MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY OF GEORGIA G. TSULUKIDZE MINING INSTITUTE GEORGIAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY
BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
6th International Scientific-Practical Conference on Up-to-date Problems of Geology
24-25 September, 2020
,,Technical University’’
Chief Partner
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE:
David Gurgenidze - Professor, Rector of the Georgian Technical University Zurab Gasitashvili - Professor, Georgian Technical University Nodar Poporadze - Professor, Georgian Technical University Anzor Abshilava - Professor, Georgian Technical University David Shengelia - Academician, A. Janelidze Institute of Geology of I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Tornike Lipartia - Executive director, Rich Metals Group Nikoloz Chikhradze - Director, G. Tsulukidze Mining Institute Vaja Geleishvili - Professor, Georgian Technical University Tamara Tsutsunava - Director, A. Janelidze Institute of Geology of I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Zurab Kakulia - Director, Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology of Georgian Technical University
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE:
Olga Seskuria - Georgian Technical University Maia Kobakhidze - Georgian Technical University Ketevan Gabarashvili - A. Janelidze Institute of Geology of I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Nana Kitiashvili - National Enviromental Agency Giorgi Beridze - A. Janelidze Institute of Geology of I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Nino Japaridze - Georgian Technical University Nino Adeishvili - Georgian Technical University Asmat Shekiladze - G. Tsulukidze Mining Institute Tamar Mikava - Georgian Technical University Tamar Guruli - Georgian Technical University Rusudan Metreveli - Georgian Technical University
D. Arevadze PYROMETALLURGICALORIGIN ESTIMATION G. Jandieri, INTERFERENCEFOLDED GREATER THE STRUCTURESOF T. Giorgobiani, D. STREAMTHEOF KURA RIVER OF ENGINEERINGLOESSGEOLOGICAL SURVEY A. Giorgadze, Z. Kakulia, Z. Varazashvili ACCORDINGTHEOF SECTION MICROFOSSILS NICHBISI TO B T. Gavtadze ,Kh. Mikadze ,Z. Chkhaidze PRE INCREASING M. Gamtsemlidze, D.Talakhad FOLD STRUCTURALMODEL FRONTALOF PA EnukidzeO. AND PHYSICALPROCESSES THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS RESEARCHIMPROVEMENTOF METHODSTHEOF CHARACTERISTICS BASIC OF G. Shatberashvili N. Chikhradze, S.Khomeriki, I.Varshanidze, D. Khomeriki, EXPLOSIVE M.Tutberidze E. METHANE OF DUST COAL MIXTURE AND HYBRID A OF PROPERTIES EXPLOSIVE THE OF STUDY N. Bochorishvili, N. Chikhradze, E.Mataradze, MINERAL” EQUILIBRIUMANALYSIS “ THEOF HETEROGENEOUS I. Berdzenishvili, M. Siradze ANDHORIZONTAL EXTRUSION L. RESEARCH G. Baliashvili CAUCASUSDEPOSITSOF ORE GEOLOGICALGENESISOF SETTINGS OF IOSTRATIGR
Chagelishvili, B Basheleishvili - ENRICHMENT - AND ...... -
THRUSTINTERPRETATION BELT PROFILE USINGSEISMIC W AND IMPROVEMENT
OF RESOURCE POTENTIALTHEOF RESOURCE OF TECHNOGENIC DEPOSIT OF H RSAIIYO GOLD OF DRESSABILITY THE
D. Sakhvadze, APHY OF THEAPHYOF CRETACEOUS/PALEOGENE SEDIMENTS BOUNDARY ELDINGOF ,
F.
… .... B
. . ezhanovi Zakaraia ...... Godibadze, T. S ...... TEEL ......
E. Matinde ...... ,
ASSOCIATEDFOLDINGDEFO N ...... S ......
TABLE CONTENTS OF OF IMPACTOF HEETSOF . .... ze, R.Enageli, A. Shekiladze, S ...... arjveladze ......
Namicheishvili, A.Tutberidze, RT OF THE ACHARA OF RT EASTERN
...... ENDOGENOUS ......
- D CONTAINING POLY CONTAINING
RESISTANCE METHOD RESISTANCE IFFERENT
....
... - , LIKETHESOILS FROM ......
. L ...... T .. S. Marjanishvili
...... GAS GAS kemaladze ......
...... H
CAUCASUS ARDNESS ARDNESS ...... –
......
SOLUTION RMATIONS
...... ME ...... , .. V TA M. Tutberidze
......
... …………………..
- ...... TRIALE ...... LLIC ORES BY ORES LLIC T
– MID siklauri
…… ...... - ...... TI ......
......
2
1 1 1 7 3 29 2 2 2 2 19 18 4
6 4 1 1 7 5 3 1
3 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 4 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY
A. USAGE FOR L. Japaridze, N. Bochorishvil CEMENTATION ...... APLICATIONPOSIBILITIOF RESIDUAL OF COPPER OF SOLUTIONS Sh.Malashkhia, N. Lomidze, M. LOOSELONGATFOSSILS DIS HYDROMAIN PIPELINE Makharadze,L. Ster S. EXPLOSION DEVELOPMENT ……...... PROTECTION SYSTEM E. Mataradze, M. R G G. Khetsuriani, G. Lobjanidze, B. Kakhadze, MINIMIZATIONIN ROADDAMAGING OF FIRES OF TUNNELS FACTORS AND INCREASINGFOR TRANSFORMABLE PERIOD SYSTEMS EVACUATION Lanchava,O. G. Nozad MODELSHORIZONTALANDOF INCLINEDTUNNELS ROAD O TUNNELOF IN CASE AFFECT ADJUSTEDTHE EVACUATIONTHE TOOVER PERIOD MODEL MOTORCAR OF ESTIMATIONVENTILATION OF T. Kunchulia, Z. Khokerashvili, N. Arudashvili, Z. Lanchava GENESIS THEOF ALPINE VOLCANOGENICDE N. Popkhadze, G. Kharazishvili S. Kekelia, M. Kekelia, G.Asatiani, N. Gagnidze, GEORGIOF THE O CONTROL DEVELOPME L. Tavlalashvili A. MUKHRANI ARTESIAN BASIN HYDROCHEMICAL PECULIARITIES GEOTECHNICALPROBLEMS ABOUTTHERHEOLOG OF ROLE L. ESOURCES REEN REEN . .
Japaridze, Jghamadze Kartvelishvili, G. Nozadze, G. Kartvelishvili, K. Tavlalashvili, K L
C TK anchava, avtelashvili, URRENT
IBULI ...... E
...... CON OMY ANDCONOMY
SYSTEMS SYSTEMS A
NTOF ...... IN - SHAORI
T. S -
L HIMALAYANMOUNTAIN TATEOF
G
. Gobejishvili, G. Nanitashvili Makharadze ...... LOBALIZATION M NEWCONSTRUCTION OF
...... Chikhradze, N.Bochorishvili, NONPOSITS OF
BY USINGH MODERN 3D MODELLED FIRES .
B DEPOSIT ...... - TRANSPORT SYSTEM FOR TRANSPORTATIONFOR SYSTEM TRANSPORT SOLIDOF agnashvili
R C ze, Jangidze, M. S.Sebiskveradze ESEARCH ON RESOURCE BASE OF ESEARCHBASE ONRESOURCE URRENT y ...... TANCES akova, Sh. Naskidashvili Sh. akova,
...... … S ICAL PARAMETERS OF THE ROCKSIN THE PARAMETERSICALOF ......
i, M.i, Basiladze, N.Chighladze, S. , TREAM T. Butulashvili, G. Machaidze, UNDERGROUND ......
D. Tsanava, ..
......
Demetr ... OF FRESH UNDERGROUNDFRESH OF WATERS OF
-
A FERROUS METALS FERROUS THEOF CENTRAL SEGMENT Kandelaki ...... SPECTS OF SPECTS
………………………………………………….……...... DYNAMICSANDGEOMETRY TUNNEL ...... - BELT ANDORE PROBLEMSOF BELT ...... ashvili, ...... NONDESTRUCTIVE ALLSSENSORS ......
...... M. Jangidze, S.Sebiskveradze
...
...... MASTERING
.. COAL ......
...... M......
I. Akhvlediani
...... I. Mshvenieradze,
Losa ......
GASIFICATION …
be
...... NATURALPIGMENTS ...... M
rid ...... MAGNETC INERAL ......
ze ...... S. Kvavadze
......
......
......
......
METHOD ......
......
......
......
......
4 38 3 3 59 5 5 5 50 48 4 4 4
0 6 4 7 5 2 6 3 1
INVESTIGATIONAZAMBURITHEOF ANDWATER MIRABILITE LAKEMINE TO M. Mchedlishvili, T. Nasuashvili. AMASIA ASRIKCHAYAKHUMAND AND MASSIFS OPHIOLITETHE THEOLISOSTROMEOF OF CHARACTERISTICS COMPARATIVE OF PRE D. S THERMALLY CLAYBASED CEMENT/CONCRETEFOR ON ROCKS MODIFIED THEAACTIVETECHNOLOGY PRODUCINGADDITIVE FOR HIGHLY POZZOLANIC L. Gabunia, T. Petriashvili E. Shapakidze, R.Skhvitaridze, Gejadze, I. I. Kamushadze, WESTERNGEORGIA CHOKRAKIANOF SEDIMENTS MICROFAUNAOSTRACODES) TARKHANIANOF COMPLEXES (FORAMINIFERS, L. Popkhadze THEBRIL CLAY DEPOSIT N. Poporadze, R.Metreveli PRELIMINARYPLANNINGRECOMMENDATIONS GPR RESCUE FOR IN MINING D. BY FIXINGTHEIR IN IN MINING,ADITSLOCATIONOF BYRADIO THE OR PARTS THEREOF, AND IMAGE D. Odilavadze, T.Chelidze SAFETYEUROPEAN REQU THEFOR PROSPECTS DE L. Tavlalashvili, T. Kobidze G. Nozadze ,A.Kartvelishvili ,D. Pataraia, R. Maisuradze, COUNTER SYNTHESIS THE RESEARCHEXPLOSIVE CHEMICALOF OF STRUCTURE M. Nadirashvili, N. Chikhradze, S.Khomeriki, N. Abesadze EXPLOSIVES SYNTHESIS“MOLECULAR ANDOF FROM RESEARCHSOME COMPOUNDS’’ M. Nadirashvili, A. Apriashvili, G. Beinashvili, T. Iashvili METHOD . TERRITORYRESEARCHTHEADJARA OF V. Nadiradze FORAMINIFERS……………………………………………..... STAGE THEOF THEDEVELOPMENT OF UPPER Mikadze,Kh. N.Lapachishvili, N. Ikoshvili, M. Onophrishvili MOTOR TRANSPORT………………………………… STREET ESTIMATIONTBILISIPOLLUTIONOF NOISE ERISTAVI TORNIKEOF OF BY A. Mikaberi SULFATE OBTAINANHYDROUSSODIUM
Odilavadze, T. hengelia, T. Tsutsunava, G. Chichinadze, G. Beridze, Javakhishvili I. - SEVAN ...... dze, V.Gvakharia, T. Adamia ......
- AKERA(SOMKHIT BELT
Chelidze CLINATION FROM THE BY GEORADARFROM DAY CLINATION SURFACE ...... VELOPMENTMODERN OF ...... IREMENTS
......
......
...... - ...... KARABAKH TECTONI KARABAKH …… - - ALPINEOF METAMORPHITES THE LOKI, GURIA BY REMOTE SENSING GURIABY REMOTE .. ………………………………... CRETACEOUSPLANKTONIC ......
...... …………………………………… ......
CABLE CARCABLE ...... – ......
...... METHYLPICRATEBY ...... S IN GEORGIA ANDS C ZONE) C ......
......
......
...... …………….
......
......
...... - …… ......
.
6 6 6 6 8 8 8 78 7 7 7 7 7
8 5 3 1 4 2 0 6 4 3 1 0
5 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 6 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY
RISK J ECOLOGICALGEORGIAOF CONDITIONS FORMATIONSON THEOF IMPLICATIONS THEENVIRONMENT:FOR IMPROVEMENT GEOLOGICALEVALUATIONTHE ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACTCURRENT OF OF Z. Varazashvili FIRE CONDITIONS……… AND OPEN ANDBEHAVIORPLASTCONCRETE UNDERHIGH OF ELEVATEDTEMPERATURES L. Kirtadze A. Vanishvili, G. Abashi (PALAEOCENE SEDIMENTOLOGICAL A. Uchman, Z. Lebanidz USE VOLCANICGLASSES O G. G. S. Khutsish .
Ta
Beridze, I. Tsintskaladze, T...... S OF URBANIZATIONOF ANDS WAYSTHEM TO MINIMIZE t i shvili ......
vili, R. Chagelishvili, -
LOWER EOCENE BORJOMISUITE, GEORGIA) LOWEREOCENE Javakhishvili , A.
Giorgadze, Z. D. Chutkerashvili Kakulia, - ...... ICHNOLOGICAL ANALISISARDAGANI THE OF ICHNOLOGICAL
N THE TERRITORY N THE OF Kordzakhia, T. dze, D e, T. Beridze, N. Kobakhidze,
...... Tsverava, F. Bezhanov, …
D. Makadze, K. Koiava, N. Khundadze ......
Sharashenidz ......
GEORGIAAND PROSP ......
...... e, ...... M. … ...... K. Lobzhanidze,K.
...... S. Kvinikadze, Zautashvili, ...... ECTS THEIRFOR ......
...... - ...... 1 SECTION 1 ......
......
......
......
......
9 89 8 8 9 1 7 6 3
the fluid and the of component chloride sodium the by confirmed is factors, geological to addition me flu the in con lar, of participation type.Mississippi chloride. sodium to calciums defined clearly a of absence mine the composition, isotopic sulfur the in scatter wide ++ th contents, copper low from zinc, and barium lead of separation spatial Caucasus: Greater the of slope Southern the of Gagra the within barium and zinc lead, of deposits com wa of component deep the oxide s of profile chloride sodium gi durin fixed that is tran of stage this is It formed. are barium from When formed. are sediments ore amorphous of bodies concentrated rocks, sedimentary volcanic copper molybdenum. c low with concentrationsgrams sulfur intens of li per va pyrite pyrite, copper Cau the of deposits endogenous the in
cal zoning,cal near tives of fundamentally identical abyssal chloride abyssal identical fundamentally of tives fluids and HS0 and fluids ta t by studi isotopic rast to the above, are characterized by a high concentration of carbon dioxide carbon of concentration high a by characterized are above, the to rast position.
morphogenic waters. The presence of a abyssal component in the system, in system, the in component abyssal a of presence The waters. morphogenic ra tive potential, occurring against a background of a decrease in the fraction of fraction the in decrease a of background a against occurring potential, tive another source, medium source, another
3. T 2. th of deposits the to Common or sedimentary host the with interaction and dilution, sharp boiling, During high fluids, primary of gradualcooling With 1. I. JavakhishviliI. Tbilisi State University, A.Tvalchrelidze Caucasian Institut lo hese deposits hese
A study of the chemistry, concentration and pressure of ore of pressure and concentration chemistry, the of study A A eois f antimony of Deposits gical zoning, and the evolution the and zoning, gical id, which has mainly a crustal source and enters the system together with together system the enters and source crustal a mainly has which id, number of specif of number net, u wt lre eevs f h ueu component useful the of reserves large with but ontents, ENDOGENOUS OF DEPOSITS ORE
they are recrystallized by residual or reconstituted diluted solutions diluted reconstituted or residual by recrystallized are they
endogenous fl endogenous GEOLOGICAL SETTINGS OF OFGENESIS sulfur isotopic composition. sulfur isotopic
g fluidinclu - - critical critical 4 , the presence of hydro of presence the , es. -
are controlled are po
ly Mineralof Resources, metallic and copper and metallic crystallization tem e fud, n na meteorite near and fluids, ter ic olutions, synbate changes in temperature, salinity and salinity temperature, in changes synbate olutions, sion andisotope uids in the in uids - - features are characterized by vein and metasomatic metasomatic and vein by characterized are features low l tee in ae expr are signs these All rei wt gl ad gold and gold with arsenic D. AREVADZE -
by temperature deposits of cop of deposits temperature ese formations are: vertical or or vertical are: formations ese deep e absence of anhydrite in the prese the in anhydrite of absence e ca i of ore of r formation, whi formation, r
u sos ht opyy opr skarn, copper, porphyry that shows sus
ter. faults s car
for Tbilisi, Georgia. pe
- - - barit geochemical studies. os n rs n fud nlsos a inclusions, fluid and ores in bons ratures ofearlyassociations, mineral forming solutions from bicarbo from solutions forming
ma
and it is im is it and
- in f rmr aopos ores amorphous primary of tion e - temperature deposits are formed formed are deposits temperature - Java zone and the Okriba uplift Okriba the and zone Java sodium bri sodium - THE polymetallic deposits are deri are deposits polymetallic ch is indicated, in parti in indicated, is ch se i dpst o the of deposits in essed
CAUCASUS
nerl ufr isotopic sulfur integral - p sul o nes and heavy metal heavy and nes ssible fide formations, in in formations, fide p er, lead, zinc and zinc lead, er,
lateral mine lateral
-
forming fluids fluids forming to —
exclude
n porphyry ce of Ca of ce e
na ra
cu the lo te - - - -
7 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 8 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY indicatorgold of needle and copper porphyry mine the unambig minerals authigenic systems: hydrothermal of content ore potential the ssing an intermediate state(S °,S oxidation is hydrocarbons of role the and metals, heavy of compounds thiocomplex stabilize to is dioxide carbon of role The (U). Au, W, Hg, hydrocarbon ride forma the to leading ma terial by metamorphic and oil waters signi waters oil and metamorphic by terial - oim lis om deposit form fluids sodium 4. 5.
The phase composition of fluid inclusions is a reliable criterion for asse for criterion reliable a is inclusions fluid of composition phase The stud systems the all In ra iain pr lization - rich fluids rich - su uously indi uously lfide and lfide tion of deposits of certain ore formations: the initial deep chlo deep initial the formations: ore certain of deposits of tion fl (antt ad hematite and (magnetite ofile -
Pb, Zn, Ba, (Sz), and carbon and (Sz), Ba, Zn, Pb, antimony ca - ie arsenopyrite like ied, a deep component is detec is component deep a ied, te the potential ore content of fluids and determine and fluids of content ore potential the te o M, e (o S) C, n P ad Ba; and Pb Zn, Cu, Sn), (Wo, Fe, Mo, of s + - arsenic 4 ).
fi mineralization cantly changes their specialization, specialization, their changes cantly
- to stabilize sulfur complexes with complexes sulfur stabilize to
gold -
skarn - - dioxide rei) lqi CO liquid arsenic); - rn r, cha ore, iron .
- ted. Introduced core core Introduced ted. rich fluids rich
ore ore l co - daughter
Sb, As, Sb, 2 pyrite
s an is - - -
9 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 10 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY
unchanged h carried is impact The method. the issue of the height and the technical and scientific modern, the of one is provement area; ma impact; repeated swallowing, specimen, the with contact of pattern [1 improved be to need step and from unchan the impact hammer determine the impact testing. metal in used mainly and limitedare methods Izod and Charpydevice.complicated a requiresbomb Impact and Blasting, Impact bomb, impact energy, which at the specimen not does destruct. of Unit measurement Joule/m capacity. bearing of loss VIII VII VI IV III tion V II
I Variant of
hammer impacthammer and height, stepsize
mat eitne s eitvt sld oy influence body solid resistivity is resistance Impact testing ha a using performed was test impact specimen basalt A im determining of method the into research Therefore, hammer the of simplicity the Despite the of tool main The At present, the following methods determining Impact resis Impact determining methods following the present, At cakn, dynam cracking, , 23;24;25;26;27 18;19;20;21 14;15;16;17 Specimen# 9;10;11;12 5;6;7;8 1;2;3;4 eight [5] 22 13
G.
RESEARCH
BALIASHVILI
[3 resistance
ging complete height until (Tab , Drop 4] step height - Impact anging 5]: /0,30 /0,28 /0,24 0, 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 . In another way, the impact resistance impact the way, another In n/h c, specimens ics, / 12 . The methodinvo
- unch
L. T 8 5 3 1 Weight 1). step size The drop The impact hammer con hammer impact Drop , m
G. Tsulukidze Mining Institute, Tbilisi / / / / /
of rocks, concr
Mean valueMean of test results
KEMALADZE RESISTANCE METHODRESISTANCE out at varying hei varying at out
AND IMPROVEMENT - Not Not specimen, weight Heightof , Char Failure Failure , 0,025 0,033 0,048 0,063 0,157 0,30 0,24 F. BEZHANOVI F. failure
H - of the hammer im weight
py andIzod impa
(Hereinafter (Hereinafter
decomposition; decomposition; so on
ete, ceramics andother materials.
lves repeatedfrom impacting increasinglves energy,J/m method is relati is method Impact
6,00 4,80 10,8 11,2 14,0 14,4 26,3 impact E ,
. figuration, weight, impact velocity, impact weight, figuration, i V
failure
. g TSIKLAURI t wt constant with hts
, N pact - ehd te olwn issues following the method,
failure,m 0,00110 0,00113 0,00116 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 Areaof
hammer
of the ct test. test. methodct The blastingof . SARJVELADZE A . 2
118 111 114 119 123
i d issues.
OF IMPACT vely simple and is used to used is and simple vely
etermina
Imp
is the amount of relative of amount the is tance [1, 2] are applied are 2] [1, tance
p specimen
act resistance act
energy destruction destruction act
R
impact 10090 122 12101 21382 The paper presents paper The 5455 3000 9153 elative E
energy without without energy in f rupture of tion r 81
J/m m s
step size step
ample defo ample mer 2 ) method is method ) .
, resistanc
I Table 1 17106 mpact 4364 2400 7322 9825 9681 J/m impact 872 I e –
r 2
2 .
and
im
r - - :
11 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY
12 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY
VI a of impact the on calculated is impact the when between impact of resistance thevalues the issmall. obtained thus s impact step. 1.25. byand (1)(2): formulas Ienergy option VI in in option ofdecomposition and is21382, is3000 com or harden not densityare sma and size cone much faster, the of im graduallyincrease sam the of surface the below formed is from aheight of24 cm speci the variant, VI In strokes. seventeen tep - VIII, sea, lake wave, ri VIII, lake sea, wave,
Fig. a
pacts The the variant, first the In eedn o te ak te prpit test appropriate the task, the on Depending ) cm 6.5 of average an V to II variants Including E E Relative between Relationship (3) Formula I reliability= K coefficient table; the presentedin definitionis Ai Ei Er Where: I E relative The Variant n Figure 1 Figure n r r r r = E =1777,6n =2E = E
(a); (4)(a);
failure temper r
i i /K (2) +0,6n /A
VI does not have a gradual impact on the spec the on impact gradual a have not does VI Fig. 1.Relationship graph between rela i i Fig. (1) 2 is p is mechanism of the samples can be formu be can samples the of mechanism ed, d - 2 Impact 37468n+12518; R 37468n+12518; -
at ad s rkn y snl bo. hrfr, h relative the Therefore, blow. single a by broken is and pact,
301767n+22681 with the impacts. the with
resented a resented (b) and(b) thecorrelation are as coefficient follows harden I . mpact
ver energy and energy s,
impact impact step compact
r elationship graph betweenelationshipgraph (a) I (a) ; R
, wind,avalanchevariant 2 step is 1 cm and the and cm 1 is step It can be said that the sample under theunderaction sample the that Itsaid becan = 0,9019(4) - impact resistance impact V variantV ed, 2 p = 0,8574(3) le. In le. m resists theimpact andislate breaking. en was was en
b ller than ller ) Variant ;
b) IIb) tive impact energy and
bomb
destructed etuto e destruction - variant is used. For example, example, For used. is variant V variant). V
Variant step are, respectively, calculated respectively, are, I, the cone size and density and size cone the I, , it is advisable to use the the use to advisable is it , relat la spec is used. The difference The used. is ted as ted i
II ve
by a hammer hammer a by i I, the specimen does I, thespecimen
m i - m
nergy and impact impact and nergy i en, the process is process the en, V.
mpact en
follows. A cone cone A follows.
: is failure into into failure is
joules /m
energy impact
and and 2
.
REFERENCES 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.
rceig o Goga Tcncl nvriy № , 41, bls, 09 (in 2009 Tbilisi, (471), 1, № University, force. dynamic Technical and Georgian). static Georgian of influence of the under Proceedings rocks of destruction of methods Gurchume F., Bezhanovi G., Baliashvili Materials Journal Volume A. Badr Interna Technology; Dafedil testing. weigthimpact S. Elavenil Submitted theto Graduate School Eng of B. Batarlar Concrete 544.2R ACI
and Ashraf F. Ashour; Ashour; F. Ashraf and ;
Behaviour of Reinforsed concrete s concrete Reinforsed of Behaviour
-
v 9 Rapoe 19) Maueet f Pro of Measurement 1999). (Reapproved 89 n Sme GM KihIpc rsos o pla of response KnightImpact G.M. Samuel and olume 7, i ssue 1
102 , i .
Modified ACI Drop ACI Modified ssue
4 . Appears on pages(s): inl Universi tional i lia L., Sarjveladze N., Rukhadze T. Optimal T. Rukhadze N., Sarjveladze L., lia ne ering and Sciences labs subjected to impact loads impact to subjected labs - Weight Impact Weight y Jou ty pe
249 r is f ie Reinforced Fiber of ties ,
July 2013 nl f cec and Science of rnal - 255; Date:255;
Test e udr drop under tes
for ,
Izmir
7/1/2005 Concrete; a
; Thesis
;
13 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 14 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY mo in and limbs their on identified are vergence fo main the no the on observed also car Cretaceous Upper in village Avenisi on and Ananuri) of village the near well stri the along i.e. established, are eastward and so the vergence south back are that folds large of directions (2017 here tablished work field our of result some the are respect this in interesting hori be should which direction, main of direction di the case, de local of sign a and directions folds. large of arrangement lar of se is structures folded defotectonic bylocal maycaused it be tec lar struc byspecific as well dif bycharacterized is form each where folding, is layer bending plane ortilting foldtakes ofthe inthe horizontal vertical place. the when form folds Similar horizontal. or dipping gently are plane axial lay the of bending by 2 plane. vertical the ben by formed are which flexure, fold gentle a and plane axial cal mai are types three deformations, ana the on Based forces. compressive main defo intersec the of changes multiple by caused often zontal compre zontal - observed in the Didi Didi the in observed ger folded structures. structures. folded ger In the folded zones structural associations are widesp are associations structural zones folded the In The horizontal vertical, of formation the Thus, It of associated withthe foldsis orientationformation ofthe knownthat is the tonic object may be caused by a change in th in change a by caused be may object tonic u etos f h fro the of sections A. Janelidze Institute Geology of Tbilisiof State University, Tbilisi, Georgia hr soe sal parasitic small slope, thern ting folds and faults thatsubsequently and foldsandting folded soon. faults HORIZONTAL EXTRUSION AND ASSOCIATED FOLDINGHORIZONTAL AND EXTRUSION ASSOCIATED
purpose l r large ded structures ded e ction - -
h oinain f hi a their of orientation the
linear, la linear, plicative s
si o
- of f on.
Horizontal folds Horizontal ers in a hor a in ers c this work this o the
tu n r thern periphery thern n d ral associations.ral ti Jakha river gorge river Jakha
tal strip of the Greater Caucasus southern slope. As a a As slope. southern Caucasus Greater the of strip tal
a structures, Often their spat their Often are tudinal, plicative structures spread in the frontal part of of part frontal the in spread structures plicative tudinal, seconda ry, parasitic folds, which are which folds, parasitic ry, Usually, acco Usually, L.
DEFORMATIONS c
is to is haracterized by north vergence, north by haracterized BASHELEISHV - fo eastern end of the Adjar the of end eastern izontal plane. 3 3 plane. izontal nly distinguished: 1 distinguished: nly 09, eodr prstc od wr frt es first were folds parasitic secondary 2019), asso r
ry parasitic folds does not coincide with the the with coincide not does folds parasitic ry ma the left bank of the Aragvi the of bank left the tutrs ih xa pla axial with structures
identify such such identify but cia ground for the region. Thus, in the limbs of limbs the in Thus, region. the for ground - rma tion in the rocks can be determined. In our our In determined. be can rocks the in tion
with a vertical hinge. The above is formed formed is above The hinge. vertical a with
t of t of bo
ed with lateral extrusion extrusion lateral with ed
they make an an an make they r Change of deformationof Change tions. One One tions. ial orientation coin orientation ial xial planes does not coincide with the the with coincide not does planes xial structures, these of location the to ding na (the right tributary of the Aragvi river, river, Aragvi the of tributary right (the lysis of the structural forms of folded folded of forms structural the of lysis he e li te
r ke. ferent dynamics and kinematics, as kinematics, and dynamics ferent Adjara ma - ILI n etns Smlr tutrs are structures Similar mestones.
and lying folds is a process of of process a is folds lying and e tension field, at the same time time same the at field, tension e Lying folds Lying tion background, in particular, particular, in background, tion o stru specific
These structures are especially especially are structures These cl
- of the most common forms of forms common most the of
i Vertical folds Vertical - a ar nal Trialeti a often located in the lim the in located often - g Trialeti folded zone and zone folded Trialeti re le of up to 90˚ with the the with 90˚ to up of le e di nes ad. Their formation i formation Their ad. r ci neet (Saskhori angements
r
des with the spat the with des folded zone, folded c - i
ver, on the road to road the on ver,
tu
and the hinge and the the and hinge the style ding the layer in in layer the ding res. The objects objects The res. p of rocks during rocks of ping westward westward ping
- folds of west of folds
with a verti a with of a of
particu
where where ial bs s - - -
meridional compression. horizontal deforma f differ with folds parasitic secondary fo Salo western in in Tbilisi, ass structural Similar village). le structures. olded
lded system vertically the me), hs te ata mtra poie b te uhr indi author the by provided material factual the Thus,
Oligocene in chara tions virgation is identified. In the In identified. is virgation adja
the so ce n uthern limb t -
Lower to the meridional section of the regional Saskhori regional the of section meridional the to cte hs actu This itc f ha ad oiotl xrso udr con under extrusion horizontal and shear of ristic disposed tothe fault pla
icn thin Miocene of al o the Saburtalo syncline oflatitudinal direc syncline the Saburtalo ly ly ci a ofrs h ie of idea the confirms ti
n ae bevd n h Bgb stlmn of settlement Bagebi the in observed are ons r. n spa ent - Ted aee san layered za mi il rettos ihn the within orientations tial ne isestabli
gorge (on the way to the village the to way the (on gorge d ston s casca a es the presence of folded folded of presence the sh ca e d. tes the presence of of presence the tes
de of folds of of folds of de - Ideleti f Ideleti ti on, whe on, di
regional regional in of tions ault a a ault
of of re
15 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 16 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY – acrystal through [4]. passing the solubility expected. ofsilicate not mineralsis car dioxide “carbon 3]. [2, of solubility the by determined is concentration its and temperature, constant a at composition constant a has phase, independent an is saturatedsolution equilib in phase is The that solute. solution a is solution saturated A system. analyzed the gas ontheequilibrium andstate phase the solid parameters [1]. mutu the of question the to paid is attention CaCO
solution solution bon dioxi bon
rgnl rsa sse ad ih ry ae erce i to ifrn ways, different two in refracted are rays light and system crystal trigonal To analyze the heterogeneous equilibrium “gas “gas equilibrium heterogeneous the analyze To And so here we are again coming back to the equilibrium in a system a in equilibrium the to back coming again are we here so And T system the in equilibrium heterogeneous analyzing when article, this In 3. Gas phase. phase2. Solid insolution; 1. Solution; Thus, thestudied systemincludes three phases: corresponds theequ solution It asaturated to noted, that is
3 o mgs r seen are images wo
mineral from the class of natural carbonates depends on the pressure of of pressure the on depends carbonates natural of class the from mineral ANALYSIS OFANALYSIS HE THE Fig. 1.The calcite crystal lattice; calcite is birefringent a material –
CaCO de above the solution. On the other hand, the influence of gas on the on gas of influence the hand, other the On solution. the above de –
solution
Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi, Georgia 3 " ,
I.BERDZENISHVILI,M. SIRADZE “GAS
that is determined ofconsiderablethat is geology. interest for the rium between the solution and the solute is dynamic. A A dynamic. is solute the and solution the between rium –
calcite mineral”, it is shown is it mineral”, calcite on –
SOLUTION SOLUTION
i. 1. Fig. TEROGENEOUS EQUILIBRIUM
s o cn see, can you As al influence of the chemical nature of of nature chemical the of influence al
–
MINERAL”
–
solution solution that the dissolution of a of dissolution the that
t e calcite he
i equilibrium with a a with equilibrium librium state of the state oflibrium the –
mineral”, special special mineral”,
the substance the [4]
eog to belongs
" CO 2
4. 3. 2. 1. REFERENCES controls theextent hydrogen ofrivers, and other lakes naturalwaters. index tem thatwas initiallyto closed the of solubility the se, fixed of greatlyinfluenced mixtures wereusing aprogram. performed computer de
red and compiled. The calculations of the component compositions of saturated of compositions component the of calculations The compiled. and red https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/images/493 Calcite Crystal Birefringence. 256 p.(in Russian). Kasat “ Discipline BerdzenishviliI. p. Bulakh A.G., Krivovich V.G. Mineralogical Encyclopaedia /Ed.. Sakpate
(in Russian According to the experimental results, the dissolution of carbonate rocks is rocks carbonate of dissolution the results, experimental the to According three a in interactions possible all of Schemes be should It kina I.V., Proxorova I.V., kina nti”, Certificate of deposit Textbook. /
).
emphasized that practically the considered equilibrium to a large large a to equilibrium considered the practically that emphasized Foundations of SolutionsTheory of Foundations
CaCO
–
Tbilisi: Т P CO . М 3
2 CO mineral in solution is solution in mineral ., Fedorenko ., above the solu the above 2 National
solubilitymineral reduced times. is several of # 7583 .
16 - Е calcite nelcul rpry etr of Center Property Intellectual .V. Physical ChemisPhysical .V. .0 tion. In the presence of presence Inthe tion. 1 .201
and Mo and - crysta
9 - . component syste component 4 215 p , l 61 dern Techniques of TeachingdernofTechniques - birefringence 10 . (in Georgian).(in 4 mol – try
L: Nedra, 1985. / . dm М 3
.: RIOR, 2013. RIOR, .: , . CO
m are consi are m but in a sys a in but 2
gas pha gas
Georgia
512
- - -
17 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 18 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY of Georgia(SRNSFG) Sens Cube7 and Motion fla pro exp the study to sensors flame sys cham explosion of consists tube shock The 16425. GB/T ASTM 14034, EN standard: EU to according meth and dust coal Insti of mixture Mining the of the ability at chamber explosion the in constructed was ma flam / ignition and deflagration detonation, the determine to aim the with Institute mine coal Tkibuli methane with mixture the one to Institute grate. composition rial dif for account to found studies no are there Finally, mixture. entire the of flammability and intensity sion the mix combined of result a as effects interaction the therefore and quantities independent as treated are dust 9 and died people 10 explosions two were Tkibuli. in2018 seriously injured of result a As field. coal (Georgia) Shaori explo mo decade, e by caused countries, various occurredin past the During year. every explosions com mining t mines, capa rto i suid ih high with studied is gration bility of the coal dust and met and dust coal the of bility stud no are re tem of metered supply of water, metha water, of supplymetered of tem cesses and devices recording the oscillogram measurements oscillogram the recording devices and cesses iiis ie t peetn te expl the preventing to aimed bilities in rep sions This research was supported was research This presents paper This li The scienti in improvements significant the Notwithstanding
STUDY OF THE EXPLOSIVE PROPERTIES OF A HYBRID HYBRID A OF PROPERTIES EXPLOSIVE THE OF STUDY he accidents in mine in accidents he terature analysis reveal that the explosions caused by methane and coal and methane by caused explosions the that reveal analysis terature munity
determine the coal dust frac dust coal the determine re 3 DUST COAL AND METHANE OF MIXTURE Hinman Consulting Engineers, Inc, SanFrancisco, U et sros su fr h atv mns prtn i Tki in operating mines active the for issue serious a sent of coal, affects the mixture and its ability to explode and/or defla and/or explode to ability its and mixture the affects coal, of ies found about the coal dust quantity com quantity dust coal the about found ies N. BOCHORISHVILI N. 2 . 1 The experimental studies are currently cond currently are studies experimental The Georgian Technical University, University, Technical Georgian E. MATARADZE E. G. Tsulukidze Mining Institute, Tbilisi, Georgia Tbilisi, Institute, Mining Tsulukidze G. .
eea hnrd ies i o aqie eiu inju serious acquire or die miners hundred Several – fe BLITZ EoSens mini2).
ue f ehn ad ol ut s elce. Furthermore, neglected. is dust coal and methane of ture Project: rent site conditions, such as physical, chemical and ma and chemical physical, as such conditions, site rent
s caused by caused s the studies conducted at G. Tsulukidze G. at conducted studies the and establish dangerous concentrations threshold for threshold concentrations dangerous establish and - oie rpris co properties, losive pe vdo aea (oes MtoBIZ Eo MotionBLITZ (models: cameras video speed
YS hane mixture. For this purpose, a new shock tube shock new a purpose, this For mixture. hane
by Shota Rustaveli Natio Rustaveli Shota by - 1 1 9 , S. MARJANISHIVILI S. , - 421 1
, N. CHIKHRADZE N. ,
ne, solid particles, fuel, high pressure and and pressure high fuel, particles, solid ne, xplosion of methane and coal dust. These These dust. coal and methane of xplosion explosions remain the main challenge of of challenge main the remain explosions tion influence on the explosion severity explosion the on influence tion in o mtae n ca ds i coal in dust coal and methane of sions .
a standard E1226 and Chinese stan Chinese and E1226 standard ne in the shock tube will be defined be will tube shock the in ne
Tbilisi, Georgia Tbilisi, mputer module managing the the managing module mputer e hn 0 eiu accidents serious 50 than re e,scinl ie, the pipes, sectional ber, nal Science Foundation Foundation Science nal po 1,2 sition affects explo affects sition u 3 .
ueTe explo tute.The c
, The mix The SA
fic and technical technical and fic ted at the Mining the at ted
tu ries from from ries
Mining Mining re`s de re`s
bu dard dard sive li te – ------
afte The 2). and 1 Fig. (see technological of parameters properties. nical metal soft and Science Materials and rgy out carried were different. radically their and g/cm3, 7.9 to 7.8 from varies and other each from much differ during sives metal plates arefundamentally different. physico other and composition chemical stu our In other. each from much differ not do plates welded the of perties pro mechanical and physical the that fact the to due is This [1,2]. process welding col of which point of means the at generated is particles of stream Scie ved. Physico zone. ma tai configur and size welding to alternative other no is There the of regardless surface, contact entire the ned terials obtained by this method are characterized by high strength o strength high by characterized are method this by obtained terials r the explosion. r the explo the after and before steel alloy the of structure The 6ЖВ Ammonite diffe two weld to allows method welding explosive The
Fig. 1.The structure of alloy steel multi T. NAMICHEISHVILI n 2 LEPL Ferdinand Tavadze Metallurgy and Materials Science Institute ti fic studies have suggested that during the during that suggested have studies fic - layered explosive - before EXPLOSIVE ehncl pro mechanical ones the surface self surface the o During n the samples the n
Hardness 1 . Each plate differed in its chemical composition and me and composition chemical its in differed plate Each . E. CHAGELISHVILI G. Tsulukidze Mini
explosion ape of samples
and its mixtures with ammonium nitrate were used as explo as used werenitrate ammonium with mixtures its and welding [3]. The den The [3]. welding figures
welding Institute D explosive
values IFFERENT W
pe
2 ELDING OF - clearly show the defec the show clearly
, A. , cleaning of the metal plates takes place before the before place takes plates metal the of cleaning rties of the transition layer are noticeably impro noticeably are layer transition the of rties casted and rolled and casted oh lt n clnrcl shapes. cylindrical and flat both Tbilisi, Georgia hard welding for tested were plates of pairs 20 . range from 20 to 54 HRC. Experime HRC. 54 to 20 from range
TUTBERIDZE ng Institute, Tbilisi wel
of of
n sf mtl lts te kinem the plates, metal soft and -
mechanical properties of the two wel two the of properties mechanical dingexperimentally been have studied. 1 H different metals and alloys. We have We alloys. and metals different , B. GODIBADZE, Fig. 2.The structure of ARDNESS si S ty of ty TEEL
by 2 the welded materials does not does materials welded the li , explosive welding explosive in f h meta the of sion Ferdi , Georgia t M. TUTBERIDZE S
HEETS OF structure of the alloy steel steel alloy the of structure e xplosion nand nand 1 , rent metal plates on plates metal rent
to o te plate. the of ation alloy Tavadze Metallu Tavadze
in a studied was sion
h composite The
steel aftersteel f the welding the f plates, l hardness , a mo a , ntal works works ntal , 1
dies, the dies, tc and atic hard ving cha
ded ob by
is ------
19 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 20 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 3. 2. 1. REFERENCES heterogeneous plates. ve been expe studied techno and Kinematic materials. softer
Novosibirsk B B. Zlobin go W. Babul Deribas A.A., Zakharenko I.D. FGV (ФГВ), 1974.10.3 imetal ,1970, 19,No5, 143. h rsls f h research the of results The pla different The Billet
Dvlpet f thes of “Development iltn osoa kdma ehiza m Jaros im. Techniczna Akademia Wojskowa Biuletyn ,
Fig. 4.Explosive 2000
B earings
(in Russian) rimentally (Experimentswell). continue onother materialsas
tes of high hardness have been welded with the substantially the with welded been have hardness high of tes
U Fig. 3.Structure weldingin zone sing - . welded steel plateswelded steel differentof hardness
E xplosion
S odce so ta i i psil t obtain to possible is it that show conducted ientific logical parameters of explosive welding ha welding explosive of parameters logical
W B el asis for the the for asis ding.”
hss f otrl dissertation doctoral of Thesis (in Russian)(in
M anufa
; ; c aa Dąbrow ława turing
P oes of rocess
skie
- - . inc with explosives industrial modern of characteristics basic the all determine eva to technique additional de been have gunpowder colloidal utilized of the of results the of reliability the to calculations performed usingthemathe led results modeling computer and cal lation analytical of combination The program. computer DUNAS LS ANSIS the mo computer the and developed was mo simulation the solution, analytical the by obtained data geom and allow This geometry. specific exp the of modeling Computer 2. and explosion, the of result a as bomb the of wall the on load the of solution analytical An 1. ments: la t new a Designing research. for conditions luable co realization tual co their through only possible is processes cal was detector developedand adesigned was new [2]. det their utilized of basis the on developed based ontheanalysis research followingwascarried ofthe estab out,the in involved was Institute Mining re dif environmental and economic some with associated are which ms, sub sto safe have economy, national the of cts 2. 1. ting the strength of the me the of strength the ting fore, its solution requires an in an requires solution its fore, m
ject to utilization by bur by utilization to ject p material andtechnical base. res new a of elaboration plo values characteristic main the of Determination factured ontheir basis. charac energy and detonation ex standard to inferior not is gunpowder colloidal Utilized uter graphics, in terms of visuals and perception of the proc the of perception and visuals of terms in graphics, uter Based on the research, new methods for determining the performance ability ability performance the determining for methods new research, the on Based physi investigated being of prediction comprehensive a sense, modern the In indus of class new of prescriptions optimal Accordingly, Explosives IMPROVEMENT METHODS OFRESEARCH OF BASIC THE ie dvlpd n h bss f uti of basis the on developed sives onation and ener and onation et CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYSICALPROCESSES AND OFCHARACTERISTICS ri N. CHIKHRADZE,I.VARSHANIDZE, KHOMERIKI, S. cal dimensions through a simple analytical dependence. Ba dependence. analytical simple a through dimensions cal
of the exp the of containing military containing G D. KHOMERIKI,G. SHAT .
Tsulukidze Mining Institute THERMODYNAMICSYSTEMS gy characteristics, a detonation speed recording device [1] [1] device recording speed detonation a characteristics, gy e ri
ni ment, and in the course of processing the results using results the processing of course the in and ment, tal earch methodology and the creation of an appro an of creation the and methodology earch ng or exploding in accordance with international no international with accordance in exploding or ng ut explosiv luate ed to op to ed - clad. This was performed by computational experi computational by performed was This clad.
- the ongoing scientific research in this regard, and regard, this in research scientific ongoing the te depth study of the issue. The Grigol Tsulu Grigol The issue. the of study depth colloid ri - stics, and industrial explosives may be manu be may explosives industrial and stics, engineering products, engineering de timize the explosion chamber cladding, mass cladding, chamber explosion the timize ma ling of the explosion was performed using performed was explosion the of ling dal gunpowder and, in order to determine to order in and, gunpowder dal
ti ra cal modelcal [2]. li s Ad t a bcm psil to possible become has it And es. ge and shelf life, after which they are they which after life, shelf and ge e clodl upwe rqie the requires gunpowder colloidal zed m , Tbilisi, Georgia veloped, BERASHVILI pu ype of calorimeter requires calcu requires calorimeter of ype ter modeling, ter
of a new class of industrial ex industrial of class new a of lo
in rcs i abm of bomb a in process sion which
as well as other produ other as well as de trial explosives were explosives trial
o te calorimeter the of l
p can losives in terms of terms in losives
which allows vir allows which ess creates inva creates ess
be used as an an as used be fi cu
lished [1]: lished sed on the on sed lties. The lties. pria ki dze cu te r ------
- -
21 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 22 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 2. 1. REFERENCES facturing iscurrently ofwhich underway. calorimeter of type new a by diameters crisis reased
f eoain hme fr xeietl eemnto o Thermodynamic of Determination Experimental 2018, Prague, 2018.p.p. 129 for ChamberExplosives Modern of Characteristics Detonation of J S., Khomeriki I., Varshanidze N., Chikhradze Miningof andGeology", Tbi Scie Annual 5th Process. Physical a as Detonation Chikhr
de . Koeii . Vrhnde . Arahii . Ku A., Apriashvili I., Varshanidze S., Khomeriki N., adze
- lisi, 2018 153.
. ,
Multi p.p, 47
- Disciplinary World Symposium WMESS Symposium World Disciplinary - 96; avakhishvili G., Khomeriki D. Creation D. Khomeriki G., avakhishvili
ntific Conference "Current Problems "Current Conference ntific design ned by us, the manu the us, by ned chu hde Z. khidze - 3. 2. 1. REFERENCES Frontal of Part EasternAchara [grantScience(SRNSF) Foundation are mainly structures perspective that reveals represented byorstructural a duplex wedge. profile seismic The structures. propaga thick strata Cretaceous Upper wed the and wedge structural a byrepresented is complex ral train the and zone wed structural north by represented complexes structural zoic de the in involved rocks t data geology surface the inter Our 3]. 2, [1, Acha the of inversion caused processes building tain Arabia with ciated asso orogen Caucasus Lesser collisional active the of part northern the in located t of part
erin at f ua oead od n trs bl: mlcto fr ae Alpine Late for implication belt: thrust and fold k foreland Kura of struc part Georgian Growth 2017. N. Razmadze K.,A.,Tsereteli Gogrichiani O., Enukidze R., Chagelishvili A., Chabukiani V., Alania and Surrounding Region, Geo Petroleum and Regional Robinson) E. (ed. In: Georgia. of Acharathe RobinsonWill G., A. J., BanksC. Geophysical Research Abstracts 21, EGU2019 (Dzegvi Struc 2019. Chabukiani. A. Bluashvili, D. Alania, V. Enukidze, O. 185; ACHARA nmtc vlto. elgcl oit, odn Seil Publica Special London, Society, Geological evolution. inematic - STRUCTURAL OF MODEL FRONTAL PART - Ter kne structu skinned
cnwegmn: T Acknowledgement: inter structural integrated an of results the present We
e aog eahet ho detachment along ted ti e atr Achara eastern he ary rocks. rocks. ary - Kavtiskhevi area) of the eastern Achara eastern the of area) Kavtiskhevi - Trialeti fold ge. The upper structural complex is represented by a shal a by represented is complex structural upper The ge. -
Tbilisi State University, M. Nodia Institute Geophysics of TRIALE gle tip is located i located is tip gle - pre Eurasia convergence and represents a good exam good a represents and convergence Eurasia
The seismic profile reveals the presence of upper and lower lower and upper of presence the reveals profile seismic The [2, e o esen ATFTB eastern of res tation has integrated seismic profiles, several oil wells, and wells, oil several profiles, seismic integrated has tation -
[
3]. PROFILE INTERPRETATION - 1]. The collision between the between collision The 1]. for
TI FOLDTI belt andthe adjacentbelt Rioni and foreland Kartli basins, Republic n south and o reveal structural cha structural reveal o [2 pp
The - mation range from Paleozoic basement rocks to Meso to rocks basement Paleozoic from range mation i wr ws upre b Soa Rus Shota by supported was work his raei fold Trialeti , . ra 331 3 - Trialeti: implicationTrialeti: for oil - ] seismic profile shows that the structures main structures the that shows profile seismic Trialeti extensional basin during the Miocene time time Miocene the during basin extensional Trialeti Struc . – ri O. ENUKIDZE iams M. P. (1997). Struc(1997). P. M. iams 346; - os ihn h cvr eeaig thin generating cover the within zons n Middle Miocene deposits. The lower struc lower The deposits. Miocene Middle n AND - # egn trss nor thrusts, vergent tu
ua cross tural PHDF e, igbc bsn ad rwh taa of strata growth and basins piggyback res, - - and
THRUST BELT USING SEISMIC BELT THRUST
- - - hut etAFB. h AFB is ATFTB The belt(ATFTB). thrust 7598 18 a for was - rac Trialeti fold Trialeti -
1967. 2 1967. - - section shows that building of of building that shows section teristics of eastern ATFTB. The The ATFTB. eastern of teristics 2.
Ara e b bsmn wedges basement by med tu OF EASTERN THE - - 3 D Structural Models of StructuralD Models 3 re and regionalandof tectonics re th bian and Eurasian plates Eurasian and bian gas exploration]
pret - - and ge tip is located in the in located is tip ge egn dpe, and duplex, vergent logy of the Black Sea Black the of logy ta - thrust belt, G belt, thrust in 48 p. 171 pp. 428, tions tion of the frontal the of tion tu re of frontal part frontal of re
ta veli National National veli p le of moun of le low triangle triangle low - skin eorgia. ly are are ly ned tu - - - - -
23 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 24 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY process accor lo appro an and obtained, was control optimal of law techno optimization th between relationships invol values indices disturbing and the multiple and paired Both indices. chment enri the on factors) other and thickness, material, initial the in (content values bing distur process of effective influence the for its provides which and developed, was process tails the of the from purpose, this For released (flotation). operations next material in enrichment the of enrichment the of increasing for degree basis the is which isolated, be can gold, particular in minerals, tailin of largeamounts result, a As differentdensities. of minerals of separation effective the to leads which material, layered loose the of of ning efficiency the increases process, the of parameters control the with ther particular, intro The in construction. improved of obtained, jig classes the 8 of fraction from the of enrichment and classification and fragmentation complexity, such of ore the of dressability the increase To intensity. varying with impregnated mutually are gold and minerals ore both of particles small size various of fragments the in that quartz structural stru ped that regulates the main and additional control actions of the sedimen the of actions control additional and main the regulates that ped c ua faue. h oe soitd iig at i rpeetd y different by represented is waste mining associated ore The features. tural Gold INCREASING THE DRESSABILITY GOLDOF M. GAMTSEMLIDZE -
otiig oyealc rs r caatrzd y ope textural complex by characterized are ores polymetallic containing ding to the change totheding influences. indisturbing POLYMETALLIC ORES BY - edpr n qu and feldspar 2 1 logical criterion and the mathematical model of the process, the the process, the of model mathematical the and logical criterion Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi, Georgia G. Tsulukidze Mining Institute, A. SHEKILADZE prelim - 3 mm by the gravitational m gravitational the by mm 3 na artz 1 , D.TALAKHADZE ry - nihet a crid u, hc included which out, carried was enrichment feldspar ved in the process were plotted. Based on the Based onthe processwere plotted. inthe ved 1 duction of a of duction , M. TUTBERIDZE , M.
PRE - eiii rcs Suis ae shown have Studies rocks. sericitic
Tbilisi, Georgia - priate control method control priate ENRICHMENT dditional control values, toge values, control dditional gs with a lower content of oreof content lower a gswith 2 ,
R. ENAGELI R. - CONTAINING 1 a mathema a e
thod on a diaphragm diaphragm a on thod
enrichment e 2 tical model tical , was deve was
tation ------poor association of sedim in foraminifera small to ding cym Arckhangelskiella murus Micula Sissi 3) (1977); scheme levis cymbiform Arckhangelskiella phace Tranolithus 1) suite:the in shed interla also occur. the Rarely, sandstones. and marls gray light gra is it layered limesto suite age ofTsitelkalaki is name same the of part lower Campa Upper the by ventri CC the to and nannopla Campanian Middle the suite fine green, light of whit of built is part main chtian, Danian). survey section studied. been have sins Dza the the the of facies the in units), (lithostratigraphic successions the of age establi Achara Uniplanarius sissinghi Uniplanarius
. ngh’s (CC24) and subzone subzone and (CC24) cosa Stratigraphically higher, the Gavazury the higher, Stratigraphically Nan to According Saskhori The I stratigr detailed the For t lwr at s ersne b te alter the by represented is part lower Its 1 n the study area the C the area study the n BOUNDARY ACCORDING MICROFOSSILS SEDIMENTS TO B A. Janelidze Institute Geology of of ma, Tana, Tedzami, K Tedzami, Tana, ma, du shed the planktonic forami planktonic the shed IOSTRATIGRAPHYOF CRETACEOUS/PALEOGENE THE 2 Institute Institute of
2 ally replaced by the alternation of medium of alternation the by replaced ally - zone is established is zone
zn ad acco and zone 0 Trialeti folded zo folded Trialeti 17) subzone (1977) Ti zn i com is zone This . T. GAVTADZE nes, li nes,
cos h Cre the across losus
suite is Middle and Middle Upper Campa suite is
- Globotruncana contusa Globotruncana Zone Zone grained sandstones and marls occur. In the lower part of the the of part lower the In occur. marls and sandstones grained P aleobiology, Georgian ght gray sandstones and white limestones.gray and sandstones ght suite in nian bi
noplankton, the following biostra following the noplankton, ( This paper cites data cites paper This formi
CC23 OF NI THE e Quadrum trifi Quadrum ihahdts quadratus Lithraphidites Arckhan
lithographic limest lithographic ( ofral continues conformably npaais trifidus Uniplanarius CC2 r ampanian is represented by represented is ampanian is fold Caucasus Lesser the of ne ig o lntnc oaiiea the foraminiferas planktonic to ding . CC22 Arckhangelskie - pi dvso and division aphic avtura, Nichbura, avtura, (CC25c) and and (CC25c) The layers of CC of layers The . scheme; [3] (1977) Sissinghs the of zone ) 1 , Kh.MIKADZE ta This zone is correlatable to the Zone the to correlatable is zone This 1) are identi are 1) aal wt te Sissi the with parable eu/etay onay Cmain Maast (Campanian, boundary ceous/Tertiary Tbilisi, Georgia gelskiella cymbiformis gelskiella ni
ents of the Saskhori suite Saskhori the of ents zone of the Sissinghs (1977) [3] scheme. Here scheme. [3] (1977) Sissinghs the of zone feral CHBISI SECTION CHBISI nkton zones nkton dum I. JavakhishviliI.
Rugoglobigerina r Rugoglobigerina National Museum, Tbilisi, Georgia
zone isreveazone Neprolithes frequens Neprolithes l cymbifor lla formation (upper part), which corresponds to theto (upper corresponds whichpart), fied. In the sediments, corresponding sediments, the In fied. obt ones, in which sometime interlayers sometime which in ones, 2
2 K 1 ai
, Z., CHKHAIDZE specification ain f reddish of nation
oe wih orsod t the to corresponds which zone, hekordzula and Alg and hekordzula zone areconfor zone
Ceratolithoides aculeus Ceratolithoides ned as a result of the Nichbura the of result a as ned Ti zn i creae with correlated is zone This . nian. the layers of the Tsitelkalaki Tsitelkalaki the of layers the es f micro of yers
-
Tbilisi State University, layered, chalky limestones, limestones, chalky layered, continu ngh’s (1977) [3] subzones subzones [3] (1977) ngh’s the led. led. tigra
(CC25a) mis
s Tsitelkalaki ugosa
phic units are estab are units phic ystem the sections of sections the ystem
(upper part) a rather rather a part) (upper
es the Saskhori sui Saskhori the es (CC25b); (CC25b); of Vertically up Vertically
(CC26a); Accor (CC26a); mably continued continued mably h vlm and volume the
of the Sissinghs the of zone. zone. - Globotruncana eastern part of part eastern 1 - conglomerates
rw, thick brown, Reinhardtites e ty river ba river ty
Thus, the the Thus, ) Zone 4) suite
2)
(
CC20
wards wards Zone . Its . ri li - - - - ) - -
25 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 26 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. REFERENCES determi litho of volume and range stu the correlationof remote and local enablesboth Paleo sediments A the of part eastern characterized by completely spe new of sediments bou Danian Maas 27 the of 5 Only bet difference sharp micro The ge.Only species repor been have extinctions taxon no Maastrichtian, Cre of ction parts other in As [4]. (1971) Martini of biostra similar to composition in identical are nuis Nannoplan Danian gra marls, sandy marls, grayish and pinkish ne Maastrichtianian andthe Here Danian. Tetritskaro the is gap. geographical a by covered be should it mably prin do we The byus. studied sections any in observed not is them between Contact te.
cted interlayers by clays” thick of a 5cm thesocalled “iridium 2]. [1, zonation; in: A. Farinacci (ed), Proc. of the II Plan II the of Proc. (ed), Farinacci A. St in: zonation; (1971). E. Martini nannoplankton. calcareous Cretaceous the Geologie en Mijnbouw, Den Haag., 56(1); pp. 37 of Biostratigraphy (1977). W. Cre Sissing the at events Georgia (the Caucasus). Geolo Geological E., (1993). Kilasonia T., B. Gavtadze G., Asanidze Gongadze M., Nazarov N., Salukvadze Sh., Adamia Surami andArkala sections. International Symposium.Tbilisi. pp.57 E., Kilasonia Boundary T., (1991) Gavtadze B. G., Asanidze Gongadze M., Nazarov N., Salukvadze Sh., Adamia etos f eri. Abstr Br Georgia. of sections Kh. Mikadze 785; sii, (NP2); isbane. 2012. ge The Gavazury formation Gavazury The hs bsd n the on based Thus, not rule out the existence of top Maastrichtian nannoplankton zone zone nannoplankton Maastrichtian top of existence the out rule not
ned. e N” oe of zones “NP” ne which corresponds to the Sissingh’s (1977) [3] subzone subzone [3] (1977) Sissingh’s the to corresponds which
- n h Creta the on paleontological study of the Nichbisi section once again confirmed a a confirmed again once section Nichbisi the of study paleontological n Chiasmolithus danicus Chiasmolithus dary.
ta eu seis s rsl o a cosmic a of result a as species ceous
lbrtla ps Globorotalia Boundary Maastricht Boundary - forming events place.forming took
s The planktonic foraminiferah planktonic The kton zones: zones: kton ections, ween the Danian assem Danian the ween ch ara ce t nad etay n Qaenr calca Quaternary and Tertiary andard ri o -
hin anpako seis rse te Maastricht the crossed species Nannoplankton chtian Trialeti zone o zone Trialeti us str I where direct contact was found between the Maastri the between found was contact directwhere nternational eald nlss f micro of analysis detailed - a c. 4 nentoa Gooia Cnrs. Australia. Congress. Geological International 34 act. Paleogene ti gi inhltu sparsus Biantholithus eudobulloides gra ewe te Creta the between
ca Balcanica.ca Vol. 23, 3. pp.35 is built up built is hc nt suid n h rsac rgo were region research the in studied units phic
- Danian complexes of plankton foram plankton of complexes Danian (NP3) cies offinecies CC26b
S of boundary f the f adr shms ee estab were schemes tandard and
Georgia, v
b of the alternation of reddish, greenish, reddish, of alternation the of ti els and clays. There are established 4 established are There clays. and els lages and Maastrichtian associations. Maastrichtian and lages
Ellipsol g and Danian NP1 zones are Danianand NP1 zones interco Les zone of the Gavazury suite are are suite Gavazury the of zone ra Globigerins as also become almost extinct. almost becomealso as - 65; eu Ploee n h Tetritskaro, the in Paleocene ceous phic units of the standard scheme standard the of units phic
kt. Conf. Roma. 1970. 2. pp. 739 pp. 2. 1970. Roma. Conf. kt. di ser
the the The reason for this assumption assumption this for reason The
ted throu ted
ed sediments. Besides, the agethe Besides, sediments. ed t here a
ithus macellus ithus Caucasus fold system in the in system fold Caucasus ce (NP1);
L - catastro
ous t Cretace ate
and too -
Paleogene boundary in in boundary Paleogene and -
g
43; after the after nann hout the Danian sta Danian the hout rcpaoihs t Cruciplacolithus eu nannoplankton reous phe at the end of of end the at phe Globorotalia Globorotalia
- 63; o CC26b. osl, n the in fossils, o
(NP4),
s C” and “CC” us inifers in the in inifers li mass extin mass
sh ed.
Micula Micula re Pre which fore, fore, [5].
This cht The su n e
– ------
through selectedcriteria. the comparisonof performi investigation site and After criterion. role a as clarified and chosen was loess one pertinent of collapsibility evaluating for e by subsi their and type collapsing a of are soils studied The stu loess of yellowish types index, different plasticity Three limit, (collapse). plastic limit, coeffi as such liquid characteristics consolidation and limit gravity, shrinkage specific density, field situ analy and testing proper geological laboratory engineering for rocks of sampling (Tbili muni three covering [3]. gorges Alazani loess er, (Kvemo lower and Valley) (Aspindza upper the county: the south the in belt latitudinal the are zones distribution main thi and distribution loess as known also loess, secondary though structures [2]. overlyin to remarkabledamages cause can which content water the in changes nor re m geo loess From view [1]. of points surface geological land Earth`s the of 11% about Qua in including hemispheres, bu la atic soils due to due soils atic ted in arid and semi and arid in ted di ting with collapsible soils is instability and consi and instability is soils collapsible with ting r xcessive wetting under constant pressure. Various types of criteria were tested tested were criteria of types Various pressure. constant under wetting xcessive es of the sediments were connected with physical and mech and physical with connected were sediments the of es te si). h st ws netgtd n casfe i fed conditi field in classified and investigated was site The Re of territory the on deposits loess primary no are There (loess loess secondary and Primary r nary glacial ice sheets and some costal zones. The total lo total The zones. costal some and sheets ice glacial nary - like sediments are presented in the territories of the Iori River and and River Iori the of territories the in presented are sediments like
- rw ad yellowish and brown g aoaoy et te ol olpiiiy oeta ws confirmed was potential collapsibility soil the tests laboratory ng
A. GIORGADZE, Z.A. GIORGADZE, Z. KAKULIA, VARAZASHVILI LOESS ENGINEERINGGEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF Institute Hydrogeology of and Engineering Geology, their collapsible behavior. One of the most intriguing pro intriguing most the of One behavior. collapsible their ck
ci ness The - pa - LIKE SOILS FROMLIKE MID SOILS THE arid regions in the mid the in regions arid li land, temperate deserts, semi desert edges, periph edges, desert semi deserts, temperate land, vary ti td ae i lo is area study
s icuig h surroun the including es, Kartli Depression) streams of the Kura River. Kura the of streams Depression) Kartli OF THE KURA RIVER OF KURA RIVER THE ties of the study area were determined, includi determined, were area study the of ties
and are related with geomorphologicalfea relatedwith are and
- - gray silts and sands. The results of microscopic microscopic of results The sands. and silts gray and Akhal T bilisi, Georgia
loess - ts ie eiet, h ms acpal and acceptable most the sediments, like i
khe muni khe - - like) sediments are in are sediments like)
like ca - - ie it wr ietfe, including identified, were silts like like sedi like e i te eas the in ted
- sediments latitudes of northern and southern southern and northern of latitudes
ci palities), middle (Shida middle palities), ig territories ding de ments, are widespread. widespread. are ments, sis was accomplished. The The accomplished. was sis
ra ehia and technical de - b
STREAM are le settlement due to mi to due settlement le nce is greatly increased increased greatly is nce e en at f Georgia, of part tern rn and eas and rn
classif cient of subsidence subsidence of cient public t er anical prope anical
n. Moreover, ons. mittently distri mittently ess area covers area ess
e a proble as ied
f h capital the of
engineering engineering tern part of part tern Georgia, of tures. The The tures.
Moreo
ery of of ery b Kartli Kartli Their the ng in ng rties. l ems v r. r. g - - - -
27 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 28 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 3. 2. 1. REFERENCES
Russian). Loess G., Chokhonelidze 2018, 1 Li P.,QianH.,Water Loess, in Encycl 179p; Press/Balkema,CRC2018,China. Geohazards Loessin and LoessB. Li ZhaoJ., Y., Li
- 17;
- like Soils of Georgia (book), “Metsi (book), Georgia of Soils like opedia Sustaina of bi lity Science and Technology, ne reba”, 1997, 185p. (In 185p. 1997, reba”, north from ssion cha the of result a as GC of development confirmed is experimentally modeling by physical [2]. folding interference of formation the of mechanism The region. the res a As deforma later of northwestern strike the of deformations linear previous the with interference oblique to va com are They GC. the of slope southern the formations. is it re and different, also is structures folded intersecting of morphology The tions. sou southwestern, have structures interference background north ofthe sub have inter of development of km.bands The25 to up of width a South and tral the of edge southern the in developed is ding and transforma of deformations compression ntial of the regionmorphology, age, its by orien structures folded linear main the from differing significantly structures, plicative of wide a found thors geo existing the of analysis as well as dies, impor is GC the kinematicgeodynamic and condi of folding interference the of study The 4]. 3, [2, authors the by determined were formation of causes the and features exte wes p rious ages com and re en at f h Getr acss G) a n was (GC) Caucasus Greater the of part tern t f aietto o inter of manifestation of nt se The interference folding was formed at the late orogen late the at formed was folding interference The due formed was it that showed GC the of folding intersecting the of study A of zones tectonic different in located are structures folded interference The sub the to addition In sh GC the of structure fold the of studies Detailed in known, is As stu structural and geological detailed regional of years many of result a As north extreme the within structures folded interference of development The n ult of diverse dislocation, young nonlinear interference stru interference nonlinear young dislocation, diverse of ult e mil b dome by mainly ted - latitudinal strike, which is why they are clear are they why is which strike, latitudinal
INTERFERENCE FOLDED STRUCTURES STRUCTURES FOLDED INTERFERENCEOF THE 1 I. - tion offoldedtion primary structures [5]. East Cau East
Javakhishvili - at o sub to east develop po terference folding arises as a result of su of result a as arises folding terference T. GIORGOBIANI tions in the form of submeridional tangential compression. tangential submeridional of form the in tions si - casus and compose sections longer than 85 km and having and km 85 than longer sections compose and casus wes tion, thetotalthicknesstion, varies between 1.5 2 NCLE “Geolog”, p
Tbilisi GREATER CAUCASUS ment of interference folding within the GC. It is a kinda is It GC. the within folding interferenceof ment tern of themain orientation linear foldingGC. ofthe of Geology,of - - - shaped, eiinl n h Anatolian the in meridional aiuia anti latitudinal fe tions ofthestructure.tions its formation
ec flig ihn h G, t morphological its GC, the within folding rence State differ
rcyopi ad oe com more and brachymorphic
University, A.Janelidze Institute Tbilisi, Georgia rent planes and ages, causing reorientation causing ages, and planes rent
nge of the direction of tangential com tangential of direction the of nge 1
, D. tation and genesis. tation Tbilisi, Georgia lo po -
gical maps of different scale, the scale, different of maps gical th fold system of the North the of system fold acsa orienta Caucasian ZAKARAIA sed sed eastern, and submeridional orienta submeridional and eastern,
of Mesozoic of oted earlier [1]. However, the the However, [1]. earlier oted
ly distinguished against the against distinguished ly tant owed that interference fol interference that owed
fer - Caucasian 2 for reconstructing the the reconstructing for
ence ic collisional stage of stage collisional ic per - in area tion, Cenozoic strata of strata Cenozoic tange of position folding generallyfolding c - tures appear in appear tures 10 p
-
e p lex rna seg Iranian .5 km. .5 -
West, West, o the of s licative
Cen pre au
------
29 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 30 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. REFERENCES processes tectoge of nonlinear of activity the to points which GC, the of development structural the of sou oriented discordantly repeated of form the in genesis, in diverse more deformations of regionthe in manifestation the to testifyThey formation. structure folded Alpine uni a of result a underthrusting ofthedeformation region mechanism ofthe as structure GC the of formation la the in situation geodynamic stru Alpine the during the region in changes of process regional unknown earlier deformation. stage from submeridional latternewest Africa movement by of the during the northeas the in Initially continent Arabian region. the in conditions geodynamic of changing of ment
p aaah EI, lpk YF Itretn Flig / . “er” 17, 1 p (in p. 118 1974, “Nedra”, M.: // Russian). Folding Intersecting Y.F. Slepykh E.I., Patalakha pp. 72 // Caucasus Greater D. Zakaraia T., Giorgobiani 1, V. IPPM.: RAS, pp.344 Tectono // Struc Caucasus Greater the the of Slope in Folding Intersecting Alpine Late T.V. Giorgobiani the Mechanism its Formation of // “Metsniereba”, Tbilisi, 1989. 60 p. Russian)(in of StructureFolded The D.P.Zakaraia T.V., Giorgobiani Mineral Resources of the Northern Caucasus, Essentuki, 1974, pp.96 Caucasus)andSouthern WesternIV//AbstractsslopeConference the onof Geol. of the S InterferenceTectonic On V.E. Burlakin A.B.,Ostrovskiy ig fol ping thern tangential compression. They inter They compression. tangential thern Thus, the determination of interference folding on the GC clearly indicates a a indicates clearly GC the on folding interference of determination the Thus, The conclusions drawn are important are drawn conclusionsThe
- the Mediterranean mobile belt. mobile Mediterranean the 86 (in
ig otait te urnl ms wdl acpe nto o the of notion accepted widely most currently the contradicts ding
Russian) ne Geology and Geo and Geology sis inthe newestsis inthe era region. ;
- 348 (in Russian) 348 (in c
ture formation. In addition, the development of development the addition, In formation. ture hInefrne odn o te Sou the of Folding TheIinterference tern direction and after the separation of Arabia of separation the after and direction tern phy
It took place took It si phy cs of the South of Russia. V. 9, N 4, 2019, 4, N 9, V. Russia. of South the of cs
for elucidating the conditions of the GC the of conditions the elucidatingfor ;
rupted the inheri the rupted sics and curre and sics -
ln, one plane, due the North the
tructures (on the example ofexample the (on tructures nt issues of Earth sciences. Earth of issues nt
to the globa the to
tan drift of the the of drift tu - ce and orientation orientation and ce - West Caucasus and Caucasus West e f h Southern the of re hr s thern c ad one and act - 97 (in Russian)97 (in l process of process l oe f the of lope African ; over -
way way
; of of
- - substitution ore the calculatedfrom the followingequation: of index the introduce we concentrate, if material raw secondary conditional a as considered be can resource technogenic A threshold content recovery coefficient. $/t; recove extraction, after and before costs environmental resource,%; technogenic where use themathe we resource, studied the of condition of threshold concentration the determine To threshold. zero the below decrease not will analysisextraction the of profitability the which economic and concentratio (permissible) technical threshold lower the of of determination method analytical the for provides the which [5], efficiency) is of (diagnostics approach rational more a non environmental damage, $/t. related and metals where [4]: tra provides mainly methodology, assessment ting exis The potential. resource its of assessment economic and technical the is tals) (re deposit technogenic a of development irrational; they can more be effec the in mainly now, materials these using of practice large of production the in accumulate that those cially physi heterogeneous and position diffic significant with associated is try ESTIMATION К cting metals by determining the expected environmental and ec and environmental expected the determining by metals cting
к ≥1. In turn, to determine the resource potential for replacing the primary ore ore primary the replacing for potential resource the determine to turn, In ≥1. 1 LTD Recycling technogenic accumulations of the mining and metallurgical indus metallurgical and mining the of accumulations technogenic Recycling h rto f h ata cnet f h tre metal target the of content actual the of ratio The m of view of point the From appro the assessing in factor determining main The rable $/t%; metal, - -
I E
Metallurgical E Metallurgical min 3 Pyrometallurgy Division, MINTEK, Praegville, Johannesburg, South Africa South Johannesburg, MINTEK,Praegville, Division, Pyrometallurgy p
and the permissible lower limit of the content of the target metal in the the in metal target the of content the of limit lower permissible the ma DEPOSIT OFPYROMETALLURGICAL ORIGIN G. JANDIERI tical expression: expression: tical E I
I min OF POTENTIAL RESOURCE OF TECHNOGENIC THE s min , respectively, the economic effects of the use of secondary secondary of use the of effects economic the respectively, ,
is called thecondition coeffi ngineering and Consulting, Tbilisi, Georgia; Georgia; Tbilisi, Consulting, and ngineering (( K - C metallic products, $/t; $/t; products, metallic vpm С
m R = E m I
1
- os ,
C
coefficient of themarket ofvariation price; - D. SAKHVADZE
e ti 1 K
1 extraction costs, $/t; $/t; costs, extraction aximizing the scale and effi and scale the aximizing vely used asmaterials [3]. vely metallurgicalraw used ohmcl rpris f h dms 1, espe [1], dumps the of properties cochemical p k
+ E C e K 2 I
s ) ac lis u t te opeiy f h com the of complexity the to due ulties r
2 + E
c I P yc I ac m min
ling for the for ling e K
K → max vpm (3) metal(s) extracted the of ns the r 1 I K
cient of theresource 2 oc
, analysis of the feasibility of ex of feasibility the of analysis r E E. MATINDE
) (4) building materials industry, is is industry, materials building e
-
tonnage ferroalloys [2]. The [2]. ferroalloys tonnage 100 (1) Pm
-
purpose of extracting me extracting of purpose pria
C h efc o reducing of effect the %
e1 - 2
STC Delta, Georgia, Delta, STC
teness of the targeted targeted the of teness cie market base cost of of cost base market I (2) and - ac
ncy of processing, processing, of ncy I
os o t calculated its to 3 onomic effect R R effect onomic , which can be be can which ,
C
e2 -
K -
k : K specific
I r min
is the
, at , ------
31 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 32 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY con the under materials, man of threshold condition the Plant, Ferroalloy during recycling, t. accu envi km enterprise, the to adjacent land of where equal to: normtion during theprocessing techno of kg/t; materials, raw basic of processing the during generation appro resource dary t; rate, concentrateconsumption the is where formula: fund condition coefficient. t/m metal, the of gravity specific clus this of height) where of the inthetech targetcontained metals content from concentration thecalculated thre target component given ofthe content aa inthe productionwith of the product of threshold condition experimentally). m same the of extraction of cient concentrate,%; ore replaced concentrate; ore from the metal target the of extraction in of coefficient component target the of content where 2 ; ronmental hazard coefficient of the metal pollutant; pollutant; metal the of coefficient hazard ronmental mulation and landfill of metal of landfill and mulation s for the purchase of the main ore concentrate can be calculated by the the by calculated be can concentrate ore main the of purchase the for s Ke In this case, the consumption rate of the secondary technosecondary the rateof consumption case,the In this acltos hw ht ne te rdcin odtos f h Zestafoni the of conditions production the under that show Calculations techno of processing the of component Environmental expe the materials, raw industrial secondary using When assessment accurate more a for turn, In in differs which resource, secondary this of rate consumption the And - - I -
ac
P E
- S
i e is the content o content the is coefficient of ecological and social significance of this territory; this of significance social and coefficientecological of
is the purchase price of ore concentrate, $/t; $/t; concentrate, ore of price purchase the is s h ae o tcngnc omto, km formation, technogenic of area the is is indicator of cost savings on the environment, $/t; $/t; environment, the on savings cost of indicator is
I met
ter, m; m; ter, ved by the technological regulations, t; t; regulations, technological the by ved
is eq N M P K K S M E hIIK I I Sh Q di he j ej eh e a v e ( c jojkj osj mj acj j f the target metal in the secondary resource,%; secondary the in metal target the f I tio ual to: E ac I acj p ) N ns of having its own source of electricity generation electricity of source own its having of ns
- (I
j P n N the content of the of content the min
1 i Q ( 3 etal from secondary raw materials (established (established materials raw secondary from etal I ) $/km ; i pollutant, $/t; $/t; pollutant, ( min I N osj I ) N qi met
2 qj weformation, nogenic use theformula: - K ;
ge is the rate of consumption of the of consumption rateof the is h oe usiuin ne and index substitution ore the k S W I a nic min 1
N - shold ofcondition, beequal will to: shold of the resource (co resource the of N I
j n the land area saved from pollution, pollution, from saved area land the met qi K raw materials, kg/t. raw 1 qi r ga N k 100% M W 2 k
qj j nese (5) 2 j -
N th target metal(s),%; target th I - 2
min ; qj the mass of metal recovered recovered metal of mass the
Q
- h )
K
containing secondary raw secondary containing (7) i (9)
- (8) - r
2
P purchase volume, t; t; volume, purchase W
(average thickness the
ej ge (6)
1
- - nic accumulation is accumulation nic genic raw materials rawmaterials genic W
c n M the norm of waste waste of norm the state duty for the the for duty state ted savings of savings ted 2 ditional reserves) ditional K
v
-
r2
- waste genera waste
market value value market is the coeffi the is K I K r1 K γ oc second mj
kj eh
is the the is
is the is
- - -
the the the N E
qi P - - - -
5. 4. 3. 2. 1. REFERENCES commodity of man production the in used be can effective slag are or 88), dioxide FeMn manganese electrolytic of production the for sludge (e.g. 30% of M mate 27 content manganese ferrosilico conversion dec LPS of production the in rate consumption the 26%, of limit the in materials raw secondary in manganese of 2.6 is materials raw technogenic manganese such 38 Mn (LPS slag phosphorus (Vart
Si pp. 56 Recyc Metals and Ferrous Organizational of theSystem Economic of Optimization and Efficiency of Diagnostics G.V. Jandieri 10.17223/19988648/ 33/ Eco of Journal University State Mate Raw Promising a as Deposits Technogenic Novi Georgian); Loladze.Academician Georgian147 T. University. Technical2011,pp. Tbilisi. Jishka Concen and G., Tavadzefro Conglomerate D., Energy Sakhvadze N., Productive Tsereteli G., Jandieri and Metallurgy, 2018,vol. 118,pp.825 re and recycling of review a Wastes: Metallurgical and Mining S. Ndlovu and G.S. Simate E., Matinde and Na Mata and R.V., Technog of Exploitation Mikhelson S.K., Khomeriki Kopach
(SiO ganese(Mn 65 rials 2.9 is sikhe HPS HPS sikhe With a satisfactory modulus of phosphorus of modulus satisfactory a With o NI, aihv .. oe set o te cnmc Eva Economic the of Aspects Some V.А. Salikhov N.I., kov - 2 63 (in Russian).63 (in ture Management, 2013,Vol. 16, pp.210 /Mn ≤ 0.6), secondary raw materials containing manganese in an amount amount an in manganese containing materials raw secondary 0.6), ≤ /Mn tra
P.I., e // tes
-
auek LV, oaek V.N., Romanenko L.V., Yakubenko 3.1 tons.
- - Invtv tcnlge ad aeil. Anvray Con Anniversary materials." and technologies "Innovative
use practices. The Journal of Journal The practices. use - m the Mountai the m 0.03 70%), withaconsumption of70%), 2.8 - manganese fiin Tcnlg fr Obtai for Technology Efficient -
8. n hs ae te consum the case, this In 28%. -
.4 /W) we mlig seil conver special a melting when $/kWh), 0.04 3; 3; e nic Deposits (on example of Ukraine and Georgia) // Ecology // Georgia) and Ukraine of example (on Deposits nic
- 40%), consti 40%), re nomics, 2016. №1 (33), pp. 38 pp. (33), №1 2016. nomics, nous Metallurgical Industrial Waste and Thin and Waste Industrial Metallurgical nous
ss o 2.2 to ases (Mn 57 (Mn - 844; - 60%), the threshold the 60%), tutes 24% Mn. The consumption rate of of rate consumption The Mn. 24% tutes ling. Chernye Metally, 2020, №.1 (1057), №.1 2020, Metally, Chernye ling.
-
2.4 t. In turn, for the production of of production the for turn, In t. 2.4 the Southern African Institute of Mining of Institute African Southern the - 218 (in Russian);218 (in az E.D. radze - il n h Sel nuty / Tomsk // Industry Steel the in rial - Shmatkov G.G., Chikhradze N.M., N.M., Chikhradze G.G., Shmatkov 2.8 tons. With an excess content content excess an With tons. 2.8
M - 3.2 t. p
(P/Mn ≤ 0.006) and silica and 0.006) ≤ (P/Mn ig Manganese ning pt
ion of technogenic raw raw technogenic of ion Engaging Prospects in in Prospects Engaging -
53 (in Russian). DOI: Russian). (in 53 for condition is the the is condition for
in G High G. riani ferrosilico - Containing in low sion lua fe - ec of rence Fraction - in of tion 155 (in 155 - - -
33 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 34 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY te born was idea Ramsay.the William and Baths Anson Mendeleev, Dmitri Siemens, Williams developmen safe and rational the for method Tkibuli a develop to used be can ca ting ssi 45 up make l Coal introduced. were technologies new until b to allowed temporarily still was it 1985 in and banned, was use its century 1917 in Tsulukidze G. developedby was me curre The 6]. 5, [4, work not did technologies and systems processing deve the since efforts engineering and tific self co explosive process, tion mining nes injur seriously were 6 and died miners ope nce. en in involved be to able been not has mine the improve of Georgia's energy fuel and main to underway is research world, techno the around countries many In countries mining [3]. coal the in occurred have accidents serious 50 than more years, 20 techno irreduntant mi coal world the millio 2018to7813,3 in million fromby 4638,4 68% energy. world’s the of 38% than more te re renewable of use sed legisla environmental stricter Despite tury. in te xeine f oen cetfc re scientific modern of experience the tion, - ble thod is an improved version of the original the of version improved an is thod 25%. - ra was suspended for more than a year.wasfor thana suspended more
igniting properties and endogenous fires are common. Des endogenousigniting properties and are common. fires properties ofcoal seams. However, ting in Tkibuli, where, in 2018 alone,as a result of two ind two of result a alone,as 2018 in where, Tkibuli, in ting
The idea of underground coal gasification is related to four great scientists: great four to related is gasification coal underground of idea The gasifi underground coal of mining world of results the discusses article The Tkibul Tkibuli now, until independence of declaration Georgia's Since produc energy global of source main the remains Coal to maintain pre maintain to logy of coal mining, which is relevant for the rational an rational the for relevant is which mining, coal of logy - - technical conditions: prone to prone conditions: technical Shaori coal deposit.
At the same time, it is diffi itis time, same At the L. - FOR TKIBULI i 60%. Long work (frequent du (frequent work Long 60%. -
hoi eoi i caatrzd y ifcl mi difficult by characterized is deposit Shaori JAPARIDZE,
t pre at n COAL GASIFICATION M logies for coal mining.Losses during ext during mining.Losses coal for logies G. Tsulukidze Mining institute, Tbilisi, Georgia Tbilisi, institute, Mining Tsulukidze G. ing industry, it is an unsolvable problem to develop rational and rational develop to problem unsolvable an is it industry, ing ch et cuainl aey s n o te hlegs o mines for challenges the of one is safety occupational sent pa N. nology has evolved [7, evolved has nology so red areas due to endogenous fires caused by the self the by caused fires endogenous to due areas red
urces, coal urces, CHIGHLADZE, ncentrations of dust and gas are fo are gas and dust of ncentrations
-
N.
SHAORI DEPOSIT UNDERGROUNDSHAORI
BOCHORISHVILI,
resource, Tkibu resource, cult to ensure occ ensure cult to - fired thermal power stations currently genera currently stations power thermal fired rock burst and rock bumps rock and burst rock ed. Due to this situation, the work of the mi the of work the situation, this to Due ed.
-
Since 2000 coal produc coal 2000 Since 1920 for temporary use. In 70s of the pastthe of In70s fortemporary 1920 use.
ring undergr ring
tion, advanced technologiesand increa technologiesand advanced tion, S. s lo u
KVAVADZE p ring the country' the ring room and pillar and room 8, erh n eitn etrrss that enterprises existing and search ETHOD USAGEETHOD et f h mn, mrvmn of improvement mine, the of ment osses
9]. l i - Shaori coal field.
n [1, The idea of idea The upational safety. In last10 the upational safety. M.
on ound mining) make it impo it make mining) ound
BASILADZE,
extrac 2] raction . Despite the growth of growth . Despite the
rmed;
ti pite numerous scienpite numerous system. s energy indepen energy s ning on in the 21st cen 21st the in on d safe development development safe d tion tion
us ;during the extrac the ;during
tion has increased increased has tion
underground coal underground
t coal seams have seams coal - rial accidents, 9 accidents, rial works make up make works elgcl and geological process
nt processing nt
This method This -
Shaori coal Shaori
o the of t
e used e works - Since igni de ------9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. REFERENCES wells tobring the solu injection oxygen seams ga
iiain novs the involves sification modeling”, Progress Energy in Science, andCombustion Elsevier, 2018 Perkins performance”, Progress in Energy andCom Perkins Book, 2018; Elsevier, Blinderman 16 Pers Development and Processing Deposit D., Loria A, Tavlalashvili G., Lobjanidze G., Machaidze Journal”, #2(25), 2010. pp. 20 A. Mikeladze coal Chanishvili ISBN 978 Ch Jianwei www.iea.org; www.worldcoal.org; - 20 , which is carried out through wells. through out carried is which , ,Metsniereba , (in Georgian);, (in G. G.
- 3 Udrrud ol gasification coal “Underground “negon ca gasification coal “Underground ,
eng
- M. S., KlimenkoA. Y. “Underground Coal Gasifi Coal “Underground Y. KlimenkoA. S., M. 319 V.
A
. rbes f nutil eeomn o Tkibuli of development industrial of Problems -
syngas
- horizontal coal seams, B , 1974 978 ISBN Mines, Coal Underground in Explosions 74893 Fig. 1Scheme Underground of Coal Gasification h mi sae o te rgn n dvlpet f Tkibuli of development and origin the of stages main The tion to start the combustion of the coal the of combustion the start to tion
- (in (in Georgia to the surface processcombustion during the 1 (eBook) https: syngas - 25
(in Geor (in ytei truh h so cmuto o coal of combustion slow the through synthesis n);
// – gian);
doi. pec
bustion Science,bustion Elsevier, 2018 steeply dipping coal seams - Part of the wells serve to supply water supply to serve wells the of Part
at : il demon Field I: Part - tives. Mining Journal Mining tives.
org/10.1007/978
at I Fnaetl hnmn and phenomena Fundamental II: Part Problems of Tkibuli of Problems ca seams - tion and Combustion”, and tion 3 - hoi field Shaori stra -
319 , #2(39), 2017 #2(39), , in ad process and tions , and p and ,
- - . 74893 3 - (Fig. 319 ;
art of the of art - - , 1, 2018; 1). 74892 Mining - Shaori
,
pp -
4, -
.
35 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 36 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY cal morerespectively, elementsgeo for and, design reliable of engineering of characteristics deformation and hardness the of knowledge above All conditions. natural in developed method the and systems deformametric other and survey tric express deter of means the by tories equipp means, measuring modern of conditions the in natural or [2] laboratory by themselves ters parame determinationof intensiveness rheological anduse labor of isthedifficulty non of son which inthe “dynamic” prob elabo yet geomechanics not the are of problems definite for parameters rheological of essence the di is geomechanics mining view this geome mining for topical also is fact This the elements, clay containing massifs know the of stability the of characterization for especially and inadequate is loading“ rapid of “method the by determined rocks the account waters, hypsometry, factors. stratigraphy,and its underground time other completelymoreesti will nu and analytical the Tbilisi, in and Georgia of result a as example, for friction, wetting ofthe massif. internal of angle the and adhesiveness rock impl she retaining of intensity the with comparison their and means their by body landslide means on dy method publ 000 5 than a ring ten e sol b sle i “ in solved be should lem e kolde f eue compu reduced of knowledge ies ABOUT THE ROLE OF THE ABOUT RHEOLOGICAL ledge of t of ledge
By “rheological” setting of geomechanical problems the main objective rea objective main the problems geomechanical of setting “rheological” By t In slipping of landslides the For so the years recent In numb already landslides the of study the of history The
vertical segments and determination of the forces acting on each element by element each on acting forces the of determination and segments vertical of equilibrium equ equilibrium of - of limited equ limited of methods is highly desirable. In parallel, presyometric, borehole inclinome borehole presyometric, parallel, In desirable. highly is methods - his case, the knowledge of the adhesiveness and the angle of friction for for friction of angle the and adhesiveness the of knowledge the case, his point, despite the achieved successes, the state of rheological part of the of part rheological of state the successes, achieved the despite point, - popularity of the development of solving solving of development the of popularity sions (T sions heir geological parameters has gained more and more importance. more and more gained has parameters geological heir ications are well are ications ROCKS IN GEOTECHNICALROCKS IN PROBLEMS ra S. DEMETRASHVILI, M. LOSABERIDZE DEMETRASHVILI,S. M. e. hr ae o la idctos n h ltrtr a which as literature the in indications clear no are There ted. ret G.Tsulukidze Mining Institute, Tbilisi, Georgia
). ilib L.T. GOBEJISHVILI, JAPARIDZE,
and howtoevaluateand objec mate the tension the mate rium and implies: the separation of expected landslide bo landslide expected of separation the implies: and rium ations, determination of starting shearing tensions (T tensions shearing starting of determination ations, fficult to estimate as good. The crit The good. as estimate to fficult - mi called shear strength reduction me reduction strength shear called nation of rheological parameters of rock samples by samples rock of parameters rheological of nation hooia” ttmns wih n h “stat the in which statements, rheological” - known. The major, part of them is based on the on based is them of part major, The known. - lsi tp, hc ae wi are which type, plastic ain aus n oprsn ih h initial the with comparison in values tation
- -
cha deformed state of the massif takingmassif into the of deformedstate analytical rules [3]. In spite of this fact, this of Inspite [3]. rules analytical - merical methods must be used, which used, be must methods merical mentioned will contribute to a better better a to contribute will mentioned nical problems on the whole. From From whole. the on problems nical tively[1]. approach such an
PARAMETERS OF THE methods and their purpo their and methods ing of geotech of ing
s of their use must be must use their of s techni e ers 250 years, more more years, 250 ers ria for estimation of estimation for ria thod is used, which which used, is thod
ey rsne i presented dely
cal objects. ser vice labora vice - geolo c and ic” seful
st
) of ) gi
n ------
3. 2. 1. REFERENCES
Tbilisi, 1987, pp.62 Cross Circular of Elasti of Massif Walls the of Displacement of Measuring Rheo of Determination for Apparatus Analytical L.A. Japaridze theof Rocks. “Nedra”, Moscow, 1973,112 p. (Russian); Deve of Kartash Directions Rational 132 p.(Russian); and Geome Mining State in Researches Rheological About G.A. Krupennikov o v Yu. M. Accelerated Methods for Determination of Rh of Determination for Methods Accelerated M. Yu. v
c -
Viscous - 70 (Georgian). - Plastic Rocks. Bulletin of Georgian Academy of Sciences, of Academy Georgian of Bulletin Rocks. Plastic
hnc. “Naukova chanics.
- eto Tne i the in Tunnel Section D logical Parameters by Parameters logical ma, iv 1973, Kiev, umka”, eo logical Properties logical omn of lopment
37 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 38 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 3. 2. 1. REFERENCES g/l respectively [3,4]. 0 che hydro respective with water ground of flows g/l hydrodynamic waters, 1.0 (pressurized) to 0.5 from ranging mineralization with waters contains Upp by represented is zone second The 0.5g/l. to up mineralization with water contains and areas ment distin be can zones the is This amounts (apQ1 sediments the watercalcium isbicarbonate and riverbeds Ksani mine Water floodplains. and Aragvi the along stretches which (aQ4), floodplain and ui sin. groun the of formation the in role important an play and the and west the from area the bound bodies water These rivers. Aragvi and Ksani the by represented is lowland Mukhrani the of network hydrographic main de of waterresources therein. renewal of degree high the to contributes which structure, unique with reservoir ter .
5 fers can distinguished: be ration, while its central part is filled up with modern Quaternary sediments. The sediments. Quaternary modern with up filled is part central its while ration, waters reser exploitation of assessment on Report al. et V., Mikashavidze of Mukhraniresources valley and infiltration grounds, 2004, pp. 53 water underground the of protection and status ecological of assessment rationalformation, of surveycomplex KhatiashviliL.Hydrogeologicalthe on report latter, 2014, pp.67 exploitation of regime hydrodynamic of assess for basin artesian Mukhrani Study within boreholes al. .et K., Avaliani M., Mardashova - HYDROCHEMICAL PECULIARITIES OF UNDERGROUNDPECULIARITIES FRESH HYDROCHEMICAL mical zones can be distinguish be can zones mical
0 . 6 Mukhrani artesian basin represents an ecologically well ecologically an represents basin artesian Mukhrani ) ae b water 2) 1) follo the basin the of Quaternarysediments the Within Ground waters of the Mukhrani artesian basin show hydro show basin artesian Mukhrani the of waters Ground the of peripheries the to extend formations old Relatively g/l, whereas in the second and the third zones it is up to up is it zones third the and second the in whereas g/l,
water bearing aquifer of contemporaneous alluvial contemporaneous of aquifer bearing water
200 of waterTbilisi intake,
Head Hydrogeological of Department of „Gamma Consultin case for both the ground the both casefor - 225 m
WATERS OFWATERS BASIN MUKHRANIARTESIAN aig ope o udfeetae Qaenr alluvial Quaternary undifferentiated of complex earing - 3), that spreads over entire lowland. lowland. entire over spreads that 3), use.Tefrt oeicue rvre n lopan sedi floodplain and riverbed includes zone first The guished. - r utray eiet o te eta pr o te ai and basin the of part central the of sediments Quaternary er [ 68
1 ] . (in Georgian) ra
lization does not exceed 0.4g/l. By chemical compo chemical By 0.4g/l.exceed not does lization
1972 - A. JGHAMADZE sodium ed. Minerali ed. - - 1974 ;
and the pressure waters. For groundwaters two groundwaters For waters. pressure the and - , pp.92 magnesium type.magnesium
zation of waters in the first zone is zone first the in waters of zation - 114 ment of exploitation reserves of the of reservesexploitation of ment
(in Russian)(in - 60 (in Georgian)60 (in Thickness d water in the artesian ba artesian the in water
wing water bearing aq bearing wingwater
sedi - protected ground protected ;
0 basin under consi under basin ved of underground of ved chemical zonality. chemical ments of riverbed of ments
. g“ Ltd. of the sediments sediments the of [ 3
2 ; g/l and 0.3 and g/l ]
. o artesian For
- proluvial proluvial si
east,
- tion wa use, 0.5 ------4.
(in Georgian)(in south the of water underground exploi of calculation on report Hydrogeological al. et A. Jghamadze .
- east part of Mukhrani artesian basin, 2019, pp. 40 pp. 2019, basin, artesian Mukhrani of part east tation reserved of reserved tation - 52
39 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 40 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. REFERENCES monitoring oflongitudin their location. proposed multi a of design new the account into taking parameters, technical structuralsteel rope features ofthe increase and control magnetic of po it makes which control, nondestructive givenof thissystems are induction magnetic
rope. Appliedrope. Mechanics and Materials. Trans. Tech. Publications, 2011, 48: 924 XY Zhong wire main electromagnetic modified of Design A. Prateepasen C, Jomdecha methods and findings. Journal of Bridge Engi In AB. Mehrabi Nonde of proce Ultrasonics (Germany). Journal 1999,4(8): 1 ropes. wire signal steel of NDT Magnetic and K. Zawada design, sensor Mechanical Science and Techno Principle, detection: leakage cable of method Inspection H. Wu X, Wang F, Xu Fune, Via Provina 24, 38123 Ravina di Trento, Italy; 181/A,43124ParmScienze F. Degasperi b aDepartment Industrial of Engi a, Collini L. rope coil locked cableway a in cracks fatigue fretting of detection MRT
hs prah a b ue t rfn ad mrv mtos o continuous for methods improve and refine to used be can approach This Ro by developed head magnetic innovative the on Based of method magnetic the of development the for proposed is direction new A control nondestructive of systems modern discusses report The
rope rope inspection. Ndt International.& E 2009, 42(1): 77 A. ;
NONDESTRUCTIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE it KARTVELISHVILI,
, Zhang XH. Research of on of Research XH. Zhang , will allow us to detect internal wire breaks in steel ropes and establish and ropes steel in breaks wire internal detect to us allow will
DEVELOPMENT OF
BY USINGBY H 3DMODERN -
evc eauto o cable of evaluation service TAVLALASHVILI, of steel ropes steel of - G. Tsulukidze Mining Institute, Tbilisi, Georgia cha
al ferromagnetic produ [1,2] nnel synchro nnel a, ItalyLA.T.I.F.b a, .
logy. 2012,26(3): 661 G. .
The ba The MA
[3] NOZADZE, – . 1; 1; NEW CONSTRUCTION OFNEW CONSTRUCTION
GNETC GNETC nous magnetic head magnetic nous - line detection apparatus for industrial steel wire steel industrial for apparatusdetection line
L. TAVLALASHVILI sic principles and technical characteristics technical and principles sic
ssi neering, 2006, 11 (6): 716 b ne - le to achieve the necessary accuracy accuracy necessary the achieve to le – tyd bridges, stayed c
ALLS SENSORS ALLS e CONTROL G. Laboratorio Tecnologico di Impianti Tecnologicodi Laboratorio a ts ring, University Parma, of Viale delle
[4, 5, [4, -
KARTVEL stayed bridge using magnetic flux magnetic using bridge stayed – 669; 6] –
. 83; with 3D Halls sensors sensors Halls 3D with
SYSTEMS
over ISHVI
pe Systems Lab, a Lab, Systems pe tutv Tsig & Testing structive
sn. ora of Journal ssing.
iw f available of view – 724; LI, K.
- by us by lx o steel for flux
ing – 9 31
the . ∗ is
, exceeds 72%, standard the type and pigment and mineral sepa The enrichment.Magnetic for studied been struc composition, has chemical method, channel by taken and 51,2 Ma and kg/t 274.2 obtained be can ore and and Pigment material. raw pigment deter channel Ubis latter being known Shrosha selected: were deposits sing familia the on based dyeing pigment materials raw and pigments of import have estimated been for for even few a for only approved are and explored absolute mat raw known. pigments, oxide iron are them - 88.44%
92.9% regime lacquer manufacturing. a mi pigment pigment %
Almost all types of natural pigments are found in Geor in found are pigments natural of types all Almost T On Laboratory enrichaon rawmaterial mentioned above test to In order t as Today, THE THE and Ma and
he properties of obtained from them manufactured product (finished product), product), (finished product manufactured them from obtained of properties ned.
t content of content u their But
khoji erial component component
ehd Ter ma Their method. majority is known as ore ore as known is majority the low categor low the the basis of Shrosh of basis the laboratory
recovery of recovery C have been developed to allow to developed been have recovery of The e The URRENT on - technology tests on enricha on tests technology (from crushed up to up crushed (from has of of U t ain a be slce from selected been has ration khoji dz - he Georgian construction industry construction Georgian he e io oxide iron red
the Soviet Soviet the technological technological high colouringhigh and ability OF supplies supplies lectrolytic deposition method was chosen for for chosen was method deposition lectrolytic lour in archive materialsin archive O. KAVTELASHV G. - from - ri U technological sample of sample technological
NATURAL PIGMENTS NATURAL za fed a material raw field i Tsulukidze Mining Institute are dzlour
categor tion with materials of Geological Funds, t Funds, Geological of materials with tion S ies
. The products obtained meet meet obtained products The . paint TATE OF it. The recommended ore en ore recommended The it. no were
te tu (C deposits teworthy dpst w deposits i Union a il opsto and composition rial , and , ral and textural features have been studied as well. well. as studied been have features textural and ral - s , 2 -
Ubis ies to
samples and P , of
were obtained
from Ma from so insignificant in the total resources of pigment of resources total the in insignificant so f grade of
260 1 B+C occurrence 1.25 finished - , P , from Shorosha from a aqe ma lacquer -
that they were not paid due due paid not were they that
Ubis (about ten (about R . field raw material, material, raw field
2 deposits and occurrences and deposits ILI,M. BAGNASHVILI , except Ma except , ESEARCH ON RESOURCE BASE BASE ONRESOURCE ESEARCH as ironore. 1
mm ). of m of t bi
ere
khogji a
to product product to , Ma , “A” lit -
product is
ore),
y have not been conducted. been not have y u 303,2 303,2 studied for enrichment for studied , none of them have been thoroughly been have them of none , iron . resistant to atmospheric to resistant miyo :
, Tbilisi, Georgia t te deposits in deposits -
khogji OF GEORGIA several methods used to to used methods several U the mass content of of content mass the
rials which
- dz ore ore t
Ubis - khoji
is absolu is with 43.8% with technological properties were were properties technological type raw material of Shrosha of material raw type l kg/t , o anti ri - of Pola of uri field with 43.8% with field uri U the ch a the meet -
dz
U - from of field with field ment technology scheme scheme technology ment corrosion red iron oxide iron red corrosion dzlo Guria), and Imereti l oa eooial safe ecologically local
o requirements finished tely dependent tely gia. Important among among Important gia. u s dau bi
ri and ri
the requirements of requirements the one tonne of crude of tonne one
ur
lity and lity
content of of content
of which which of the ri deposits group, deposits ri i , where , he most promi most he regard regard 51.2% content 51.2% , en Poladauri
product taken taken agents rich investigate investigate
Reserves of paint of are reserves
ment of ment to. The The to. content
isolate by the the by on the on .
in it it in with , well and and the - - - ,
41 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 42 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY oil intensity, dyeing ability, (coating absorption, etc.). pigments for requirements international scheme - - -
Products obtained from base from obtained Products rdcs obtained: Products Waste recovery M 60.05% Anticorrosive are as follows are as u miyo
-
with 23.32% recovery - .
type pigment pigment type p :
igment igment .
mu
yield miyo -
red iron o iron red –
; 15.97% - ore with ye imn ad e io oie ul mee fully oxide iron red and pigment type
by t by 32.99% 32.99% xide, with 43.69% with xide, he recommended enrichment technology technology enrichment recommended he
content yield ; 7.85% 51.75% ; recovery
yield
; 72.7% content; 72.7% ; content .
; 32.1% 32.1% ; t ex been have volcanites Jurassic Middle by preceded themainprocess. ore stru Madneuli domed the inside column metasomatic a of formation the with co di of are probably, and, space in separated sed ofcopper veinlet upper andesite rhy and ignimbrites of constructed is which copperbrought ores are spatially together. depo Madneuli Georgian the of geological similarLakha position tothe n mani is composition Cherra are tothoseobserved [1]. similar ontheisland of Cyprus nal margi the from structure arc paleoisland the onto transported was that allochthone fied, such ofAshikoyand as Chayeli thedeposits (Madenkoy). hydrothermal where Pontic the of region only the is Pontides Eastern Cherra Murgul, Chayeli, Kutlular, hanos, in the westernand inTurkey) (Georgia thePontides part wes and (Armenia m epoch, Alpine the ring uc Pontian the is arcs paleoisland such of a arcs paleoisland of tra n largest the host arc this within situated tures VOLCANOGENIC OF NON DEPOSITS CENTRAL SEGMENT OF ALPINE THE dary quartzites" is the earliest. It seems that intensive transformation of rocks of transformation intensive that seems It earliest. the is quartzites" dary sea basin of the Paleotethys. Mineralization pattern and geological settings here settings geological and pattern Mineralization Paleotethys. the of basin sea ted in the area of of area the in ted In Armenia, some epigenetic copper and barite and copper epigenetic some Armenia, In barite baritic, that emphasized be should It Dali of slope the on located is dome volcanic Madneuli Copper stokwork of Examples hydrothermal of type Another the Turkey, of territory the On Alpine the Within – - Georgian and Armenian deposits. Uni deposits. Armenian and Georgian tape
- ba
aie. w oe ees ar levels ore Two dacites. I. MSHVENIERADZE, Al. Janelidze Institute of Geology Tbilisiof State University, Tbilisi, Georgia S. KEKELIA,S. M.KEKEL ri
te n Lhns O Lhns stok Lahanos On Lahanos. and - - lead polymetallic with gold in quartzites, and the lower lower the and quartzites, in gold with polymetallic BELT AND PROBLEMSBELT OF GENESIS ORE - tern Azerbaijan) occurred in the Bajocian the in occurred Azerbaijan) tern zinc veinlet zinc fes - - nd contiguous struc contiguous nd sedimentary deposits of non of deposits sedimentary disseminated ores pyrite).disseminated (with eeomn o quartz of development ted in dacite stok. Stokwork stok. dacite in ted - Himalayan mountain Himalayan sit, within which the multilevel gold, bari gold, multilevel the which within sit, aximum volca aximum - ene oe i te otds r Mur are Pontides the in ores veinlet
- disseminated mineralization is a di a is mineralization disseminated
N. POPKHADZE, G. KHARAZISHVILI IA, G. dsicl dsigihd t h dpst the deposit: the at distinguished distinctly e - eietr minerali sedimentary
- nutil ufd dpst ae sio, La Ashikoy, are deposits sulfide industrial South Caucasian magmatic arc. Volcanost arc. magmatic Caucasian South nos has the Murgul deposit. nos has the nic activity in the eastern part of this belt this of part eastern the in activity nic tu - res ffe
tepe. It should be emphasized that the the that emphasized be should It tepe. ASATIANI, o
ok f sphalerite of work que in the ore the in que rent ages. Gold mineralization in "se in mineralization Gold ages. rent da - - p – - fold belt there are known fragments known are there belt fold sericite FERROUS METALS OF FERROUS METALS THE loited for a long time. time. long a for loited deposits of non of deposits
- citic flows citic back HIMALAYAN MOUNTAIN HIMALAYAN - - - polymetallic and copper and polymetallic South Caucasian island paleoarc island Caucasian South fe - veinlet mineralization is conce is mineralization veinlet rrous metals have been identi been have metals rrous
- - arc and intra and arc - polyme hoie meta chlorite
N. GAGNIDZE, N. –
in the Cretaceous time. in the Cretaceous
zati as - - geological sense is the is sense geological Late Jurassic, where Jurassic, Late
ta well as pyroclasts as well n s ersne in represented is on -
- llic deposits hosted deposits llic ferrous metals. metals. ferrous pyrite dag paleovolcano, paleovolcano, dag
– - stinctive feature stinctive
arc basins. One basins. arc
te mai so gul, - - sulphide and and sulphide ma chalcopyrite n hs are: These
ly compo ly ie. The tites. Kutlular
ores are ores cture Du -
as as of
r ------,
43 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 44 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY is expressed by andpropylitic potassium alterations. significant surroundings the on influence their and transition, phase heterogenous without suffi require main the of One trans gold of capable is water magmatic Heinrich fluids. Cu magmatogenic studying of (2005) destabilization the during occurred quartzite brec explosive for were they that assume We Madneuli. wer levels [5]. shallo to deeper from diffusion subsequent their and hills” “ore of destruction of Mineral smokers”. “black ore of redistribution the by explained be extinct can which modern with similarity have ture Hydro seafloor. the from km 1 or surface the from km 2 about of depth a at occurred crystallization whose emplacemen activity, volcanic in decrease the after then, tra accumu firstly, follows: asconceived me teo and sea both of participation the of favor in interpreted are ores polymetallic b quartz, in inclusions fluidal in oxygen 2 of depths at seafloor, the accustable the for conditions in enriched are they latter, the with comparisonin water,seabut to areclose solutions Byhydrothermal salinity4. their Barite hydro andesite with fe vol distinguish features following the that state can we regions, other for data literature ba tarymetalsrocksa from source of volcanogenic as deposits. sedimen and magmatic both regard to possible it assume functioning, fluid to ding PT under rocks from elements of extraction the on [4] dies volca of systems hydro the in waters sea of q chemogenic of unit thin a and hyaloclastites ums, tephroidal lavas, dacite and andesite top): sec gical Alaver the At deposits. Kafan and Akhtala Alaverdi,Shamlug, ue a ro - ue o rcs Fr xml, copper example, For rocks. of tures ric intheore waters ca arc basins arc nce isoverla eceia suis a be crid u, n h bss f hc, s el as well as which, of basis the on out, carried been has studies geochemical ci nic (sulfide) (sulfide) nic therm migration are marked by alt are markedby migration therm Isotopic A few words on the formation of gold of formation the on words few A in hydrosystems of functioning and evolution The lar a Caucasus,Lesser the In - ent q ent sulfidic ores in secondary quar secondary in ores sulfidic tion of Middle Jurassic productive series is represented by (from bottom to bottom (from representedby is series productive Jurassic Middle of tion uantity H uantity -
- of volcanogenic of basalts and sodic rhyolites; 2. Within the limits of ore of limits the Within 2. rhyolites; sodic and basalts geochemical data indicate the participation of con of participation the indicate data geochemical cias. cias.
p ped by a Late aped by [2]. Jurassicvolcanogenic complex deposits: 1. deposits: Preci - 2 u opyy eois one ot ht h low the that out pointed deposits porphyry Au S. Magmatic fluids under high pressure pass into liquid form, form, liquid into pass pressure high under fluids Magmatic S. - forming process, with the predoforming the process, with me thermal sedimentary ores by their composition and struc and composition their by ores sedimentary thermal pi - ain o tation nts of this, according to Heinrich, is the presence of a a of presence the is Heinrich, to according this, of nts 3km; 6. Data on isotopic composition of hydrogen and hydrogen of composition isotopic on Data 6. 3km; mu
- Ore c Ore sedimentary, lation of hydro of lation ge amount of isotopic of amount ge f gold, quartz and minor sulfides in secondary secondary in sulfides minor and quartz gold, f
omposition strongly dep strongly omposition Fe, Ag, Pb, Cu and Zn; 5. The most favo most The 5. Zn; and Cu Pb, Ag, Fe, la tzites show gently displayed vertical zonality; vertical displayed gently show tzites tion, in local depressions of back of depressions local in tion, erations in mineral com mineral in erations arite and calcite from volcanogenic barite volcanogenic from calcite and arite - med simultaneously with the formation of formation the with simultaneously med ic mine zinc tur po
nogenic deposits [3]. Experimental st Experimental [3]. deposits nogenic predominantly bi tn udr ih eprtr regime. temperature high under rting - dites, and piles of submarine colluvi submarine of piles and dites, ern qat en and veins quartz bearing thermal - sedim - ra forming components as a result result a as components forming lization is usually associated associated usually is lization - min sedimentary ores existed on existed ores sedimentary
- entary. This orebearing se orebearing This entary. volca geo t of intrusive took place took intrusive of t
ance the former. of calc
chemical and chemical ends on petrochemical on ends -
conditions corre conditions nic complexes can be can complexes nic di district, the geo the district, di - position of rocks; of 3. position alkaline sequen alkaline siderable amount siderable
- knots, ways of of ways knots, - -
zonality of of zonality arc and in and arc salinity of of salinity enes at veinlets thermos s
rable pon ces; ces; lo u – ------
5. 4. 3. 2. 1. REFERENCES
Elianova, E.A. (1989). Formation of composition and struc and ancient VMS system. So Lyndon Canadian // Min some systems:hydrothermal active and deposits sulfide massive volcanogenic the of setting geological The C.L. Hodgson depos Russian]; ore of Genesis Vo deposits. (1984). D.F. Cangster, Dj.U., Laidon, Dj.M., Franklin, Russian]; prospec their of methods and metals nonferrous (198 I.P. Ratman, A.N., Ambokadze, C.A., Kekelia, and adjacent re evi Eurasia: of margin continental southern T. Ustaömer
(1993). gio ns/
/ Late Geological Jour ing Metallurgical Bull. Paleozoic viet geology, 12,17 t. kne, .. (Ed.). B.S. Skinner, its. imply - Early Mesozoic marginal basins along the active the along basins marginal Mesozoic Early nal. ca V. V. 120. P. 1 tions for explorations / C.L. Hodgson, S.M.Hodgson, C.L. / explorations for tions dence from the Central Pontides (Turkey) Pontides Central the from dence – –
ting. 26. [In Russian]. 1977. 4). Paleo 4). – – Tbilisi : Metsniereba, 96 р. [In р. 96 Metsniereba, : Tbilisi – 20;
V. 70.V. tu
re of the ore at the modern – lca
is .Mr 2 39 2, M.:Mir, no lan –
P. 95 ge do ni lcanic deposits of deposits lcanic msie sulfide cmassive – 106;
– 5. [In 252.
45 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 46 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY dis products burning specifi other in as well as angle tunnel and developedcan modelledat be the decreased scale. fi speci It Foundation. Scientific National Rustaveli Shota the by provided grant the burnt materialcircumstances quite impor is under such factors. ent givenfac the fromApart firm less material, burning of temperature Moreover, flow. ventilation the ventilation flow. of speed reversal critical of length the over influence great the also has products burnt the spreading the exceeds be products shall l burnt it as tunnel, of the part of direction less opposite the the in however, spread direction, stream burnt the the of towards part spread most flow, shall ventilation longitudinal of case in while tunnel, the of ventilation ple opportunity the on depends significantly evacuation spreading theburnt thro products of time the Overall, compl and timely perform to is self move organized right only the moment, that at lives; human save cts, released fromburn influ incomplete pro fac damaging few ini features fire The fire. the spreading and initiation tion. actio dangerous from results heavy evaconsequently risk of volume the and identified be should danger single every which, for safety ESTIMATION OF ESTIMATION VENTILATION call cess of inflammable material influencing basic infrastruc basic influencing material inflammable of cess y refers to the mo the to refers y
Amendment can be possible in ventilation air flows, pre flows, air ventilation in possible be can Amendment of terms in created models tunnel motorcar the of one on focuses report The is spreading gases burnt tunnel, bending With known, commonly As sup the circumstances, such of arrival possible the Upon tun motorcar in dangers the of one reasons, certain to Due motor the of quality The e ted since the moment of fire initiation till the collapse of ventilation s ventilation of collapse the till initiation fire of moment the since ted GEOMETRY AFFECT OVER THE EVACUATION PERIOD THE GEOMETRY OVER AFFECT Determination of correlation among each fac each among correlation of Determination -
evacu ADJUSTED TO THE THE TO ADJUSTED MODEL OF MOTORCAR flow
lua TUNNEL IN CASE OF MODELLED FIRES OFMODELLED INCASE TUNNEL Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi, Georgia sin the the sin ted. The volume of risk arisen from existing danger depends on dangerdependsexisting on from arisen risk The volume of ted. T. KUNCHULIA, Z.T. KUNCHULIA, KHOKERASHVILI, tri a tion from the risk zone. While the self the While zone. risk the from tion N. ARUDASHVILI, Z.N. ARUDASHVILI,LANCHAVA bution according to critical speed of ventilation flow, reve flow, ventilation of speed critical to according bution del of operating motorcar tunnel in which the fire, initiated initiated fire, the which in tunnel motorcar operating of del tors, the burnt products spreading is also affected by grad affectedbyalso spreadingis products burnt the tors, os get v great tors: horizontal tun horizontal the burnt products, formed from the absence of multi of absence the from formed products, burnt the car tunnels operation is deter is operation tunnels car ughout the tunnel. n and the probability of possible dangerous ac dangerous possible of probability the and n ca en lm o ha fre drn te burning the during formed heat of olume S
TREAM tions therefore, determining regularity of of regularity determining therefore, tions n cing human vitality.cing human el es n te fotn” tu caused. thus “floating”, the and ness , shall be spread in both directions of directions both in spread be shall , tia e ad nraig n uh space such in increasing and ted DYNAMICS A
n a te pe o spreading of speed the as ong
asym tant.
tor with the sprea the with tor me
mined according to its its to according mined
ture and toxic produ toxic and ture ssu rc de o h high the to due tric,
–
re evacuation can be can evacuation re, bending of the of bending re,
nel is considered is nel me pri me ND TUNNEL ND TUNNEL
rt s to is ority
ding of of ding ystem. r i ------
3. 2. 1. REFERENCES save life roadin tunnel in case of fire AR number workThis was supported by Rustaveli Shota ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS shall be drawn based onthe mo appropriate further nume flows ventilation of aerodynamics and conside without o influence the considering mitted specifi characteristic other and factor gradient length, sal
80 system. with ventilation tunnels longitudinal road in fires of roadmodelling Numerical G. in Nozadze O., fire Lanchava N., of Ilias assessment for problems Some G. tunnels. Nozadze N., Ilias O., Lanchava pp. 302 Antennas” Reflector and Structures Lightweight “Advanced Conference systtransforming of usage of Prospects Z. Lebanidze G., Khitalishvili N., Ilias E., Medzmariashvili О., Lanchava .
oevr tkn it acut pcfc hrceitc o tnes geometry tunnels of characteristics specific account into taking Moreover,
- 308 Quality - 19 ; -
96 Poet il “ title Project 1936,
ra
tion of those factors. oftion Access Success,to de lling of motorcar tunnels, tunnels, motorcar of lling
ems for extinguishing fire in tunnels. in fire extinguishing for ems comparison Quality Access to Success to Access Quality Deve ”]. f tran f
Vol. 18,S1
lo
s of the obtained results. mn ad etn o tasombe ytm to system transformable of testing and pment for National Science Foundation (SRNSF) [Grant mable systems and elements as well as as well as elements and systems mable ri ,
cal modelling of fires is planned for for planned is fires of modelling cal 2017 , and, corresponding conclu corresponding and, pp. 69 , Vol. 18, S1, 18, Vol. , cati - 72 ; ons shall also be per be also shall ons
International Scientific International
,
2017 Tbilisi, , pp. 77 pp. sions sions 2009 - - ,
47 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 48 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY oftion velocities givenmodels is for 2. the intheTable acco in speed permissible m/s 6.0 and tunnel, the in turbulence ensure to speed minimum the areconsumption given and nature the obtained results values forexperimental tun the the analyzing and experiments conducting sloping in fires estimated for applied tunnels. be to factor, correction grade a as defined velocity critical the than lower is velocity ventilation the when the to velocity geometry,for specific tunnel and topology. location soft engineering compared gradient a and length, layering back a velocity, critical a in variations the of regularity the determine to us help and other Georgian of and Institute Mi Tsulukidze models ofG. mod tunnel onthe performed be tunnels. Modelingwill physical on conditions fire under ventilation
Firepower in according in according Firepower distance In the nature, Inthe range fluctuation velocity air nature the In Depending themodeling scale on for methods as well as tunnels, experimental of projects presents report The long minimum the as defined is velocity critical The pa technological important study to scheduled have We
5 (5) 5 MW
prevent reverse prevent ih ueia mo numerical with O. LANCHAVAO.
,
1:40 1:40 t hc txc pro toxic which at o MODELS OFMODELS AND INCLINED HORIZONTAL ware packages Pyrosim and Fluent to allow new results to be us be to results new allow to Fluent and Pyrosim packages ware n the model, as well as the amount of heat released and the gas the and released heat of amount the as well as model, the n and and 2 1 Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi, Georgia G. Tsulukidze Mining Institute, Tbilisi, Georgia On the model,kW Onthe M. JANGIDZE ( 1:60)
0.494 (0.179) 0.494 Firepower in the nature and on the model the on and nature in the Firepower Table 1. in modeling r
dance with construction regulations and rules. The varia The rules. and regulations construction with dance
flow of flow Technical 3 LTD Lochi 1,2 , L., nels 1 given are inTables
scales ROAD TUNNELS de ducts of combustion spread upstream of the fire fire the of upstream spread combustion of ducts
ig eut otie uig full using obtained results ling MAKHARADZE smoke in case of fire. of case in smoke
1
, S. SEBISKVERADZE, S. University. ni, Tbilisi, Georgia Natural gas consumption, consumption, gas Natural ( - 1:40; 1:60) the calcu the 1:60) 1:40; fac
(0.01928 [19.3]) (0.01928 0.05313 [53.13] 0.05313 o. hscl oeig eut wl be will results modeling Physical tor. m 3 /h [l/h] /h
is These
between 0.2 between els of different scales of road road of scales different of els 1,2
,
D. TSANAVA
-
The 3. models
la 3 backlayering
tions of firepower in firepower of tions 1 2] [1,
Heat released on theon released Heat - i
. Gra .
tu 6.0 m/s. 0.2 m/s. 6.0 opeet each complement di 1.778 (0.646) 1.778 model,
- - nal
cl modern scale dient . the maximum the
1 r , h control The
a
me ventilation MJ/h -
length factor is is factor Table Table es of ters m/s is m/s
ning ed
1 is
-
2. 1. REFERENCES case offire “ National Science ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS shown inTables 1 1:40; scale for l kW; MW, rate, dissipation accordingformulas tothe Development and testing of transformable system oftransformable Development tosave inroadtunnel in life andtesting
Nature, Nature, Air the “Mining Journal”, N1(42), О. Lanchava fire О. Lanchava Air 0.5 (0.5) 0.5 (1.0) 1.0 (3.0) 3.0 (6.0) 6.0 https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202030500023 s 0.5 1.0 3.0 6.0 m/s n n model; the to corresponds m index the formulas the In calculated are nature in and model the on velocity air and power Fire peed in peed . s ature, ature,
MA peed, peed,
m/s
TEC TEC ofWeb Conferences 305, 2020. ”].
scale
, Ilias N. Ilias ,
the Analysis of critical air velocity for tunnel fires controlled by ventilation. by controlled fires tunnel for velocity air critical of Analysis Model, 0.079 (0.065) 0.079 (0.130) 0.158 (0.390) 0.474 (0. 0.949 Air 0.065 0.130 0.390 0.780
1:60 m/s Foundation (SRNSF) [GrantFoundation number AR
- = 12 m 12 = model 3. s
peed peed
Critical velocity analysis for safety managesafety for velocity analysis Critical 780) , m/s , o
Tunnels cross
n and model[nature]
Tbilisi,
Firepower in the nature 30 nature MW in the Firepower
M Firepower Firepower , (2) , - : odeling 0.027 [95.7] 0.027 [95.7] 0.027 [95.7] 0.027 [ 0.027
0.04 [64] (0.027 [95.7]) (0.027 [64] 0.04 [95.7]) (0.027 [64] 0.04 [95.7]) (0.027 [64] 0.04 [95.7]) (0.027 [64] 0.04 This work wasby supported Rustaveli Shota length, m; m; length, Tunnels cross model[nature]
= 720 m for scale 1:60. The remaining values are values remaining The 1:60. scale for m 720 = 20 95.7]
scales 1 - section, 9 in the nature 5 5 MW nature in the , pp.126 ,
m
1:40 1:40 2 -
section, - air sp air
, m and and - 2 Air consumption on Airconsumption 132 (in Georgian);132 (in
the model, m model, the (1:60) eed, m/s; m/s; eed,
consumption consumption 136.6 (74.2) 136.6 model, m model, 22.8 (12.4) 22.8 (37.1) 68.3 12.4 37.1 74.2 11 6.2
on theon
.4 .4 (6.2) Air
- 19 3 / 3 h / - h
1936, Project title title 1936, Project
m
= 12 m; m; 12 =
ent in case of tunnelof case in ent - (1)
Increment of air air of Increment nature; Q nature; temperature on temperature 1157.2 (106.8) 1157.2 Increment of air air of Increment the model, the temperature on temperature 578.6 (53.4) 578.6 (17.8) 192.8 the model, the
96.4 (8.9) 96.4 640.8 320.4 106.8 53.4
= 480 m 480 =
Table Table 0
- C 0
C
h
eat
3 2
49 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 50 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY inten space underground expensive the reduce not does it since tunnels, road existing in competitive especially be will low proposed the that shows in partitions flexible without proce ventilation where system, ventilation with acapacity upto30MW. of dyna distribution the examines study The portals. between pressure dynamic using modelled is ventilation tunnel conditions. f time the maximize to order in fires during propo sig to The correction aerodynamic increases. period evacuation the wayareevacuated. people trans using time right the diffu the down slow will which at tunnel the of drag aerodynamic to impossible almost are com fires large that experience the on based also was which ac in developed was It fire. a in people with r safety ofexis Trans the to attention special coun western developed in occurred have that fires [1 directed are resources financial and attention great which to tunnels, road of network existing the forunresolved remains problem factors,the maxi to aims which tunnels, underground gning use the Despite fire. a is factor risk only the fifty, than more be will future near the in which of number total the Georgia, in tunnels bile automo construction under and existing For research. engineering intensive of ject al priin, ih aibe aerody variable with partitions, mable TRANSFORMABLE SYSTEMS FOR INCREASINGEVACUATION p out special effort inroad various tunnelswith ventilation systems. letely localize in tunnels. The idea of idea The tunnels. in localize letely A comparative analysis of numerical studies for tunnels with a longitudinal a with tunnels for studies numerical of analysis comparative A si numerical of results the on based is study present The ventilation the result, a As ventil improve to is idea proposed The pa presented The dayremain ahigh this road to Fires tunnels in
ting construction and under tunnels. PERIOD MINIMIZATION AND OFDAMAGING
FACTORSFIRES OF INROAD 2 1 Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi, Georgia G. Tsulukidze Mining Institute, Tbilisi, Georgia M. JANGIDZE O. LANCHAVAO. per describes the manufacturing techno manufacturing the describes per
3 LTD Lochini, Tbilisi, Georgia - fires of various capacities. The calculations analysis calculations The capacities. various of fires - ot ehooy f lxbe rnfral partitions transformable flexible of technology cost ni uoen ewr, hc i a o pirt fr the for priority top a is which Network, European sion proce sion is f hazard of mics
iaty oto te lw f et n txc gases toxic and heat of flow the control ficantly system will become more flexi more become will system ded for traffic. In addition, the time and money and time the addition, In traffic. for ded 1 , S. SEBISKVERADZES. 1,2 c na sses of the combustion products along the the along products combustion the of sses
o , G.NOZADZE r i rssac, hc cn e installed be can which resistance, mic sses are examined in a tunnel with and with tunnel a in examined are sses or safe evacuation of people in ext in people of evacuation safe or dance with our previous studies [3 studies previous our with dance the ation technology to save the lives of of lives the save to technology ation e tcnlg alw te s of use the allows technology sed
ous combustion products for fires fires for products combustion ous study is to artificially increase the the increase artificially to is study mize the consideration of fire risk risk fire of consideration the mize
- tries, the European Union pays Union European the tries, risk TUNNELS of modern me modern of
factor and are still thesub arefactor still and 1,2 , , 2]. After the powerful the After 2]. ,
3
logy of light transfo light of logy
ble to save lives as as lives save to ble ombe systems, formable
mu
lations, where where lations, th
ods of desi of ods re – me 5], - - - - 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. REFERENCES save life roadin tunnel in case of fire AR number workThis was supported by R Shota ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS systems elementseconomical also transformable efficient. with be will and trans install to
80. system. ventilation longitudinal Numeric G. Nozadze O., Lanchava N., Ilias assess for problems tunnels. Some G. Nozadze N., Ilias O., Lanchava tunnels. in fire Reflec Tbilisi, and extinguishing Structures Lightweight for “Advanced Conference systems Scientific transforming of usage Lanchava О.,Medzmariashvili E.,Ilias N., Khitalishvili G., Lebanidze Z. TRANS/AC.7/9 E UN, Theologitis D.Euro transport,
ooi ad oil oni, cnmc omsin o Europe for Commission Economic Council, Social and conomic - 2009 19 Quality Access Success,to - 96 Poet il “ title Project 1936,
for , pp.302 ,2005, al eupet il e iia, n teeoe ventilation therefore and minimal, be will equipment mable - p. 59 308;
;
# 3, 2005, pp.16 ustaveli National Science Foun Develo ”]. Quality Access to Success to Access Quality
Vol. 18,S1 p et n tsig f rnfral sse to system transformable of testing and ment
al modelling of fires in road tunnels with tunnels road in fires of modelling al , –
2017
22;
, pp. 69 , Vol. 18, S1, 18, Vol. , - 72; dation (SRNSF) [Grant
et f ie n road in fire of ment o Antennas” tor
2017 International
Prospects of
. , pp. 77 pp. Report - ,
51 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 52 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY experiencesenhancing and internationalcoopera prom achi the to related de closely economic country's the in factor major pres economic and population statusofthe its state ro du coun the of development im environmental negative reduces and resources coun re my economics. gical ecology and nment nmental degradation and depletes natural resour natural depletes and degradation nmental ction prac ction ented in Figureented in 1. tries and also o In 2 lite various on based economy green the of sectors main The ec green a of development The Economy Green 1. po ti OF MASTERING . Recently, the environment has become mankind's sur mankind's become has environment the Recently, . on,
rt explains that the green economy implies equality of re of equality implies economy green the that explains rt terms
G. MACHAIDZE, inve G. LOBJANIDZE,G. B.BUT KAKHADZE, T. tices,
G of supporting sustainable economic develop economic sustainable supporting of s
REEN REEN tment, modern, green technologies and technologies green modern, tment, The Uni The Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi, GeorgiaGeorgian Technical Tbilisi, University,
attracts moving towards the towards moving .
The activities The
Fig. 1. E try's economy, it accelerates clean consumption and pro and consumption clean accelerates it economy, try's
ted Nations ted a CONOMY green investment, green M s economic activity implies less im less implies activity economic s e ve INERAL
Main s G. KHETSURIANI, G.NANITASHVILI men
are based on sustainable develo sustainable on based are o iprat onre i te re business green the in countries important of t ectors of
Environment Program (UNEP) Green Eco Green (UNEP) Program Environment AND AND
less carbon. R nm pooe te ie s o natural of use wise the promotes onomy ESOURCES
C
ve creat Green Economy
URRENT [1] lop tion. pac . es et n wlae f h people the of welfare and ment ces, there ces,
new ts. Considering the sustainable sustainable the Considering ts.
IN
green A s ULASHVILI, haring best pra best haring G SPECTS by improving the socio the improving by ment for the for ment
LOBALIZATION
pacts v jobs, pre jobs, ival of solving the solving of ival
pment and pment so rary sources are sources rary
o u n the enviro the n r ces of other of ces
v country, it country, c ents envi ents tices and and tices
ecolo
no ------rates of the and theshift tosustainableone proofs economic is of development. utilization resource mineral in decline the in trends overall the with line in is This re t Indicator Macroeconomic Significant countries. individual and economies world lation andthe progress modern socie of effecti and significantlydeter scale The minerals. scien neces and be will it production, progress, agricultural and industrial population, energy gaseous have years byption increase 2050will by%. 70 co capita per in trend a such if says, Nations United by However, resources. its recover to months tak 2030, 6 and year 1 needs Earth the that regenera Earth's the exceeded has 1970 since economic and technolo sou an in resulting costs, production increased to increase materialsraw inmineral andpro leading world, the around urces reso mineral of depletion gradual a is there addition, In goods. the of availability adv the in energy of consumption su mate raw mineral of rategrowth the time, same the At growth. population n of emergence the tries, com countries developing in consumption materials fossil including: reasons, of number a to due is growth ption chara still is direction overall its time, to time from factors various of influence the by plicated markets to bus stimulus and sectors new Promoting through. agri sustainable transport, clean management, waste efficiency, environ on focused model economic ment me ex and po realizing by opportunities capital natural preserve to important is here is a close correla close a is here du m rce supplies are subject to the complex influen complex the to subject are supplies rce ption in the world has been declining, due to the sa the to due declining, been has world the in ption e nry xedtr o GP wih en icesn ener increasing means which GDP, on expenditure energy ce n h fc o rpd economic rapid of face the In 4. both for problems global the of one is supply resources mineral of state The Exp Complex Mining World the of output annual Total that known been has It resource mineral in Changes 1.
The Green E Green The [1,2] Although the evolutionary process of world industrial production is com is production industrial world of process evolutionary the Although chanisms. ing into account these trends, co trends, these account into ing
ranged from US $ 0.8 $ US from ranged
trzdb nices ndmn o iea rdcs Is consum Its products. mineral for demand in increase an by cterized . iesf te econo the diversify
- osmr. vr h nx 2 yas wt te nrae n planet in increase the with years, 25 next the Over consumers. mine the state of the economy, the standard of living of the popu the of living of standard the economy,the of state the mine
conomy As an important part of the eco the of part important an As conomy tion between GDP and GDP per capita. Developed countries Developed capita. per GDP and GDP between tion gi cal factors. sary to extract more energy and other minerals from the from minerals other and energy more extract to sary ew areas and non and areas ew te the world's annual consumption of natural resources resources natural of consumption annual world's the ntial and implementing effective economic develo economic effective implementing and ntial y inc my, - ees f h ue f iea rw materials raw mineral of use the of veness 1.1 trillion, 70 trillion, 1.1 a
mastering
n ment and green growth resources and ener and resources growth green and ment e cutis n rdcin f h material the of reduction and countries ced
ty
rwh i i ncsay o implem to necessary is it growth, du
nsumption will double produ double will nsumption [3,4,5] rease competitiveness and access new new access and competitiveness rease in ction anduse. a slowdownintheir - traditional methods of use, as well as well as use, of methods traditional s mdl sol b a important an be should models ess
ti rates and the vo the and rates on capacity by 1.5 times, meaning times, 1.5 by capacity on .
ad n ehne re growth green enhance and pand
% of which comes to liquid and liquid to comes which of % ce of mining, geological, socio geological, mining, of ce n ae t idsraie coun industrialized to pared sum tu ption continues, consum continues, ption ration of demand, lower lower demand, of ration ert estimates in recent recent in estimates ert no - fuel, me fuel, lu ii ad technical and tific my and ecosystem, and my cu me of mineral re mineral of me tr ad others and lture y efficiency. gy c ta ti ls and raw and ls on. rials con rials ent an an ent As the the As
gy p – ------
53 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 54 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. R generations. ensu also while mastering efficiency, social and sustainability replacing population, the intro in poverty of rep and eco elimination jobs traditional gradual the the of to development contribute sustainable of principles important nationaltask. busi (clusters, infrastructures innovative incu of involvement the with activities t resource mineral also existing the but of base, use intensive more make to only not necessary develop more effective laws as development, economic (PPP callsactive engagementit for alon public EFERENCES
Mining & Metals 2020: ESG front and center. Whate and case. 2020. 8p. English)(in ekonomike https://mining Manage Geology B. Kakhadze Georgia G., Lobjanidze G., Indus Tabatadze of Confederation economy/National Association. CNI, 2012.69 green & Mining Krialashvili bators, etc.). Thus, raising the efficiency of the study and use of minerals is an is minerals of use and study the of efficiency the raising Thus, etc.). bators, du s n re t ices te tt' ntoa wat ad ugt eeus i is it revenues, budget and wealth national state's the increase to order In h Gen Economy Green The ), which are vital to the country's inclusive economic growth and sus and growth economic inclusive country's the to vital are which ), to o nw ehoois dsse rs aodne envi avoidance, risk disaster technologies, new of ction
n Technical f iie mnrl re mineral limited of
(in Russian);(in
K
- . Supporting green the economy. 2017.46p. Tbilisi, ( media.ru/ru/article/ekonomic/11947 dvlp n exp and develop o
University. Tbilisi. 2018. 148 p. (
la c
n te wt gen os Is eeomn eals the enables development Its jobs. green with them ing
p. .
a naeet priiain n coo and participation engagement,
(in English) the achieving to factors contributing the of one s so ur and geological exploration and exploration exploration and exploration geological and e i te neet o peet n future and present of interests the in ces ; gside effective
- rol i - n Georgian) gorno no ig pia ad rational and optimal ring P y i wl significantly will it my, ublic y - promyshlennosti r. Bra try. - P et Publi ment. ;
rivate i pe n Georgian) ron ra etl safety, mental in ep to helps tion iin Mining zilian P artnerships cation tai - ; v - nable ness
. of
explosion. of threat the to exposed facilities other Present and mines coal corridors, has designs available transport in used be can and and competitive 2.5 highly is system system proposed the that by proposed shown the wave of shock properties a the of by comparison generated pressure excess of reduction the ensures and blast of moment the from msec 22 in activates system The design. quick the determining Te 6]. 5, 4, [3, Institute Mining the of facility experimental the before tunnel a in water entry 2]. a wave [1, shock of dispersed of discharge ac the ensures which instantaneously absorber, which detector, blast tifyge blastsand underg in studied been have agents different of use the with processes mitigation wave Shock device. protective ba water Institute. Mining the carri research preliminary the of findings the on based selected, were tion ca s a by generated pressure excess of reduction explo of place the between activated quick create to needed effective systems. protection are studies Preliminary priorities. exp year. in material Methaneexplosion each losses and human large with associated are explosions terrorist and accidental standards, (ISTC)and the ve NATO the by Programme, (SPS) supportedSecurity and Peace for been Science have studies terroris these and times, different accidental At against explosions. systems protective developing at aiming studies used by explosion. Design parameters for a protective system of a new genera new a of system protective a for parameters Design explosion. by used lo lo pment sion atdifferent have industrialsites ledtodisastrous conse The proposed system prototype has been tested in the underground underground the in tested been has prototype system proposed The wireless a i) elements: following the contains design protective proposed The supp energy an of use make systems mitigation Blast research top the of one is systems protective of development present, At security strict and prevention of tools of array an of presence the Despite out carryingbeenInstitutehas Mining Tsulukidze G. the decade last Overthe ly,efforts are of beingtoensure commercialization thesystem. made the rrier with high attenuating capacity, as well as of the design of a new new a of design the of as well as capacity, attenuating high with rrier
Foundation Foundation
Shota Rus Shota ne G. Tsulukidze MiningInstitute,Tbilisi, Georgia rate a system arate signal,has activation been and designed tested. N. BOCHORISHVILI,I. AKHVLEDIANI EXPLOSION PROTECTION SYSTEM EXPLOSION PROTECTION E. MATARADZE, h stu The - action response capacity, reliability and effectiveness of the the of effectiveness and reliability capacity, response action (CRDF), the Interna the (CRDF), ta veli National ScienceFoundation ro
is evd o determi to served dies und conditions. A wireless de wireless A conditions. und DEVELOPMENT sion and the area to be protected, to ensure the the ensure to protected, be to area the and sion
M. CHIKHRADZE,
ti tional Sci tional va hock wave and the attenuation of fire of attenuation the and wave hock e te protecti the tes coal cloud fuel and mines, and dust
U.S. Civilian Re Civilian U.S. ne the properties of dispersed dispersed of properties the ne e nce and Technology Centre Centre Technology and nce re tector, which is to iden to is which tector, st results were used for used were results st . ssion barrier, which is which barrier, ssion
-
acting,
e eie i) an ii) device; ve quences.
se -
t 3 arch and De and arch eibe and reliable ms The imes.
ed out at out ed
- - - t
55 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 56 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. REFERENCES
Signal Processing Sympo Exp Identification for Device of Development Tavlalashvi E., Mataradze M., Chikhradze Environ. Impact Mataradze and Analysis of Protec 6 the of Proc. Tunnels. in Fire and T. Wave Shock Krauthammer E., Mataradze N., Chikhradze Destin, Florida, USA, 2015 Interna Testing anActive of Suppression Sys Mataradze E: Human Societal and Dyna Comp Under in People Protecting of Problems Mataradze PatentStates and Trademark O Mataradze lex
inl Sympo tional of
ity and Security and ity Sci.
Water E., Chikhradze E., E., . Chikhradze E., . Krauthammer E.,
221,
Chikhradze
Mist
2019; im n h Efcs f uiin wt Struc with Munitions of Effects the on sium
tive Structures (DAPS 2017), Melbourne, Australia, 2017 Thickness
. sium SPS
Volume ;
N., Krauthammer N.,
M., mics N.
ffice. US Paffice. ,
. Chikhradze T., Chikhradze
Tavlalashvili , IOS pp.265 Press, on
- 37, 2015, Debe, Poland, pp.
tem Reduction for Blast of Effect. Proc. of the 16 Shock NATO Science for Peace and Security, Series Security, and Peace for Science NATO rud Struc ground
tent №10,252,092, 2019;
i . Bochorish K., li Wave M T.. Explosion Prote Explosion T.. ,
.
, lo
K., th . Chageli N.,
Krauthammer sions and Fires. Proceedings of of Proceedings Fires. and sions
International Symposium on Design Design on Symposium International yrd Sys Hybrid Attenuation
- Bochor 275, 2008; ue fo Troit Explosions. Terrorist from tures ishvili ii . Mraihii Sh. Marjanishvili N., vili shvili . e fr teuto of Attenuation for tem
IOP
T. c 293
System. tion
ue (SES 16), (ISIEMS tures N., E.,
Devel Conf. - 296.
Akhvlediani
Jokhadze P. P. Jokhadze pet and opment
Ser.: ;
United
Earth the
I. th -
que s pump (assils a rule,at water)any dista trans be to liquid) (hydraulic mixture respectively are which components, solid and connected pipeand thesuction chamber tothepumpinlet ofthe component. solid liquid of mixture a obtaining for volumes with equipped is station each time, me sa the At auger. an by it within performed is which component, loose solid a ving chamberreceia placedwithin is nozzle wings.A pipe inlet betweenthe axle the to an of consists drumanda within installed for mechanism a has it function, its perform pumps soil centrifugal of instead used are pumps water centrifugal sure a liquid carrier the with fossils loose trans for us by processed system transport high tech abo the eliminate to able be will tem, hydro pipeline main the of scheme technological the of processing ment of emergency regimeswithnegati develop for reason the becomes often which complicated, very systems reviewed hyd transitional the during diffi more the distance, tation pipe main the to connected sequentially pumps soil gal m above the of tation sequen pumps such connect to necessary na specific the consideringperformancestructural po condi geographic any under advan big the of One indicators. these techni to compared properties so TRANSPOR i os osl from fossils loose lid rta n alc hcs Al f h aoe ae rvso o ssanbe reg sustainable of provision make above the of All shocks. raulic tially connected to the main pipeline, i.e. significantly increase technical increase significantly i.e. pipeline, main the to connected tially in f ma of tion ieie hydro Pipeline n diin ue f high of use addition, In hydro pipeline the of scheme technological Such multi the of scheme technological the reviews paper The technical largest above, the to Due the longer The cal tations as a source of energy allows for minimizing the number of steps se steps of number the minimizing for allows energy of source a as tations L. MAKHARADZE - ni economic and indicators ecological purity. MAIN PIPELINEMAIN HYDRO cal TATION OF SOLID LOOSE FOSSILS ATLONGOF LOOSE DISTANCES SOLID TATION - economic indicators be will possible. economic eil, hc dvlp oprtvl lw pres low comparatively develop which terials, 2 1 Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi, Georgia G. Tsulukidze Mining Institute, Tbilisi, Georgia
- distance of transportation of solid loose ma loose solid of transportation of distance rnpr sses eae iey sd for used widely became systems transport ate trade eie, h mr fre more the regimes,
rials at long distances. The higher the number of centri of number the higher The distances. long at rials h eodhl ftels century last the of half second the tions. Centrifugal soil pumps are mostly used for trans for used mostly are pumps soil Centrifugal tions. 1 tio , S. STER , S. - nal means of transportation, due to particularly high high particularly to due transportation, of means nal rsue ae pms n h ha pm ad line and pump head the on pumps water pressure ut h rglto o ter prto, especially operation, their of regulation the cult nce withanoptimalnce concentration. t long distances by pipelines, where high pres high where pipelines, by distances long t po Y ve negative factors and safe operation with operation safe and factors negative ve ta ve outcomes ve outcomes - r AKOVA FORTRANSPORT SYSTEM ted in the carrier liquid of solid loose fos loose solid of liquid carrier the in ted ges is that it is possible to be carried out carried be to possible is it that is ges
tia auger and quill shafts, which areattachedwhich shafts, quill auger and por - cnmc infcne s tahd to attached is significance economic lly to the main pipeline for pipeline main the to lly obtaining a hydraulic fluid, which is which fluid, hydraulic a obtaining tation of the hydraulic fluid of solid of fluid hydraulic the of tation of creation of probability the quent located under the perforated drum perforated the under located 1 tu , Sh. NASKIDASHVILI, Sh.
re of the designation. Thus, it is it Thus, designation. the of re
[1, 2]. [1, - li trans nes based on the on based nes
port sy port due to many positive positive many to due - step pipeline hydro pipeline step
te su rnprain of transportation rials, the higher the rials, the allows stem e de o the to due re, - transport sys transport ms f the of imes [3, 4]. To 4]. [3, transport transport 2
- eco fu
------
57 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 58 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 4. 3. 2. 1. REFERENCES no
mic indi No. 931609. L. Makharadze Georgian); Hydromi Pipeline. Main of Pressure Preparation for Station Pump Head the of Scheme Technological Sh. Naskidashvili S., Steryakova L., Makharadze L., (manual). “Nedra”, M Makharadze G., Dmitriev Russian); “Metsniere Materials. Granular Solid of Hydrotransport Makharadze ca
tors ofensure thesystem operation. and sustainable
Bull. . Gciahii . Ki S, miosaa . T L. Smoilowskaya S., Kril T., Gochitashvili L., et. al. et. №. 20, 1982 oscow, 1991.304 p. (in Russian);
Multistage Hydrotransport System. USSR copyright certificate copyright USSR System. Hydrotransport Multistage " Mining .
ohtsvl T. Gochitashvili
Journal
" , trs n ter rnprain n the in Transportation their and xtures № 1
(42),
rsue Hydro Pressure
Tbilisi ba”, Tbilisi, 2006. 360 p. (in p. 360 2006. Tbilisi, ba”, ,
2019.
tran p pr System sport p. e Pipe he 74 - 78.
line (in was copper of content total the of 70% form. oxidized in and sulfides ndary field. embankments. low in method processing heap the of application obtai iron native represented mainly is iron low. cess was studied. leaching. biohy the for used be can ce the during formed solutions residual c 80 exo triva of composition a is which formed, is gent 10 vo cillus its feasibility of [ FR onditions onditions - 5 of oxidation of process the intensifies lvement 2 m hge cmae t te ue erc xd slae ne te same the under sulfate oxide ferric pure the to compared higher mV 120 microorga Among advantages.
po times, which results intherelease ofenerg -
18 ned
The content of the copper in the test subject was 0.5%, in the form of seco of form the in 0.5%, was subject test the in copper the of content The be table the in given is reactor the of out coming water the of analysis The pro cementation water quarry the from derived waters of composition The pra in feature this apply to appropriate it consider We oxidizi an oxidation, microbiological this during time, same the At In The study was funded by the Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation Science National Rustaveli Shota the by funded was study The In laboratory conditions, the scheme was tested on an example of an ore ore an of example an on tested was scheme the conditions, laboratory In table, the in shown As I ly ferro ntensification of the ore mining and processing industr processing and mining ore the of ntensification - acaie, h oxi the saccharides, 6322] POSIBILITI OF APLICATION OF RESIDUAL SOLUTIONS OFPOSIBILITI APLICATION SOLUTIONS OF RESIDUAL this regard, the application of application the regard, this
strong Alexander Tvalchrelidze Caucasian Institute of Mineral Resources - oxi [1, 2]. [1, oxidizing b oxidizing exploiting copperexploiting
dans are distinguished as having an active oxidizing property. Its in Its property. oxidizing active an having as distinguished are dans
of of Specified element Specified SH. oxidizing
I. I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
Fe MALASHKHIA, N. Cu pH tot ac 2+ al
OF COPPER CEMEN
te ria dro erc xd slht cn e sd o xrc cop extract to used be can sulphate oxide ferric da in the the , the , ealria poes f low of process metallurgical
in oeta o wih n ufrc cd ouin is solutions acid sulfuric in which of potential tion - bearing a iron content in the outflow waters outflow the in content iron
divalent bivalent ni Mg Mg Unit sms used sms
biohydrometallur / / L L intra
m
LOMIDZE, M. en iron can be can iron form. c tation of quarry water in ore deposits ore in water quarry of tation table and mineralizedtable rocks.
y. n biohyd in
TATION lent iron and bacteria and iron lent - t low At grade divalent iron divalent , Tbilisi, Value oxidized to trivalent,and to oxidized 1800 40,0 gi 3,3 intractable sulfide ores and ores sulfide intractable rometallurgy, Acidithioba rometallurgy,
c KANDELAKI H conditions, pH
al
-
rd cpe or copper grade
c methods demonstrates demonstrates methods y calls attention to the to attention ycalls Geogia. tice. We believe that believe We tice. Table 1 Table
to
is hi is trivalent iron trivalent
- gh. Here the the gh.Here synthesized synthesized
ng biorea ng
by using using by
e heap heap e per seco
the the by by by ------
59 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 60 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 2. 1. REFERENCE the of application of case bioreagent method the in and 55.0%, was process leaching acid the using solution the to transferred copper of amount the that showed analysis the of results was process The method. chemical pure of application the with and water residual cementation treated rially n dary
for Internationalfor projects, 1989 [in Russian]. metals Biogeotechnology of al. et A Agate G., Possi G., Karavaiko Autore of intensification the ImprovementChjihun.humanbio the Chjen of lea copper of process the in applied were methods Both
sulfides, 28.8% fe re nsing. M.2016. p.28. Electronic resources. S
-
82.2%. -
the synthesis of the bioreagent immobilized by microorganisms. by immobilized bioreagent the of synthesis the oxide
carried out under equal conditions for 60 days. The The days. 60 for conditions equal under out carried zed, andzed, 1.2%
-
primary sulfide (chalcopyrite). - leachingpro www.lib.tru.ru cess of sulfide ore basedon ore sulfideof cess ching . (in Russian); –
Moscow. Centre Moscow. –
using bacte using
- to obtain anhydrous sulfate. sodium of conditions the also and water lake in condi climatic nmental deter to year the during content salt total and differ each significantly from other. appropriateness January in sul times 0.6 and about by Sodium decreased changed. also has itself water January in December, in crystallized layer mirabilite the addition, In puddles. individual small salt mirabilite of layer a with covered salt is from crystallized water, of free lake, the of surface The ced. salt December inte in we, it, from and Mine Mirabilite compo the determine to order mirabilite crystals. autumn yet. salt of form total reserves of Kachaal pre are Group Azamburi of Lakes im are non techno ar eco positive the maintain econo time if only advisable is minerals of Extraction same the at and territory the im environmental of the local economy. INVESTIGATION OF THE AZAMBURI MINEINVESTIGATION OFTHE AND LAKE MIRABILITE pootoaey ae in taken proportionately e - -
r - water on the surface of the lake, and and lake, the of surface the on water water. vals, exa vals, non the From minerals. metallic The mining industry makes a significant contribution to the development of development the to contribution significant a makes industry mining The It is planned to continue continue to planned is It l water the 2019, December In condi climatic the in change seasonal the to According lake the of area the mine, the At the in lake brackish a from sulfate sodium anhydrous obtaining of issue The and ore include which resources, natural in rich is Georgia that known is It lo otn.hy r situa are portant.They - - winter period it declines sharply and the deposit is covered by a layer of of layer a by covered is deposit the and sharply declines it period winter gies. Lake. WATER TO OBTAIN OBTAIN TO WATER ANHYDROUS
- February, passed into Tenardite. The chemical composition of the salt the of composition chemical The Tenardite. into passed February, - water
mined complete chemical composition of crystallized mira crystallized of composition chemical complete mined Only the first two are impor are two first the Only
Mirab f opud i cytlie mrblt ad n salt in and mirabilite crystallized in compounds of
at the Mirabilite deposit and its surface has not been resolved been not has surface its and deposit Mirabilite the at mitigatio challenge mining forAn important industryisthe the Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi, Georgia M. MCHEDLISHVILI,T. NASUASHVILI pacts - water. In January and February 2020, there is practically no no practically is there 2020, February and January In water. i lite intheAzamlite tions, how will change the concentration of sodium sulfate sodium of concentration the change will how tions, ,
after the completion of mining operations recultivation operations mining of completion the after to account, which is achieved by improving mining mining improving by achieved is which account, to e i Sgrj Mncplt, h Mrblt deposit. Mirabilite the Municipality, Sagarejo in ted monitoring the dynamics of salt of dynamics the monitoring iin f sea of sition
etd y lks Sakhre lakes: 3 by sented evel of the Sakhare the of evel - ealc mi metallic ’s mirror surface changes seasonally. In the the In seasonally. changes surface mirror ’s buri field exceed 1 million tons. buri field 1million exceed
natural mirabilete crysta mirabilete natural - its traces are recorded only in the form of of form the in only recorded are traces its
February compared to December. to compared February tant in terms of Mirabilite stock. The The stock. Mirabilite of terms in tant so mine, under the influence of enviro of influence the under mine, al cytlie mrblt a the at mirabilite crystallized nally mic, ecological and social interests social and ecological mic, - ae os isle i salt in dissolved ions fate ac 2019 March ne
SODIUM SULFATE as ae o Aabr group Azamburi of lakes rals - Tba is Tba ti - - ons of the region, in region, the of ons 00 a one at 2020,
oi bene nomic Lake,
- water composition composition water significantly lli za - tion, in order in tion, ae d not do water Ga
re
bilite and bilite je is [1] fits -
a and la month month - Molar water red u n - - - .
61 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 62 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY
2. 1. REFERENCES
N 5S.M.Proceedin theof Strategy Georgian onthe Subsoil’’ ,,Approval the on 2019 9, December of 2575 N Georgia of Government the of Decree
gs of the Kirov State Polytechnic Institute, 1956 (in Russian).
(
in Georgian).in
dayand (Fig. night 1). dire both in time) of interval th in changes shows Fig.1 night. and day the of time on depending changed regions investigated the in of highways main resea the on of one is which Stu str., Tbilisi. Eristavi Tornike to adjacent areas te g flow, traffic of velocityaverage flow, transport the into transport L levels par Normative transport. auto the pathological changes intheauditory, centraland cardiovascular nervous systems. uni factors physical unfavorable environ the worsen the that of one is Noise factors. anthropogenic of group the to belong and population urban the for factors risk as defined increasingly are cia environ worsening constantly the to due ristics ofthe road, of parameters and thedividing etc. line [1]. ted with the study of not only natural, but also physic also but natural, only not of study the with ted versally reco versally ESTIMATION OF POLLUTIONESTIMATION OF NOISE TORNIKE ERISTAVI
road in pollution noise of state of estimation the to refers research Present m in generation 90%) to (up noise transport to input main The deepened further are cities large of problems urban and economic social, The Aeqv r ched sec ched dies were accom were dies
(dBA), which depends on a traffic intensity, part of trucks and public and trucks of part intensity, traffic a on depends which (dBA), STREET STREET OF MOTORBY TRANSPORT TBILISI A. gnized and manifests itself in a wide range: from mild irri mild from range: wide a in itself manifests and gnized
MIKABERIDZE, T. V. GVAKHARIA, tio ns was passenger cars. The number of passed motor tran motor passed of number The cars. passenger was ns
tafc nest (num intensity traffic e A.
ment in ci in ment Janelidze Institute Geology of of Tbilisi pli c tions in the studied sections of the street during the during street the of sections studied the in tions shed on weekdays. The main part of transport flow transport of part main The weekdays. on shed ameters for un for ameters State University, Tbilisi, Georgia ti es. Its unfavorable impa unfavorable Its es. men
tal ecology, the study of which is asso is which of study the ecology, tal e o psig rnpr i oe hour one in transport passing of ber zation street. Mechani and avenue Tsereteli Akaki 3 Chkh Me 2 nue; c interse the and street Chkhondideli gi 1 ss ni and day the ng Fig.1 in ih ai Gura David with tion - - stable noise are noise stable
roads of of roads Tornike Eristavi street. – - cha thebetween intersec
ewe te intersecti the between o ewe te nescin with intersections the between - n
niza change in traffic intensity du intensitytraffic in change dideli street;dideli I. JavakhishviliI. in tet n Giorgi and street tion al factors. Physical factors Physical factors. al
ADAMIA ct on the human body is is body human the on ct ght between the cro the between ght
equivalent to sound to equivalent
eo tionGiorwith mi
me odern cities is cities odern hii Ave shvili tric charac tric n with ons ta tion to tion
sport sport ri ------
- -
63 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 64 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 1. REFERENCES green androad etc. spaces along the of glazing night, and day buil of time defined a at flow transport the in trucks of part transport restricting by sources pollution noise mize of ecosystemthe significantlyaffects tive can streets Chkhondideli Giorgi and Mechanization with tions uncom is street Mechanization and avenue the to cent 60 of ter uncomfortable of group the to belongs Mechanization and avenue Tsereteli street, for o Akaki with intersections the between dBA hour intervals.time researched for it p.m. 20 after and maximal is it decreases value24 p.m.its isequal 6000 andp.m. to sharply by 20 to a.m. 10 From morning. the in a.m.
(2011). ODM 218.2.013 Guidelin ly uncomfor ig wt nie rtcin ls, ragn o nie rtcin hed and shields protection noise of arranging glass, protection noise with dings - As the figure shows, the values of L of values the shows, figure the As fig. On shar increases intensity traffic the fig.1 the in shown As According to the results of the study, it can be concluded that road transport transport road that concluded be can it study, the of results the to According I 80 dBA 80 i kon ht h trioy hr te os lvl s mo is level noise the where territory the that known is t s o te rtcin rm rfi nie f ertre adja territories of noise traffic from protection the for es ther sectionsther Tornike Eristavi street between the intersections with Akaki Tsereteli Tsereteli Akaki with intersections the between street Eristavi Tornike
2 are shown results of calculations of equivalent to noise level L level noise to equivalent of calculations of results shown are 2 – sections of Tornike Eristavi street, during day and nig and day during street, Eristavi Tornike of sections
to re to table.
la
ti vely uncomfortable group. Consequently, group. uncomfortable vely – -
2011. M 80 dBA. .: ROSAVTODOR.
Tornike Eristavi Tornike
Aeqv ri for to ries and the territory with noise level level noise with territory the and ries ta
from 10 a.m.to 20 p.m. 20 a.m.to 10 from ble. The territory between intersec between territory The ble.
1 cross n and day during vals L level Fig.2 nization street. A Giorgi 3 and Chkho street Mechanization 2 Avenue; the and inte street Chkhondideli Giorgi ai srtl aeu ad Mecha and avenue Tsereteli kaki – - -
r
eto wt Dvd Guramishvili David with section - ewe te nescin with intersections the between bet ewe te nescin with intersection the between roads of of roads -
n lw eoiy dec velocity, flow street. It is necessary to opti to necessary Itis street.
Aeqv changes in equivalent to noise to equivalent in changes di en h itretos with intersections the ween
deli street; -
7000 cars/hours. ih one with Tornike Eristavi s
ply from 8 a.m. t a.m. 8 from ply be consi be et o ihas / highways to cent
the territory adja territory the e hn 0 dBA 80 than re
- ight between the between ight or ie inter time hour ht with one with ht are about 81 about are dered rela dered rea
sing of of sing treet. o 10 o Aeqv - - - - - / - -
star OAU, of episodes for typical are morphotypes similar why is That thickness. water of layers upper the in floating of process the facilitated which turn, last the cham Schackoina elongated highly with PF of representatives as well cove zone mum cana r of taxa the crossed line border the column, water the of top the reach not did zone minimum oxygen the where cases In sity. com PF the within place ocean an of manifestationthe with morphological dive The area. umbilical the in estuaries relic of presence the by characterized also is Plana turn. last the on then and initial the at first keel, the of appearance the se genus the of representatives of ttlement chan gical - eme The features. morphological predo Hedbergella late of development con The chambers. of number the and scul the area, umbilical the characte mouth, the the of wall, morphology the the edge, of structure the of shell, type the the features: of main structure the formed already had globotruncanide the Albian, diversity. te stra life of type certain a morphotypes, of set certain a has stage each time, same Atthe identified. Late stages be several can Cretaceous during the evolution ofPF po resett prog biological of path the followed (PF)
Thallmann y is w tp o eouinr developm evolutionary of type own its gy, ttvs f h g the of ntatives l y si STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT THE OF UPPER CRETACEOUS THE taxon stage, which was interrupted was which stage, taxon
s lement from sha from lement minance and fine and lgtxn nevl n h Cenomanian the on interval Oligotaxon Albian Late The pe Cretaceous the During et with tent 1
Georgian National Mus ges also affected planalinids, which led to a wide but short but wide a to led which planalinids, affected also ges
genus were preserved. were genus inella 1. t h bgnig f h Lt Aba i cha is Albian Late the of beginning the At [1].
of species with species of Dicarinella red the eufotic zone, only small small only zone, eufotic the red Ticinella - 2 A. Janelidze Institute Geology of of Rotalipora ns Globi enus 3 rsityof spiral Georgia KH. MIKADZE N. IKOSHVILIN. llow to deeper to llow - Senomanian polytaxon stage. By the beginning of the Late the of beginning the By stage. polytaxon Senomanian PLANKTONICFORAMINIFERS Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia plexes, leadi plexes, wih appea which ,
with r/K strategy. In strategy. r/K with n
Technical University,
ge Morph strategists. of group K/r the to belonged r eum, Institute Paleobiology, of - riod, the development of plan of development the riod, strategy, ielie ad t mrhlgcl etr i also is feature morphological its and rinelloides - r coil gi - free oxy free The shacoins had radial had shacoins The ng represent ng 3 1 water areas. The Late Cretaceous era was a a was era Cretaceous Late The areas. water , M.ONOP ng to a sharp reduction in taxonomic diver taxonomic in reduction sharp a to ng Heterogenicides , N. LAPACHISHVILI, N.
red in the Late Aptian presumably from from presumably Aptian Late the in red Plano by short by
ig ih al Ceaeu. hs the Thus, Cretaceous. Early with ting which had which
ress, increasing population density and density population increasing ress, gen event (OAE event gen - – strate ma
Leopol - uoin boun Turonian n ad h lvl f taxonomic of level the and ent ta - HRISHVILI the case when the oxygen mini oxygen the when case the lina term oligo term Tbilisi, Georgia Heterohelix, Hedbrgella Heterohelix, tives of the of tives gists, as well as as well asgists, I. JavakhishviliI.
a . The latter came from repre from came latter The .
dina, Blowiella dina,
gra is abruptly increasing [2]. d - year morphotypes was was morphotypes year ual change of the main the of change ual - taxon episodes. In the the In episodes. taxon bers belonging to the the to belonging bers T
- 2). Events have taken taken have Events 2). extended ca extended 2 bilisi 3 , Praethalmanninella
c r of the peripheral peripheral the of r
da tonic foraminifers foraminifers tonic
racterized by the the by racterized ry is associated associated is ry p , Georgia
Praeglobotrun ture, the shape shape the ture, , Schackoina - term rese term meras of of meras
[1], as [1], linide linide ol o
------
65 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 66 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY signs of sc ribbed tegilla, genus the combined both of this shell morphologyof the widely The keels. spaced a with estuary umbilicus narrow a had which Maastri gro and spikes with tro of estuary the in tegilla on porticos of replacement the speci highly of characteriz is Globotruncanidae tian typical interval. next ofthe Globotruncana (r Globigerinelloides the con Santonian, San and Coniacian of turn the at began which Hedber r of sity the nian, zed sh r by dominated was nides havemea a subordinate sculpte ngthem pe this During pun ly dae mor and taxonomic general the and gists, It nin. pe distinct a and dominated taxa de t taxa so diverse new thatseveral ca two of distribution spatial wide and appearance the with associated is which began, PF the of diversification of stage new a event, ring"conserv of so ve Ceno runcana - axon. T axon. arp reduction in ta in reduction arp asso are OAU of manifestation intense most the of des ve rinella r with taxa primitive of dominance the and PF of lopment
he ble f h dra sd at side dorsal the of bulge phied
n rK taeit) oiae. ee the Here, dominated. strategists) r/K and to K of scenario ctualistic Globotroru in the Turo the in Marginotruncana lo manian nian century. At the end the At century. nian h Turonian The The Campanian The Santonian Late The pment of transitional forms has been noted [3, 4, 5]. Among the keelless keelless the Among 5]. 4, [3, noted been has forms transitional of pment is with this interval associated with the first appe first the with associated interval this with is gella chtian Globo -
strateg Concavatotruncana - with a very diverse form of the shell. The morphology of their shells is shells their of morphology The shell. the of form diverse very a with he evolution of the Turonian the of evolution he
are highlight are
- Turo and riod, trun s hrceie b te rsne f h genus the of presence the by characterized is a n ni d forms of the genusthe of forms d appeared; their rapid evolution and wide territorial resettlement is resettlement territorial wide and evolution rapid their appeared; ss a dec has ists ative lized taxa in different variants. Some of them were new, such as such new, were them of Some variants. different in taxa lized canide ripheral belt close to the present keel that appeared in the Turo the in appeared that keel present the to close belt ripheral an Whiteinella nian boun nian ad mn te Heterohelicidae the among and , cana Whiteinella - Heterohelicidae - wths at the ends of the chambers at chambers the of ends the at wths Santonian interval allows to attribute it to the category of po of category the to it attribute to allows interval Santonian atna pltxn tg. fe te Ce the After stage. polytaxon Santonian xo - Hete - strategy species. The end of the Santonian is marked by a a by marked is Santonian the of end The species. strategy
Maastrichtian politaxon stage. politaxon Maastrichtian , among the Planalinides dominated the representatives of representatives the dominated Planalinides the among , and nomic diversity due to the disappearance of most speciali most of disappearance the to due diversity nomic ted in the Turonian the in ted and and - ro Campanian boundary oligotaxon inte oligotaxon boundary Campanian
- Dicarinella and K/r strategists and on the gradialist the on and strategists K/r and rea dary interval was a typical oli typical a was interval dary helicidae. Rugoglobigerina.
ning. genus disap genus and . of the stage, stage, the of e de o h etnto o ms seis among species most of extinction the to due sed – h poes f aooi dive taxonomic of process The
Sigalitru
Archaeo
ed by a combination of all the characteristics characteristics the all of combination a by ed reached a high taxonomic diver taxonomic high a reached Sigalia Sigalia Cont
- ie K i.e. , Santonian PF deve PF Santonian pe phological dive phological uso n - globi Coniacian interval and the wides the and interval Coniacian cana ars completely. The taxonomic diver taxonomic The completely. ars Archaeoglobigerina appear. At the same time, the planali the time, same the At appear.
truncana
- taeit. n h tria Santo terminal the In strategists. first representatives of the genus genus the of representatives first - gerina keeled , Carpathoglobotruncana, Fa Carpathoglobotruncana, – The Cam The
, the appearance of forms forms of appearance the , Globotru with an umbilical estuary estuary umbilical an with He Marginotruncana Radotruncana go a r ciated with the "flowe the with ciated te sity of of sity lo rance of real K real of rance iud hogot the throughout tinued taxon stage in the de the in stage taxon ro ped according to the to according ped - strategy [3, 4]. Epi 4]. [3, strategy no helix r panian val. This segment This val. n
ma prevailed among among prevailed cana ltr ad two and ulpture Abatho r Globotrun iy re sity , nian sity and amo and sity -
Hendersonia r - , the hyper the , - Maastri . The Late The . strate - Turonian Turonian mphalus
du and - strate ction, pre gists. gists. cani
l Di ch so ad ad ------,
5. 4. 3. 2. 1. REFERENCES cated last chamber appear. dae flat spiral of typical also is diversity taxonomic High structure. of tri character diversity taxonomic High monotypical. were of is evolution of type listic punctua The strategy. K and K/r with species specialized highly had complexes, the in predominance apparent The greatest. the was diversity their when canidae, of type tify . iden to difficult is them of some of affiliation genus the and forms transitional of number large a of emergence the to led have variability large and evolution slow mayaroensis A. intermedius, as species sp the to such concerns especially it forms; these up all of largesize the noted be There should value subordinate a had forms these Turonian, the nella century,Campaniandiversityof the the of In middle it. the from ted branches several Maastri the diversity taxonomic in maximum reachedthe nus genus fr Thus, taxa. keelless of development
chtian interval in the group of spiral of group the in interval chtian report. report. M., M.V. Lomonosov of School Geology. 59p. paleo main the frontiers, on change stratigraphy, zone framing: southern its and platform European Cre late the of forameninafersPlankton (2011). L.F. Kopaevich and Mesozoic in Arctic the of Cenoro history Geological / globotruncanides of evolution de T.N., Gorbachik Espanola Revista // foraminifera planktic Micropa of nature polyphyletic the and Hetero Superfamily 1937 of origins the On (2009). M.D. Georgescu correlation. 14.V. Ceno Albian and the of boundaries critical the at radiolarian and foraminifera of Vishnevsk Geos. 89p. Classific (2003). O.A. Korchagin Bucherina, Rugotruncana, Trinitella Trinitella Rugotruncana, Bucherina, , which vary in size, sculpture and number of ca of and sculpture , whichnumber insize, vary
with flattened cameras and a portico estuary quickly increased. Appearing in estuaryquicklyAppearing porticoflattenedcameras aincreased. and with h Campanian The The Campanian The Rugoglo vlto ad a a oyao sae n h dvlpet f Globotrun of development the in stage polytaxon a was and evolution zoic. leo lbtucnt suri Cnuornaa son Contusotruncana stuarti, Globotruncanita aya L.F., Gorbachik T.N., Kopaevich L.F. et al., (2006). The development The (2006). al., et L.F. Kopaevich T.N., Gorbachik L.F., aya ma
ntologia. 41.V. No. 1 pp. bi
nian ge - - caooia rcntutos D Tei i te om f scien a of form the in Thesis D. reconstructions. oceanological 17
Kopaevich L.F. (1992). The influence of Creta of influence The (1992). L.F. Kopaevich rina Bucherina, Rugotru Bucherina, - № 5. Pp.42 – uoin Nrhr Prtty) / tairpy Geo Stratigraphy. // Peritethys) (Northern Turonian 29. - - asrcta nevl a characteri was interval Maastrichtian asrcta itra i as character also is interval Maastrichtian
with a sculpture in the form of pronounced ribs. This ge This ribs. pronounced of form the in sculpture a with
typical of the Late Maastrichtian, when short when Maastrichtian, Late the of typical
– n te ma the and 63. (in Russian) - 2. Pp.107 to o Mszi plank Mesozoic of ation om the genus the om - n c cana, Trinit cana, oil oil and jo -
144. Heterogicidae
iy of rity Plummerita
meras, also forms with a bifur alsomeras, forms with Archaeoglobigerina ella
Rugoglobigerina rizes the Campa the rizes
and
appear, some of which which of some appear,
oi frmnfr. M.: foramenifers. tonic with a multi a with tusa, Abathomphalus Abathomphalus tusa, zed by a gradualistic gradualistic a by zed ch Plummerita ta rized by the active active the by rized ceous of the Easte the of ceous ceous events on the on events ceous he tian century, when century,when tian iae Cushman, licacea cfe interval. ecified Globotrun Plano - Relatively . Cenomanian nian - lived taxa lived -
row type row came the came origina ma - Maas lo gical lini tific ca rn ------
67 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 68 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY a Turkey linea transgressive a of part a is it and district western of thearea. part for and diagonally areaentire the deci wa Turkish in meters 800 by r the no margi The elements. several part is diagonally, area study Adjara entire the of characteristic be may Trialeti zone. which elements, six of consists leti rec fau include They km). 5 amounts them ween seated struc con 1.2 tec the of Thickness vertical. the to depth in angle data boring the confirmedby also is which faults, steep of system the only in possible is movement of kind This Eocene. in sunk is block southern and Pliocene and Quaternary in ded bet tion key of was blocks adjacent the between movement the that indicates block the and Georgia of area intermountain of analysis Stratigraphic nor the tra of the structure of block One area. the studied determine they and images space aerial in deciphered the faults. (60 folds steep and Large distance. short a over 10 with folds block represent they faults; the to related global Ponto lin Caucasus, the south the to changes direction of lineament direction dinal ged northwestern block. The menti The block. northwestern ged ti - th di 1.5 km and the mov the and km 1.5 ph linear folds. linear ern part of the a the of part ern tions, this zone is covered wit covered is zone this tions, h oddsrcueo Adjara of structure folded The als ih north with Faults the crosses which orientation, northeastern of zone tectonic wide km 40 A re are zones tectonic latitudinal more five south, the To str Fault s the Within r e th red red ween them exceeded them ween
western part of the region. The amplitude is700 The theregion. of part western nd Iran over a distan a over Iran nd TSU Alexandre Tva
RESEARCH OFRESEARCH TERRITORY THE ADJARA a tectonic zone of this system with a thickness of 10 km, which crosses crosses which km, 10 of thickness a with system this of zone tectonic a ture. -
Caspian lineament [1]. cue cet a rd f orthogonal of grid a create uctures
Thus, the Thus, –
tudied area the quality of the folding is weak, folds are mostly mostly are folds weak, is folding the of quality the area tudied ety lpn str sloping gently rea and is a zone bordering the intermountain area of Geo of area intermountain the bordering zone a is and rea BY REMOTESENSINGBY METHOD
- e etr oinain r ecytd n l trioy f the of territory all in encrypted are orientation western ment takes place along seve along place takes ment
western part of the transverse lineament of Adjara of lineament transverse the of part western lchrelidze Caucasian Institute nal nal n
t 5000 - ers as well. In the central part of the district is being is district the of part central the In well. as ers vre lcs f ope srcue s oae i the in located is structure complex of blocks sverse ce of 1000 km. In the study area, individual faults of faults individual area, study the In km. 1000 of ce wes
element of the zone borders the borders zone the of element f h Ponto the of V. NADIRADZE ms folded str folded ms tern in the western part, which is the result of the of result the is which part, western the in tern - 6000 meters. Northern block in block Northern meters. 6000 h gently sloping structures that cover the deep the cover that structures sloping gently h
oned fault zo fault oned cue o te ufc cag te inclination the change surface the on uctures - raei is Trialeti
u - l me apa lnaet n cnit of consists and lineament Caspian ts of the same the of ts c -
80º) occur in immediate vicinity of vicinity immediate in occur 80º) tures of this direction in the south the in direction this of tures one of the ele the of one nt, which extends in a territory of territory a in extends which nt, ear ne causes lowering of the seabed the of lowering causes ne
tonic zone of this rank is usually is rank this of zone tonic - ignl sys diagonal - ral tectonic planes. In modern In planes. tectonic ral it tutr, hc sharply which structure, rift of of Mineral Resources - - 30º angle of dip extending dip of angle 30º like character and dislo and character like - 800 me
vea orienta
m Guria depression in depression Guria tem, they are well well are they tem, - ters with a subme a with ters GURIA e led (distance bet (distance led n ten ts of the latitu the of ts tion and form and tion sively subsi sively
- Tria rgia. rgia. ca ------1. REFERENCES investi accomplished the of result a As stratigraphy. different by characterized and zones shed 400 about by meters. block, western the in relief the of marks absolute the in drop a trans the S of segment a is zone tectonic meridional connec ta Adja sinking westward of stages the of one is also ofaqua confirmed by isolines for zone The the depression. of line Guria shore the eastern till deciphered well are which faults echelon numerous includes and area studied of coastline western sy this of zones along observed are structures folded no them. and blocks tectonic border system this hatski uplift, which appeared before the Cambrian and still functions indicated by by indicated functions still and Cambrian the before appeared which uplift, hatski 4. 3. 2. 1.
ln aeeta wl. t ossso ag ubro aall als ih the with faults parallel of number large a of consists It well. as basement lline Sciences Georgia.of New series, issue 119, pp.122 struc geological dep the mineral in lineaments of role The V. Nadiradze
nature. is largely deter sunk west, the to km i which basement, crystalline The geologicallong pro time, period of a faultsThe net a diagonal orientation; form they and structures rectilinear are faults The the regulating orientation different accumulation theblocks; in of sediments of zones tectonic by bounded are Adjara blocks the of part western the of Structure
eight tectonic blocks within the studied area, which are bounded by tectonic by bounded are which area, studied the within blocks tectonic eight
Meridional faults include the entire area, but two 12 two but area, entire the include faults Meridional The faults determine the block structure of the district. There are distin are There district. the of structure block the determine faults The vill the from east the to deciphered is zone second The ga ted dyke bodies characterized by positive linear morph linear positive by characterized bodies dyke ted
tions, we canconclusion: we ations, make
st i te acss Po. f Geologi of Proc. Caucasus. the in osits
stem of can be seen by dec by seen be can of stem re part of larger structures, and their develop their and structures,larger of part re mi ned by meridional faults, and the sinking must be of a stewise of sinking be andmeridional must the faults, ned by
lc Sa ai ad eie is ofgrto, hc is which configuration, its defines and basin Sea Black over abou over tory. t twel t s exposed in the Dziru the in exposed s
bablyCambrianfrom tomodern times; the
ve ki ve i pher
ra lo ring. One of them is revealed in the in revealed is them of One ring. - meters. meters. - Trialeti folded system and a and system folded Trialeti Triale - 129, Tbilisi, 2004129, (in Russian). cal Institute of the Academy of of Academy the of Institute cal - einl iemn, so lineament, regional i a a lc ntr. The nature. block a has ti This process, in our view, our in process, This - 12 km thick significant significant thick km 12 ment took place over a placeover took ment ue n dsrbto of distribution and ture a la zone, zone, la ok f orthogonal of work ge of Shuakhevi and Shuakhevi of ge o logical for logical - iey disposed likely in about 100 about in ms. The ms. s the ms - called crys - gui 500
- - -
69 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 70 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 2. 1. REFERENCES canexplosives be interesting from the prepared the T products. of yield high with conditions, rather”soft’’ in on going are reactions ding phe toluene, benzene, as π some using trotyl, andacid picricfrom ditional. planes ma ownership:joint acceptor(forexample, naphthalene) toelectro mole onl but bonds, bet case, this com donor electro with react can they gro le form, heir explosion propertiesheir explosion have been studied.
ue o men of cules Yuriev I. Yuriev emynv .. Nseao NA “udmnas f rai Ceity, v.2., Chemistry”, Organic of 1970, pp.120 “Fundamentals N.A. Nesmeyanov A.N., Nesmeyanov 1969, p.510 (in Georgian); i famns f h mlcls r pae prle t ec ohr in other, each to parallel placed are molecules the of fragments tic ups, because of their aromatic fragments impoverished from π from impoverished fragments aromatic their of because ups, SYNTHESIS ANDSYNTHESIS RE Picric acid, methyl picrate, trotyl and other polynitroaro other and trotyl picrate, methyl acid, Picric the Despite we (1:1), insuchThus, theaboveaexpressed conditional scheme: be can ratio same the in components, same the from comparison, For mo several synthesize to is research our of purpose The above the in views, existing to According “ . It should be noticed, that the name, ”naphthalene picrate’’ is somehow con somehow ”naphthalenename,is picrate’’the that noticed,Itbe . should Molecular Compounds Molecular
K. ”Practical Works in Organic Chemistry’’, TSU Publishing House, Publishing TSU Chemistry’’, Organic in Works ”Practical K. O mixture compositions M 2 en ecig usacs os’ hpe dsrbto o chemi of distribution happen doesn’t substances reacting ween P N y takes place either transfer of one π one of transfer either yplace takes o i ind well tioned
- c l e 121 (in Russian).121 (in
r c i
c u N O explosive strength of two outer members, such transformations of transformations such members, outer two strengthof explosive
l a a O H c r 2 i
d C G. Tsulukidze Mining Institute, bilisi, Georgia N M. NADIRASHVILI, APRIA A. o O m 2 p o nol, diphenylamine, etc. It’s remarkable, that remarkable, It’s etc. diphenylamine, nol, G. BEINASHVILI,IASHVILI T. u FROM SOME EXPLOSIVES FROM EXPLOSIVES SOME n + -
d known explosives contain three electro acceptor nitro nitro acceptor electro three contain explosives known
SEARCH OFSEARCH “
N
a
” p
h
( t
a
“
l
e
, for testing as explosives. , for as testing Cha
n
E e standpoint of economics of standpoint x pounds, according to the molar ratio 1:1. In 1:1. ratio molar the to according pounds, p l r o s ge Transfer Compounds” Transfer ge
– i v
e electro donor aromaticsuchsubstances, donor electro
MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS”MOLECULAR
-
mention
cule of trinitrate, or transition to transition trinitrate, cule or of
–
M
H electron from donor molecule donor from electron SHVILI, i O x t C N u r a 6 ed and similar cases, aro cases, similar and ed e H p
C h 2
( t o h N m a O
l p ma e
o 2 n
) s . 3 e le i t
i tic substances can can substances tic p
o
cu i
n c C
r – a 1 a compounds lar 0 ) [1]. The mo The [1]. )
t
e H electrons. So, electrons. 8 correspond
parallel
Tbilisi,
cal cal - - - -
other as well explosives, as for poly ties too. In this,we their of additionaltheir established researchstructures. of spite of products intermediate two of ties IRshed by ceived picricacid: re of methylation and phenol of Nitration 2. anisole; obtained of nitration further me different two by synthesized we explosive synthesis of andidentification several phenyl phenols acetylene [1,2]. or several diffe syn the means It structure. molecules of oftion molecularetc. chemical weights, conversions, mi Nowa application. practical further and ntity
cal methods to solve this this solve to methods cal THE RESEARCHTHE OFCHEMICAL STRUCTUREOF EXPLOSIVE o, e sd hs meth this used we Now, synthesis Counter n eea, one ratos wt te ae ups may purpose same the with reactions, counter general, In auto methylpicrate of identity that noticed be should It sche different two by received methylpicrate of Identity for methods the of one as reactions counter used have we period, earlier the In Establishment of chemical structure of a substance, is the first step of its ide its of step first the is substance, a of structure chemical of Establishment Thus, theunitedschememaybe depicted so:
- spectra, layer thin chro P METHYLPICRATE COUNTER SYNTHESIS BY rent re h 2 e O 1 n . H . o P l
h
M e O P e G. Tsulukidze Mining Institute, Tbilisi, Georgia n h H O t o h e o a l y H r n : l
o a ction schemes. ction M. NADIRASHVILI,N. CHIKHRADZE,
t l
i
o H
is one of the effective chemical me chemical effective the of one is
n
N S. KHOMERIKI,S. N.ABES
M
N A P M O e i n h t e t O 3 r i e h s a + 2 n C o y t S H problem, such as spectral and element analysis, defi analysis, element and spectral as such problem, o i l H l e o l a O 2 3 n t S d o snhss f ehlirt. hs well This methylpicrate. of synthesis for od i 4 o O n N 4 i t r a t - P i A mato o O
i A n n c O anisole and picric acid. So, there isn't necessity isn't there So, acid. picric and anisole fun 2 r n O i i s N c i C P s 2 o
N a o i l M H c e c l e e r i 3 N cti d O i t gr c N h O O
H thesis of the of thesis y H O a C l p 2 N c 2 aphy and definitionof meltingand aphy points. o H i
N N c i N d O 3 r O nal and substances soon. a O i t t 3 2 r e + 2 a days, there are many physical and che and physical many are there days, M M H t i o e e 2 t n S t thods: 1. Methylation of phenol and phenol of Methylation 1. thods: h h M y O y M l l
e a p 4 e t t i O i c h o 2 r 2 y n S a N l t a
O O e P t ADZE i i 2 4 o c M N N sam O r
n i O H e c
2 t a N h c N O y O i d l O 2 p O C e i 2 c 2 H M
N k N N
(one) th 3 ma r e i a O t t r h t a mes, has been establi been has mes, e N O 2 ods, for establishment for ods, y t i o l O C p tically proves iden proves tically n i
2 H c N k 3 be used for many many for used be P r
O substance substance a h O t e 2 e H n o
l
-
by two by known identi –
ni ti ------
71 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 72 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 2. 1. REFERENCES
(2017) 042030. 95 Sciences, Environmental Earth Series: Conf. IOP (WMESS), Symposium Sciences Develop for Phenols Acetylene Synthesisof KhomerikiThe VarshanidzeI.,NadirashviliChikhradzeS., M., N., Bulletin Georgian of Academy Sciences, of Vol. 82,1976, p.85 Russian)(in m Intera M., Nadirashvili D., Ioramashvili A., Kakhniashvili - rsl ih 1 with Cresol
- Phenyl - 3 - Methylbutine ment of New Explosives, World MultidisciplinaryEarth Explosives,World New of ment - 1 - ol - i te rsne f hshrc Acid, Phosphoric of Presence the in 3 c tion of tion Phenol, Anisole and Anisole Phenol, ;
Phenyl 2. 1. REFERENCES inGeorgia.of cable systems transport the facilitate will that measures tes the results ofimplementing modern safe port toensure thesafe in Georgia inthefuture. the affect to continue will and of Aus example the On given. are times independent and Soviet the during Georgia in port coun trial PROSPECTS FOR THE DE PROSPECTS FOR THE
https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhoodenlargement/tenders/taiex_en Georgia; 27 Georgia” _ “TAIEX workshop International of Materials In the publication the development trends of cable cars of the leading indus leading the of cars cable of trends development the publication the In Based on the available data, it is concluded that it is nec is it that concluded is it data, available the on Based the of example an On frame regulatory EU the improving for directions The tech main the on is focus The tria, of the current thecableanalyzed. park car state is tries of Europe are discussed. Fea discussed. are Europe of tries GEORGIAAND EU
R. MAISURADZER. L. , G. NOZADZE,A. KARTVELISHVILI
G. Tsulukidze Mining Institute, Tbilisi, Georgia ty of both passengersand staffty are shown.
operational practice of the EU, the of practice operational VELOPMENT OF MODERN implement ROPEAN REQUIR SAFETY implem nological challenges in the field, which affect which field, the in challenges nological
TAVLALASHVILI, T. en
t ta a tu ty regulatoryrequirements. ty tion and safe operation of modern types modern of operation safe and tion tion of modern cable transport systems transport cable modern of tion res of the development of cable trans cable of development the of res , D.PATARAIA, , cab
-
work for cable trans cable for work
28 May, 2019, Tbilisi, 2019, May, 28 KOBIDZE . e
EMENTS le transport illustra transport le CABLE CARSCABLE IN
ssary to implement implement to ssary
- - - -
73 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 74 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY and location of a nature the to extends result same the accor [4], fields GPR of In similarity the of cm. modeling 35 of distance a at recorded GPR profilesGPR Fig.model showninFig. forand theadit 12. Physi Geo Experimental and Applied of sector the in sics, si phy GPR of theory similarity the of basis the on environment natural the to cable 12 “Zond the recorded adit the of model physical the desi different by complicated adits of dels mo The determined. be can model adit the of angle inclination the displacement investi were models adit of [3] pipes inclined of images radio [2], unit modeling the of surface horizontal the from obtained were profiles GPR parallel [1], modeling physical of condi contact invasive non in planes horizontal other or surface day the cal modeling, which was developed and implement and developed was which modeling, cal RADIO IMAGE AND BY FIXING THEIR INCLINATION FROM RADIO FIXINGBY IMAGE AND INCLINATION THEIR THE IN MINING,LOCATION THE OF THEREOF, ORPARTS ADITS BY Fig 1.The radarogram made by is GPR” Zond 12 The GPR method allows to determine the location of the adit or its parts fromparts its or adit the of location determinethe to allows method GPR The prof Between a Mdln o GR n Elec and GPR of Modeling cal ga - e” GPR software the “Prizm 2.5”. The simulation re simulation The 2.5”. “Prizm the software GPR e” ted. Dependin ted. real pit. frequency 2 of GHz adistance for of 2.4m, prof - ad prof and 1 tions. To solve these types of direct problems by the method the by problems direct of types these solve To tions. DAY SURF D. ODILAVADZE, T.CHELIDZE
TSU, Institute of Geophysics g on the depth of the radio image and their horizontal their and image radio the of depth the on g - o te dt oe, sit f ai iae was images radio of shift a model, adit the of 7 ACE BY GEORADAR ACE BY tro
from the day surface was processed using processed was surface day the from er. o lutae hs w peet two present we this, illustrate To metry.
gns were considered. The GPR image of image GPR The considered. were gns dan ce with the principles of physical physical of principles the with ce - - e” with its with standarde” antenna at a visual and non and visual ed at the Institute of Geo of Institute the at ed phy
sics, in the laboratory of laboratory the in sics,
- 1 .
- mechanical, non mechanical, su lts are appli are lts
phy - - - - - 4. 3. 2. 1. REFERENCES
ihi Nda nttt o Gohsc, rnatos vl LI; SN 1512 ISSN LXIX; vol. Transactions, Publi Geophisics, Georadiolocation. of of Tasks Institute Inverse and Nodia Direct Mikheil in Model Type Wedge Layered a of Tarkhni J., Kiria N., Ghlonti T., Chelidze D., Odilavadze Vol 18,2015, PHYSICS SOLID OF EART Disk for G..Geora Tskhvediashvili T., Chelidze D., Odilavadze ofhouse the Tbi Tran Geophisics, of Institute Nodia Tu Lava of ModelingPhysical T.L. Chelidze D.T., Odilavadze pp.154 Electro of Tasks Inverse and Direct in Field Georadiolocation the of Modelling Geophysical T.L. Chelidze D.T., Odilavadze shing of house the Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, 2018. - 160 (in Russian);160 (in - shaped Voids. JOURNALGEORGIAN shaped THE OF GEOPHYSICAL SO and its antenna at the center frequency of 2 GHz. Fig. 2The radarogram was doneusing GPR the ,”Zond 12
lisi State University, Tbilisi, 2017, p
is 2.4m,is prof sactions, vol. LXVII; ISSN 1512 ISSN LXVII; vol. sactions, dynamics. Geophysical Journal V.35, №4, 2013. №4, V.35, Journal Geophysical dynamics.
H.
P - . 7 p. .
26 . p. 129 - 39 dio ;
shvili A. Physical Modelling Physical A. shvili - lo
142 ( in Russian) in 142 ( The distance The ca
P bes in the GPR. Mikheil GPR. the in bes in hscl Modeling Physical tion . p.44 - 61. - - e” 1135, Publishing 1135,
(in Russian).(in ;
CIETY. - 1 135,
75 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 76 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY followinggiven picture inFig. GPR 2. area. presentedThe GPR profile passes along v the location andGPR electrometry laboratory. Geo of Institute 12 “Zond model pit the of image loca determi Having tions. non in [1] wall side the Fig. 2.The georadarogram showsa radio solids from side the surface when [3], the model is located thein center of the simulated in f h pt a b dtrie fo te ai im radio the from determined be can pit the of tion air The method of GPR location allows d allows location GPR of method The fe apyn te pin agrtm o te ae rfl, e band the obtained we profile, same the for algorithm options the applying After - filled filled plastic tube) processed by the algorithm areal with location and overall - e” GPR software, “Pri software, GPR e” PRELIMINARY GPR RECOMMENDATIONS FORPRELIMINARYGPRRECOMMENDATIONS Fig.1. phy
Radarogram made onthe installation of modeling bulk sics, the sector of applied and experimental geophysics experimental and applied of sector the sics, e te loih o te P dt poesn otos the options, processing data GPR the of algorithm the ned parameters (solution of adirect problem). RESCUE PLANNINGRESCUE IN MINING D. observed from the side wall [2] wall side the from observed - iul n non and visual
ODILAVADZE, T. TSU, Institute of Geophysics crosses the pit model. z m 2.5” software, an algorithm developed by the by developed algorithm an software, 2.5” m
- processed image the of GPR mode -
ehncl non mechanical,
etermining the loca the etermining ertical wall of the model installation and
CHELIDZE
was processed using the the using processed was g [] Te P radio GPR The [2]. age -
naie otc condi contact invasive
tion of the pit from pit the of tion
l of a of l pit (an
in the in - 4. 3. 2. 1. REFERENCES pit. a are result same the [4] fields GPR
house ofhouse the Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, 2018. 1512 ISSN LXIX; vol. Transactions, Geophisics, of Institute Nodia in and direct in model type wedge layered a Odilavadze D.,Chelidze T., Ghlonti N., Kiria TarkhnishviliJ., A o disk Odilavadze D.,C ofhouse the Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, 2017, p 1512 ISSN LXVII; vol. Transactions, Geophisics, of Institute Nodia Mikheil GPR. the in tubes lava of modeling Physical T.L. Chelidze D.T., Odilavadze electrody p of tasks inverse and direct geo the of modeling Geophysical T.L. Chelidze D.T., Odilavadze
f Solidf Earth. . p . of similarity the of modeling physical of principles the with accordance In 154 - shaped voids. shaped - 160 (in Russi160 (in
helidze T., Tskhvediashvili G. Georadiolocation phy Journal P . an) p
26 ;
- 39 o f ; t
h e Georgian Geophysical Society. Geophysical Georgian e pplied to the radio image and location of a real a of location and image radio the to pplied na is Gohscl ora V3, 4 2013 №4, V.35, Journal Geophysical mics.
verse tasks of georadiolocation. Mikheil georadiolocation. of tasks verse
p . . p. 129 p . 44 - 61 - 142 .
;
. Physical modelling of Vol radiolocation field in field radiolocation sical modelingsical for - - 18, 2015, Physics 2015, 18, 1135, Publi 1135, 1135, Publishing 1135, sh ing
77 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 78 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY in alarge quantity. amor ray quan comparativelysmall in arefixed chlorites plagioclasephases, MgO wing: back whole their that the against scattered are grains mineral ore dispersive size small hydroxide; ferric of quantity so are chlorites size; cl not small are peculiarities of grains feldspar and quartz dis unevenly is latter the rial; clay neous react not with hydrochloric acid. does and disintegrates easily it porous; brown, light is surface the from mineral the microscope polarizing by obtained ofrocks,composition samp data the to According similar. – com are They rocks. po (u Chanchkhistavi and thick) m 18 to (up Nakhiznevi thick), m 17 to (up Hill khvnari Tsits thick), m 17 to (up Kisrebi Gagma Ikita thick), m 17 to (up Kisrebi Gagma of their prope analyzer cer (DRON analyzer action ce ess the ascertain to and mass (cementing) of degree conversion, rep of process the crystals, and grains of forms by samples es the the of research 600T (AMSCOP detailed The highlands.
60 meters. p to 3 m thick). p to3m sits originated as a result of weathering of primary medium primary of weathering of result a as originated sits tain mineral phases composing the samples and X and samples the composing phases mineral tain r – The work presents the results of study of the Bril clays lo clays Bril the of study of results the presents work The Macroscopically the rock sampled in the Gagma Kisrebi district at a depth of depth a at district Kisrebi Gagma the in sampled rock the Macroscopically The X ve a by represented entirely is rock the Microscopically th Macroscopically are Kisrebi Gagma Ikita and Kisrebi Gagma of rocks clay the Lithologically, de clay of group the to belong clays Bril the classification the to According thick), m 10 to (up Naziarevi districts: six comprises deposit clay Bril The SiO se ties of the aforementioned clays were studied in order to deter to order in studied were clays aforementioned the of ties
2.03%, MnO 2.03%, MnO application. c o rock of nce phous pha phous – 2 2
- to identify the gene the identify to montm g - -
ro ray pattern of the X the ray of pattern 52.73%, TiO52.73%,
und of the rock. The chemical composition of the rock is the follo the is rock the of composition chemical The rock. the of und –
orillonite mass containing a lot of psammitic terrigenous mate terrigenous psammitic of lot a containing mass orillonite
se, represented by dispersive X dispersive by represented se,
petrogra
m - omn ad cesr mnrl, hi granu their minerals, accessory and forming – on in quite a large area and their thickness varies withi varies thickness their and area large a quite in on early observed; in some places there is observed increased increased observed is there places some in observed; early
N. 0.17%, Na 0.17%, Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi - e rock sampled in the Gagma Kisrebi district at 4 m depth m 4 at district Kisrebi Gagma the in sampled rock e 3) was applied to determine the qua the determine to applied was 3) THE BRIL CLAY BRIL DEPOSIT THE 2 POPORADZE,
led at various are places, similar. men – phic analysis) made it possible unambiguously identify unambiguously possible it made analysis) phic
0.25%, Al 0.25%, tri ral chemical composition. The physical The composition. chemical ral ta - buted in the rock and is generally represented by represented generally is and rock the in buted ray diffraction analysis dis diffractionray analysis in bet tion 2 O –
0.87%, K 2 O ence of relict rock fragments. rock relict of ence
ween mechanical minerals and basic basic and minerals mechanical ween R. R. 3
– METREVELI METREVELI
18.57%,FeO(Fe la 2 O - c ray amorphous clay minerals is minerals clay amorphous ray ement, products a products ement, – - ray fluorescent (XRF 3600B) (XRF fluorescent ray
1.77%.
oaiig microscope polarizing t
i
nc
ntity and essence of of essence and ntity tly show quartz and and tly showquartz 2 - ca y ubd homoge turbid ry O acid volcanogenic volcanogenic acid ted in the Adjara Adjara the in ted 3 tity while the X the while tity +FeO) lo mine the field field the mine nd degree of of degree nd metric sizes, sizes, metric - X mech - ray dif ray –
7.52%, a n 0.5 n nical nical fr ------observe strictly and needed) (if previously techno material mineral this required process the to after necessary dimen though size items grain quality and and composition bricks making for good rocksand fromNakhiznevi district. the Naziarevi reddish are they disintegrate inthe desiccated state; they donotreact hydrochloric with acid. Macroscopically district. Kisrebi Gagma large quantit phase, amorphous oc phases plagioclase phases; chlorite and wholerock. background of the sm of grains mineral ore observed; is hydroxide feld and une is latter the clay us react hydrochloric acid. with por brown, light is surface the from m 7
Microscopically The integrated studies showed that raw material of the Bril deposit clays is is clays deposit Bril the of material raw that showed studies integrated The T the of rocks clay The the from those to similar are district Kisrebi Gagma Ikita the from Clays X The lo - montmorillonite mass contain mass montmorillonite spar grains of small size; in some places the increased qu increased the places some in size; small of grains spar gical processes of dryinggicaland processesof firing. - y. ray pattern of the X the of pattern ray
ve nly di nly repr
the r the e s s tri ent bu ock is entirely represented is ock ted by dispersive clay minerals (montmorillonite), is in is (montmorillonite), minerals clay dispersive by ted
ted i ted
sitskhvnari Hill district are similar to Plastic clay clay Plastic to similar are district Hill sitskhvnari n the rock and is generally represented by quartz by represented generally is and rock the n - a ifato nlss disti analysis diffraction ray in o te a mtra ae eetd i is it selected, are material raw the of sions ing a lot of psammitic terrigenous material; material; terrigenous psammitic of lot a ing ous; it easily dis easily it ous; cur in small quantities, while the X the while quantities, small in cur
all size are scattered against the the against scattered are size all by a ve a by integrates and does not not does and integrates ry turbid homoge turbid ry - brown; they easily easily they brown; nctly shows quartz quartz shows nctly a n tity of ferric ferric of tity
neo - ray ray -
79 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 80 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY (Bogd.), longuiscula laevigata longa akneriana foraminifers age: Chokrakian Lower mulleri mediterranensis Foraminifers fau of species Some found. are species microfauna some of specimen unitary sediments Lnkls., Schn., (Linne), O.Djan., linter (Czjzek), selene Foraminifers mulleri carinata d’Orb., tenuis S. levis boueana Q. Foraminifers nian and andCho thelower, upper inthe middle stages Tarkha the in stages upper and lower the identified we sstudy, microfauna the of sub Tama Betlemi, shi, ve ni da new with ment strati some research of stage fauna mollusk TARKHANIAN fers and ostracodes is red in the stratigraphic section Sa of thestratigraphic the red in MICROFAUNA (FORAMINIFERS, OS - zone (villages Chkumi, Bardnala, Gvirishi, the river Nam river the Gvirishi, Bardnala, Chkumi, (villages zone Biostratigraphy irfua n elws thin yellowish in Microfauna micro following sediments Tarkhanian Upper the In micro following sediments Tarkhanian Lower the In Tarkhanian of ostracodes Foramonifersand
na pass into the Chokrakian sediments almost without any changes: changes: any without almost sediments Chokrakian the into pass na O.Djan., O.Djan.,
A. A. (Karrer), (Karrer), (Munst), (Munst), (Munst.), L. carinata alata alata carinata L. Globigerina tarchanensis tarchanensis Globigerina
Lnkls., Lnkls., Discorbis Discorbis Globigerina Globigerina rlcln subfoliacea Triloculina aff . eus tarchanensis tenuis S. (C d’Orb., d’Orb.,
zjzek), zjzek), dentata . Bogd., Bogd., – – – A.
Textularia tarchanensis Textularia Quinqueloculina ungeriana Quinqueloculina 1 ad oaiiea 2 wide [2] foraminifera and [1]
unulcln boueana Quinqueloculina
Janelidze Institute Geology of Tbilisiof State University,
Bogd. Bogd. lrls bouanus Florilus Gerke., Gerke., Loxoconcha carinat Loxoconcha . aiaa alata carinata L. O. Djan., Djan., O. ta. From this viewpoint complex study of microfauna microfauna of study complex viewpoint this From ta. . unge Q. A. caucasica A. - ko CHOKRAKIAN SEDIMENTS OF GEORGIA WESTERN CHOKRAKIAN SEDIMENTS . ungeriana Q. ex
Discorbis Discorbis ni, the rivers Intsra, C Intsra, rivers the ni, Q. Q. of
Mull, Mull, sp important andisaccomplshed fortime. thefirst important gr და Q. akneriana rotunda akneriana Q. Tarkhanian x gr. ex , . tarchane G. ., . Tarchanensis Tarchanensis . riana Schn. Schn. Q. selene Q.
Ammo gra Cytheridea mulleri mulleri Cytheridea
Schn.
L. POPKHADZEL. x gr ex
p d’Orb., d’Orb., Lepto
circularis circularis i qetos eur seiiain n amend and specification require questions hic Tbilisi d’Orb., d’Orb., O nia beccarii nia
Schn., Schn., -
.Djan., .Djan., u. t Chutz et Sub. d’Orb., d’Orb.,
hkain eiet hs en tde by studied been has sediments Chokrakian - a Bogd., Bogd., (Karrer), (Karrer), . tarchanensis tarchanensis . layered sandstones and grey clays is of of is clays grey and sandstones layered
cythere stabilis stabilis cythere lnkls., lnkls., –
, Bogd., Bogd.,
Georgia nsis nsis
me O.Djan Quin . circularis Q.
Aurila Aurila . elongata Q.
hanistskali) and the Racha the and hanistskali) d’Orb, d’Orb, d’Orb., d’Orb., grelo depression Khor grelo Urta, (villages . mediterranensis S. TRACODES) COMPLEXES OFTRACODES) (Born.), lnia p Nnoel pulchella Nonionella sp. Flintina L. carinata alata alata carinata L. . austriaca T. Sub.et Chutz., Chutz., Sub.et s ulcln akneriana queloculina Sigmoilina mediterranensis mediterranensis Sigmoilina
p Quinqueloculina boueana Quinqueloculina Gerke., Gerke., (Linne)
ed n eri. t h modern the At Georgia. in read - . Ostracodes . Chokrakian sediments are disco are sediments Chokrakian
(Munst), (Munst), aff. aff. Q. selene Q. Os . Q. Q.
O.Djan., O.Djan., krakian. Tschokra dentata
Schn. ; ostracodes ostracodes ; Q. selene Q. - aff Born. Born. carinata tracodes tracodes fa boueana .
Loxo
n s distinguished: is una
(Karrer), (Karrer),
ka d’Orb., d’Orb., fau In the Tarckhanian Tarckhanian the In –
moi beccarii Ammonia Schn. Mull., Mull., imiia tenuis Sigmoilina
shuri). As a result a As shuri). No
ess caucasica kensis Aur na was defined: defined: was na
concha carinata carinata concha
Bogd., Bogd., (Karrer), (Karrer), Bogd., Bogd., – n i ila caucasica caucasica ila
– n granosus on
Loxoconcha Loxoconcha
-
Lechkhumi Cytheridea Cytheridea Cytheridea Cytheridea Sigmoilina Sigmoilina d’Orb., Sigmoilina Sigmoilina d’Orb., d’Orb., –
Caudina Caudina for a for
d’Orb., d’Orb., Q. Q. Bogd., Bogd., Q. Q. af mi aff Q. Q. f - - - - -
. .
3. 2. 1. REFERENCES Tarkhanian sync estab ot with along species are genera 10 ostracodes 4 Georgia Western by littoralis (Munst.), beccarii Bogd., the foraminifers for common in (Reuss), ri ostracodes O.Djan., tricarinata Triloculina fers forami occur there addition, in and sediments Chokrakian Lower the in found d mulleri ridea Schn., magna Schn., exlicata beccarii kensis Bogd. tschokrakhensis iversity of foraminifers is observed; they are almost identical to the species species the to identical almost are they observed; is foraminifers of iversity dea
hedr . . icn Otaoe an o te acss n Cie. n book: In Crimea. and Caucasus the of Mio Fauna Microfauna Oilof Deposits the of USSR, coll. II, 1949,pp. Ostracode Middle Miocene F. and G. Shneider Lower the of pp. 1970, Tbilisi, “Metsniereba”, Foraminifers R O.I. Adjacent Djanelidze the and Institute, 1 Geological pp. 1985, 90, Georgia issue Djanelidze series, new Al. of of Proc. GSSR, of Acad.Sci. Territory Time. Tarchanian The G. Ananiashvili unitary specimen. unitary hro – the In and abundance clays grey dark and clays sandy Chokrakian Middle the In
aff
S. medite S. L. L. L. bardnalensis L. Bogd., Bogd., imiia tschokrakensis Sigmoilina Schn., Schn., nous sediments [3]. There are also also are There [3]. sediments nous dimitrievae Quinqueloculina
Schn., Schn., Cyprideis littoralis Cyprideis . reussi reussi . (Linne) (Brady). (Linne) (Linne) aff uia spinu Aurila - Chokrakian sediments of Geo of sediments Chokrakian . bairdi bairdi .
(Mu Quinque tairpi scin f Tarkhanian of section stratigraphic C. filicata C. linter Caudina
r Lepto
ra Bogd., Bogd.,
and nst.), nst.),
Schn., Schn., At that stage of the Chok the of stage that At nensis r rema are – Mull., Mull., 2 species of foraminifers foraminifers of species 2
he
cyth ouia akneriana loculina
Pseu
Tark Popkh losa r ones that are widespread only only widespread are that ones r Xestoleberis fuscumaculata Xestoleberis ostracodes ostracodes georgiana georgiana
. hai S.
Cytheretta Cytheretta ere ere Schn., Schn., Bogd., Bogd., Auri
do hanian
(Reuss), (Reuss), r (Brady). al, n fo ostra from and kable, ., Tranchylebenis elengatissima Tranchylebenis ., cythere caudata cythere aff la la d O.Djan., O.Djan., - i ukrainica . 217 loxoco li n 1 Spiroloculina irma Spiroloculina
aff - gerii - shed. The fauna contain the Mediterranean Mediterranean the contain fauna The shed. Gerke., Gerke., O.Djan., O.Djan., Chok – 171
. denudata .
(in Russian)
sp In the Upper Chok Upper the In Pon Candona Candona (Bogd.), (Bogd.),
(in Russian) , . korobkovi C. ., ca cari ncha rakian (d’Orb.), (d’Orb.), lrls bouea Florilus to rgia.
No cy rakian Age microfauna is represented represented is microfauna Age rakian d’Orb. d’Orb.
Pseu Schn., Schn., pr endemic forms found only in the the in only found forms endemic
in bog nion
Sars., Sars.,
x gr ex (Reuss), (Reuss), s suzini is ; . purula Q. are not observed. Among the the Among observed. not are
do 6 ge 16 ; na . adnei tschokrakensis haidingerii S.
Mull., Mull., polymorphina tschokrakensis polymorphina Articulina Articulina co . stabilis L.
ta - Pontocypris Pontocypris . candida candida . Bogd., Bogd., hkain se Chokrakian des des
da in the Crimean the in
nera and 32 species of of species 32 and nera Lnkls
rakian sediments species species sediments rakian 89
Schn., Schn., A. dromas A. nus noviczi X. X. -
Schn., Schn., – 182
Karrer, Karrer,
Articulina tscho Articulina
aff ., (d’Orb.), (d’Orb.), (Lnkls.), (Lnkls.), yhrda mulleri Cytheridea
aff (in Russian)(in . aiaa alata carinata L. . lutrae . Schn., Schn., uia spinu Aurila cene of Georgia. Georgia. of cene Mull., Mull.,
V sp
Bairdia Bairdia
ol egions in the the in egions tshokra Schn., Schn., ., Paracythe ., Flintina Flintina di ., Ammonia Ammonia ., - Cytherura Cytherura Cauc
. rugosa L. ments of of ments Cyprideis Cyprideis Schn. Ammonia Ammonia . Cythe
x gr ex kensis kensis a kra losa losa si
sp ni an an - - - - . .
81 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 82 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY mg/g, medium amo the if features sta the temperature. of requirements treatment the heat to the According on depending activity pozzolanic different have Acco tions). so 56592 lime a from lime of absorption of method increasing thecementconsequently, of thestrength and, thequality ofthe latter. spari into turns and du released is which hydrate, oxide calcium of thermalwererevealed each modification for rock. re (Kvareli), argillites and (Teleti) fusible clays (Garda from widespread local poly impo long time a for world the in used been has method this and practice, proven and common a is pensive material toobtain this (metakaolin) con from kaolin The limited. quite are which Meta ment/ incre to possible it cement/ for additive pozzolanic active hly the cost ofcement. oftheclinker part ad pozzolanic a of use expen most The industry. construction the POZZOLANIC ADDITIVE BASED ONT BASED POZZOLANICADDITIVE ntial thermal, and other methods of analy of methods other and thermal, ntial kaolin is obtained by heat treatment of kaolin clays, the world's reserves of of reserves world's the clays, kaolin of treatment heat by obtained is kaolin r
The absorb to ability its by determined is additive pozzolanic the of quality The shales clay Georgia: of rocks chem by investigated were rocks Clay clay studied have we purpose, this For extremely is it therefore, clays; kaolin of reserves have not does Georgia resou local the expand to clays conventional of modification Thermal hig a as popular very is metakaolin the world, the throughout time recent In energy most the of one is Cement/concrete tant todevelop highlyfor atechnology a activepozzolan producing - con THE TECHNOLOGYTHE FORPRODUCINGHIGHLY ACTIVE A 05 Mnrl ad (Mineral 2015
[3]. crete pozzolanic activity of the heat the of activity pozzolanic
r E. SHAPAKIDZE I.KAMUSHADZE ding ding
1
- A. Tvalchrelidze Caucasian Institute of Mineral Resources
ve n tu hls o eue h cnupin f eet n con in cement of consumption the reduce to helps thus and from 30 to 70mg/gfromand low 30 n to the results of tests, it was found that all the stu the all that found was it tests, of results the to un ase the den the ase 2 tio n Ge gly soluble hydrosilicates and calcium hydrogranates, thereby hydrogranates, calcium and hydrosilicates soluble gly ROCKS FORROCKS CEMENT/CONCRETE t of t
nal polymineral clays, which would make available and inex and available make would which clays,polymineral nal of Tbilisiof State University, Tbilisi, Georgia di orgian Technical University, Tbilisi, Georgia tive in cement/concrete in tive
CaO m mineral clays, which this workisdevotedclays, to. mineral which this i x ue fr ocee ad otr. eea specifica General mortars. and concretes for tures re
absorbed from the from absorbed sity, water sity, 1 , R. SKHVITARIDZE, R. fo 1 , L.GABUNIA, e inten re,
- tightness and mechanical strength of ce of strength mechanical and tightness n ie ok s newy o ban meta obtain to underway is work sive treated additives was determined by the the by determined was additives treated
sive concrete component is cement. The cement. is component concrete sive
con dard, the additive has high pozzolanic pozzolanic high has additive the dard, [2] sis. ical, mineral ical, ring the hydration of cement minerals minerals cement of hydration the ring -
HERMALLY MODIFIED CLAY up to 30 mg/g. up to . lution in accordance with GOST R R GOST with accordance in lution cre
The optimal mode and temperature temperature and mode optimal The
1 is an effective method of reducing of method effective an is
- , T.PETRIASHVILI saturated
te and material inten material and bani).
[1]. [1]. 2 , I., GEJADZE - Adding metakaolin makes metakaolin Adding petro
solution is more than 70 than more is solution
graphic, x graphic,
sive sectors of of sectors sive 1 di , 1
ed ad ed
- ic additive ray, diffe ray, rce base base rce ditives ditives crete.
------
4. 3. 2. 1. REFERENCES Georgia №AR [grant (SRNSFG) Rustaveli Shota the by supported was work This signifi a rocks, clay modified of mechanical strength observed. is stren 6% mechanical reducing about without cement adding Portland in clinker the reduce of to possible share it make will 35% to up additives these of use The cement. highly a as used be regimecan treatmentheat physicalandtesting mechanical ofcemen byzed activity pozzolanic high Fig. 1.
kvtrde Uig ly ok o Goga o ban High Obtain to Georgia of Maisuradze, Rocks V. Additives Portland to Cement. IJAER. V. 14, No.18 (2019) pp. 3689 Nadirashvili, Clay M. Using Gejadze, Skhvitaridze. I. Shapakidze, E. Instituio de ciencias de Constructionla “Eduardo torroja”. 2011. 117. so clay Interna XII calcinedof Proceedings // materials of Evolution al. et L.R. Castello Mate Cement Cementitious and Concrete Research. 2011. №41. Pp. 651 Innovative of Hydration of A. Nonut Journal K.L., Scrivener International Concrete. and Research in Mortar Cement in Metakaolin Dr.Srinivasu KrishnaL. N., K., SaiSairam Venkata M. ReviewonA.of N. Kumar Use additives Modified ro clay modified thermally obtained, data the to According It has been determined that thermally modified clay rocks under a certain certain a under rocks clay modified thermally that determined been has It Hydraulic activity of cement samples after 28 days. Hardening, containing different amounts additives, of with different temperature modification Science, Engi
were tested in a composition with ce with composition a in tested were ne ering and Technology. 3,Issue Vol. 7, July, 2014. [4].
- 18
-
343]. tional con tional ts are graphically ts are shown
active pozzolanic additive in Portland inadditive pozzolanic active gress of chemistry of cement. Madrid: cement. of chemistry of gress National Scien National – i a supple as lid 665.
at i cant il, Pre rials, ment. men ces i cement in ncrease - cks are characteri are cks . Pet T. - cie Pozzolanic Active ce Foundation of Foundation ce
( 3695. Fig. 1 ay cementitious tary et n Future. and sent
The results of results The
ria ) . hii A. shvili,
gth, and and gth,
-
83 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 84 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY block. consi be canlly, Akhum and Loki the of formations ophiolite Akhum Lokiand com metamorphic the in that noted be should It observed. are schists plagioclase forma areAmasiaists blocksof the also foundinallochthonous Analog assumed. is metamorphism Asri ma Loki the with analogy By - cor bychloritoid ted Act+Chl+Ep+Ab+Cal, Cb+Chl+Spn+Ep and Srp+Chl+Cb+Tr[ In metabasites Ms+Chl+And+Bt+Pl+Qz, Grt+Ms+Chl+Qz+Ab Ms+Chl+Cb+Qz and In metapelites are Whitneygiven accordingand toD. Evans B. [1]): formation (Fig.1). andP belt. Metamorphites incomposition massifsare similar ofthe Amasia the of olistostrome ophiolite the in blocks as occur also and massifs, Asrikchay and Akhum Loki, the in represented are metamorphites Alpine MASSIFS AND OF THE OPHIOLITE OLISOSTROME OPHIOLITE MASSIFS OF AMASIA AND OF THE THE carbonate schists and graphit and schists carbonate dierite SEVAN kchay metamor kchay METAMORPHITES OFMETAMORPHITES AND LOKI, ASRIKCH AKHUM THE n h tcoi bok o te Amasia the of blocks tectonic the In Ak Loki, the of rocks Metamorphic symbols mineral (the occurred are associations mineral following the There Somkhit the Within in o mdrt o hg brc types baric high or moderate of tions
- COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OFCOMPARATIVE PRE CHARACTERISTICS mica, plagi mica, I. JavakhishviliI. - - mhbl schi amphibole AKERA BELT (SOMKHITAKERA BELT – –
G. CHICHINADZE, G. BERIDZE, I.G. CHICHINADZE,BERIDZE, G. JAVAKHISHVILI
de - Cld+C Act+Act - chlorite Asrikchay massifs they are not fo not are they massifs Asrikchay
red albite red phic complexes and Early Variscan (Bretonian) age of re of age (Bretonian) Variscan Early and complexes phic o c hl+Pg+Qz+Ab, Ms+Cld+Qz±Ab, Bt+Ms+Chl+Pl+Qz, Bt+Ms+Chl+Pl+Qz, hl+Pg+Qz+Ab, Ms+Cld+Qz±Ab, lase -
Hbl D. SHENGELIA, T. TSUTSUNAVA, Tbilisi State University, Al. Janelidze Institute of G sericite,chlorite - - t ad lgoniss n kaie n glaucophane and kyanite and plagiogneisses and sts Cau Lesser (the zone tectonic Karabakh +Chl+Ab+Cal+Ep, Cb+Spn+Tr+Chl+Tlc+Srp, - amphibole, actinolite amphibole, epidote e - s bearing quartzites re quartzites bearing i alloch sif s of almost all the above varieties of me of varieties above the all almost of s - chlorite
Tbilisi, Georgia
thone - repre are massifs Asrikchay and hum - sericite KARABAKH ZONE) TECTONIC - -
actinolite porphyroids of the Dzo the porphyroidsof actinolite Asrikchay massifs, purely conditiona purely massifs, Asrikchay – - Sevan
- gar mrct srcue f ku and Akhum of structure imbricate - - chlorite quartz net und. A probableA und.
lated to an to lated - Akera belt the metamorphic metamorphic the belt Akera
mhblts garnet amphibolites, - - graphite, andalu graphite, Sevan - albite, chlori albite, da - 2 - ALPINE
Akera belt [2 Akera belt - lusite baric se baric lusite 4]. -
analogue of the analogueof
T conditions of -
p Sevan au) pre casus), te l eology, ex
- site actinoli AY es of the of es - quartz - ta - gio Akera - mica, mica, - ra 4]. 4].
ri se sch
get nal es. es. n te
------
5. 4. 3. 2. 1. REFERENCES
Crystalline Projection and Ama and Projection Crystalline Low on Data New ShubitidzeL. T., Tsutsunava Granitoid Magmatism and Geody Shengelia. I.P., Gamkrelidze 1998, 35p. (in Russian). Arme of basement crystalline The V.A. Agamalyan Mineralogist. Vol. 95, 2010, pp.185 Evans D., Whitney appearancethe or disappearance ( sheet tectonic Ak Safarlo the massifs, of metamorphites Asrikchay and Akhum Loki, the of metaophyolites (?) Somkhit the of rocks metamorphic of kya site epidote lu - IIIbolite), I facies: metamorphism of the Fields with [5] Korikovsky P. S. authors’ additions). to (according metamorphism of subfacies and P the on massifs Asrikchay pre the of position The 1. Fig. “Nau Metamor the of Sub Petrology In: Aureoles. of Principles S.P. Korikovsky Nat. Acad. Sci. of Vol.172, №1, 2005, pp.105
garnet, 4 site, u ad sica massifs, Asrikchay and hum
- ni biotite ka”, 1991, pp. 46 te 7 - - hornfels, 10 hornfels, biotite -
- - - staurolite muscovite
staurolite biotite
- of the Loki massif. Symbols of minerals indicate the reactions of reactions the indicate minerals of Symbols massif. Loki the of muscovite hornfels. In circles, arabic numerarabiccircles,In hornfels. muscovite -
muscovite B. Abbreviations for Names of Rock For Rock of Names for Abbreviations B. - - biotite
- - andalusite chloritoid, 5 - on, 12 horny, 51. (in Russian).
- s silli - T diagram of low of diagram T - - Lok gneiss; subfacies: 1 subfacies: gneiss; .. Pre D.V. - sia ma - lie eaopie o th of metamorphites Alpine biotite namics the of Caucasus. 2005, M. 458 p. (in Russian). - ③ - ) of critical of ) minerals associations.or - -
- ni Jandari tectonic sheet of the Loki massif and massif Loki the of sheet tectonic Jandari Sevan
-
- staurolite sillimanite aezi mtmrhts f h Moshevani the of metamorphites Paleozoic 187. e 8 te, - reshs, II greenschist, - iiin f eaopi Sub Metamorphic of division Karabakh tectonic zone: tectonic Karabakh -
muscovite cambrian phic Complexes of the Greater Caucasus. M.: Caucasus. Greater the of Complexes phic -
Akera -
stauroli - - chlo 107. - - biotite -
temperature Metamorphites of MurguzMetamorphites of temperature Ophiolite Belt. Bulletin of the Georg. the of Bulletin Belt. Ophiolite and me and - - aezi Regio Paleozoic - rite,6 chlorite
nia// te chlorite - -
- itt kaie 9 kyanite, biotite muscovite tuoie (e staurolite
dium The -
staurolite - als denote the positiondenotethe als hornfels, 11 hornfels, - sericite, 2 sericite, sis of Doct. diss. Yerevan, diss. Doct. of sis Lk, ku and Akhum Loki, e ming Minerals. American Minerals. ming - temperature facies temperature ① - ones 13 hornfels,
②
- a Metamorphism, nal pi -
biotite Precambrian
do - -
ais n Zonal in facies - Paleozoic te
– biotite, 3 biotite, -
- andalu
amphi albite - anda – - - - -
85 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 86 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY of excess surface runoff. growingand demand, the t wells. hor groundwater lead tothe depletion horizons. ofthese explo intensive the to leads demand industry, in increase The food as: such drinking, for water pharma technical of amount large a require that facilities of supplythe for but supply water onlyfor not used is water Drinking ted tohousehold, health, education, other trade,rest vital issues. and Conc capital. the populat in increaserapid he first is to limit its exploitation, which is virtually impossible in the face of of face the in impossible virtually is which exploitation, its limit to is first he One of the major challenges of modernity is urbanization. It is a result of the of result a is It urbanization. is modernity of challenges major the of One the from horizon aquatic first the is vulnerable most The a increasing requires this of All There are 2 ways to protect groundwater from complete or partial drainig partial or complete from groundwater protect to ways 2 are There ceuti cals, medical facilities. This requ This facilities. medical cals, izon, izon, en Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi, GeorgiaGeorgian Technical Tbilisi, University, RISKS OF AND WAYS URBANIZATION tra tion of population in local areas cause areas local in population of tion since
ion density in the central areas of the country, especially in especiallyin country, the areasof centralthe densityin ion second artificial is TO MINIMIZETO THEM
it is close to the customer and does not require deep require not does and customer the to close is it J .
TA T
I SHVILI
ons f oal ad te and potable of mounts
re isite may be satisfied by groundwater. by satisfied be may isite fill
ing of
i ta tion of aquifers, which may which aquifers, of tion
groundwaterexpense at the s
many problems re problems many
day surface surface day
ch ia water. nical -
the the la - : gni iron some of destruction the of product mineral. a be to likely are that areas are cracks whi rite, spherical perlite which in glass, common volcanic altered strongly a of built is deposit Paravani the of Perlite rare. also are pyrite probably Minerals, glass. the crys per where glass, locat region region. villageinAspindza from Toloshi andperlite the Georgia: of of purification widely inagriculture. used the for used are they filters as water, adsorbents; as and materials insulating as condi swollen and unprocessed both in used gi biolo is it and weight its of 400% than more of amount an in liquid absorb can and fromtemperature and increase volume, when theinitial heated. l 1 is content Its alumi of tetrahedrons the to linked ‒ perlites in stru water of types two are There unequal. is glass volcanic in water and gases: and water contains also It water thetexture. in content the by mainly other each from differ and ground the with contact in when cooling, gla and pumice and al stable. cally sses. They are formed on the edge of mol of edge the on formed are They sses. fications c tals of plagioclase ranging in size from 0.03 to 0.5 mm, are rarely observed in observed rarely are mm, 0.5 to 0.03 from size in ranging plagioclase of tals VOLCANIC O GLASSES ion is a rock with a dacite a witha ion is rock compo mobil and tural The obsidian sample consists entirely of volcanic glass. Rarely, at large ma large at Rarely, glass. volcanic of entirely consists sample obsidian The per the that showed samples the of analysis Petrographic obsidian and perlite were research of objects The at used be can that material stable lightweight, loose, a is perlite Swollen ma Perlite pe and obsidian with Along G.
ch is a product of volcanic glass replacement. There are also iron also are There replacement. glass volcanic of product a is ch
. The glass is devoid of any admixtures. The only mineral found is chlo is found mineral only The admixtures. any of devoid is glass The . TSINTSKALADZE 2 Iv.Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Al.Janelidze Institute of Geology,
M. ZAUTASHVILI perlite and obsidian of so of obsidian and perlite 1 - 10 daee) te mlet ris f lgols ae bevd as observed, are plagioclase of grains smallest the diameter), (100x Iv.Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, P.Melikishvili Institute like perlites. like - elt i ceial iet n evrnetly fri environmentally and inert chemically is Perlite 3%. Dep 3%. inly consists of consists inly – li of Physicalof and Organic Chemistry, Tbilisi, Georgia,
- te sphe te in the food industry and medicine, etc. Swollen perlites are also also are perlites Swollen etc. medicine, and industry food the in 200°C to +900°C. It has thermal It has +900°C. to 200°C . t a as cnan yrxl (H. Stru (OH). hydroxyls contain also may It e. PROSPECTS FOR THEIR USE PROSPECTS FOR THEIR ending on the texture, there are massive, layered, layered, massive, are there texture, the on ending roidal cracks, obtained as a result of depletion, and pure pure and depletion, of result a as obtained cracks, roidal
A specific peculiarity of perlites is their ability to swell to ability their is perlites of peculiarity specific A
1 , T. , 1 Si, Al, Fe, Ti, Mg, Mn, Ca, Na, K Na, Ca, Mn, Mg, Ti, Fe, Al, Si, N THE TERRITORYN THE OF ,
CO G. KORDZAKHIA nosily chstein (pitchstone), perlites are acid volcanic volcanic acid are perlites (pitchstone), chstein
BERIDZE Tbilisi, Georgia 2 - si , N , called “Korghan” deposits of “Ninotsminda” “Ninotsminda” of deposits “Korghan” called tion and structure, which is built of volcanic of which isbuilt andtion structure, ci 2 , H , um oxygen through a hydrogen binding. hydrogen a through oxygen um
ti
ten magmatic lava as a result of rapid of result a as lava magmatic ten 2 ons. Main ons. , SO , 2 , I., 1 3
- JAVAKH , T.SHARASHENIDZE , Ne, Ar. Ne, ,
and noise and ly, swollen perlit swollen ly,
from tw from
GEORGIA AND
The location of gases of location The ISHVILI -
insulation lite of the Toloshi the of lite regions different o
elements oxides. elements e dy I cn be can It ndly. trl ae is water ctural 2
- es are used used are es
containing properties - enriched breccias 1 ,
- - -
87 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 88 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY of replacement deposit. The prospects theglass are use ofvolcanic for the also shown. that see canParavani the of spectrum we perlite the in than tetrahedra, common less is aluminum (Al) with silicon Si ― O ― Si v the the in between as well as bands, vibration internal the in deposit, Toloshi deposit other the and gray dark is deposit Toloshi the of (perlite visually from differ Perlites state. amorphous an in mainly is glass volcanic Al of content the by mainly other each These da to threespeciescorrespond groups hydroxyl of types threeare there deposit bands two on has obsidian water of zone fix equally is water sam of three vibrations all in and kinds different in represented attributed toAl cm 550.7 of band a has samples, two these unlike deposit, Paravani from perlite the addition, In pectively. vibra deformationof the of value the on depend bands these of frequencies is bands the com of frequencies vibration the in increase An deposit). Paravani (from cm 1073.5 of high sa the of spectra the Spectrometer. FTIR well as becan cracks, characterized whichas perlite. p - intensity bands of valence vibrations (γ vibrations valence of bands intensity le Infrared spectrographic analysis was performed on the Agilent Cary 630 630 Cary Agilent the on performed was analysis spectrographic Infrared It has been established that the chemical composition of minerals differs from from chemical ofmineralsdiffers composition the establishedIt that has been i is It – telychemicalconsistent theresultsanalysis with ofthe samp of
is white), as well as in terms of composition. In the perlite spectrum of the of spectrum perlite Inthe composition. of terms in as well aswhite), is –
trsig ta i tee ape wtr n hdoy gop are groups hydroxyl and water samples these in that nteresting, 3438.5 cm 3438.5 - 1 ― –
O vibrations, and thethirdatO vibrations, 912.3cm biin 15. cm 1057.6 obsidian; m ti spe IR by samples three all of study The ons (γ ons ples are similar to the IR spectra of silicates of spectra IR the to similar are ples - 1 - 1 and 3640 cm 3640 and , 692.2 cm 692.2 , 1 ) of the same bond is 466.8, 468.7 and 470.6 cm 470.6 and 468.7 466.8, is bond same the of ) e band e ed ta known literature. from - 1 – ( - t414 cm at≈401640 cm 912.3 and
2 1 - 3445 cm 3445 O 1 are observed and in the perlite of Paravani of perlite the in and observed are – 3
. It has been shown that SiO that shown been has It . elt (ooh) 14. cm 1040.9 (Toloshi); perlite 1 ) of of ) – - 1
, in the perlite of Toloshi deposit Toloshi of perlite the in , at 3440, 3619.2 and 3695.7 cm 3695.7 and 3619.2 3440, at Si―O―Si - ples the band of deformation deformation of band the ples
1 - 1 . The first two bands can be can bands two first The . ) . In the valence vibrations vibrations valence the In . SiO - 1 –
to Al 2 /Al ctroscopy showed that that showed ctroscopy
bonds at a frequency a at bonds 2 ― O 3 –
OH vibrations.
. These are two two are These . of the Paravani the of ratio. each other both other each ibratio les, since the the les, since 2 - containing - 1 The band band The – n bands n
- perlite 1 , re , - s
1 - .
Flut mud part. and sandstone of role the section, base the of part upper the upper In south. the from transportation their on the casts flute in show intraclasts beds sandstone thicker Some top. the sand calcareous grained rhy depositional ten than more to are two form theypackages, Insome beds. the within mudstones prevail fairly andthicker section, the of part middle the In mudstone. the and sandstone the The t observed. (up Thin well thick. is rhythm the 3 usually up is mudstone portions grey greenish to grey/grey dark places usua sandstones The thick. m 2 to up centimetres pa in arranged are deposits These thick. fine very from dominated general. in section the throughout and package to es deposition tone sandstone constitute which layers, sandstone to the upper P lith Tusrebi Lower the fine and fine grey dark of Arda road Bakuriani of environs the in Anticline, Borjomi 4 2 Department of Geology and Paleontology, Georgian National Museum, Tbilisi, Georgia. ses form packages. Particular lithologies and their thicknesses vary from package from vary thicknesses their and lithologies Particular packages. form ses Department of Geology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, 5 1
3 A.Tvalchrelidze Caucasian Institute of Mineral Resources, Tbilisi State University, Fac A.Janelidze Institute of h woe eto sos htmc lento o mud of alternation rhythmic shows section whole The Ardagani1 outcrop studied The
SEDIMENTOLOGICAL hum
ARDAGANI ulty of Geography and Geology, Institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian S. KHUTSISHVILIS.
by m - ock
and grey calcareous siltstones and mudstones inte mudstones and siltstones calcareous grey and grained calcareous sandstones. They be They sandstones. calcareous grained aleocene (Thanetian)[1]. silts . - nal rhy nal grained sandstone, which is usually 3 usually is which sandstone, grained The se The o 5 cm) siltstone beds form transitional portions of beds between beds of portions transitional form beds siltstone cm) 5 o - A. UCHMAN like lamination. In the mudstones (often marly), a trans a marly), (often mudstones the In lamination. like to
ne N. KOBAKHIDZE - thms/beds. The rhythms/beds of similarcharacterrhythms/bedsof a The thms/beds. 1 SECTION (PALAEOCENE 1 SECTION
– o composed is It thick. m 45.3 is bed, by bed measured ction, - 5 cm, rarely up to 30 cm, and exce and cm, 30 to up rarely cm, 5 stone, which is usually parallel la parallel usually is which stone,
strati
K. KOIAVA mudstone BORJOMI SUITE, GEORGIA) SUITE, BORJOMI thms. Rarely, some rhythms start from fine from start rhythms some Rarely, thms. State University,Tbilisi, Georgia; Geology, University, Kraków, Poland. gra 3 , R. CHAGELISHVILI , R. 1 , Z.LEBANIDZE phic unit dated on the basis of micro foraminifers micro of basis the on dated unit phic - Tbilisi, Georg IC
beds I. JavakhishviliI. HNOLOGICAL ANALISIS OF THE HNOLOGICAL ANALISIS 2 css on t te eea drcin of direction general the to point casts e Georgia; is , N.KHUNDADZE
3
of , K.LOBZHANIDZE located on the steep, southern flank of the the of flank southern steep, the on located
kgs wih r fo svrl es of tens several from are which ckages, centimetric thicknesses. Some beds Some thicknesses. centimetric - silt ai eteet aog h Borjomi the along settlement, gani
ia . stone
2
Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, , T.BERIDZE
The lly show parallel to oblique, in oblique, to parallel show lly long to the uppermost part of part uppermost the to long - - 4 –
mudstone or siltstone or mudstone LOWER EOCENE LOWER , D. MAKADZE, D.
m exc cm, 8 lower part lower
mi 5
nated at the base and at and base the at nated ptio I. I. Javakhishvili 3 , sto
na r 3 ca , ep e slsoe and siltstone ne,
lly up to 50 cm 50 to up lly of the section the of
la tionally 15 cm cm 15 tionally - ted with very with ted
to very fine very to 5 , nd thickn nd i
ti on from on
Tbilisi - muds
start
is - - - -
89 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 90 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 2. 1. REFERENCES Paleocene (SRNSFG) Georgia ACKNOWELEDGMENTS com thedistaldeposits parts in ofthedeep is which facies, Nereitesichno the of subfacies well (Uchmanet al.,2020 tube and burrow tubular unnamed 1977), wicz, Thala Ophio 1858, Ooster, and co hypich endichnial, preserved reliefs. variable as section. mostlythe of part occurs upper the in common less are They traces. common a la on observed intervals p ofthis other In fossils. trace of barren be to seem section the of part lower the of intervals more sand inter (10 thicknesses their as well as increases beds ispp., ispp.,
- occurs in the same bed with bed inthesame occurs 2012, pp.643 indicatorssedimentaryas offossils environments.DevelopmentsSedimentology in 64, Deep A. Wetzel, A., Uchman, 2003, Univ., pp. 49 State Tbilisi Javakhishvili I. Proc. Caucasus. Minor the of part western north the of Paleogene of scheme stratigraphic correlative Regional N. Mrevlishvili, as eoe hne. h uprot at o part uppermost The thinner. become vals Planolites ssinoides The middle part of the section is the most rich in trace fossils. They were were They fossils. trace in rich most the is section the of part middle The distri unevenly are section 1 Ardagani the in fossils Trace This works was supported by the Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Foundation Science National Rustaveli Shota the by supported was works This Nereitesichno the resembles it but atypical is assemblage fossil trace The morpha
Trichichnus Polykamptongeorgianu - – Lower Eocene Sediments thein Achara - 62 (In Russian) rich with abundant plant detritus. withabundant rich annu s. and isp.,
s. Snl co Single isp.. Nereites rger, parting/bedding surfaces. surfaces. parting/bedding rger, – art, only 671.
lata i Gat ubr FR number [Grant
sp. and sp.
isp., (Ksią . Zoophycos
, submitted manuscript)., submitted Trichi
Chondrites intricatus Chondrites ż hnrts stella Chondrites kie m - Trichichnus - curne with occurrences chnus o sea fans. I fans. sea iz 1977), wicz, ccurs in 55 horizons of the section. It frequentl It section. the of horizons 55 in ccurs isp. are noticed. noticed. are isp. - -
18 sea turbiditic depositional turbiditic sea systems[ is present. is present. - 3765 n: Bromley, R.G., Knaust, D. (Eds.), Trace (Eds.), D. Knaust, R.G., Bromley, n: i
sp., - - Trialeti Fold ris
Spirophycusbicornis cnlg ad eietlg o the of Sedimentology and Ichnology – oyapogogau, Scolici Polykamptongeorgianum, Scolicia rcles are present in the sectionas sectionas the in present are rcles
5 c) Te siltstone The cm). 150 te eto bcms oe and more becomes section the f cmn 1999, Uchman
(Brongniart, 182 (Brongniart, Phycosipho Ophiomo o o mudstone of mon isp., - Thrust Belt,Thrust Ge il n eihil full epichnial and nial Chondrites intrica Chondrites rpha nincertum Halimedides rudis 3) are the most the are 3)
He, 1877), (Heer, bu
- ted. Some Some ted. - dominated (Książkie orgia]. 2].
mudstone Fischer Scolicia
isp.,
tus y - - - - ,
in appear not do behavior, Accordingcombustion this plastconcrete such. cannot to as classified be Drops seconds. 30 after or seconds 10 after either stop not does Withwas this 15mm/min. setting, plastc 500 the Intensive 14%. by increase strength a shows and crack not does plastconcrete modified unmodified, (350 perature pro mechanicalthe poly on based modified nor unmodified reductionFlam of (tet TEOS with incorporated is resinpolyester proce mm) <1 size (grain powder andesite Component Itconcrete. identifiescategories seven ofsubstan 22 stan Western on are based ristics chara of inci studyand combustion as such the plastconcrete with only deals paper present The on. so and nces ge heat propagation, flame fire its material plastconcre unexplored isalmost it bytoday's Stan of behavior the fire, open for on plastconcrete of durability the for As temperatures. high and elevated publications appeared have However, there date. to recently studied extensively been not has it but emphasized, been long tempera high and elevated to resistance proper negative a have they materials, polymeric as hand, ro mecha tradi other to compared properties, que n - BEHAVIOR OFPLASTCONCRETE ANDBEHAVIOR UNDER ELEVATED HIGH 2N0.6, UL 94. We used the latter document to evaluate the flamma the evaluate to document latter the used We 94. UL 2N0.6, construction in promising use their makes which ments, ssing of high energy mill in the form of rock rock of form the in mill energy high of ssing aeoy V A te is st first the At 5V: Category V Categories thickness in mm 3 about of sample a of rate combustion The HB: Category Thematerial open testofthe fire showed: (80 temperatures Elevated Wrestling concrete:of composition following the was study the of object The the on oil light of impact the of study the of result a as that said be should It uni by cases some in advantages, of number a by Plastconcretedistinguished
nical characteristic of stretching and chemical resistance to aggressive envi aggressive to resistance chemical and stretching of characteristic nical temperature re it - TEMPERATURES OPENFIRE AND CONDITIONS
R 42mr (uks pro (Turkish mark 452 BRE - te ES fiiny s hw. t hs eprtr, un temperature, this At shown. is efficiency TEOS the ) A. VANISHVILI, G ehia characte technical F. S.KVINIKADZE, BEZHANOV, L.KIRTADZE ma per - , V 0, bi ties, there is an increase in rigidity and strength. At high tem high At strength.and rigidity in increase an thereis ties, G.Tsulukidze Mining Institute lity. Its content was 2% of polyesterItslity. resin. was 2%of content sults inignitionofstrength. andcompleteloss sults r a decomposi mal - , V 1, ne ration, smoke generation, toxicity of gaseous substa gaseous of toxicity generation, smoke ration, - : h brig f h vrial faste vertically the of burning The 2: – dards such as ISO 458 94, A 94, 458 ISO as such dards 1 60 g, vrial atce spe attached vertically a age, itc ae formed: are ristics . ABASHIDZE, D. TSVERAVA, D.. ABASHIDZE, TSVERAVA, dard - ) adversely affect nei affect adversely )
in f lscnrt sat a 40 n at and 400 at starts plastconcrete of tion 85%. Andesite powder is obtained by the the by obtained is powder Andesite 85%. ester resin. On the contrary, if we look at look we if contrary, the On resin. ester on tio tu
neration. Mo neration.
res. The need to study this feature has has feature this study to need The res. cre [3 a mtras First materials. nal du - ra ction) polyester resin resin polyester ction) te can fall into this category.te can fall this into 4]
ethyl orthosilicate ethyl . ce (ma ce
, Tbilisi, Georgia FRITSCH
dern fire dern te lmaiiy combustion, Flammability, rial). ty such as r as such ty ther polymers made of made polymers ther S
TM D 28 63, CSA C CSA 63, 28 D TM
[1 - and and f l, t s high a is it all, of detection charac detection
ci - 2] e ws tested. was men . On the other other the On . RETSCH
- ned specimen specimen ned
elatively low low elatively
2, filler 12%,
bility of the of bility cte ri
s tics of tics . The The . e in te like
for te
------
91 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 92 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 4. 3. 2. 1. REFERENCES 5V and HB to belongscate concrete presented the standard, 94 UL of results test the combustio the a five in result not does scaffolding the through samples the of passage the t that found was thickness same the of slab wide a stage, second the In fusion. nor ignition neither was there that and ignited, being five The
– fibrebamboo of propertiesmechanical the on temperatureelevated and treatment alkali W. Zukarnain, N.A. Wani, E. Manalo, A.C. Cement andConcrete Composites, vol. 26,no. 7, pp.803 conditions”,thermalsevere mortarsunder polymer epoxy andpolyester of performance M.C Ribeiro Symposium 2019,Prague, Czech Repu Reinfo Produ Science, Environmental and Tsv G., Abashidze F., Marquis N., Chikhradze Concrete Shockto Loading, 2019,Batumi, Georgia; Multi Japanese S. Kvinikadze D., Works Tsverava G., Abashidze N., Chikhradze - go
polyester composite”, Composites Part B:Engineering, vol 80,pp.73 to Thus, plastconcrete was tested under all the conditions required by UL94 and and UL94 by required conditions the all under tested was plastconcrete Thus, ries. - five fun - o o Apid Electro Applied on hop rced with Various Fibers, Volume 362, World Multidiscipli World 362, Volume Fibers, Various with rced to
toa ad ao aeil (amd1) Study (Japmed'11), Materials Nano and ctional - - second firesecond onthem. impact five prmtr o te aeil ee hrfr aotd Acrig to According adopted. therefore were material the of parameters n
S, oo PR, eria ... ad aqe A.T. Marques and A.J.M., Ferreira P.R., Novoa .S., - second impact of the open fire revealed that the material was not not was material the that revealed fire open the of impact second ma gne c i Egneig o Mgei, Superconduc Magnetic, for Engineering tic in f Corrosion of tion blic;
ested. As a result of this experiment, we we experiment, this of result a As ested.
auaea ad .. Lau K.T. and Kasunasena, erava D. IOP Conference Series: Earth Series: Conference IOP D. erava
- - 809, 2004; eitn Plmr Concrete Polymer Resistant
of
h Behavior the nary Earth Sciences Earth nary
- 83, 20. - Mediterranean – –
f Polymer of
Efc of “Effect “Flexural
ting, impor and serveof our improvement living envi the be will actions these of All measures. preventive timely take and vision common adevelop to order in findings the on based system gement re this All sses. re fundamental to as well as boundaries, their of variation assess impact for envi its basis of mechanism comprehensive a the of part a lay become and generation will it i with that deal Georgia, of fact territory the on the waste industrial of in management lies project novelty proposed The the etc. by preparation, envisaged site construction structures, linear other and roads diffe absolutely ring cove projects certain other of part a as out carried studies for Except country. our above the of research interna materials, raw Chiua landfills, and storages tailing its plant, ment mi Madneuli example, For issue. the of resolution immediate for i quite some in situation The formations. these of research and re or management no is there and here exist of contamination causing areas, surrounding of drinking water, agricultural vit land and other soil the in arrays similar from me heavy al but environment, living the on only not effects negative have they often Very immense. is environment the mo of form the are in formations recordedthese As landscape. natural original of change obvious to leading creation of thatcausescontemporarythe extent geo the the of one remains still waste pro acute solid vs. domestic and industrial of amount great gene the that recognized been already has It nment. nega a tran industrial, of ction foll potential technological of advancement EVALUATION OF IMPACT ANTHROP THE OF CURRENT de IMPLICATIONS FOR THE IMPROVEMENTIMPLICATIONSFOR OFTHE ECOLOGICAL rn geodynamicgeologicalrn hydro andspre and their processes Georgia is not an exception in this respect. At present, si present, At respect. this in exception an not is Georgia Recent tive GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS ON THE ENVIRONMENT:GEOLOGICALFORMATIONS THE ON b tals, cyanides, nitrates, pesticides, fuel products, DDT etc. disseminate disseminate etc. DDT products, fuel pesticides, nitrates, cyanides, tals, Institute Hydrogeology of and Engineering Geology, Tbilisi, Georgia lems. In s In lems. technogenic trace on the Earth’s surface, nature and our living enviro living our and nature surface, Earth’s the on trace technogenic
worldwide scientific progress has given a pow a given has progress scientific worldwide ment that contributes to the estimation of formations spreading and spreading formations of estimation the to contributes that ment qui res scientific study of the issues and elaboration of unified mana unified elaborationof and issues the of studyscientificres rent issues such as the open the as such issues rent ome areas ome - Z. VARAZASHVILI Z. D.CHUTKERASHVILI KAKULIA, tional ene tional mentioned anthropogenic arrays has ne has arrays anthropogenic mentioned s por CONDITIONS OFCONDITIONS GEORGIA nosldtd oi wse lses te esl undergo easily they clusters, waste solid unconsolidated so on t on so ta tion, mining tion, of high industrial development industrial high of r gy and transport corridors etc. corridors transport and gy he whole ecosystem ecosystem whole he
- ,
A. GIORGADZE,A. o processing, energy enterprises, leaving enterprises, energy processing, gu ro wed by the development and constru and development the by wed allyimportant facilities. nment and the whole eco andthe wholenment lation tool whatsoever for recording for whatsoever tool lation - cut mine licensi mine cut tura mine output piles, mines of mines piles, output mine tura ra lo - tion and accumulation of a of accumulation and tion
gical formations around us gical around formations many harmful substances, harmful many
sea ver been con been ver rch of ongoing of rch
e
r mportant areas calls calls areas mportant this pro this mi
u netv o the to incentive ful Systemic scientific scientific Systemic ng, construction of construction ng, at tp forwar steps tant lar problems also also problems lar ad and impact on ad on and impact ni ng and enrich and ng
OGENIC OGENIC c system. ess rea ess ts potential ts
ron ducetd in ducetd men proce ches ches
tal d ------
93 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY 94 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGY
IS THE PRECONDITION FOR THE REVIVAL OF ECONOMY
Correction Correction –
Elene Akhmeteli Elene