Index agreement, distinction between voluntary displacement, threshold for 103–110 undertaking and 63–66, 71–72 meaning of 91–98 applicable law “manifestly more closely choice ex ante 117, 120–122, 131–132 connected” 103–106 choice ex post 116, 121–122, 131 overriding mandatory provisions 32 common 103 role of 88–91 culpa in contrahendo 254 safety and conduct, rules of 90–91 environmental damage 219–226, 229 signifi cance of 85–112 freedom to choose 113–132, 170 undertaking 7 generally 36–45, 113–152, 155, Community Law, Rome II Regulation as 157, 159, 162–163, 170, 184–186, true piece of 9–24 192, 201, 202, 205–206, 209, 217, consumer 121, 127, 128–129, 219–226, 229, 238–253, 266, 268–275 130, 196 negotiorium gestio 253 contract: see Rome Convention prima facie applicable law, power of forum and to displace 31–32 contributory negligence 38–39, 151, 199 ‘’ approach 86–87 Convention on the Protection of the remedies 201, 202, 205–206, 209, 217 Environment between Denmark, Finland, restitution 238–253 Norway and Sweden (1974) 220 traffi c accidents 155, 157, 159, 162–163, country of origin rule 16–23 170 culpa in contrahendo 31, 33, 36, 61, 64, assignment of right of action 43 85, 215, 254 basis and extent of liability 37 damages British royal family, blackmail case assessment of 39–40, 42, 177, 183, 200, involving 15 205–206, 211 Brussels Judgments Convention 1, 163, bereavement 207 201, 222–223, 224, 228 triple 280 Brussels I Regulation 1, 58, 63, 74, 79, conduct-regulating role of 145 163, 186, 188, 201, 203, 222, 223, 224, contributory negligence and 38 225, 257, 266, 268, 281, 282, 288 contract 205–206 burden of proof 51, 116, 217, 251, 267 generally 3–4, 6, 28, 33, 36, 38, 39–42, 48–50, 55, 88, 101, 147–148, 149, car hire, traffi c accidents and 166–168 155–156, 160, 161–163, 166–167, characterisation 26–29, 33–34, 45, 51, 171–172, 176, 177, 183, 184, 191, 57–60, 65, 66, 67, 75, 83, 136, 148, 193, 199, 200, 201, 203, 205–218, 151, 168, 171, 213, 215, 217, 236, 238 225–226, 259, 267 close connection heads of 48–50, 90 contract, comparison with 94–98 instalments 41–42 474 Index

interim 41 resultant damage distinguished lump sum 209 from 223–224 medical costs 208 safety and conduct, rules of 227–228 multiple countries, harm occurring equitable obligations in 134–135 generally 76–82 non-pecuniary loss 207 stranger to trust, claims against 78–80 punitive damages 6, 33, 184, 191, 193, trust, obligations and property 81–82 201, 216, 225–228, 267, 280 trustee, claims against 77–78 proprietory remedy 75, 203 exclusions from scope of Regulation provisional 41 277–278 quantifi cation of 40, 41, 48–50, 55, exemptions from liability 36, 38 147–148, 155–156, 160–163, 166, 176, 200, 206–208, 211 fault of victim 38–39, 151, 199 traffi c accident 155–156, 160–163, force majeure 38 166–167, 171–172, 207–210 forum transferability of right to claim 43–44 characterise, latent power to 33–34 defamation 4, 5, 6, 15, 47, 135, 140, 141, foreign law, proof of 35 178, 259, 266 267, 276, 277, 279 47–55 deceit, tort of 217, 254 25–46, 49, 59, 115, 116, 164, dépeçage 45, 74, 111, 136–148, 161, 170, 173, 176, 199, 200, 204, 206, 221–222 207, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215, 218, direct victim 43–44 229, 257, 259, 260, 263, 267, 283, double actionability rule 28–29, 140–141, 287 145, 204, 259–261 interpret, power to 34 mandatory provisions 52 employment contract 52, 126, 128, 283 public policy of 32–33, 51–52, 201–202 enrichment, place of 246–250 forum shopping 47–55, 156, 157, 158, environmental damage claim 225–228 159, 171, 281 environmental damage free movement 13, 16–21, 47, 156, 188, administrative sanctions 225 258 Convention on the Protection of the freedom of establishment 21 Environment between Denmark, freedom to choose applicable law 113–132 Finland, Norway and Sweden freezing injunction 70, 202 (1974) 220 fundamental rights 14, 15 damage occurring in more than one country 226–227 Hague Convention of the law applicable damage resulting from several independent to traffi c accidents (1971) 154–158, events 228 166–168, 170–171 dépeçage, restrictions on 221–222 Hague Programme (2004), European exemplary damages 225–226 Council’s 18 foreign parent company 229–230 Hague Trusts Convention (1985) 77, generally 3, 13, 34, 219–230 80–83 industrial action, relationship with House of Lords, European Union 229 Committee of 11 injunction 221 lex fori, role of 229 incapax person, liability of 37 principle of ubiquity 220–221 industrial action 3, 34, 229, 276 product liability, relationship with 229 136, 150 punitive damages 225–226 injunction