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Why Are Gender Reforms Adopted in Singapore? Party Pragmatism and Electoral Incentives* Netina Tan
Why Are Gender Reforms Adopted in Singapore? Party Pragmatism and Electoral Incentives* Netina Tan Abstract In Singapore, the percentage of elected female politicians rose from 3.8 percent in 1984 to 22.5 percent after the 2015 general election. After years of exclusion, why were gender reforms adopted and how did they lead to more women in political office? Unlike South Korea and Taiwan, this paper shows that in Singapore party pragmatism rather than international diffusion of gender equality norms, feminist lobbying, or rival party pressures drove gender reforms. It is argued that the ruling People’s Action Party’s (PAP) strategic and electoral calculations to maintain hegemonic rule drove its policy u-turn to nominate an average of about 17.6 percent female candidates in the last three elections. Similar to the PAP’s bid to capture women voters in the 1959 elections, it had to alter its patriarchal, conservative image to appeal to the younger, progressive electorate in the 2000s. Additionally, Singapore’s electoral system that includes multi-member constituencies based on plurality party bloc vote rule also makes it easier to include women and diversify the party slate. But despite the strategic and electoral incentives, a gender gap remains. Drawing from a range of public opinion data, this paper explains why traditional gender stereotypes, biased social norms, and unequal family responsibilities may hold women back from full political participation. Keywords: gender reforms, party pragmatism, plurality party bloc vote, multi-member constituencies, ethnic quotas, PAP, Singapore DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5509/2016892369 ____________________ Netina Tan is an assistant professor of political science at McMaster University. -
331KB***Administrative and Constitutional
(2016) 17 SAL Ann Rev Administrative and Constitutional Law 1 1. ADMINISTRATIVE AND CONSTITUTIONAL LAW THIO Li-ann BA (Oxon) (Hons), LLM (Harvard), PhD (Cantab); Barrister (Gray’s Inn, UK); Provost Chair Professor, Faculty of Law, National University of Singapore. Introduction 1.1 In terms of administrative law, the decided cases showed some insight into the role of courts in relation to: handing over town council management to another political party after a general election, the susceptibility of professional bodies which are vested with statutory powers like the Law Society review committee to judicial review; as well as important observations on substantive legitimate expectations and developments in exceptions to the rule against bias on the basis of necessity, and how this may apply to private as opposed to statutory bodies. Many of the other cases affirmed existing principles of administrative legality and the need for an evidential basis to sustain an argument. For example, a bare allegation of bias without evidence cannot be sustained; allegations of bias cannot arise when a litigant is simply made to follow well-established court procedures.1 1.2 Most constitutional law cases revolved around Art 9 issues. Judicial observations on the nature or scope of specific constitutional powers were made in cases not dealing directly with constitutional arguments. See Kee Oon JC in Karthigeyan M Kailasam v Public Prosecutor2 noted the operation of a presumption of legality and good faith in relation to acts of public officials; the Prosecution, in particular, is presumed “to act in the public interest at all times”, in relation to all prosecuted cases from the first instance to appellate level. -
Annex B (Pdf, 314.38KB)
ANNEX B CABINET AND OTHER OFFICE HOLDERS (1 May 2014 unless stated otherwise) MINISTRY MINISTER MINISTER OF STATE PARLIAMENTARY SECRETARIES PMO Prime Minister's Office Mr Lee Hsien Loong Mr Heng Chee How (Prime Minister) (Senior Minister of State) Mr Teo Chee Hean #@ Mr Sam Tan ^*# (Deputy Prime Minister and (Minister of State) Coordinating Minister for National Security and Minister for Home Affairs) Mr Tharman Shanmugaratnam #@ (Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Finance) Mr Lim Swee Say @ Mr S Iswaran # (Minister, PMO, Second Minister for Home Affairs and Second Minister for Trade and Industry) Ms Grace Fu Hai Yien #@ (Minister, PMO, Second Minister for Environment and Water Resources and Second Minister for Foreign Affairs) FOREIGN AFFAIRS, SECURITY AND DEFENCE Defence Dr Ng Eng Hen Dr Mohamad Maliki Bin Osman # (Minister of State) Mr Chan Chun Sing # (Second Minister) Foreign Affairs Mr K Shanmugam # Mr Masagos Zulkifli # (Senior Minister of State) Ms Grace Fu Hai Yien #@ (Second Minister) Home Affairs Mr Teo Chee Hean #@ Mr Masagos Zulkifli # (Deputy Prime Minister) (Senior Minister of State) Mr S Iswaran # (Second Minister) Law Mr K Shanmugam # Ms Indranee Rajah # (Senior Minister of State) ECONOMICS Trade and Industry Mr Lim Hng Kiang Mr Lee Yi Shyan # (Senior Minister of State) Mr S Iswaran #+ Mr Teo Ser Luck # (Second Minister) (Minister of State) Finance Mr Tharman Shanmugaratnam #@ Mrs Josephine Teo # (Deputy Prime Minister) (Senior Minister of State) Transport Mr Lui Tuck Yew Mrs Josephine Teo # A/P Muhammad Faishal bin -
170702Mindmap Copy
Who said what Numerous allegations have been made in the ongoing feud between Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong and his siblings, from misuse of power to a conict Against Lee Hsien Loong of interest in preparing the late Mr Lee Kuan Yew’s last will. Insight charts the Against Teo Chee Hean • Allegation: PM Lee misused his claims and accusations in the dispute over the fate of 38, Oxley Road. • Allegation: Committee focused power to prevent the house from solely on challenging validity of being demolished demolition clause in Mr Lee’s will PM’s response: Denied the DPM Teo’s response: Not true that “baseless” allegations, will refute committee bent on preventing them in a ministerial statement in demolition of the house Parliament tomorrow • Allegation: Committee did not • Allegation: PM Lee made disclose options in prior exchanges, contradictory statements about only identied members and its their father’s wishes and the house terms of reference when “forced in public and private into the daylight” Ms Indranee Rajah’s DPM Teo’s response: Nothing response: Notes that secret about committee; it is like Mr Lee Kuan Yew’s numerous other committees last will specically Cabinet sets up to consider specic accepts and Against Ho Ching Against K. Shanmugam issues acknowledges that DPM Tharman Allegation: Has a pervasive Allegation: Conict of interest demolition may not take place. • • Shanmugaratnam’s inuence on government, well being on ministerial committee, response: Cabinet has beyond her job scope having advised the late Mr Lee and • Allegation: Did not challenge the numerous committees family about the house last will in court when probate was on whole range of granted • Allegation: Removed the late Mr Mr Shanmugam’s response: issues, to help think Lee’s items from house without PM’s response: Wanted to avoid a Calls the claim ridiculous; says through difcult choices approval; represented the Prime public ght that would tarnish the nothing he said precluded him from Minister’s Ofce despite not family name serving in committee. -
Report of the Official Parliamentary Delegation to Singapore and Indonesia 28 October—8 November 2008
The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia Report of the Official Parliamentary Delegation to Singapore and Indonesia 28 October—8 November 2008 March 2009 Canberra © Commonwealth of Australia 2009 ISBN 978-0-642-79153-5 Contents FRONTPAGES Membership of the Delegation.............................................................................................................vi Objectives .........................................................................................................................................viii Singapore..................................................................................................................................viii Indonesia ..................................................................................................................................viii List of abbreviations ............................................................................................................................ix REPORT 1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................1 Singapore—Background Information...................................................................................... 1 Geography and Population ......................................................................................................... 1 Political Structure ........................................................................................................................ 2 Economic Overview ................................................................................................................... -
Lee Kuan Yew Continue to flow As Life Returns to Normal at a Market at Toa Payoh Lorong 8 on Wednesday, Three Days After the State Funeral Service
TODAYONLINE.COM WE SET YOU THINKING SUNDAY, 5 APRIL 2015 SPECIAL EDITION MCI (P) 088/09/2014 The tributes to the late Mr Lee Kuan Yew continue to flow as life returns to normal at a market at Toa Payoh Lorong 8 on Wednesday, three days after the State Funeral Service. PHOTO: WEE TECK HIAN REMEMBERING MR LEE KUAN YEW SPECIAL ISSUE 2 REMEMBERING LEE KUAN YEW Tribute cards for the late Mr Lee Kuan Yew by the PCF Sparkletots Preschool (Bukit Gombak Branch) teachers and students displayed at the Chua Chu Kang tribute centre. PHOTO: KOH MUI FONG COMMENTARY Where does Singapore go from here? died a few hours earlier, he said: “I am for some, more bearable. Servicemen the funeral of a loved one can tell you, CARL SKADIAN grieved beyond words at the passing of and other volunteers went about their the hardest part comes next, when the DEPUTY EDITOR Mr Lee Kuan Yew. I know that we all duties quietly, eiciently, even as oi- frenzy of activity that has kept the mind feel the same way.” cials worked to revise plans that had busy is over. I think the Prime Minister expected to be adjusted after their irst contact Alone, without the necessary and his past week, things have been, many Singaporeans to mourn the loss, with a grieving nation. fortifying distractions of a period of T how shall we say … diferent but even he must have been surprised Last Sunday, about 100,000 people mourning in the company of others, in Singapore. by just how many did. -
Michael Green QC, Fountain Court
Finance, Property and Business Litigation in a Changing World 25-26 April 2013 Supreme Court Auditorium Organisers: Finance, Property and Business Litigation in a Changing World Plenary Session 1: Finance Litigation Chairperson Mr Alvin Yeo SC , WongPartnership LLP Speakers Ms Geraldine Andrews QC, Essex Court Chambers Mr Peter de Verneuil Smith, 3Verulam Buildings Mr Hri Kumar Nair SC, Drew & Napier LLC FINANCIAL DERIVATIVES LITIGATION Geraldine Andrews Q.C. Essex Court Chambers The 2008 financial crisis Sept-Oct 2008 – the eye of the storm • 7th Sept - Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae effectively nationalized by US Government. • 14th Sept - Merrill Lynch shotgun wedding to Bank of America amidst fears of liquidity crisis • 15th Sept - Lehman Bros filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy protection. Periodically thereafter various of its subsidiaries did the same, including, on 3 Oct, LBSF, the dedicated subsidiary for derivative transactions. • 17th Sept - AIG, the USA䇻s largest insurer, was bailed out by US Govt with a loan of $85bn (insufficient funds to meet its CDS insurance obligations) Geraldine Andrews QC, Essex Court Chambers FINANCE, PROPERTY AND BUSINESS LITIGATION IN A CHANGING WORLD Sept-Oct 2008 – the eye of the storm • 17th Sept – Lloyds TSB takes over HBOS following a run on HBOS shares • 25th Sept – Washington Mutual sold to JP Morgan Chase for $1.9bn. • 3 Oct – US Congress approves 700bn bailout of the banks – the biggest financial rescue in US history. • 6-10 Oct - The worst week for the global stock market for 75 years. The Dow Jones index lost 22.1%, its worst week on record. Geraldine Andrews QC, Essex Court Chambers FINANCE, PROPERTY AND BUSINESS LITIGATION IN A CHANGING WORLD Sept-Oct 2008 – the eye of the storm • 7 Oct - Icelandic banking system collapses • 11 Oct Highest volatility day recorded in the 112 year history of the Dow Jones Industrial Average. -
The Candidates
BT INFOGRAPHICS GE2015 The candidates Bukit Batok Sengkang West SMC SMC Sembawang Punggol East GRC SMC Hougang Marsiling- SMC Yew Tee GRC Nee Soon GRC Chua Chu Kang AngAng Mo MoKio Kio Holland- Pasir Ris- GRC GRCGRC Bukit Punggol GRC Timah Hong Kah GRC North SMC Tampines Bishan- Aljunied GRC Toa Payoh GRC East Coast GRC Jurong GRC GRC West Coast GRC Marine Parade Tanjong Pagar GRC GRC Fengshan SMC FOUR-MEMBER GRC Jalan Besar Chua Chu Kang MacPherson SMC GRC (Estimated no. of electors: 119,848) Mountbatten SMC PEOPLE’S PEOPLE’S ACTION PARTY POWER PARTY Gan Kim Yong Goh Meng Seng Low Yen Ling Lee Tze Shih Pioneer Yuhua Bukit Panjang Radin Mas Potong Yee Chia Hsing Low Wai Choo SMC SMC SMC SMC Pasir SMC Zaqy Mohamad Syafarin Sarif East Coast SIX-MEMBER GRC FIVE-MEMBER GRC FOUR-MEMBER GRC SINGLE-MEMBER CONSTITUENCY (SMC) (Estimated no. electors: 99,015) PEOPLE’S WORKERS’ SIX-MEMBER GRC FIVE-MEMBER GRC ACTION PARTY PARTY Jessica Tan Daniel Goh Ang Mo Kio Aljunied Nee Soon Lee Yi Shyan Gerald Giam (Estimated no. of electors: 187,652) (Estimated no. of electors: 148,024) (Estimated no. of electors: 132,200) Lim Swee Say Leon Perera Maliki Bin Osman Fairoz Shariff PEOPLE’S THE REFORM WORKERS’ PEOPLE’S PEOPLE’S WORKERS’ Holland-Bukit Timah ACTION PARTY PARTY PARTY ACTION PARTY ACTION PARTY PARTY (Estimated no. of electors: 104,397) Ang Hin Kee Gilbert Goh Chen Show Mao Chua Eng Leong Henry Kwek Cheryl Denise Loh Darryl David Jesse Loo Low Thia Kiang K Muralidharan Pillai K Shanmugam Gurmit Singh Gan Thiam Poh M Ravi Faisal Abdul Manap Shamsul Kamar Lee Bee Wah Kenneth Foo Intan Azura Mokhtar Osman Sulaiman Pritam Singh Victor Lye Louis Ng Luke Koh PEOPLE’S SINGAPORE ACTION PARTY DEMOCRATIC PARTY Koh Poh Koon Roy Ngerng Sylvia Lim Yeo Guat Kwang Faishal Ibrahim Ron Tan Christopher De Souza Chee Soon Juan Lee Hsien Loong Siva Chandran Liang Eng Hwa Chong Wai Fung Bishan-Toa Payoh Sembawang Sim Ann Paul Ananth Tambyah Pasir Ris-Punggol (Estimated no. -
Parliamentary Elections Act (Chapter 218)
FRIDAY, JUNE 9, 2006 1 First published in the Government Gazette, Electronic Edition, on 8th June 2006 at 5.00 pm. No. 1432 — PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS ACT (CHAPTER 218) NOTICE UNDER SECTION 75 Notice is hereby given, pursuant to section 75 of the Parliamentary Elections Act, that the returns respecting the election expenses and their accompanying statements in connection with the contested parliamentary elections held on 6 May 2006 were received from the election agents of the candidates whose names are set out in the first column of the Schedule on the dates set out in the second column thereof. The returns and statements may be inspected at the office of the Returning Officer, 11 Prinsep Link, Singapore 187949, during office hours on any working day during the period of 6 months from the date of the publication of this Notice. THE SCHEDULE First column Second column 1. Ling How Doong 18 May 2006 2. Steve Chia Kiah Hong 24 May 2006 3. Chiam See Tong 27 May 2006 4. Mohamed Isa B Abdul Aziz 29 May 2006 5. Sin Kek Tong 29 May 2006 6. Yong Chu Leong 29 May 2006 7. Chee Siok Chin 30 May 2006 8. Sng Choon Guan 30 May 2006 9. Abdul Salim Bin Harun 31 May 2006 10. Chan Soo Sen 31 May 2006 11. Cynthia Phua Siok Gek 31 May 2006 12. Denise Phua Lay Peng 31 May 2006 13. Eric Low Siak Meng 31 May 2006 14. Fong Chin Leong 31 May 2006 15. Gan Kim Yong 31 May 2006 16. George Yong-Boon Yeo 31 May 2006 17. -
Parliamentary Elections Act (Chapter 218)
THURSDAY, MAY 11, 2006 1 First published in the Government Gazette, Electronic Edition, on 7th May 2006 at 12.00 noon. No. 1108 — PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS ACT (CHAPTER 218) It is hereby notified for general information that the following candidates and groups of candidates are declared to have been elected to the Singapore Parliament in respect of the electoral divisions shown against their names: Name of Candidate Electoral Division Lim Hwee Hua ... Aljunied Cynthia Phua Siok Gek ... Aljunied Yeo Guat Kwang ... Aljunied George Yong-Boon Yeo ... Aljunied Zainul Abidin Bin Mohamed Rasheed ... Aljunied Inderjit Singh ... Ang Mo Kio Lam Pin Min ... Ang Mo Kio Lee Bee Wah ... Ang Mo Kio Lee Hsien Loong ... Ang Mo Kio Sadasivan Balaji ... Ang Mo Kio Wee Siew Kim ... Ang Mo Kio Teo Ho Pin ... Bukit Panjang Gan Kim Yong ... Chua Chu Kang Abdullah B Tarmugi ... East Coast Lee Yi Shyan ... East Coast Lim Siang Keat Raymond ... East Coast S Jayakumar ... East Coast Tan Soon Neo Jessica ... East Coast Low Thia Khiang ... Hougang Heng Chee How ... Jalan Besar Lee Boon Yang ... Jalan Besar 2 REPUBLIC OF SINGAPORE GOVERNMENT GAZETTE Name of Candidate Electoral Division Lily Tirtasana Neo ... Jalan Besar Denise Phua Lay Peng ... Jalan Besar Yaacob B Ibrahim ... Jalan Besar Chan Soo Sen ... Joo Chiat Matthias Yao Chih ... MacPherson Ong Ah Heng ... Nee Soon Central Ho Peng Kee ... Nee Soon East Ahmad Bin Mohd Magad ... Pasir Ris-Punggol Charles Chong You Fook ... Pasir Ris-Punggol Penny Low ... Pasir Ris-Punggol Palmer Michael Anthony ... Pasir Ris-Punggol Teo Chee Hean ... Pasir Ris-Punggol Teo Ser Luck ... Pasir Ris-Punggol Chiam See Tong .. -
1—Singapore Communitarianism and the Case for Conserving 377A
Singapore Journal of Legal Studies [2008] 347–394 “DON’T EVER TAKE A FENCE DOWN UNTIL YOU KNOW THE REASON IT WAS PUT UP”1—SINGAPORE COMMUNITARIANISM AND THE CASE FOR CONSERVING 377A Yvonne C. L. Lee∗ A rare parliamentary petition which sought the repeal of section 377A of the Penal Code that criminalises acts of gross indecency between male adults, was presented and debated in Parliament in October 2007. This article critically examines the constitutional law dimension and issues in relation to the 377A debate in Singapore. It highlights the primary jurisprudential thrust of the competing arguments and assumptions. It advances and defends the communitarian case for preserving 377A which the author argues is both normatively desirable and empirically reflective of existing Singapore law and policy. With particular regard to the Singapore context, it reflects on how democratic societies should address questions of law and profound moral disagreement, the importance of civil debate, and whether the legislative or judicial forum is most appropriate for making decisions on morally controversial questions. I. 377A: The Hart-Devlin Debate Redux For only the second time in Singapore history,2 a petition was presented to Parliament on 22 October 2007, by a nominated Member of Parliament (‘MP’)3 calling for the repeal of section 377A of the Penal Code4 (‘377A’). This prohibits all acts of gross indecency, such as homosexual sodomy, in public or private, between two adult ∗ LL.M. (Michigan), LL.B. (NUS); Attorney & Counsellor (New York State), Advocate & Solicitor (Singapore); Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law, National University of Singapore. I thank several colleagues for our lively exchanges on this issue. -
Parliament Sitting Date: 17 Aug 1999 ISSUES RAISED by PRESIDENT
Parliament Sitting Date: 17 Aug 1999 ISSUES RAISED BY PRESIDENT ONG TENG CHEONG AT HIS PRESS CONFERENCE ON 16TH JULY 1999 (Parliamentary Q&As) Mr Jeyaretnam: May I ask the Prime Minister a question or two? I understood him to say that the Cabinet would have been happier if the President had decided to seek re-election. But the Cabinet was concerned whether he was medically capable. But the President had said in his statement that his doctors had given him a clean bill, that his cancer was in complete remission and the President clearly indicated that his health would not stand in the way of his becoming President. May I ask the Prime Minister to explain to this House on what basis or information did the Cabinet conclude that he would not be capable of discharging his duties? Mr Goh Chok Tong: Mr Speaker, Sir, yes, the President had told the public at his press conference regarding his present health situation. But the Cabinet had two medical reports, one from the President's doctor in the United States, Dr Saul Rosenberg, and the other from his physician in Singapore. We studied the reports and it was quite clear from the reports that if you should focus or project the President's health condition into the future, there was a very strong likelihood that he would not be able to perform his duties normally. In a sense, it is like looking at a glass of water, whether it is one-third full or two-thirds empty. The Cabinet had to take the advice of the doctor and take a very careful view of what the President's future condition would be like.