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Unesco Science Report 2010 USR cover [temp]:Layout 1 20/10/10 19:08 Page 5 UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT 2010 The Current Status of Science around the World UNESCO Publishing United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 5 USR cover [temp]:Layout 1 20/10/10 19:07 Page 2 USR Prelims [5] [P3]:Layout 1 18/10/10 17:35 Page 1 UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT 2010 USR Prelims [5] [P3]:Layout 1 18/10/10 17:35 Page ii Published in 2010 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris, France © UNESCO 2010 All rights reserved ISBN: 978-92-3-104132-7 The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The opinions expressed by the authors are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. UNESCO Publishing: www.unesco.org/publishing; [email protected] Printed by DB Print in Belgium Design and pre-press production Baseline Arts Ltd, Oxford, United Kingdom Cover photos: top image: microscopic image of a corn grain tissue; bottom image: microscopic image of the cross section of the root of a buttercup (crowfoot) plant, Ranunculus repens. The propeller shaped pattern in the centre is the vascular tissue for transporting water and nutrients up and down the plant. The circles are the individual cells. © UNESCO USR Prelims [5] [P3]:Layout 1 18/10/10 17:35 Page iii UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT 2010 The Current Status of Science around the World UNESCO Publishing United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization USR Prelims [5] [P3]:Layout 1 18/10/10 17:35 Page iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The UNESCO Science Report 2010 has been produced by the following team within the Division for Science Policy and Sustainable Development at UNESCO: Director of Publication: Lidia Brito, Director Editor: Susan Schneegans Administrative Assistant: Sarah Colautti Every five years, the UNESCO Science Report series updates the status of science worldwide. Each edition is heavily reliant on the expertise of the authors invited to write about the main trends and developments in scientific research, innovation and higher education in the country or region from which they hail. We would thus like to take this opportunity to thank each of the 35 authors for their commitment to making this an authoritative report. The picture they have painted in the following pages is of a world that it is changing at a quickening pace. A greater number of chapters on individual countries have been included in the present report than in its predecessor to reflect the widening circle of countries emerging on the world scene. No doubt the UNESCO Science Report 2015, the next in the series, will have pursued its own mutation by 2015 to reflect the world it seeks to depict. We would like to thank the following staff from the UNESCO Institute for Statistics for contributing a vast amount of data to the report: Simon Ellis, Ernesto Fernández Polcuch, Martin Schaaper, Rohan Pathirage, Zahia Salmi, Sirina Kerim-Dikeni and the Education Indicators team. iv USR Prelims [5] [P3]:Layout 1 18/10/10 17:35 Page v CONTENTS PAGE List of illustrations vii Foreword xvii Chapter 1 The growing role of knowledge in the global economy 1 Hugo Hollanders and Luc Soete Chapter 2 United States of America 29 Thomas Ratchford and William A. Blanpied Chapter 3 Canada 61 Paul Dufour Chapter 4 Latin America 77 Mario Albornoz, Mariano Matos Macedo and Claudio Alfaraz Science ReportUNESCO 2010 Chapter 5 Brazil 103 Carlos Henrique de Brito Cruz and Hernan Chaimovich Chapter 6 Cuba 123 Ismael Clark Arxer Chapter 7 The CARICOM countries 133 Harold Ramkissoon and Ishenkumba Kahwa Chapter 8 European Union 147 Peter Tindemans Chapter 9 Southeast Europe 183 Slavo Radosevic Chapter10 Turkey 201 Sirin Elçi Chapter 11 Russian Federation 215 Leonid Gokhberg and Tatiana Kuznetsova Chapter 12 Central Asia 235 Ashiraf Mukhammadiev Chapter 13 Arab States 251 Adnan Badran and Moneef R. Zou’bi Chapter 14 Sub-Saharan Africa 279 Kevin Urama, Nicholas Ozor, Ousmane Kane and Mohamed Hassan Chapter 15 South Asia 323 Tanveer Naim v USR Prelims [5] [P3]:Layout 1 18/10/10 17:35 Page vi UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT 2010 CONTENTS PAGE Chapter 16 Iran 349 Kioomars Ashtarian Chapter 17 India 363 Sunil Mani Chapter 18 China 379 Mu Rongping Chapter 19 Japan 401 Yasushi Sato Chapter 20 Republic of Korea 415 Jang-Jae Lee Chapter 21 Southeast Asia and Oceania 437 Tim Turpin, Richard Woolley, Patarapong Intarakumnerd and Wasantha Amaradasa Annexes 465 Annex I Composition of regions and sub-regions 466 Annex II Millennium Development Goals 471 Statistical Annex 473 Table 1 GERD as a percentage of GDP, 2000–2008 474 Table 2 GERD in purchasing power parity dollars, 2002 and 2007 478 Table 3 GERD by performing sector and source of funds, 2002 and 2007 (%) 482 Table 4 Total researchers and per million inhabitants, 2002 and 2007 490 Table 5 Scientific publications by country, 2000–2008 498 Table 6 Publications by major field of science, 2002 and 2008 502 Table 7 Scientific publications in international collaboration, 2002–2008 510 Table 8 International trade in high-tech products, 2002 and 2007 514 vi USR Prelims [5] [P3]:Layout 1 18/10/10 17:35 Page vii UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT 2010 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Chapter 1 The growing role of knowledge in the global economy 1 Table 1: Key indicators on world GDP, population and GERD, 2002 and 2007 2 Table 2: Key indicators on world researchers 2002 and 2007 8 Table 3: World shares of scientific publications, 2002 and 2008 10 Table 4: USPTO and Triadic patent families by inventor's region, 2002 and 2007 13 Table 5: Internet users per 100 population, 2002 and 2008 14 Figure 1: World share of GDP and GERD for the G20, 2002 and 2007 (%) 4 Figure 2: Global investment in R&D in absolute and relative terms, 2007 6 Figure 3: BERD/GDP ratio for selected countries, 2000–2007 (%) 7 Figure 4: Scientific specialization of the Triad, BRIC countries and Africa, 2008 9 Figure 5: The systemic matching between key S&T indicators 15 Figure 6: Industrial production in the BRIC countries, USA and Euro zone, 2006–2010 16 Chapter 2 United States of America 29 UNESCO Science ReportUNESCO 2010 Table 1: Federal R&D in the USA by major socio-economic objective, 2007–2009 36 Table 2: Basic research budget for the primary US federal agencies, 2003 and 2008 37 Table 3: Funding of industrial R&D in the USA by major industry, 2003, 2005 and 2007 40 Table 4: Top R&D spending corporations, 2003 and 2004 42 Figure 1: GERD in the USA by type of research and source of funds, 2007 (%) 33 Figure 2: GERD in the USA by source of funds, 1990–2007 34 Figure 3: Trends in GERD in the G8 countries, 1990–2006 35 Figure 4: Trade balance for high-tech goods in the USA, 1995–2008 40 Figure 5: Regional shares of R&D performed abroad by foreign affiliates of US multinationals, 1994–2004 (%) 43 Figure 6: US trade receipts and payments for intellectual property, 1989–2005 44 Figure 7: Basic research in the USA by performing sector and source of funds, 2007 (%) 46 Figure 8: University R&D in the USA by type of research and source of funds, 2006 (%) 47 Figure 9: Share of doctorates awarded to female US citizens, 1985, 1995 and 2005 (%) 49 Figure 10: Doctorates awarded to US citizens in science and engineering, by ethnic minority, 1985–2005 49 Figure 11: Bachelor’s degrees earned in selected S&T fields, 1985–2005 51 Figure 12: Doctoral degrees earned in the USA in selected S&T fields, 1985–2005 52 Box 1: Breakthroughs of the year 31 Box 2: Basic research: a cornerstone of US science policy for 65 years 46 Box 3: Growing concern about conflict of interest in scientific journals 48 Chapter 3 Canada 61 Table 1: Trends in GERD in Canada, 1999–2008 63 Table 2: Trends in scientific publications in international collaboration for G8 countries, 2002 and 2008 63 Figure 1: Annual growth in GERD and GDP in Canada, 1967–2007 (%) 61 Figure 2: GERD/GDP ratio for the G8 countries, 2008 62 Figure 3: Publications in Canada by major field of science, 2002 and 2008 64 vii USR Prelims [5] [P3]:Layout 1 18/10/10 17:35 Page viii UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT 2010 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Figure 4: Scientific publications in the G8 countries and China, 2000 and 2008 65 Figure 5: GERD in Canada by performing sector and source of funds, 2002 and 2007 (%) 66 Figure 6: GERD in Canada by source of funds, 2002 and 2007 67 Figure 7: Enrollment in scientific disciplines in Canada, 2002/2003 and 2006/2007 69 Figure 8: S&T labour force in Canada, 2006 70 Chapter 4 Latin America 77 Figure 1: Distribution of GDP in Latin America, 2007 78 Figure 2: Sectors benefiting from FONCYT’s Programme in Strategic Areas, 2008 80 Figure 3: GERD in Latin America, 1997–2007 82 Figure 4: GERD/GDP ratio in Latin America, 2007 (%) 82 Figure 5: Distribution of GERD among Latin American countries, 2007 83 Figure 6: Share of GERD funded by the business sector in Latin America, 2007 83 Figure 7: Researchers in Latin America, 2000–2007 84 Figure 8: Distribution of scientists and engineers in Latin America, 2000 and 2007 85 Figure 9: PhDs awarded in Latin America, 2007 86 Figure 10: Scientific publications in Latin America, 1996–2007 88 Figure 11: Latin America’s presence in various bibliographic databases, 1997 and 2007 89 Figure 12: Evolution in patent applications in Latin America, 1997–2007 89 Figure 13: Patent applications in Latin America by residents
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