observatorio de Arecibo / NASA / NSF) Ahora tenemos una buena imagen de la gran roca espacial que volará por la Tie- rra la próxima semana. El sábado (18 de abril), el Observatorio de Arecibo en Puerto Rico capturó una imagen de radar del asteroide 1998 OR2, que se acercará a 3,9 millones de millas (6,3 millones de kilómetros) de nuestro planeta el 29 de abril. Para la perspectiva: la luna orbita la Tierra a una distancia promedio de aproximada- mente 239,000 millas (385,000 km). Así que no tenemos nada que temer del sobrevuelo de la Tierra del asteroide 1998 OR2 el 29 de abril, enfatizan los científicos. Imagen 4: El asteroide se mantendrá a una distancia de 6,3 millones de kilómetros de nuestro planeta. Imagen NASA. Los miembros del equipo de Arecibo han estado usando máscaras en el lugar de trabajo para ayudar a minimizar la propagación del nuevo coronavirus, y aparentemente se ven un poco a sí mismos en la roca espacial que se aproxima. "#TeamRadar y el personal de @NAICobservatory están tomando las medidas de seguridad adecuadas a medida que continuamos con las observaciones. Esta semana hemos estado observando el asteroide cercano a la Tierra 1998 OR2, ¡que parece que está usando una máscara! ¡Tiene al menos 1,5 km de ancho y pasa a 16 “distancias lunares de distancia!" los miembros del equipo tuitearon el sábado a través de la cuenta @AreciboRadar. (@AreciboRadar no es una cuenta oficial de Arecibo. Pero @NAICobservatory sí lo es, y retuiteó la publicación del 18 de abril). Imagen 5: Imagen de radar del asteroide OR2/1998 asemeja las imágenes en Tierra por el uso de tapabocas en la población. Imagen Arecibo. Los investigadores de Arecibo no son los únicos que vigilan el OR2 de 1998. Por ejemplo, el astrofísico italiano Gianluca Masi, que dirige el Proyecto del telescopio virtual en línea, también ha estado rastreando el asteroide. Y Masi continuará haciéndolo. El 28 de abril, de hecho, realizará una transmisión por In- ternet en vivo sobre el OR2 de 1998 que contará con vistas telescópicas del objeto. Los astrónomos estiman que el OR2 de 1998 tiene entre 1.1 y 2.5 millas (1.8 a 4.1 kiló- metros) de ancho, lo suficientemente grande como para que un impacto pueda amenazar la civilización humana. Pero, para repetir, no hay nada que temer aquí; el asteroide no se acercará por un amplio margen el 29 de abril. Constelación de la semana: Andromeda (Andrómeda). Con respecto a la mitología griega, Andrómeda era la hija del Rey Cefeo de Etiopia y la Reyna de Casiopea, ésta ofendió a las ninfas del mar al decir que era más bella y preciosa que ellas. En consecuencia, las ninfas se quejaron con el dios del mar Poseidón, este envió un monstruo marino, Cetus para destruyera e inundara las tierras de Cepheus como un castigo por la vanidad que tenía su esposa. Entonces cuando el Rey pidió el consejo al Oráculo de Ammón para poder evitar la destrucción general de sus tierras, estos le informaron que la forma de calmar y apaciguar a los dioses y las ninfas era sacrificar y ofrendar a su hija a Cetus. Una vez dado estos acontecimientos, Andrómeda fue encadenada a una roca para que la destruyera el monstruo, pero llegó Perseo y la salva. Luego los dos se casaron donde tuvieron seis hijos, incluido Gorgophonte, que engendró Tyndareus, el famoso Rey Espartano, y Perses, que fue un antepasado de los persas. Imagen 6: Quizás sea el objeto más significativo de la constelación: su galaxia espiarl M31.
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