DOCSLIB.ORG

Tapitioephalid Deinocephalians Issued August 21 1936

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tapitioephalid Deinocephalians Issued August 21 1936 m Some the Cranial Morphology of the -TapitioephalidFeatutreaqf Deinocephalians BY- LIEuwE D. BOONSTRA- BULLETIN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL, HISTORY VOL.- LXXII ART. I, pp. 75-98 Newv York Issued August 21 1936 m ,, ''. 1, V-. -.-., II".IZ: "III",III " .,\-. "" ". I---., " _-.1 ,.,... ".,,f, .,\,JT,-V;. ,;I', II ,,. --,-,i -I ..w ,:;.,;.,:I ,,,,...--.;! ,,,I I,-I,'..'.,.i_ .-'I,-11,...z .,.,,,,..1.1..I-.,II,,,I'A..-.,-.,1.F1.-II44,", ,..,II.-I,IzI1:II-I;, I. .II.,I.I.,,,.,:.,,..,,i,'.,...,.''..,ItI"'A.1.I.. ,,,,,,"I.II..II,..I ,f.),. ,-.,.I--III-"",-."..'..., I,,,1. .1 .,1.. ,.. ..A. ..,.., -'I',,II-..,.-.,".,,,: -.-.,..i.,,...-I-w.v,"-,, ..,,II-,I.-": ...,..I..I..,-1.'. .-I-"iI.;..,.11--.11..;II-..'11'1. i"".II.II.",11-,...1.,,;.. ..I.I",.",1.4.-","I.I.. .... `11-1.I.I,,.,I1. 1, Ii.,...,,,-I." ..II..:-.d- ,,I..,..,.,...'..II",,.,,.,-,."II,,,I,I ."I.,,,,,'.,,--..(.s..t.,,.I-_ .,.I- -.!...II " ..I...-,_.i " .,.II1..:,_.-I:, .,. I.-.1,1,,I,.I I..,.I1-I11.. .1,,-..-I.11I-I!.I,-I.I,II.I...,"., .,,.I -.. .. "', "111 ,,.,.I,,-I1..'I.-III -i,.,.,I0.,.,.',..-,,I ,.,,-I..I-:.'.""'.II.,..,:k ..,. ", -, .".t.. ,,...",.,,-,.II..,-, ,,,",11I..-,;..;.I..,.tI --_. ..t, 'ii,"--II.1:.-7:III..''. ,I:,,-,,I-,.,1. 11-I -.1.. "I,..'.,,..., -, \.., "., I, -I_.I.,.1: .,. ,.,,., " ,,.. .,..,.. ..I-,.,..,--.,I-iwIo-- "I 12..,;,...I,'.,:. ,,_: .-" .,1,--.:-i-.IIjiI:.,:,, ..-I-.-,!,.',I_.I..,.,..I.-..I,IIII'..4.-._I1...,.,._,.;,,.I,",I...,II_..III".-.i,-I:I.,,11II-I-I,11.II -.I.. .I: ,),I ..I-II.,o IIII,.,,.III-"I.-.,,.-II.,...,; ...III- I,..-.-III ;,e--,--,., 11 ,.I,.,,i. ,..II.,..,.IIIII.,IiI1....I.I..,,-I ,.,I.vIiw, -1 -I..,t....I. -....;..-.--1, ,. ;, tt I..--I.':I..",?,.%.I..,6-..T-..,1, ., ,_.-..I....,,..".I...I.,,I..I...11,,,,.,-,...."?,..-.I."I,II-1I..-.I..I,`,.,..IN11kI.1..I.-_,I..1..,.I%..,, .--I 11 ,;.l,'p -.I...-:(-I -"/.,.,"..'.I,I-)11..-,..-1.,..I1- ,.,.,_-, -. -",.1.;:1 -,.f,.I,I.,,II" ...I..,.-, II rI"...,VI .1, .I..If, ..II.,1. ,,,.II ..I.,1II..I-1-olII.t,...,,,,I-..",,.,1.III",!.,,-I,-,.--.-..,..! 11.,,;,I,.,._;. ._-,.I.j,,,...ItI,..,..,..I,/,:I.,I1.",.,I-,-.,,.,. .I,. -,,!.,.,,.,.,II,I.1,,,.,.,I- ..,. .I,., I!,'I."I-.II:,..,...IIII?.,`.-,...,,,,.,,,,..,4.,_4 .,..,1(.. ,,;-.4, / % It.;- ,-' ''...-,.,i..."1, .II"%)I./-,"I.I-.11,,, ,-,.,,.,1-141,,., ;,v,I.,.,,"..I"; ,.1_ I.i,I"I II,,:-,.I." I.I-I?,-,11 ! .,.;....,,I,.I.'.I-I.)-----,.,';,I,_.I._.,II-II..II.,....,.11,. -;k "I.".k,,-,.,y".,.,I..I.,. ",-, ,jI,.,I.?.`I :1.,..,,,I-:I,Ii 1...'. ,"t, II.I--.--,,,).I,.I.1.-.,-.,...,,,-.,,.-..-,, ,I- ,;;;,.".--'(,"-... .,-. -: I. ,.I..,, ,, - ".,,. .,..-.II,,"',....I..' ,,I,. 1I..-.-,11'v .I..'' ,./I.,.;,. "-..`., ". 1, 11 ,.,,,,. ,..,N "', -,. .,I--...1, .. .., -, .. .i,,., I.., I"I.-T -..,,'.,,1.,,1, .,,.,,.. f,r ,.Y. "",1.; .",-III..I .;I,--,...,.1.:II-X.,,N ,III.--.i,, ,I;,_... ,I. ". ..," ",.. .,,4.I,..,,.,.:-;I,,...,...-II,.-.I, -.4., .,%,,"II."..-i,:., ,;1,,i," )..,,,!,,, .; ..__kI., ,,).,/-. I..), "' .; ,_. ,,..t ,.,.,".I,,, ",,,.._.,,"..,,,y..;II ,,,,I..-.1.I.,.,.i.III...-...!, .,..1,",-.,".. ,,."!,,.I..1..,.'0., -. .1'1.I ..,II,I.II..,._)_I.,-_._I,/ .11 _I.,,(I., '). I- 11-I. ._,II' ,'I...t I-I,....., .,. .;.,.Vl_.:-I, .. I1. --'II1.1'1-,1..,IIII-'-,I,,_. I_.". 1, I,-,II-. .", 1....I...,,,.; .I.:,"I.I--,11..-..I.f1..'.I.1.,.111.I..1._..i-f,'i,,. ...I_..&.,.._1IIII .,,/:,,,","Y .1, "I 4' ,': II.I,,,11,. .;t.i ,.I, ;.,,,; -,.,,T,I..i,4___... 11.f,.11 -.-,.1,."11.I: -,.-.," I'.,!) ",,,", ....I. I.III, ..,, ,".._-': .1.I,-,.4 t,,.,,II., :,. 1..,\ ..I.-".",,...,.I.t' ..I" II ,",,,;.1 ;..' ,,..-,I...,III- ,.;..I"."II- ,, 1,.-,,.,.-_,1,,c...I,-,,,,,.."...---.,,,...I,,.11 . I--1 ,. ,,-,,,_j -;, ,!t.,,. ,,01I,,.) --.-III..!1.t .. 17..I.Ll. I'..II.-.I-.,..,I, ,... ,7., .,,.,,.-,,,,tI,. ,.I..I-, 1, ,_. -, , .."',"..L.'- -, -,- .!II,..,.--I,J'.;`, .'l..-.,:-,,,I, .-/I,,.IIT.'. 1, ... ",!., ..,,_-,- %. .1. 112.,,.,,-, ,_I.II-.. .II II.I.._1.,,I.;,:I,....,...I III..,;.-,-..,,,.w,,,_. ",I-.`-" " .11 .1!.,...,,.I.,-....I--t1..II11."II"i-,., -_ -,II, .0.,I,11--.;,,.'."'I.",",,; ...-,I-I. .,?.' ...-,"., .;- -I-,, I,.r""-",41,1,I4.,-I',, ..,., .I .r I.__.II,7...,.I,.,",_4.'1, .:,.,-../,,I- '. .,., ,,,"- "(.k 11,I.",,", - _.,,-"',,- 1...,. 1.-"' .' '- ,II,",I.i.-Ir;-I. ,-I... ,, I- -,,.-". ,., ,, -.1,.-",I.1, - _.% ,.I,-"-7-. .::..t-., I.. ."p. ,..",,-/..J"I.III11..,A,".,,,,.,. -,-,,-I,.".I"\ '' _.,,.4.I,.,.. ,.,,! ,,."I- I,. ..-.,,,...,.III,.. -I I. ,:, ",,,.,.,,..---- ,-/'-,7, ,1:1- :,,..,,1. -..-.I,,,,,:,, ,.."-,.:.\..1,I"__4'm,II11;`:',,,..,I..I-11'._.'..."-,.,I."..;I...I.,-!-..-1-II,,.I..,--.1,.. I, I,,-;-..",,",,.lk i,I,I ,";., I:.,.I,I,, ,%.I..I, .,,;.,.,I -/ ...,,,":, I11, ,., ,1. -1 ,." .,;X,;!_,,..",..I:...I.,"" ,II j...1, I,IO. .;...r-",,.,, It I;I..,;,.. 71...,IV),., 1,,i...;." k..,..; ,'.,-,,;".,.., -- .1.,"I -... "4,.tj.,I11-r-..,.,,-,, ,.', -:.--I-,"..1,I.,.7.11.I-`,..1'1%_ ;.,,-,II-, .,I.1,< II-, ",-.I- "';I". -,I..."-., ..,,-I-I._; 1-.,., "i 11.I I,..Iz...I- -",,"......-, -. ".,... ,..-,,......,..i..-;., I..,.1.!, .. IIf../-A ", ..,-.I.-','ti,.I-A` .",..-. If,..,", ,,I:,.,,,...II("'., 1, /_I11,.11., .1o..,,I,. .,-, I- ,.',,_.kI-11. I,-i.,, I.I.II",...:,, _,."-.":.,..,,"11K'.,I.....I..., I- ..:..I,. .1..III,. ),. f ,,I'..,I `-I4,". 1,VI./. ,/1."I:1.. ,,,,..,.- .,,.....,,,,..,:,-.,-;..'. ;"I,,-iI,,,..-,".,,_:`._/,i4,I,.. -. -'N..,,-,,-.1,,.`.I.,i,,.I I.,. ..,,,,;_,,1-.,.! 11..:,") ,.;- I'.I...--I...1,,I,.,-,,1II,- ", 11 '.,i '_" -,: _ \. I"Ai,.,.,,j..,. K",.,-1.,..,I..,,I.. ,_ ". ,1,,,'Ii..,-.I.I1-,I,,.I,,. 1.,. I I_--,.eI,..,1.,I.., ..'._,.,.:,._.-.t..,,...,-..,I.-1.I,;,,').- 41,,.,_,.,.-.,.-..j-,,":,"1, i, 11. ,,,-L...,4,".,...-,..I 11 ,.,Ii.1,,I"I.,"...II,III. ,..I,-I.- :...I.-.-...-II.","1,.,.t,I.,.I .,,;.I;,j.A. \II... Ir.,_.,,"---.--.,I..,,,11..I"I. .1.",, II,-,.,I.I11..,,,.., ,,,---,., ., ,,-I.-1,I,::..".II.I'i.1.., i;- I"f.-,,-..I1-1T, '. ,.I,.- ". ,.,III IIII",,._ ,.-;"" '. \"', .., .;I.-.I1...z:. IV-.. ,-.,_. .,, ,11.III,.II" :..". .,..-.... I,I,,I.II...,-. I.,i.N,,-,-1,..;"",-- ,_". "I.%.,,'. ,.I I...-,,t., ,., .1. t, ..,-. .---,I.t.,,..IIi1.,.,". ,,-I-It, ..:,,.'.,I..1-:111- -,,I,III,").-i ,-,>, ,,I'..I..... ,.-.. .---.-,--.-,-II \'. I,,I.I.I.I.,II.,,,,--,-I-.1.I, "'-': f,,_;,.....-,1. ,,..C.,,I % ., t,.,..7", 1,.-_.,-,,I,_," i.",I..1,I1.).,...,,, 1,I..:.11,...- .,` ,-.,,...-..,_. ,,. iI..,,,,.,,!, i' - .-0,. ."'.,' ...), ..,.;,.I,:. :.I..,II:..,..,\`I1.,!_.,,,itI....;II,."j,..II II " -I.j IIII,( I. ,,"..,ILI ...%II,",i't",.7.1-...1,...:-,.,,y.(.I..I,:-.-1I.8.,,,.-,.:,, ,-, .,,,..,,...,.I...,,,I .1. .., .;I1. ,-"/,,.,,..,,,., ;/j.-,"..-:,. ;:,-,.'!?I ,I.,".,..,,-,, .1, ,-.,I,.1, ,,.,-,I11...,.,---- .. 'i '.,:,.,;I/-..f.,. .,,, "' -,.,..,I`,.. I.I,II.,-,.,-..-,.%,,I.-,: "1.I..`),,.I,,I,.\.IIk. ,..',...,, .,1.,,. ,9.1, ,,..L:,_r,,.,!I.,,. .I1't,-.k-.., .. .,,,.__ _.111.,,1..I-.1..,..,., -.. ,.' I. ,IIIa.._,.,.,-I,4" I, ,,...II..-%.I;'i',k-, ,A,, III.-I.I-.1.,,i,..,,I,,..,..,.I.;_.".,._,-.. :"-, ...-1,,-p 11 ,."III. , ).,;.,,, I/III-ILII..II-1, .,"117\,,,,,11I-1'1 _r .o,4.,.-,.-;"-,,I.-I.m, _, , - ., ,.,.,,1, ).,_.- "-'),,;--.:,"" ;,-.- ;,., ., 1.) I-.-., .--...I..1I.I! I-\..1 -,--III,Ll.'. ,,,, .I .. ,!,-, .-1 % ,. ,V,.,,""1 -:.,."ZI..,If..e -.,.-.I 4., .,, ,II1- ,:i,. "ii,..''I.,,, .. " I,.II.,,I,"I'll f. ._I-'.-.,; ..,.-.,,./-.,I..I.,Irl.", -. ..-,.%IIj..; .1.,.c, ""..- ,.. 1, ..--_-.,.--,-.--,I.I---,-.... I, ,", ,, .4 1.,,, .". ,. ". ."......,.e.I,.. ,,:, ..,. ..I\.";,,. .-_,'_,,'-,. .,-,'/ ..,., ,; I,.t,,,.--,,,.INi.,I,I,., _., ,.I",.,.I,iI'llII...''i-- -.; .,-.;,,,,:,,,/, ," 1. ,. I1), ----'': r:I I..,III, .,, -, ,,. /-. ,\ .-v .,,,,i..I11.1,-,,.I, 1-1 I7." ," ,,,,.".,,,,i- ,",,., I'.., '. .,'.",,..,..,--.,...-.-.- ,.,,..'-.t,.:) ;. -".I,.. \, .,.F-I,.,1,-..I-'.,1.. ,.1. ..,* ,,, .,,.,.. .?".. .. .:,-:1.oM. I\..1 -1.1.I-,.-\"1,.-, .,\,., ,/,"__.,.1. ".":,,...,."..i,-.,.4,.,w.,.,L.,16..-.1.,f1. 1,,...-..-. -. I...,-. '. .;iI1, .-:.1,-,, ._It.....",1y,--:.I-, ,';,, A,l,,.d,.;Ii,-, 1.,11.." --? ,,.---. -I.II. 1-4,.,i.1I".d,._.I.,,,.,.I." II.,,,:!.--.,':I-.1.,.,.--711..-.,..II1-,,.,,I_..'," .,.t,,-,Y-",..,.,,.-.;..,,;,,I-.,._,,.,III.tI..1.I,.--- 41 .-I.. -I1... .I/,,,\,i". .,..-" ,1..I .-. .,.,-- ,I-I-,1`V-.."Y,.,"I...I,.II. -,-_".1.,-, -,,,- ;.,I1..,.,.I. ."..,, "I 11'., II..., "_-7.11:,:,,,,.".,.! .I.1..I,, .1 .,II,."(. I,\.-j'. ,.,I..1,- .,,,,.., I,I.1.,.II.II...!,,,--I._,_. z,I .I.I.-1:1,I-11-:,,.I.II...1. .., .. "Y -- '.,.,'i'l__1I.-II:e.oa,1.,.:,.,I, ,. 'O,,.'FI-1.----,--,, .. ".! . ,I r-.II"'--I..,,,'i ,,::I.1,.-_111I..,-.I-t.1.1, ,, 'i I..:. .\ ,.I,II Ii.I ''-... .,- .I. ..I,f-..;.I .-/.",.:,t,.,,.,,,:.,.", "..I", -...,,I,'9,,.i.LI.I .-.--;.,,I _,"I. ..-,;- ,..,ilI:-' ,,,- I;, -\ - " .t,,,- ,,,, ,\,..,.t,,-I,.-.,I.11",_..- .4,., ,.,,.,., .`) ,... .,vI.1/."".,'.'I(,.,- j-, X,.I.-III".2:.4-IIII -.. ".-'i .. I., -_ O.,I.I"".,.,,,,,,I,,..,v,-,,.,.', ,1 .,-,-.,-..I.I_',_-,_,--","I-."", ,., ,.:I..'k,",., ,..."I,II,I,.%."\..I1I'.,I".I.";5.,iI..(...1I-...IIIJI,..II-.t ;i-. __. ". -. 1V"',,,,...-,I"..`. ,.,. 11I,.I11I.-._I,,"I.II--.....,.,,.,,,.i.,--,..-,-.-))'. ,II,,.., ,..-I,"..", ,,11 ., .!,." _1. o..- i?I.,I...-I,,AI.,-_;.,II.!,."11,,-.4..\".,..,...,4A,,,I,,.--;I.,1,..11 .;-. ,. .;J,.. .: ,I t-,;,' -,, "iI t- I_I, , "I ..7.1,I..,.,,-1...,.,,o!,,1,-., "."I .-, 1._ 1,,.-.,"..11,1.i,.-C7I1.I.\.":-..,.,I'' .,,-: ,, .., ,."..,.1. ,I ,,.- -, ., ,I.'. .-,i,..-.:.-, ,.-1I "I.V. ,;...iI..,,- ":,.-':.I.',.. \,i.II., I.,II.1,,"-..;-. ;.,,.I...11--,._:.111;I..,.k,- -_x .,,1,.II11..11.,.I....,I..., ..... .I ..I.I.-",II iI..I ., ,_\....", ., .II I..III.1..I,.-..,,.-.I;,..,\,..I!.rI.,- ,..-_.II._,..I-..1./I.t....,; .i ".1. -1,-11,.i'v,,.,,.,,-":I,.-,.-I..11..I...III.1, .. -,II.iI11.. /., _I I..t',I,,,_,-,.II.-.. II,,I..,I.(':,,-,..,/V-,._;-1,_,..,.11,f:,.1;.III5- ,. .,,.. I- I., -I."11.,.;',-i,,4.I .,II,,.I......':'.,,).;_1. .., -,.-.,,iItII.I ,..:.-, ,.",,-I,.r.i,,,,.,.,.'i..,,, .-1111,.-_,.,.\- --I,11.II., ",I..,I'.,,",-I.,,,I,,, .. -_.0,-;N ,!I..-,-, .,,.'.,I", ,.. ..J. I "- 1.1.,,",.II.":,...III1.I.II-:.I-, 1._ __ -, ,. ,'D, ., I-.-. ,1. I, ", 1-".., -..,II,.III, ,I,--.".,11.."''.I-I--, `. ;.,.1.,.,..III.-,II"..,.-.",.,.1,,,-4,-,..P-,--,\-,.,f. .:. -.,,,,I1.I, r.,-11,II.:)N,)"",._I..,II.1...-.,11.4 .,., iI,.k., v.,.,,.,,,.., I.,'.,.-..,.-1,I,I.'..I;11-., -.,.,\,.,I ,,, ,...-1.III., ...,;,I.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Deinocephaliarts
    I I The Cranial M-orpholgy of Some3 Titanosuchid Deinocephaliarts BY LIEUWE: D. BOONSTRA BULLETIN OF TEE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY OL. LXXII,ART. New York, Issed, Atigust 24, 1,986 - -I."Ttf.~_jI~-, ", r", ~T,., -~'. '. - 4474,--,f - - \- -. t - -, 4 ?\<- 4 .. " " ,,~~, .444 44 44 I, ,~ e " ", 'a"; ~I_ 444444~~~~~ 4-4») 4444- 4>44 444>4~~~~~~~~~~ r~l,, .. ,., -'.-. ,~-1 -_ 44444 / /I ~ I -4f ~ ~ ,~" -I I1,,41.., ." -~~~~~~44444--4444\~~,~/F'4- ~ -4- >~-I I ~~ -11,,"4,,~~~~~~~~I1- , "I r'..,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - r~~~~-44I44I4. -.J,-"iI~~44 -44 44 .'':. II,,~~~~~~~~, '' 1.1Y~ .~ ~ ~ ~. -. 4,.t, I- ~ ll44IL ,. ,~IAII, l,.l_ '..~ 44~ -,~ ~!~1 44, / 4-444- .; 4 / 4 444 A---- 44/~ ,J -,- 44I4I44> 44 44I 4-4 44 I-~~~/444 4 4>44 r I;,I" 44444444, -~ -,-44 4I 44 >) II1,,.~ ~ ~ 44444 4 >'> 4 4;4444444 -/-:-j-V&--).0~4~4,,;, 1,. ..~~~.-i,_""- -.".~~~~~~~~~~~,~~~,,,- 4 -- - 44 4 -444>I4>4~ 1~~~~~..,), 4I4j444II44-44--f4 4444 4>4 ,44A4;4 .4444 '/I '.I444 4 ~~~ ;, , 444 4444 ,444I4(4I4.-4 .4 4 4)4/4 ».)) ~ 44)- ,44 I-4 4I ,,,, 4 44 44 I444,I 1~~:4444,44 ,4.,4 -4444II44- 4 i--<4444,44 ~ 44~ 44444 ~ ~ 44444 ~II 4 4 ,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 4 ~ 4 44- 44 4444 f4 4444 4 4 4,4I444If ----44444 )4Q4I;444f ~, 44 4> y->4 I"44.444 t 2I4 I ,. k, ,,. IIII,~~~~~tI -, ~ ~ ~ ~~I4~ ~ ~ ~,-- '4>4 I44 >4> ,I~ 44444444- /44I, ,~, 444444- 4 444 4444474444 4'~.I- _,, / m,~l -I ~ ?, II4I4) ~ 4I44I44444444~,;>44.4 4144 44I44>444 444 44 4C 4,4444I~f,444.4I44~,.I4-444.4I- 44i.4I4 44444 K ~ , ., _.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Mid-Permian Burnetiamorph Therapsid from the Main Karoo Basin of South Africa and a Phylogenetic Review of Burnetiamorpha
    Editors' choice A new mid-Permian burnetiamorph therapsid from the Main Karoo Basin of South Africa and a phylogenetic review of Burnetiamorpha MICHAEL O. DAY, BRUCE S. RUBIDGE, and FERNANDO ABDALA Day, M.O., Rubidge, B.S., and Abdala, F. 2016. A new mid-Permian burnetiamorph therapsid from the Main Karoo Basin of South Africa and a phylogenetic review of Burnetiamorpha. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 61 (4): 701–719. Discoveries of burnetiamorph therapsids in the last decade and a half have increased their known diversity but they remain a minor constituent of middle–late Permian tetrapod faunas. In the Main Karoo Basin of South Africa, from where the clade is traditionally best known, specimens have been reported from all of the Permian biozones except the Eodicynodon and Pristerognathus assemblage zones. Although the addition of new taxa has provided more evidence for burnetiamorph synapomorphies, phylogenetic hypotheses for the clade remain incongruent with their appearances in the stratigraphic column. Here we describe a new burnetiamorph specimen (BP/1/7098) from the Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone and review the phylogeny of the Burnetiamorpha through a comprehensive comparison of known material. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that BP/1/7098 is closely related to the Russian species Niuksenitia sukhonensis. Remarkably, the supposed mid-Permian burnetiids Bullacephalus and Pachydectes are not recovered as burnetiids and in most cases are not burnetiamorphs at all, instead representing an earlier-diverging clade of biarmosuchians that are characterised by their large size, dentigerous transverse process of the pterygoid and exclusion of the jugal from the lat- eral temporal fenestra. The evolution of pachyostosis therefore appears to have occurred independently in these genera.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Anatomy
    Journal of Anatomy J. Anat. (2017) 230, pp325--336 doi: 10.1111/joa.12557 Reconstruction of body cavity volume in terrestrial tetrapods Marcus Clauss,1 Irina Nurutdinova,2 Carlo Meloro,3 Hanns-Christian Gunga,4 Duofang Jiang,2 Johannes Koller,2 Bernd Herkner,5 P. Martin Sander6 and Olaf Hellwich2 1Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland 2Computer Vision and Remote Sensing, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany 3Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK 4ChariteCrossOver - Institute of Physiology, Berlin, Germany 5Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt (Main), Germany 6Steinmann Institute of Palaeontology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany Abstract Although it is generally assumed that herbivores have more voluminous body cavities due to larger digestive tracts required for the digestion of plant fiber, this concept has not been addressed quantitatively. We estimated the volume of the torso in 126 terrestrial tetrapods (synapsids including basal synapsids and mammals, and diapsids including birds, non-avian dinosaurs and reptiles) classified as either herbivore or carnivore in digital models of mounted skeletons, using the convex hull method. The difference in relative torso volume between diet types was significant in mammals, where relative torso volumes of herbivores were about twice as large as that of carnivores, supporting the general hypothesis. However, this effect was not evident in diapsids. This may either reflect the difficulty to reliably reconstruct mounted skeletons in non-avian dinosaurs, or a fundamental difference in the bauplan of different groups of tetrapods, for example due to differences in respiratory anatomy.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Late Permian Burnetiamorph from Zambia Confirms Exceptional
    fevo-09-685244 June 19, 2021 Time: 17:19 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 24 June 2021 doi: 10.3389/fevo.2021.685244 A New Late Permian Burnetiamorph From Zambia Confirms Exceptional Levels of Endemism in Burnetiamorpha (Therapsida: Biarmosuchia) and an Updated Paleoenvironmental Interpretation of the Upper Madumabisa Mudstone Formation Edited by: 1 † 2 3,4† Mark Joseph MacDougall, Christian A. Sidor * , Neil J. Tabor and Roger M. H. Smith Museum of Natural History Berlin 1 Burke Museum and Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, 2 Roy M. Huffington (MfN), Germany Department of Earth Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, United States, 3 Evolutionary Studies Institute, Reviewed by: University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, 4 Iziko South African Museum, Cape Town, South Africa Sean P. Modesto, Cape Breton University, Canada Michael Oliver Day, A new burnetiamorph therapsid, Isengops luangwensis, gen. et sp. nov., is described Natural History Museum, on the basis of a partial skull from the upper Madumabisa Mudstone Formation of the United Kingdom Luangwa Basin of northeastern Zambia. Isengops is diagnosed by reduced palatal *Correspondence: Christian A. Sidor dentition, a ridge-like palatine-pterygoid boss, a palatal exposure of the jugal that [email protected] extends far anteriorly, a tall trigonal pyramid-shaped supraorbital boss, and a recess †ORCID: along the dorsal margin of the lateral temporal fenestra. The upper Madumabisa Christian A. Sidor Mudstone Formation was deposited in a rift basin with lithofacies characterized orcid.org/0000-0003-0742-4829 Roger M. H. Smith by unchannelized flow, periods of subaerial desiccation and non-deposition, and orcid.org/0000-0001-6806-1983 pedogenesis, and can be biostratigraphically tied to the upper Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone of South Africa, suggesting a Wuchiapingian age.
    [Show full text]
  • Biarmosuchus
    Meet the Amniotes: The great terrestrial adaptation Pterosauria Archaic archosaurs Crocodiles Dinosauria Lepidosaurs Anapsids Synapsids Most ‘amphibians’ Most ‘fishes’ Assorted jawless fish Amniota Urochordata Tetrapoda Cephalochordata Gnathostomata Vertebrata Amniotic egg Chordata Thick skin Distinctive skulls The cleidoic egg: a private pond Eggshell: Semipermeable Calcareous or leathery Albumen: Egg cytoplasm Amnion: Protection / Gas transfer Yo l k Sac: Nutrient Pool Allantois: Waste Pool Synapsida Anapsida Lepidosauria Archosauria First amniotes Diapsida in record (!!) Eureptilia Amniotes Walking with Monsters Chapter 2 1:10-5:00 Evolution of Eggs? Some modern amphibians To deal with longer time Eggs became larger, lay eggs on land... why? periods on dry land, tougher. Large eggs can - One inner membrane tougher shells were produce larger babies, 1. escape predation selected for. Gas exchange which had a higher and waste devices evolved likelihood of survival in a for complete eggtonomy tough world. Evolution of Hair? Amniotes all have the gene for hair: alpha keratin In birds/lizards, it’s expressed in claws In mammals, it’s used in hair & nails 310 Ma Thrinaxodon Blood vessel channels on premaxillae, maxillae ~vibrassae (whiskers) (early Triassic) Castorcauda First direct fossil evidence of hair (mid-Jurassic) Meet the Amniotes No temporal fenestra Upper temporal fenestra Lower temporal fenestra Single temporal fenestra = ‘window’ fenestra The Permian 299-251 Ma The Permian 299-251 Ma Convergence of Pangaea The effects of the landscape on climate: Gondwana icecap disappeared Heat distributed more equally through fluids than solids as continent drifted north Oceans slower to warm/cool than continents Pangaea: Rapid warming/cooling ~ more intense than today Temperature extremes Our modern continents are ‘tempered’ by oceans between them.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomic Re-Evaluation of Tapinocephalid Dinocephalians
    Taxonomic re-evaluation of subfamilies to family level and also added one more subfamily as follows: Moschosauridae (including tapinocephalid dinocephalians Moschosaurus), Moschopidae (including Delphinognathus, Moschops, Moschognathus, Pnigalion and Lamiosaurus), Saniye Atayman, Bruce S. Rubidge & Fernando Abdala Tapinocephalidae (Tapinocephalus, Taurops and Kerato- Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research, University of the cephalus) and Mormosauridae (Mormosaurus, Tauro- Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private Bag 3, WITS, 2050 South Africa cephalus and Struthiocephalus). E-mail: [email protected] / [email protected] / After a detailed revision of dinocephalian taxonomy, [email protected] Boonstra (1969) further synonomised the following Tapinocephalid dinocephalians are morphologically genera: Taurops and Moschognathus with Tapinocephalus the most diverse Middle Permian herbivorous tetrapod and Moschops; Pnigalion with Moschops; Moschosaurus with group from South Africa. Although they were the first Struthiocephalus; Pelosuchus with Keratocephalus, and in- large and the most successful therapsid group to have cluded Lamiosaurus in titanosuchids. This new taxonomy existed at that time on land, they all became extinct by the included the latest founded new genera Avenantia Middle to Late Permian (Boonstra 1971). They are well (Boonstra 1952a), Riebeeckosaurus (Boonstra 1952c), represented in South Africa (Boonstra 1963; Boonstra Struthiocephaloides (Boonstra 1952d) and a new subfamily 1969; Rubidge
    [Show full text]
  • DINOSAUR SUCCESS in the TRIASSIC: a NONCOMPETITIVE ECOLOGICAL MODEL This Content Downloaded from 137.222.248.217 on Sat, 17
    VOLUME 58, No. 1 THE QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY MARCH 1983 DINOSAUR SUCCESS IN THE TRIASSIC: A NONCOMPETITIVE ECOLOGICAL MODEL MICHAEL J. BENTON University Museum, Parks Road, Oxford OX] 3PW, England, UK ABSTRACT The initial radiation of the dinosaurs in the Triassic period (about 200 million years ago) has been generally regarded as a result of successful competition with the previously dominant mammal- like reptiles. A detailed review of major terrestrial reptile faunas of the Permo- Triassic, including estimates of relative abundance, gives a different picture of the pattern of faunal replacements. Dinosaurs only appeared as dominant faunal elements in the latest Triassic after the disappear- ance of several groups qf mammal-like reptiles, thecondontians (ancestors of dinosaurs and other archosaurs), and rhynchosaurs (medium-sized herbivores). The concepts of differential survival ("competitive") and opportunistic ecological replacement of higher taxonomic categories are contrasted (the latter involves chance radiation to fill adaptive zones that are already empty), and they are applied to the fossil record. There is no evidence that either thecodontians or dinosaurs demonstrated their superiority over mammal-like reptiles in massive competitive take-overs. Thecodontians arose as medium-sized carnivores after the extinction of certain mammal-like reptiles (opportunism, latest Permian). Throughout most of the Triassic, the thecodontians shared carnivore adaptive zones with advanced mammal-like reptiles (cynodonts) until the latter became extinct (random processes, early to late Triassic). Among herbivores, the dicynodont mammal-like reptiles were largely replaced by diademodontoid mammal-like reptiles and rhynchosaurs (differential survival, middle to late Triassic). These groups then became extinct and dinosaurs replaced them and radiated rapidly (opportunism, latest Triassic).
    [Show full text]
  • Gorgonopsians, an Attempt Based on a Re-Examination of the Cranial Anatomy of the Type Material and a Comparison of All the Specimens Available 2
    ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE GORGONOPSIA by D. Sigogneau 1 The work here summarized represents an attempt to review the South African Gorgonopsians, an attempt based on a re-examination of the cranial anatomy of the type material and a comparison of all the specimens available 2. The possible origin of the group from the Russian eotheriodonts is discussed in conclusion. When one realizes what a tremendous amount of material Broom had to deal with, one cannot help but be impressed by the synthesis at which he was able to arrive and which remains to-day largely valid. He masterfully recognized the major taxonomic boundaries and their significance, perceiving within each group the affinities uniting the different constituents. However, his inner feeling that it was his duty to make known each and every specimen examined by him led him to neglect somewhat their preparation and to establish types insufficiently described or justified. Quite apart from that, the number of specimens accumulated for over a hundred years naturally de­ manded a re-organization of the different infra-orders; I was offered by Dr. A. S. Brink, fonner Assistant Director of the Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research of Johannesburg, the opportunity to disentangle the Gorgonopsians. After four years of reflection I emerged in 1967 with a provisional classification, the sole pretention of which being to present some new morphological data. The material consists of about 150 specimens, formerly distributed in 67 genera and 108 species. Except for the North American material, every specimen has been re-examined, often further prepared, and drawn and photographed.
    [Show full text]
  • The Origin of the Idea of the Mammal-Like Reptile
    The Origin of the Idea of the Mammal-likeReptile RICHARD P. AULIE mammalian evolution. As fossil reptiles which more nearly approximatedthe mammalian condition continued to be discovered,he suggested they would be found to have larger and larger dentary bones, with a corresponding * Conclusion of a three-part article. In earlier parts the diminution of the other osseous components of the lower Downloaded from http://online.ucpress.edu/abt/article-pdf/37/1/21/32569/4445038.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 author recounted the discovery of the Karroo fossils in jaw. Remarkably, he even attempted to predict the kind South Africa and the controversy surrounding them of articulation in the jaw-joint between mandible and (ABT 36[81:476)and traced the growth of scientific un- cranium that would characterize an intermediate fossil derstanding of the reptile-mammal transition (ABT 36[91:545).He discusses, here, the implicationsfor zoology at the transition between reptile and mammal (Seeley and paleontology today and summarizes with comments 1889: 291, 292). Moreover, he noted, an improved second- on the "model"aspects of the controversyand its resolu- ary palate would be found, which, by separating the nasal tion. References cited in earlier parts are included here, from the mouth cavities, would in mammals increase the as are the author's acknowledgments. ease of breathing and masticating. And by proposing a division of the Karroo strata into stratigraphical zones, he drew attention to the possibility of arranging the fossil Ill. The Mammal-like Reptiles reptiles into chronological sequences (Seeley 1892: 311- 314). These were the kind of problems that emerged from Owen's studies, problems that Owen perhaps only im- perfectly understood.
    [Show full text]
  • IES-Report Y3
    Marilao, Kulik, Sidor 1 Histology of the preparietal: a neomorphic cranial element in dicynodont therapsids. LIANNA M. MARILAO,1 ZOE T. KULIK,1 and CHRISTIAN A. SIDOR,*,1 1Department of Biology and Burke Museum, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, U.S.A., [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] *Corresponding author RH: MARILAO ET AL.—DICYNODONT PREPARIETAL HISTOLOGY Marilao, Kulik, Sidor 2 ABSTRACT—The preparietal, a neomorphic midline ossification on the skull roof, is thought to have evolved three times in therapsids, but its development and homology remain poorly understood. Here we provide preliminary data on the histology of this element in specimens referred to Diictodon feliceps and an indeterminate species of Lystrosaurus. The preparietal has previously been noted to vary substantially in its shape on the dorsal surface of the skull in several dicynodonts and we found similar variation in thin section. In Diictodon, the preparietal forms a prong that embeds itself entirely within the frontals and shows evidence of a midline suture anteriorly. The sectioned specimen of Lystrosaurus shows histological evidence of immaturity and features a well-defined midline suture at the posterior end of the preparietal, although an anterior prong was not present. In both taxa the anteroventral portion of the preparietal forms a strongly interdigitating suture with the underlying frontals and parietals. More posteriorly, the preparietal is composed of fibrolamellar bone suggestive of rapid posteroventral growth. In large dicynodont species, the dorsal expression of the preparietal appears to show negative allometry compared to other cranial roofing elements during ontogeny, but the significance of this geometry is unclear.
    [Show full text]
  • Paleontology 6: Paleozoic Era
    PALEONTOLOGY 6: PALEOZOIC ERA VOLUME 9, ISSUE 6, FEBRUARY 2020 THIS MONTH WEIRD AND WONDERFUL DIVERSITY OF LIFE • The Land Invasion Dioramas page 2 • DNA The root words of Phanerozoic: changing with new information. ○ Extracting page 7 • phaneros (Greek) visible, New finds will reveal new ○ Mitosis page 8 evident information. Fossils are hard ○ Forensic Sequences • zoion (Greek) animal evidence. Scientists can say page 11 that this did occur. New fossils ○ Phylogenetic In the 1950s, geologists may tell a deeper and richer Sequences page 15 developed the systematic study story. ○ DNA RNA Tutorial & of animal fossils. With the Definitions page 17 Cambrian Explosion (the burst Science is amazing! • Paleozoic Period of fossils from the Early Timeline page 22 Cambrian 541 MYA), scientists thought they had identified the POWER WORDS origins of animals. Later, • dynamic: characterized additional fauna was found in by constant change, the Precambrian. Oops! We activity, or progress still recognize the start of the • eon: a major division of Cambrian Period in the geological time, Paleozoic Era as the beginning subdivided into eras of the Phanerozoic Eon. • MYA: million years ago • Phanerozoic Eon: As you know from making your current eon in geologic own timeline of Earth’s history, time scale, covering the the Hadean, Archean, and past 541 million years Proterozoic Eons are not to • systematic: done to a scale in the image to the right. fixed plan or system The Phanerozoic Eon is scaled. CAREER CONNECTION With this issue, you will begin • Your Personality and the survey of life during the Interests page 31 Paleozoic Era as revealed by the fossil record.
    [Show full text]
  • Antiquity of Forelimb Ecomorphological Diversity in the Mammalian Stem Lineage (Synapsida)
    Antiquity of forelimb ecomorphological diversity in the mammalian stem lineage (Synapsida) Jacqueline K. Lungmusa,b,1 and Kenneth D. Angielczykb aDepartment of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; and bEarth Sciences, Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605-2496 Edited by Jörg Fröbisch, Museum of Natural History Leibniz Institute for Evolutionary and Biodiversity Research, Berlin, Germany, and accepted by Editorial Board Member Scott V. Edwards February 13, 2019 (received for review February 28, 2018) Mammals and their closest fossil relatives are unique among highly restricted range of motion (11, 13). This can be contrasted tetrapods in expressing a high degree of pectoral girdle and with the phenotype of the nonmammaliaform therapsids (here- forelimb functional diversity associated with fully pelagic, curso- after therapsids), the more crownward synapsids that replaced rial, subterranean, volant, and other lifestyles. However, the earliest pelycosaurs as the dominant tetrapods in the middle Permian members of the mammalian stem lineage, the “pelycosaur”-grade (approximately 275 Mya). Permian therapsids include more synapsids, present a far more limited range of morphologies and gracile large- and small-bodied predators (14–16), highly spe- inferred functions. The more crownward nonmammaliaform therap- cialized scratch-digging burrowers (17–19), and arboreal herbi- sids display novel forelimb morphologies that have been linked to vores (20). Important shifts
    [Show full text]