Landscape, Monuments, Arts, and Rituals Out of Eurasia in Bio-Cultural Perspectives

Proceedings of an International Conference in , February 27-28, 2020 Landscape, Monuments, Arts, and Rituals Out of Eurasia in Bio-Cultural Perspectives

Edited by Naoko Matsumoto, Saburo Sugiyama and Claudia Garcia-Des Lauriers

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (2019-2023)

Integrative Human Historical Science of“ Out of Eurasia” Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization 1 ====== Integrative Human Historical Science of “Out of Eurasia” Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization ======

Proceedings of an International Conference in Mexico, February 27-28, 2020 Landscape, Monuments, Arts, and Rituals Out of Eurasia in Bio-Cultural Perspectives

Edited by Naoko Matsumoto Saburo Sugiyama Claudia Garcia-Des Lauriers

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Figure List ix

Part I: The “Out of Eurasia” Project: Objectives and Strategies of Transdisciplinary Studies Introduction

Naoko Matsumoto 7

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Part II: Landscape, Monuments, Arts, and Rituals in Bio-Cultural Perspectives in Mesoamerica Introduction

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v vi List of Participants

Miguel Astor-Aguilera SHPRS Religious Studies Faculty, Arizona State University Cultural Symbiosis Research Institute, Aichi Prefectural University Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Department of Anthropology, California State University, San Bernardino Claudia Garcia-Des Lauriers Department of Geography and Anthropology, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona Dirección de Estudios Arqueológicos, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia Zona arqueológica de Teotihuacán, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia Research Center for Cultural Heritage and Texts, Nagoya University Faculty of Letters, Ritsumeikan University Faculty of Liberal Arts, The Open University of Japan Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University School of International Communication, Senshu University RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research) National Museum of Japanese History Department of Spanish and Latin American Studies, Nanzan University Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University Faculty of Art, Sapporo Otani University Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México National Museum of Japanese History Naoko Matsumoto Research Institute for the Dynamics of Civilizations, Okayama University Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Okayama University Department of Social System Studies, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts Institute of Philosophy and Human Values, Kyoto University of the Arts School of Human Evolution and Social Change (SHESC), Arizona State University Patricia Plunket Departamento de Antropología, Universidad de las Américas Puebla (Retired) Zona Arqueológica de Teotihuacan, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia Centro Oaxaca, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia Aya Saito Institute of Philosophy and Human Values, Kyoto University of the Arts

vii School of Arts and Letters, Meiji University Etsuo Sato Faculty of Contemporary Society, Toyama University of International Studies Department of Environmental Changes, Kyushu University National Astronomical Observatory of Japan Astronomy & Astrophysics Department of Anthropology, University of California, Riverside Saburo Sugiyama SHESC, Arizona State University / RIDC, Okayama University Department of Anthropology, University of California, Riverside / Kyoto University of Foreign Studies / RIDC, Okayama University Department of Social System Studies, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts University Museum, The University of Tokyo National Museum of Japanese History, Japanese Archaeology Departamento de Antropología, Universidad de las Américas Puebla (Retired) Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research)

viii Figures

Group Photo of participants. Flyer of “Foro de Arqueología Cognitiva: Monumentos, Arte, y Cuerpo Humano, afuera de Eurasia. Monumentos y tumbas como lugar de memoria social”. Map showing the regions to be studied with our research questions. Model of the mutual permeation of matter and mind as mediated by the body. General plan of Mexico and Central America with locations of sites mentioned in the text. Zoo-plant reservation at Ixtapalapa in the Valley of Mexico (Florentine Codex). 22 Central Plaza of Monte Albán, viewed from the North Platform toward the south. View of the Moon Pyramid from the central axis of the Avenue of the Dead toward the north at Teotihuacan. LiDAR map of the central section of the ancient city of Teotihuacan, Mexico. Plan of Burial 6 found tri-dimensionally near the center of Building 4. 27 The Great Temple with twin temple and a platform with rack for decapitated heads. 28 AutoCAD drawing of the Sun Pyramid, Teotihuacan, with location of straight research tunnels. and undulating ancient tunnel discovered under the Sun Pyramid. The Central Andes and the Research Area. Civic-ceremonial center sites of the Initial Period in the Middle Jequetepeque Valley, Peru. Monumental buildings of the Initial Period in Hamacas Plain and Mosquito Plain. Bird's-eye view of Tsukuriyama Kofun. Map of the area surrounding the Tsukuriyama Kofun Group. Reconstruction of the surrounding moat of Tsukuriyama Kofun. Screenshot of StellaNavigator. Screenshot of Mitaka. Screenshot of Stellarium. Screenshot of a sample Stellarium simulation. Anthropomorphic artifact at the nexus of two cognitive domains. Illustration of pottery from Sasayama site, Niigata prefecture. Transformation of burial mounds from the Late Yayoi to Early Kofun period. 78

ix Original settlement areas of the Ainu. 82 Territory and resource management in Ainu society. Diagram representing a river valley as the territory of a river group and it ecological zones. Ainu subsistence activities and resource management of wide-ranging land. 87 Map of Puica district, La Unión county, Arequipa. Alpacas grazing in a bofedal (wetland). Map of an estancia. (Figure.4A Main comicile of the estancia Figure.4B Sub domicile of the estancia). in Puica village for the transportation of crops. The ritual of Puqllay, blessing three new born alpacas with uña llamita and heart of an alpaca Cranial capacity of hominids and lithic technology. Evolution of the nervous system. Triadic niche construction feedback loop. Phase transitions of neuro-/brain capacity. Foraging is the Key Behavior at the Interface between the Host and the Environment. Results of Several Treatments for Chronic Diarrhoea. Individual Distribution of Microbiota Similarity in our Colony Using the Bray-Curtis Index. Drawing Task Using Incomplete Facial Stimuli in Chimpanzees and Human Children. Inverted face drawn by a child. A typical face drawing. “Tadpole man”. of Japan including the Paleoamerican of Lagoa Santa and Archaic New World series. The NJ tree based on craniofacial metric analysis. Boxplots of Z scores of all regional variation in brachial index, crural index, the ratio of FHB to FemL, the ratio of FHB to lower limb length, and body mass. Principal components plot of limb proportions, body proportions, and body mass.

x Ancient Mesoamerican Centers Cited. Common projectile point forms from Terminal Pleistocene sites on Isla Cedros, Baja California. Diagnostic unifacial tool (in early use-life stage) from Terminal Pleistocene sites on Isla Cedros. Map of Mesoamerica. Schematic of the Sacred Mountain. The representations of Malinalli. Quincunx. Three Classic Maya examples and one from Postclassic Central Mexico representing the sacred tree as a cruciform maize plant. Representaions of the lower maw of the sacred mountain cave. Maya sculpture of Altún Ha, . Detail of Tepantitla mural, Teotihuacan. Two anthropomorphic representations from the Codex Cospi. Tlaloc and Sacred Mountain . Codex Vaticano Latino 3738, fol. 48v. Images of the god Tepeyólotl. Schematic projection of the cosmic tree of the four corners forming the columns that sustain the sky. Map of the southern Gulf Coast of Mexico. The San Lorenzo Island. Seasonal base camps. The Great Plateau was the highest sector of the San Lorenzo Island. Altar 4 from La Venta. Map of the Central Valleys of Oaxaca, Mexico. Location of Atzompa in relation to Monte Albán. Topographic map of the Great Plaza at Monte Albán, Oaxaca, Mexico. Monte Albán archaeological map. Architectural plans of Residences Casa del Sur and Casa de los Altares at Atzompa, Oaxaca, Mexico. 207 The Great Plaza at Monte Albán, Oaxaca, Mexico. View from South to North. 208 208 The Bat God, a jade and sea-shell assembled piece from Monte Albán, Oaxaca. México. The 242 funerary mound in relation to the residence Casa de los Altares at Atzompa, Oaxaca, México.

xi Oaxaca, Mexico. Interior of the Tomb 242. Chamber 2 mural paintings on ballgame motifs. Atzompa, Oaxaca, Mexico. Tomb 242, from Atzompa, Oaxaca, Mexico. Location of Cholula in Puebla, Mexico. Aerial view from the south of the Tlachihualtépetl. Los Chapulines. Detail of the Bebedores Mural. The Great Pyramid according to Bandelier. South side of the Tlachihualtépetl, with corresponding plan of the Patio of the Altars. Plumed serpents at the Tlachihualtépetl. 228 The Tlachihualtépetl crowned by the catholic temple of the “Virgen de los Remedios”. 228 View of the Citadel Complex. View of the Feathered Serpent Pyramid. View of the southeast corner of what we supose is a ballcourt. Photo S. Gómez. Map of Mesoamerica and some sites mentioned in the text. Cave and sink hole (cenote) entrance near a shrine at the San Gervasio site, , Mexico. Pyramid of the Moon and shrines at the end of the Way of the Dead at Teotihuacan, Mexico. Plaza and main pyramid with a Catholic church on the summit at Cholula, Mexico. Lacandon Maya man rowing to a mountain shrine at Lake Mensabak, Chiapas, Mexico. The Mirador Mountain shrine at Lake Mensabak, Chiapas, Mexico. Map of the terraces, shrines, and temple complex near a vertical cave entrance. on the summit of the Mirador Mountain at Lake Mensabak, Chiapas, Mexico. DEM/Hillshade image of . DEM/Hillshade image of the Great Terrace of Chichen Itza. the Upper Temple of the Jaguars. Line drawing of the Ciudadela at Teotihuacan.

xii Line drawing of a monument fragment. Map representing the location of El Palmar and sites mentioned in the text. Map of El Palmar, showing the location of the Main Group and Guzmán Group. Map of Royal Palace with the location of carved monuments. 280 Stela 8, El Palmar. 280 Map of Southern Maya Area. 287 Burial samples. 288 Diachronic change of size of grave. Correlation between grave form and limited access goods in Southern Maya Area. Quantity of kinds of grave goods in the Maya Lowlands sites. Map of Los Horcones, Chiapas. Photo of Cerro Bernal as seen from La Polka, Chiapas. Stele 3, Los Horcones. Photo of waterfall, Cerro Bernal, Chiapas. Laud Codex [44]: Human Vital Essences. Altar 5: Exhumed Skull and Long Bones. Zouche-Nuttall Codex [44]: Lady Nine-Grass Skeletal Bundle. Maya Human Bone Exhumation. Photograph by the Author. Maya Burned Skeleton Bundle. Photograph by the Author. Coixtlahuaca, Mexico, Bundle. Photograph by the Author. Monte Albán “Danzante”. Photograph by the Author. Zouche-Nuttall Codex [82]: Cremation Ritual. Piled-Up Maya Femurs and Skulls. Photograph by the Author.

xiii Maps

Some of the archaeological sites or geographic locations mentioned in the text. Isla Cedros, Baja California, México.

Tables

Burial samples in this study. Correlations between grave form and kinds of graves furniture.

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