This document has been scanned from hard-copy archives for research and study purposes. Please note not all information may be current. We have tried, in preparing this copy, to make the content accessible to the widest possible audience but in some cases we recognise that the automatic text recognition maybe inadequate and we apologise in advance for any inconvenience this may cause. FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER AND CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES

By Doug Binns

S TAT E FORESTS RESEARCH DIVISION Forest Resources Series No. 34 December, 1995

The Author:

Doug Binns, Research Officer, Forestry Ecology Section, Research Division, State Forests of New South Wales.

Published by:

Research Division, State Forests of New South Wales, 27 Oratava Avenue, West Pennant Hills, 2125 P.O. Box 100, Beecroft 2119 Australia.

Copyright © 1995 by State Forests of New South Wales

DDC 581.099442 ISSN 1033 1220 ISBN 073106724 X CONTENTS

ABSTRACT III INT..R.ODUCTION 1 METHODS 2 1. PLOTLOCATION 2 2. FLORISTIC AND VEGETA110N STRUCTURAL DATA 5 3. HABITATDATA 5 4. LIMITA110NS 6 5. TAXONOMYAND NOMENCLATURE 6 6. DATA ANALYSIS 7 RESULTS 9 1. FLORISTICS 9 2. OVERSTOREYCOMlvfUNlTIES 9 3. NON-EUCALYPT ("UNDERSTOREY'') FLORISTIC COMMUNITIES 15 4. DESCRIPTIONS OFPLANTCOMlvfUNlTIES 16 A.RAINFOREST 16 B. MOIST COASTAL EUCALYPT FOREST 20 C. DRY COASTAL EUCALYPT FOREST 21 D. PLATEAU GRASSY EUCALYPT FOREST 24 E. PLATEAU RIPARIAN AND SHRUBBY OPEN FOREST 25 F. HEATII FOREST, LOW FOREST AND SHRUBLAND 26 G. PLATEAUWETHEATIIAND SEDGELAND 28 5. LOGGING IMPACT 29 DISCUSSION 32 1. SIGNIFICANTPLANTSPECIES 32 (aj Nationally significant species 32 (b) Other species o/significance 36 2. CONSERVATIONSTATUS OF OVERSTOREY COMlvfUNlTIES 37 3. IMPACT OFLOGGING 39 4. FERAL ANIMALS 41 5. WEEDS 41

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES RECOMMENDATIONS 42 1. INTRODUCTION 42 2. SIGNIFICANT SPECIES 42 3. RESERVATIONOFCOMMUNITIES 44 (a) Existing State Forest reserves 47 (b) Status offorest overstorey communities and additional reserve requirements 47 (c) Distinctive and significant understorey communities 49 4. INADEQUATELYRESERVED FOREST TYPES/ASSOCIATIONS 49 IDENTIFIED FROMOLD GROWTHFORESTS 5. FIREMANAGEMENT 50 6. GRAZING AND VERTEBRATE PESTS 50 7. WEEDS 51 8. TOURISM 51 9. SUMMARY OFRECOMMENDATIONS 51 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 53 REFERENCES 53

TABLES Table 1. Comparison and conservation status offorest vegetation communities 10

FIGURES Figure la. Locations offlora survey plots, Gloucester M.A. 3 Figure lb. Locations offlora survey plots, Chichester M.A. 4 Figure 2. Dendrogram from floristic classification ofbasal area ofwoody species 14 Figure 3. Dendrogram from floristic classification ofpercentage cover 15 Figure 4. Scatterplot ofhybrid MDS co-ordinates for wet sclerophyll 30 and rainforest plots Figure 5. Scatterplot ofhybrid MDS co-ordinates for dry sclerophyll plots 31 Figure 6a. Location ofproposed reserves for flora conservation, Gloucester M.A. 43 Figure 6b. Location ofproposed reserves for flora conservation, Chichester M.A. 44

APPENDICES Appendix 1. Occurrence ofvascular plant species by floristic group, 55 logging category and State Forest Appendix 2. Briefdescriptions ofunderstorey communities 74 Appendix 3. Summary oflocations and floristic community offlora survey plots 86

FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CillCHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES ii AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 ABSTRACT

The vegetation of the State Forests of Gloucester and Chichester Management Areas, which together occupy about 110 000 hectares, is described on the basis of ·128 survey plots. Each plot is 0.1 ha (50 x 20 m), distributed to sample the full range of vegetation types, including logged and unlogged areas. Over 750 native vascular plant species and about 20 naturalized species were recorded from the survey plots. Forests ofthe area were classified into 31 overstorey communities, including 13 rainforest types and 17 eucalypt types. The most extensive eucalypt forest types are those dominated by E. campanulata, E. obliqua, E. fastigata, E. laevopinea or E. saligna. The most frequently recorded eucalypt species are E. saligna (43 plots), E. obliqua and E. campanulata (25 and 24 plots respectively). Understorey was broadly classified into 23 communities. The most extensive were a grassy plateau group characterized by Poa sieberiana and Lomandra longifolia and a dry sclerophyll group of Imperata cylindrica, Dianella caerulea and Lomandra longifolia. Wet sclerophyll forests included a range of understorey types. Several floristically distinct shrub and sedge communities were also recognized.

Logging impact was difficult to assess in detail from survey data. Logged areas support similar numbers of species to unlogged areas. Most of the more frequent (recorded in five or more plots) species are apparently unaffected by logging. Twenty two species (including one introduced) apparently favour logged plots while two species are more frequent in unlogged plots. Over half of the total number ofspecies occurred at too Iowa frequency to allow valid assessment oflogging impact. At least some ofthese may be sensitive to logging. Logging has little or no detectable impact on overall floristic composition relative to spatial variation. There will be some effect on individual sites, at least in the short term, but the magnitude ofthat effect is not possible to determine from survey data.

Sixteen plant species ofnational conservation significance are recorded from, or may occur in the area. This is a relatively low number of significant species as a proportion of the total flora, compared to other forest management areas. The majority of these species are endemic or virtually endemic to the Barrington and Gloucester Tops plateaux, and several occur most commonly in swamps or riparian vegetation. A few, notably Tasmannia purpurascens and Chiloglottis platyptera, occur in commercially important forests. At least one species, Euphrasia ciliolata, seems to favour disturbed areas. Five species are considered of regional conservation significance. The most serious threats to rare plants are invasion by the exotic broom and damage (particular to swamp communities) by feral pigs.

Many ofthe plant communities are reserved in Barrington Tops National Park. Communities which are poorly reserved and need particular attention are Waterhousea floribunda, a very restricted lowland rainforest community not currently reserved in the area, and dry forests of E. canaliculata­ E. eugenioides and E. camea-E. maculata, which are represented by few unlogged stands and not well reserved. Shrub and sedge communities are distinct and significant because they are important habitat for rare plants, but are generally well represented in Barrington Tops NP. Recommendations are made for further reservation or specific management of rare or threatened species and inadequately reserved communities.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES iii

______------_----1 IN-TROD UC TION

This report presents the results ofa survey ofvascular plant species undertaken in the State Forests and selected leasehold lands offorestry interest within Gloucester and Chichester Forest Management Areas, on the plateau, slopes and nearby foothills of Barrington Tops, New South Wales. The survey area is bounded by latitudes 31°45' to 32°25' S and longitudes 151°15' to 152°00' E, comprises approximately 110 000 ha and contains the following State Forests: Avon River, Barrington, BoWman, Chichester, Coneac, Copeland Tops, Craven, Fosterton, Giro, Masseys Creek, Memot, Stewa,rts Brook, Trevor and part of Mount Royal. This area, its physical characteristics and management history are described by the Forestry Commission ofNew South Wales (1980, 1984).

The general aim ofthe survey was to describe the vegetation in the context of management ofthe area for commercial forestry purposes. More specifically, the objectives were:

i) to describe the terrestrial vascular flora of the area, particularly the vegetation types and distribution, habitat and abundance ofplant species;

ii) to relate vegetation types to forest type map units used for forest management purposes;

iii) to identify vascular plant species ofparticular botanical or conservation significance;

iv) to identify vegetation types or communities ofbotanical or conservation significance and suggest representative areas for reservation where considered necessary;

v) to compare the flora ofareas ofvarious forest management histories and consider likely impacts ofproposed forestry operations on flora.

The field work was carried out by D. Binns and T. Brassil, mostly during January-May 1992.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CffiCHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES METHODS

1. PLOTLOCATION

Floristic data were derived from non-permanent plots established within the Study Area. The basic" sampling strategy was stratification by mapped forest types (Forestry Commission ofNew South Wales unpubl. maps), previously prepared from aerial photograph interpretation with extensive field checking, using either Royal Milli Assessment types (Forestry Commission ofNew South Wales 1980, 1984) or Forest Types (Forestry Commission of New South Wales, 1989). The two methods of forest type mapping used do not correspond exactly and for sampling purposes types were interpreted fairly broadly. For some areas no forest type mapping was available. The emphasis was on sampling the range of plant communities and physical environments in the survey area, and a few types of limited extent which represented'only minor variants of more extensive types were not sampled. In general, a greater number ofplots was allocated to the more extensive forest types. Some restricted forest types, such as 31/224 (Ls, Lt), 137/231 (Lt) and 234 (Cr) were considered likely to be of more variable floristic composition and contain species of significance and were sampled relatively more intensively. The advantages ofusing mapped forest types as the basis for sampling are as follows:

i) They are broadly related to overstorey composition. ii) They act as a surrogate which integrates a range ofphysical environmental attributes, providing greater efficency ofsampling. iii) They are part ofa standard management system, which facilitates translation ofsurvey results to management options. iv) The use offorest type maps with a combination ofsurvey results and broad area observations facilitates assessment ofconservation adequacy and location ofadditional reserves.

A series of transects had been established in the area for fauna survey, concurrent with the present survey. These transects were located to sample logged and unlogged areas, covering the range ofbroad forest types present in the area. A total of 58 such transects was established, including 20 in logged eucalypt forest areas, and 55 ofthese were used for flora survey. A single plot along each transect was used. Usually the central plot (third out offive) was chosen, except where it was considered atypical of the transect as a whole, in which case one ofthe other plots was chosen, at random. Additional flora survey plots were established, mostly in unlogged areas, to provide additional samples in forest types and habitats which were not sampled by the fauna transects. Particular attention was also given to sampling or at least inspecting unusual or restricted habitats (e.g. rock outcrops, swamps, deep ravines) and forest types of restricted extent in the survey area. Plots in more extensive types were randomly selected but constrained to be in areas which could be sampled en route to those in restricted or unusual habitat types. This strategy was designed to ensure efficient sampling of the full range of types and habitats while reducing unproductive travelling time as far as possible. Rainforest was sampled at lower intensity, since considerable information was already available from recent surveys by A. G. Floyd (1990).

In the field, plots were positioned as far as possible within a relatively homogeneous patch of vegetation. The standard size was a 50 m x 20 m (0.1 ha) rectangle, although some habitats required a variation in size or shape to ensure homogeneity within one plot e.g. longer or narrower plots were used for riparian vegetation, and smaller plots for vegetation of restricted extent. A total of 93 plots, including those on fauna survey transects, was surveyed during the present survey. Floristic data were available from a further 35 plots which had been surveyed in the area during 1987-89 (D. Binns unpubl. data). These were additional to the basic sampling strategy but were also broadly stratified by forest type using a similar strategy, but over smaller areas of particular interest (especially Copeland Tops Flora Reserve and unlogged forest in Whispering Gully catchment). They were suitable for the floristic analyses described below, but could not be used for basal area analyses. Twenty rainforest patches

FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 2 AREAS. CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 u. Cl) Cl: W l­ Cl) :r:W o 'r i3

'"a- M .6: ~.

~ z o l­ Clz 6: Cl:..: CO

M ::> ..J:r: ::;u. .::; •

E ~ J

Figure la. Location offlora survey plots (e), Gloucester Management Area

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUfH WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUfH WALES 3 I 151'30'

N o t CRAVEN SF

Figure lb. Location offlora survey plots (e), Chichester Management Area

FLORA SURVEY. GLOUCESTER·CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 4 AREAS. CENTRAL REGION. NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 surveyed by A. Floyd are in State Forest and although the data were not used in the analyses they were considered in the discussion and compihl.tion of a floristic list. Approximate locations of all survey plots are shown in Figures la and 1b, and grid references are provided in Appendix 3.

Sample plots were located in all State Forests except Fosterton and Mount Royal. No additional plots were located to ensure that these areas were sampled, since both were contiguous with other forests containing similar habitats which had been sampled. The sample included five plots 'in Barrington Tops National Park close to State Forest boundaries, to provide limited comparative data, and five plots in selected leasehold lands ofpotential forestry interest.

2. FLORISTIC AND VEGETATION STRUCTURAL DATA

All vascular plant species which could be distinguished within a plot were recorded and identified as far as possible to species level, subject to a maximum search time of 1.5 hours per plot. Vertical heights of vegetation strata were subjectively defined and recorded for each plot. Stratum limits of 0-1 m, 1-6 m, 6-20 m and 20-35 m and >35 m were used as a guide for the coding of structural data, even though actual heights were recorded.

Cover codes, based on projected canopy cover, were estimated for each species within each vertical stratum. Where a species occurred in more than one stratum, an overall cover code for the plot as a whole was also recorded. Codes are as follows:

Cover code Projected canopy cover

1 < 5%, few individuals 2 < 5%, any number ofindividuals 3 6-25% 4 26-50% 5 51-75% 6 >75%

For all trees with stem diameter at breast height (1.3 m) greater than 10 cm, the number of stems of each species was recorded by 10 cm diameter classes, up to 50 cm. Diameter was recorded for all stems over 50 cm. These data were used to calculate an estimate ofbasal area by species for each plot. All stumps were similarly recorded, species recorded where possible and the data used to give a measure oflogging intensity and pre-Iogging overstorey composition within the plot.

The locations of any occurrences of significant species noted while traversing the area, additional to those occurring in plots, were also recorded. The map unit in which each plot was located was recorded and a subjective assessment made ofthe Forest Type (Forestry Commission ofNew South Wales 1989) to which the vegetation would be most appropriately allocated.

3. HABITAT DATA

At each plot, slope (in degrees), altitude, aspect, topographic position, drainage, percentage cover and particle size ofsurface rock and cover ofoutcropping bedrock were recorded. An assessment was made ofprevious disturbance by logging, fire and grazing, on the basis ofany available visual evidence. An estimate of intensity and time since disturbance was recorded. Estimates for logging were checked against historical records. Any other unusual feature was also recorded.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 5 4. LIMITATIONS

Field work was carried out in summer/autumn. Some ephemeral species may have been overlooked, and spring flowering geophytes, including many Orchidaceae and many Liliaceae (sens. lat.), would have been generally overlooked: Although these may be a significant component ofthe total flora, they normally form a minor. component of forest vegetation in New South Wales and their omission is not expected to affect the community analysis. Some species, especially monocotyledons, may have been overlooked due to absence ofactive growth or vegetative similarity to common species, although many grasses were flowering at the time ofthe survey and are expected to be comprehensively sampled. No attempt was made to sample soil-stored seed. Although the area was widely traversed both by road and on foot, no attempt was made to record every species present and the survey was not exhaustive. No detailed survey of naturalized species along roads (i.e. within 5 m of the road pavement) or in picnic areas was undertaken, but such species were noted if they were common, or also occurred in nearby forest. The total number of naturalized species is likely to be understated as a result, but the survey reflects the relative importance of the naturalized component in the vegetation generally and the likely future invasion potential. Species which remain restricted to regularly-graded roadsides several decades or more after initial road construction are assumed to be ofnegligible management significance for flora conservation.

5. TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE

Taxonomy and nomenclature follow the National Herbarium of New South Wales This is mostly as published in Harden (1990,1991,1992,1993), except where there have been more recent revisions.

Difficulties were experienced with the following species or groups:

Angophora subvelutina, A. floribunda - these two species intergrade to some extent in the area, and some individuals were difficult to assign to a particular species.

Bracteantha bracteata - several forms occur in the area, some of which may deserve separate status at a specific or infraspecific level. "

Carex inversa, C. breviculmis - in some cases flowering or fruiting material was unavailable and species may have been incorrectly assigned.

Danthonia racemosa - may include records ofD. pilosa.

Dianella caerulea/tasmanica - some specimens, in the absence of flowering material, were difficult to unequivocally assign to either species.

Eucalyptus biturbinata, E. canaliculata - these species intergrade north ofGloucester and stands in Coneac and Giro SFs were intermediate, but have here been referred to E. canaliculata.

Eucalyptus cameronii - specimens were atypical and had characteristics of E. globoidea, but were not clearly referable to that species and occurred at an unusually high altitude. Until the taxonomic status is resolved, they are referred to E. cameronii.

Eucalyptus dalrympleana, E. nobilis, E. viminalis - E. dalrympleana and E. nobilis appear to intergrade to some extent where their habitats overlap, the former tending to occur only at the highest altitudes (mostly over 1300 m). Typical E. dalrympleana ssp. dalrympleana is readily distinguished on high crests where it grows with E. pauciflora. E. nobilis typically occurs downslope in these situations, and some specimens from the transition zone approach E. dalrympleana ssp. heptantha but have characteristics intermediate between both species: The actual extent ofintergradation needs further investigation. Typical E. viminalis was not recorded during the survey, but may have been confused in some instances with E. nobilis where suitable material was difficult to obtain.

FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CffiCHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 6 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 Eucalyptus laevopinea, E. eugenioides - although these species are morphologically very distinct at their extremes, there appears to be some intergradation at intermediate altitudes where populations overlap, and some stands were difficult to assign to one or other species.

Galium spp. - except for the distinctive G. binifolium, some records may have been incorrectly assigned. In particular G. curvihirtum and G. pl:opinquum may have been overlooked due to confusion with other species and are probably more common than records from this survey suggest.

Geranium potentilloides - records based on sterile material may include G. homeanum and G. solanderi.

Gonocarpus humilis, G. tetragynus - most ofthe material was sterile and it is possible that some records of these species may have been incorrectly assigned. In some cases the distinction between these two species appears unclear.

Hydrocotyle laxijlora, H. peduncularis - this genus requires reVlSlon. Some records were difficult to assign to a species. Many specimens appear to more closely resemble H. acutiloba, a southern species not currently considered to occur in New South Wales.

Luzulajlaccida - records ofthis species may include other taxa.

Opercularia aspera, diphylla, hispida - some records may have been incorrectly assigned.

Ranunculus plebeius/lappaceus - flowering material was rare and these two species may have been confused in the vegetative state.

Senecio species E, S. diaschides - vegetative material may not have been correctly assigned.

Veronica notabilis, V. species C- these may have been confused in some cases.

6. DATA ANALYSIS

Floristic data were classified into vegetation communities using a numerical hierarchical agglomerative classification process, using the Bray-Curtis association measure on percentage cover and a flexible UPGMA sorting strategy with beta = 0.0 (FUSE module of the PATN package (Belbin 1988). Although the procedure provides a repeatable and explicit method of defining communities, there are a number ofcritical decisions required which are essentially subjective and which may substantially affect the final community composition. The most important ofthese are the choice ofbeta and the choice of an appropriate level in the dendrogram to define communities. A beta value of zero was chosen to minimise distortion and most realistically reflect actual associations.

Any community analysis must be regarded as only a guide to the tendency of certain groups of species to co-occur. It is a convenient means of examining and describing vegetation patterns rather than a definitive statement of vegetation composition. In any stand of vegetation, there is some degree of vertical layering or stratification. The analysis ofa full floristic data set, including all strata, implicitly assumes that the overstorey and the various understorey strata respond similarly to environmental factors, and at similar spatial and temporal scales. In fact, this is unlikely to be the case. For example, at the extreme, canopy trees respond to environmental factors at a much broader scale than herbs in the lowest understorey stratum and the latter are much more likely to reflect recent disturbance events (such as fire) to which canopy species are relatively insensitive. Thus an analysis ofall strata combined may obscure spatial patterns relating to these variations in responses. However, it is difficult to define limits which realistically and consistently allow separate analyses ofstrata across a range ofvegetation types, and any defined limits are essentially arbitrary. In practice, an analysis ofall species combined tends to be dominated by the influence oflower strata species, which usually contribute more than the

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 7 canopy species to the overall floristic characterisation of a plot. There. is thus. a high degree of similarity between a full floristic analysis and under~torey analysis, and patterns of canopy species composition tend to be obscured in the former. To allow consideration of these interactions, and to allow an assessment of conservation status. of overstorey assemblages, two separate analyses were performed:

1. Basal area of all stems >10 cm dbhob was used to define overstorey communities. Due to the influence of lower vegetation strata on the results of a full floristic classification, this analysis was considered essential to allow comparisons with existing vegetation classification schemes which are based solely on canopy composition, and consequently for assessment of conservation status ofoverstorey communities.

2. Total cover ofall species, except sclerophyll canopy species (eucalypts, Lophostemon confertus and Syncarpia glomulifera). For rainforest, this is a full floristic analysis, and for eucalypt forest it is an understorey analysis.

As only cover-abundance codes were recorded for understorey floristic data, these were converted to percentages for analysis 2, as the mid-point ofthe cover class for cover >5% and using 1% and 3% for codes 1 and 2 respectively. .

The ordination technique ofhybrid multi-dimensional scaling was employed to examine logging impact on community composition, using the MDS module in the computer package PATN (Belbin 1988). This technique is robust to variations in underlying species response models (Faith et al. 1987), but the results depend on the number ofdimensions chosen. In addition, unrealistic distortions may result ifthe data are very heterogeneous. To avoid the latter problem, a subset of the data was analyzed, representing the most extensive understorey types and derived from imposing a threshold value of 0.85 on the floristic dendrogram. To test both the robustness of the method and assist in the choice of an appropriate number of dimensions, analyses were run with two, three and four dimensions, and ordination distances were plotted against dissimilarity values for each analysis (Shepard diagram, Green et al. 1989). The minimum number of dimensions which yielded an acceptably linear relationship between ordination distance and compositional dissimilarity was chosen for examining logging impact. This was three dimensions.

FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CffiCHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 8 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 RESULTS

1. FLORIST/CS

A total of about 780 vascular plant taxa (including about 20 naturalized) was recorded during the field survey. An additional 35 rainforest species were recorded by Floyd (1983). Appendix 1 lists these species by family, with their frequency of occurrence by broad vegetation type and logging category, and their occurrence by State Forests.

The Barrington Tops plateau forms an unusually extensive area at relatively high altitude (> 1400 m) for the Northern Tablelands, and the vascular flora reflects this characteristic. The plateau is the latitudinal limit of distribution for a number of species, especially the northern limit for cooler climate species. The swamps and herbfields have a distinctive flora including a number of local endemics. These habitats are not directly affected by timber harvesting and were sampled at low intensity relative to the forest vegetation ofthe Study Area.

2. OVERSTOREY COJvfJvfUNlTlES

Basal areas oftrees greater than 10 cm dbhob by species have been used to classify overstorey floristic data, as described above. Communities were defined at the 0.6 level of dissimilarity, and placed into broader groups at the 0.8 level. Several additional overstorey communities were subjectively defined from plot data for which no basal area records were available, where it appeared that the plots represented distinct communities. In total, thirty-one forest overstorey communities (of which 17 are eucalypt forests) were recognized from plot data, in 23 groups. The dendrogram resulting from the classification is shown in Figure 2, with additional subjectively-defined communities inserted. The 31 communities are briefly described below, under broad vegetation type groups based on floristic and structural characteristics. Additional rainforest suballiances described from the area by Floyd (1990), and apparently distinct assemblages which were observed during field survey but not sampled, are also included. Table I compares all these communities with assemblages defined by other authors.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOlJIl{ WALES FLORA SURVEY. GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS. CENTRAL REGION, EW SOlJIl{ WALES 9 o Table 1. Comparison and conservation status of forest vegetation conununities on the basis of overstorey composition. BARov floristic conununity is derived from numerical classification of survey data as described in the text. ns = not sampled. F.C. Forest Type is the nearest ~5equivalent type as described in Forestry Commission of NSW (1989). For eucalypt forests, H&B Association is the nearest equivalent association as defined by ~~ Hager & Benson (1994). Reservation status is listed as: status in south zone~extent reserved in S zone. Codes are as follows: I = not or very poorly conserved~ • tf.l 2 = inadequately conserved over all its range; 3 = inadequately conserved in a major part of its range~4 = adequately conserved; LTI, LT5, LTIO, LT25=less than 1,5, 10,25% reserved respectively; GT25= >25% reserved. UFor rainforest, the nearest equivalent Floyd (1990) suballiance is given. Status codes are from Floyd (1990): E=excellent, G=good, A=adequate, at least in Barrington area, I=inadequate in Barrington area. ~~ ~~ . ;l ~~ ~n BARov Floristic Community No. plots Map units ..F.n Forest Type Floyd SubaUiance Res. status 0-tf.l::Z; 1.1 TOQI'UJcilia41-Dysoxylumfraserianum Rm' 14. Doryphora·Dapllllanara·Dendroc"itJe A ~~ ~;l -Cryptocaryti erythroxylon ·Ficus-Toona

1/23 .•.••...... •~;Fig-Giarit Stinger ~i1.2FiCll.$superba up. hehnetma-Dendrochide. 2 . . • 710. A. actinophyllUiit~t>.excel$a-Ficu~spp.A excelsa-/3aloghialucida ~ 2.1 Acradenia euodiiformu 2 :.::: 112. Sloanea woollsii';Dysoxyf"mfraserianum E ~ Argyrodertdronactinophyllum-Caklclwia

2.2 Sloanea woollsii·Pennantia cunnifighamit 2. Yellow Carabeen 112. E

3 WaterhOlLJiafloribunda 1 23:Myrtle 26. Waterhouslajloribtmda-Tri$tattiopsi.s laurina N -ltf.l

..,~4 BackhOUSiasciadophora 4 23: Myrtle 28. Backhousia sciadophora-Dendrocnide-Drypete$ r §i SBackhowia myrlifolia-Trlstaniopsis la"rlna 2 23. Myrtle 29. Backhousia myrtifolta-Loplwstenwn confertus ~;il -Tristaniopsis spp. A ~o ~.., 6.1 CaldclJll'iapaniculosa-Doryphora sassafrcu 3 3. Corlcwood-Sassafras 13.Schizomeria-Doryphora-Caldciuvia S~ -Schizomeria ovata -Crabapple-Silver Sycamore -Cryptocaryo glaucescens E

;~6.2 Sloanea wool/sii-Doryphora sassafras 3. 112 E z~

~~ ...,en oo-! Table I cont.

§~ No. plots units F.e.Forest Type ~o IBARovFIoristic Community Map FIoydSuballiance or Res. status en~ H&BAssociation Oen ~~ no 1 6.3 Sloarteawoollsii-Schizomena ovata 1 3. 712. A ~..., Z -CaldclllViapaniculosa enttlttl

~~I 7 Cerato~talumapetalum-DoryphQrasonafras 2 1/26.3/12 12••Coacbwood-Sassafras 735. CerolopetalumlSchizomeria-CaJdclUllia E ~~ ~~ I" - - - 39. Schizomeria-Doryphora-Caldcluvia..()rite$ A

~I 8 Notho.fagusmoorei-Doryphoro sassafras 5 Rb+ 16. Negrohead Beech SO.Nothofagus-Doryphom E

51. Notho!agus-Elaeocarpus holopetalus E

9 Elaeocarpus holopetalus-Atherosperma 1 Ls 5 I moschatum-Leptospennum polygalifolium ~ en I Casuarina cunninghamiana ns - 211. River Oak OFl00 Casuarina cunninghamiana 2, LTl-LTS ~

10.1E. IQligna 14 Dl,Na+,Mm, 46. Blue Gum EFOlla E. saligna 4, LTlG-LT25 .S~~ S.Yh,46a EFOlle E. saligna-E. laevopineq 4, LTlG-LT2S ne: :.: :.;~ Gd,46154 EFOllcE. saligna-E. quadrangulata 4, LTlO-LT2S

111.1 E. acmenoides-Allocasuarina torulosa 1 62. Grey Gum-GreyIronbark ?EF095b E. acmenoides-E. propinqua 2,LTS U -White Mahogany EF095d E. acme1JOides-E.te.reticomis-A. torulosa ~n 2.LTS -n0:5 ~~111.2 E. acmenoides-E. tereticom;$ 2 62. Grey Gum-GreyIronbark EF09SdE. acmenoideil-E. tereticomis-A. torulosa 2,LT5

~;;j -AlIocasuarina torulosa -White Mahogany

~'" o~I 12E.largeana-E. acmenoides 4 87. Craven Grey Box EF700a E. largeana I, LTl ~~

~~ IV Table 1 cont.

BARovFloristic Community No.plots Map units F.C. Forest Type Floyd SubalUanceor Res.status ~5 H&B Assoc.iation ~~ . '"

13.1E, cQtma-AI/Ocasuarlnatorulosa f X.746,·:611ar08dleaved W)Ute EF097aE. cam!Q'··.::.:••••:.:.:••••.:..•.·••:••••:••••·.:.:••••••••::: ::::.. 4,LT25 ...... ••:'.::)::'::::'Maho~y.... EF097\)E. came(;-E.propi~1jJ«l 4.LT25

U ::.or 62. Grey Gum-GreyIronbark ~5 9?5 . ·White Mahosany

~~ .:. . ~ 13.2 E. camea-E. rnDCJIlara 3 X.70,74 EF040rJl maCIIlata,.E.cameo 2. LTt·LTS ~'"~h "'=t; ~n 14AI/ocasllarina torulosa-E. tere/ieomis 5 Dl,Gd,62b16S EF050eE. teretieomis-E. eugenioid#!S" 2,LTl-LTS

:I!~-E. eugenioides ?EF1188E. eugenioides I, LTl ~~

~~15E. mell;odora-E,tugenioiJes-E.tereticomis Ws EFOSObE. teretJcomti:.i.nietilodora l,LTl-LT5 EFOSOf.E.tereti~otn.i£U.ii;pffij,Jn~ua:'E.e"genioides ~ -B. melliodofrJ .. ~ I,LTl t"l ?EFI 188E. tllIgenioides I.LTl

~ E. canaIiCJIlara-E.eugenioides ns EF077bE. eanaIiCIIlata-E.eugenioides -AlIocasuarina torulCMa 4, LT25-GT25

16E. propinqua-E.camea 62. Grey Gum-GreyIronbark EF097bE. earneo-E.propinqua 4,LT25 .White Mahogany EF07S11E. propil1

.,,~ 0." 17.1E. ltuVopinea 7 Na+,Na,Ne+, 161. Silvertop Sttingybark EF479aE. laevopinea 2.LT5·LTlO 168 EF475gE. obliqua-E,laeVO"plnea 4, LTIO-LT25 §~ EF418aE. cypellocorpa .:., I,LTt ~;;l ?EF50SeE. campanulata-E. laevopinBa 4, LT25-GT25

~~ ()t"l 17.2E. /aevopinea-Lophostemonconfertus Na+ 167. Silvertop Stringybark EF479aE. laevopinea 2,LT5-LTlO ~ ~ ",'"t"l0 18E. obliqua 12 Ne+ 152. Messmate-Gum EF47SaE. obliqua 4, LTlO-LT25 ~~ (Ls,Ne-,Ne+) z~

~~ .,.,'"O-l Table 1 cont. ~~ -l.,., BARov Floristic Community No. plots Map units F.e. Forest Type FIoyd SubaUiance or Res. status ~O H&BAssociation O~ fi3;;ino ~.,., 19.1 E.jastigata 14 Ne+ 154. Brown Barrel EF475e E. obliqua-E. jastigata 4,LT25 "'~ trl~ (Ng,Nk:,Ls,Rb-) EF477aE.jastigata 2,LT5 ~~ EF477cE. jastigata.E. nobi/is 1, LT! ~~ ~~ 19.2 Acacia dealbata-E. jastigata Ls 154. ?EF477aE.jastigata 2,LT5

~ E. nitens-E.fastigata ns 15S. Brown Barrel-Gum EF477b E. fastigata-E. nitens I,LTI EF417aE. nitens I,LTI

20 E. MbiJis 2 Na+ 152. Messmate-Gum EF414aE. nobllis 2, LTI-5

21 E. campanu/ata 13 Na+,Nc- 163. New England Blackbutt EF50Sa E. campanu/ata 4, LTIO-LDS (Na-,Ne+,Ws) EF505b E. campanulata-B. cameronii 4, LTI0-LT25 ~

~ 22E. da/rympJeana-E.pauciflora 6 Nf,Ng- 138; EF411a E. pauciflora 4, GT2S 140. EF411cE. pauciflora ~.~ .~o 5 ·E. Jalrympleana ssp. da/rympleana 4, LT25-OT25 ne EF411b E. pauciflora-E. stellu/ata I,LTI

23 Acacia diphylla OF160aAcacia diphylla ~~ ~h -noiS ~:z; . ~ ~;j ~~ "'~ ~~ :2~ ~trl

6~

w ...------

Dissimilarity measure 0.6123 0.8027 0.9932 BARov community 1 I I 10.1 Esaligna 17.1 E laevopinea 17.2 E. laevopinea-Lophostemon confertus 20.2 E. nobilis 20.1 E. laevopinea-E. nobilis 14 A. toru/osa-E. tereticomis-E. eugenioides 21 E campanulata 23 Acacziz diphylla I 11.1 E. acmenoides-Allocasuarina torulosa I 11.2 E. acmenoides-E. tereticornis ------I 12 E. largeana-E. acmenoides 1 13.2 E. carnea-E. maculata I 13.1 E. carnea-Allocasuarina torulosa I 16 E. propinqua-E. carnea ______1-

15 E. me//iodora-E. eugenioides-E. tereticomis ------1 8 Nothofagus moorei-Doryphora sassafras I 6.1 C. paniculosa-D. sassafras-S. ovata I 6.2 Sloanea woollsii-Doryphora sassafras I 6.3 S. woollsii-S. ovata-c. paniculosa I 7 Ceratopetalum-Doryphora sassafras ______I 1.1 T. ciliata-D. fraserianum-C. erythro:ry/on I

1.2 Dendrocnide exce/sa-&/oghia inophylfa 1

2.1 Acradenziz euodiiformis 1 2.2 Sloanea woollsii-Pennantia cunninghamii I 5 &ckhousia myrtijolia-Tristaniopsis faun'M 3 Waterhousia floribunda 4 Backhousziz sczizdophora 18 E obliqua 19.1 Efastigata 19.2 Acacziz dealbata-E. fastigata 22 E. dalrympleana-E. pauciflora ------9 E. holopewlus-A. moschatum-L. polygalifo1ium I 1 0.6123 0.8027 0.9932

Figure 2. Dendrogram from floristic classification of basal area of all woody species with stem diameter > 10 cm, truncated at the 0.6 level of dissimilarity. Several additional communities are inserted, defined subjectively from plot data where no basal area measurements were available.

FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF EW SOtJI1-l WALES 14 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOtJI1-l WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 3. NON-EUCALYPT ("UNDERSTOREY'') FLORISTIC COJvflvfUNlTIES

At a broad level (dissimilarity level of 0.8), twenty-three communities were derived from classification of floristic survey data, excluding sclerophyll overstorey species. The dendrogram resulting from the classification is shown in Figure 3. Main habitat features and characteristic species of the 23 understorey communities are briefly described in Appendix 2.. This classification was compared with the overstorey classification. A broad correlation exists between overstorey and understorey communities especially at the group level, although several understorey communities occurred across a range of overstorey communitil?s and vice versa. These patterns are described below as plant communities in broad vegetation types, derived from the main overstorey/understorey combinations.

0.6389 0.8118 0.9848

BARus community 1 , I- 2 Waterhousea flOribunda 1 Cissus antarctica-Lastreopsis microsora , 3 Cissus antarctica-Dendrocnide excelsa ______1 I 7 Guioa semiglauca-Croton verreauxii ---- '1 6 Tristaniopsis collina-Cryptocarya rigida ------, 4 Doryphora sassafras ----- 1 5 Backhousia myrtijolia ------....,--, 8 Nothojagus moorei 9 Dodonaea viscosa-Backhousia sciadophora

17 Imperata cylindrica-Desmodium varians 16 Acacia irrorata-Doodia aspera -I 18 Poa sieberiana-Desmodium varians I 19 Poa sieberiana-Lomandra longijolia I --I

15 Oxylobium ilicijolium 1 13 Lomandra longijolia-Juncus alexandri I --I 12 Leptospermum polygalijolium-Elaeocarpus holopetalus , 10 Acacia dealbata-Prostanthera lasianthos ------I 14 Sticherus lobatus-Leucopogon lanceolatus ----- 1 11 Ozothamnus diosmijolius-Gonocarpus oreophilus ------1 I 23 Restio stenocoleus-Leptospermum argenteum ------, I 22 Pomaderris helianthemijolia-Westringia eremicola ------, 20 Leptospermum variabile-Pomaderris argyrophylla ------, 21 Hibbertia aff. linearis-Leptospermum variabile ---.,------,------, 1 I I 0.6389 0.8118 0.9848

Figure 3. Dendrogram from floristic classification of percentage cover of all species except sclerophyll overstorey species, truncated at the 0.8 level ofdissimilarity.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOl..rrH WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CffiCHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 15 4. DESCRIPTIONS OFPLANTCOlv1A1UNITIES

The overstorey communities and their associated understorey communities are briefly described below in broad vegetation types, and compared to existing relevant classifications (Forestry Commission of New South Wales 1.989; Floyd 1990; Hager and Benson (1992), abbreviated to H&B in following discussions). Thes~ broad vegetation types are subjective groups of overstorey and understorey community combinations. While convenient for descriptive purposes and providing readily recognizable units, the groups are not of equal rank in terms of floristic similarity. Some, such as Plateau Grassy Forest, are fairly homogeneous, while others, notably shrublands, are structural units which include communities of very disparate composition. The broad grouping adopted here allows a reasonable comparison with forest type groups used for management purposes, although it places greater emphasis on understorey composition. In the following descriptions, overstorey communities are prefixed with BARov and understorey or non-forest communities with BARus. The following abbreviations are also used: SF for State Forest, FR for Flora Reserve, NP for National Park and NR for Nature Reserve.

A. RAINFOREST

The rainforest ofthe area has been comprehensively described by Floyd (1990). Only brief descriptions ofsample plots and v~ry briefsummaries ofFloyd's observations are given below.

BARov 1.1 Toona ciliata-Dysoxylumfraserianum-Cryptocarya erythroxylon (BARus 3; plotNDRFSl.3)

Represented by a single plot, consisting ofscattered tall (up to 40 m) Cryptocarya erythroxylon, Dysoxylum fraserianum and Toona ciliata over a subcanopy of Dendrocnide excelsa with abundant vines (especially Cissus antarctica and Palmeria scandens). Moderately dense ground cover of Lastreopsis spp. Occasional emergent Ficus watkinsiana occur in the surrounding forest. This is a logged remnant ofa tall closed forest ofmixed eucalypts and rainforest species.

This appears to be a variant of Floyd's Suballiance 14: Doryphora-Daphnandra micrantha­ Dendrocnide-Ficus-Toona, which he describes as occurring along lowland river valleys of Boonabilla Creek and Allyn River. Doryphora sassafras appears to be rare or absent from the sampled stand, however.

BARov 1.2 Dendrocnide excelsa-Baloghia inophylla (BARus3; plots NGDLB1l2, NGGIR003)

Dense to closed forest ofDendrocnide excelsa, Baloghia inophylla and Planchonella australis. Dysoxylum fraserianum is prominent in plot NGDLB1l2 but was not recorded in plot NGGIR003 although it is present in surrounding forest. Scattered large Ficus superba var. henneana occur in plot NGGIR003 and other Ficus spp., especially F. watkinsiana or F. macrophylla, occur in the general vicinity, but not in the sample plot. Heritiera actinophylla is an occasional canopy species in surrounding forest. This community occurs as narrow strips along creeks in extensive areas ofBackhousia sCiadophora in Giro SF, and occasionally as small patches in upper parts ofgullies in Memot SF.

Apparently equivalent to Suballiance 10: Argyrodendron actinophyllum-Dendrocnide-Ficus, although H actinophylla is uncommon in the area surveyed. Floyd describes this suballiance from narrow, sheltered gullies among Backhousia sciadophora, in Woko NP, Camels Hump NR and private property at Gangat.

FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 16 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 BARov 2.1 Acradenia euodiiformis (BARus 1; plot NDRIP2-3, NGWG001)

Low .(mostly below 20 m) closed forest of A. euodiiformis with abundant lianes, especially Cissus antarctica and C. hypoglauca. The present structure and composition of this stand may be partly due to past logging. Nearby patches include occasional tall Eucalyptus saligna emergents or stumps, and small patches and individual trees oftall Sloanea woollsii also exist.

BARov 2.2 Sloanea woollsii-Pennantia cunninghamii (BARus 1; plot NDRIP3-3)

Very similar in structure and overall floristics to BARov 2.1, but with Sloanea woollsii emergents and Pennantia cunninghamii prominent in the slightly taller (to 25m) canopy. Both of these communities represent modified stands in previously logged areas. Both appear to be variants of suballiance 12: Sloanea woollsii-Dysoxylum fraserianum-Argyrodendron actinophyllum-Caldcluvia, possibly on lower-fertility, marginal sites. They share some species with Suballiance 35: Ceratopetalum/Schizomeria-Caldcluvia, except that Ceratopetalum is absent, and could be regarded as transitional between these two suballiances. Floyd records Suballiance 35 from poorer sediments in the Chichester and Telegherry catchments, consistent with the habitat of plots NDRIP2 and NDRIP3, and notes a good example in the nearby Jerusalum Creek FR

BARov 3 Waterhousia floribunda (BARus 2; plot NDCHI001)

A narrow strip along Carawiry Creek, Chichester SF, consists of a closed canopy of W flOribunda, up to 25 m tall, with virtually no other canopy species. This is the only stand known to occur on State Forest in the survey area. Scattered large stumps ofE. saligna indicate logging of emergent trees at least 40-50 years previously. There has also been illegal felling of W flOribunda canopy trees, possibly to harvest epiphytes, although epiphytes are scarce in this community. Despite these disturbances, and a proliferation ofthe exotic Ageratina adenophora (Crofton weed) in heavily disturbed patches, several patches with essentially canopy remain, and this occurrence is probably the least-disturbed of any of this community in the Gloucester­ Dungog area.

This 'equates to Suballiance 26: Waterhousia floribunda-Tristaniopsis laurina, which occurs in the Richmond River area, Bellinger River, and near Dungog, where it exists mostly as remnant strips along major streams on alluvium (Floyd 1990), and mostly on private property.

BARov4Backhou~asdadophora (BARus 3; plots NGDLB068, NGDLB069, NGDLB070, NGDLB071)

Closed forest to 25 m clearly dominated by B. sciadophora. Other canopy species are Dendrocnide excelsa, Heritiera actinophylla, Planchonella australis and Elattostachys nervosa. Common shrubs are Alchomia ilicifolia, Citriobatus pauciflorus, Capparis arborea and Cleistanthus cunninghamii. The epiphytes Asplenium australasicum and Dendrobium schoeninum are common and conspicuous. This is a well-defined community which occurs extensively on steep, stony, often north-facing slopes, on sediments and metasediments, in Giro, Coneac and Copeland Tops SF and in several patches in the Whispering Gully area. E. saligna sometimes occurs as scattered emergents.

This community equates to Suballiance 28: Backhousia sciadophora-Dendrocnide-Drypetes, which Floyd (1990) records extensively in the Gangat area (including Woko NP and Camels Hump N.R), and at Mine Creek (boundary of Barrington Tops NP) and Dannys Creek and Jilliby Gully in Chichester SF.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOtrrH WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 17 BARov 5 Backhousia myrtijolia-Tristaniopsis laurina (BARus 5; plot NDRIPI-2, NGDLB110)

Closed forest dominated by B. myrtifolia, mostly less than 20 m but occasionally up to 35 m tall. Apart from the two character species the only other common tree species is Ceratopetalum apetalum. Common vines are Parsonsia straminea, Melodinus australis, Morinda jasminoides and Smilax australis. Epiphytes are common, including Sarcochilus olivaceus, Plectorrhiza tridentata, Pyrrosia conjluens and Papillilabium beckleri. Lomandra spicata and Adiantum formosum are the only common species in the sparse ground layer. This community was recorded only as narrow strips on alluvium along larger watercourses at low altitudes, and within State Forests ofthe survey area it possibly occurs only in Chichester SF. The one sampled area contained occasional large stumps ofE. saligna and would have formerly included tall eucalypt emergents, or in places, would have been categorized as tall eucalypt forest with Backhousia understorey.

As it currently exists, the sampled stand would be included in Suballiance 29, which in the Barrington area is recorded only from steep, rocky slopes on the western side of The Mountaineer, in Barrington Tops NP (Floyd 1990).

BARov 6.1 Caldcluvia paniculosa-Doryphora sassafras-Schizomeria ovata (BARus 1; plots NGCON002, NDMHUL3, NDRFS2.3)

Fairly extensive on sheltered slopes at mid altitudes (450-900 m), especially in Chichester SF. The three character species occur in all sample plots, with D. sassafras often common in the tallest stratum. Other common tree species, which may not occur in all plots, include Cryptocarya erythroxylon, Litsea reiiculata, Daphnandra species A, Neolitsea dealbata, Orites excelsa and Polyosma cunninghamii. Common large vines are Parsonsia straminea and Palmeria scandens. The ground stratum is dominated by ferns, especially Lastreopsis microsora and Adiantum formosum. Plot NDMHUl consisted of emergent eucalypts and Doryphora sassafras over a dense subcanopy dominated by D. sassafras and Caldcluvia paniculosa.

Included in Suballiance 13: Schizomeria-Doryphora-Caldcluvia-Cryptocarya glaucescens which Floyd regards as the common rainforest on the slopes of Barrington Tops above 500 m altitude, to which area it is virtually restricted, with only isolated occurrences elsewhere on nearby high peaks, such as south-east ofConeac Trig, Coneac SF (plot NGCON002).

BARov 6.2 Sloanea woollsii-Doryphora sassafras (BARus 1; plot ~RFS3.1)

A tall (up to 50 m), structurally well-developed stand in Barrington Tops NP, to the west of Wangat Road in Chichester SF, was the only area of this community sampled. S. woollsii and D. sassafras form the tall upper stratum, with common tree species ii:l the subcanopy being Caldcluvia paniculosa, Orites excelsa, Dysoxylum fraserianum and Schizomeria ovata. The tree fern Cyathea leichhardtiana is prominent in the shrub stratum and Lastreopsis microsora is dominant in the moderately dense ground cover.

This equates to Suballiance 12: Sloanea woollsii-Dysoxylum fraserianum-Argyrodendron actinophyllum-Caldcluvia which Floyd (1990) records from the sheltered valleys on the eastern and southern slopes of Gloucester Tops, in the Gloucester, Karuah and Wangat River catchments, at altitudes below 800 m. He notes these occurrences as the southern limit of this suballiance, which probably does not occur elsewhere in the Study Area. There are only two areas of occurrence in State Forest in the area, in Whispering Gully, Chichester SF and on the lower Gloucester River and tributaries (plot NGRFS4), Barrington Tops SF. Plot NDRFS3 is close to the major occurrence described by Floyd at the Wangat River/Bangalow Creekjunction.

FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CffiCHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 18 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW sOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 BARov 6.3 Sloanea woollsii-Schizomeria ovata-Caldcluvia paniculosa (BARus 1; plot NGRFS4.2)

Similar in overall floristic composition to BARov 6.2 but with S. ovata and C. paniculosa prominent in the tall upper canopy and D. sassafras common only in the lower subcanopy. This would also be included in Suballiance 12, and represents the occurrence ofthis suballiance in the lower Gloucester River.

BARov 7 Ceratopetalum apetalum-Doryphora sassafras (BARusl; plots NGCRAOOl, NGGIR002)

Ceratopetalum apetalum is clearly dominant in this moderately tall (up to 30 m) forest occurring as narrow strips along creeks and consisting of patches of closed forest separated by frequent gaps. To a large extent, the present uneven canopy structure is due to past disturbance by logging and fire. Other tree species which occur in both plots, all far less abundant than C. apetalum, include Doryphora sassafras, Daphnandra species A, Caldcluvia paniculosa, Acmena smithii and Schizomeria ovata. Vines abound in canopy gaps and include Cissus hypoglauca, C. antarctica and Parsonsia straminea. There is a sparse to locally very dense ground stratum of the ferns Lastreopsis microsora, L. decomposita and Blechnum cartilagineum.

This community was recorded as small patches «10 ha) along creeks in two widely separate localities, in Giro SF and Craven SF. This community is most similar to Suballiance 35, described above under BARov 2.2, but lacks Acradenia euodiiformis and Orites excelsa, both common species in the stands ofthis suballiance in the Chichester area.

Suballiance 39: Schizomeria-Doryphora-Caldcluvia-Orites was not sampled during the present survey, but is recorded by Floyd from Whispering Gully (Chichester SF) and Wangat River (Barrington Tops NP).

BARov 8 Nothofagus moorei-Doryphora sassafras (BARus 8; plots NDRFCl, NGRFC2, NGRFC3, NGRFC4, NDWG008)

This community dominated by N. moorei occurs extensively on the plateau and upper slopes, mostly above 900 m but extending to lower altitudes on the southern slopes. Floristic richness is typically low to very low, sometimes with as few as 15 species of vascular plants in 0.1 ha. D. sassafras is usually common but is absent from some stands. Other canopy species are rare or non-existent in sampled stands. The tree fern Dicksonia antarctica is a conspicuous and ubiquitous component ofthe shrub stratum, often forming dense stands to the exclusion of other species. Ground cover is sparse to very sparse, frequent species being Polystichum australiense, Urtica incisa and Smilax australis. The sedge Uncinia nemoralis is sometimes locally abundant.

This is a very distinctive community which is readily equated to Suballiance 50: Nothofagus­ Doryphora-Orites-Caldcluvia which, ,although very extensive in the area, occurs only on the Barrington and Gloucester Tops and adjacent slopes.

The similar and also fairly extensive Suballiance 51. Nothofagus-Elaeocarpus holopetalus tends to occur at higher altitudes (>1100 m), in sheltered valleys and along creeks (Floyd 1990). It was not sampled during the present survey. It occurs mainly in the Barrington Tops area, but there is also an occurrence at Point Lookout in New England NP.

BARov 9 Elaeocarpus holopetalus-Atherosperma moschatum-Leptospermum polygalifolium (BARus 12; plot NGSTE004)

Low (mostly below 15 m) closed forest occurring as small and usually narrow strips along minor creeks in undulating topography at high altitudes (above 1300 m). The three character species are the dominant upper stratum species, with occasional Acacia melanoxylon and rare tall individuals of Prostanthera lasianthos. Shrubs include Todea barbara, Dicksonia antarctica,

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-eHICHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 19 Coprosma nitida and Olearia oppositifolia. There is a sparse ground cover of Blechnum nudum, B. penna-marina, Gratiola peruviana and Liliaeopsis polyantha.

This community is floristically very similar to the understorey of riparian eucalypt forest which is very widespread as narrow strips along creeks on the plateau, but lacks the eucalypt overstorey. It also has some similarities with Floyd's .Suballiance 51, except for the general absence of Nothofagus. It probably represents an extreme and restricted variant of the latter, on poorly­ drained creek flats which are not sufficiently extensive for the development ofswamps, but which remain too waterlogged to support Nothofagus.

B. MOIST COASTAL EUCALYPT FOREST

BARov 10.1 E. saligna (BARus 1, 4, 6, 7; plots NDMFL1.2, NDMHU2.2, NDWG005, NDWG006, NDWGOI0, NDWGOll, NDWGOI2, NDWGOI7, NGSTEOI0, NGMIllA.3)

Tall open forest or tall woodland dominated by E. saligna with E. acmenoides as a common associate, widespread throughout the survey area at low to mid altitudes but occasionally extending to about 800 m. E. saligna and E. laevopinea are co-dominant in some stands with mesic shrub understorey, but usually occur with a grassy understorey (described below). Other canopy species include E. quadrangulata and Syncarpia glomulifera. There is usually a subcanopy or tall shrub stratum of rainforest species such as Doryphora sassafras, Acmena smithii, Caldcluvia paniculosa, Schizomeria ovata, Cryptocarya glaucescens, C. rigida and C. microneura. Ground cover species are those typical ofrainforest, such as Lomandra spicata, Adiantumformosum, Citriobatus pauciflorus and Gymnostachys anceps. Plot NGSTEOIO is a woodland ofvery tall (55 m) E. saligna over a dense subcanopy ofD. sassafras. At the extreme, E. saligna occurs as scattered, but often very large, emergent trees over a tall (up to 25-30 m) rainforest, and this community grades into rainforest. Plot NGMIllA is a heavily logged plot which probably would have been included in thi!! community prior to logging.

This community is readily equated to Forest Type 46 and H&B association EFO 11a E. saligna. Some stands, with a high proportion of E. quadrangulata, match EFOllc E. saligna­ E. quadrangulata. E. quadrangulata is occasionally dominant, usually in small patches of <1 ha. These stands were not sampled, being otherwise similar to surrounding forest, but could be recognized as a separate community equivalent to Forest Type 54. They would be included under EF702a by Hager & Benson.

BARov 12 E. largeana-E. acmenoides (BARus 7, 9; plots NGDLB072, NGDLB073)

Open forest, widespread in, but virtually restricted to, Copeland Tops SF. The most frequent and common associated canopy species are E. acmenoides and E. biturbinata, but on moister sites with more well-developed mesophytic shrub understorey, E. saligna and Syncarpia glomulifera become more common, grading into BARov 10.1 E. saligna. On more sheltered sites, as represented by these two plots, there is a moderately dense tall shrub and small tree understorey including Acacia irrorata, Diospyros australis, Synoum glandulosum, Rhodamnia rubescens, Guioa semiglauca and Senna odorata.

This community is included in association EF700a E. largeana.

BARov 17.2 E. laevopinea-Lophostemon confertus (BARus 7; plot NGBOWOOl)

An unusual stand which appears to be transitional between Moist Coastal Eucalypt and Escarpment Eucalypt forest, recorded at a single location in Bowman SF. It includes E. microcorys, E. acmenoides and E. quadrangulata as canopy associates and has a dense tall shrub/small tree understorey dominated by Guioa semiglauca.

FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CillCHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 20 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 BARov 21 E. campanulata (BARus 6, 8) (plots NDWG002, NDWG003, NDWG004, NDWG007, NDWG009)

E. campanulata mostly occurs with a sclerophyll shrub or grassy understorey, but in Whispering Gully catchment it occurs extensively with a dense, tall mesic small tree and tall shrub understorey, often associated with E. saligna. Widespread and abundant species include Caldcluvia paniculosa, Tristaniopsis collina, Archirhodomyrtus beck/eri, Schizomeria ovata, Cryptocarya glaucescens and C. rigida. Nothofagus moorei is locally common at higher altitudes, and Callicoma serratifolia is locally abundant in plot NGWG007. Ground cover is normally sparse, with Sticherus lobatus and Hibbertia dentata being almost ubiquitous, but Blechnum wattsii and Lomandra longifolia are sometimes locally common and form dense ground cover patches. Although this overstorey is typical of the very widespread and weIl­ conserved EF505a, and most individual understorey species are common and widespread, the combination appears unique in the survey area.

C. DRY COASTAL EUCALYPT FOREST

BARov 10.1 E. saligna (BARu~ 17; plots NGDHU4.1, NGGIROO 1, NGMFU2.1; plot NGWGO 13 is BARus 18)

This overstorey community is described above as a wet sclerophyll forest. It also commonly occurs with a grassy understorey, on slightly drier, more exposed or more frequently-burnt sites. E. saligna is clearly dominant in many areas, but often also occurs as co-dominant with E. laevopinea. The latter is worthy of recognition as a separate community, although it didn't appear as such in the analysis adopted. It is a widespread community in the Mount Royal area and would be expected to occur commonly in the Boonabilla Creek catchment, which was sampled at low intensity. Plot NGGIROOl has a component of E. quadrangulata. The understorey is a moderate to dense grassy ground cover dominated by Poa labillardieri, Lomandra longifolia and Pteridium esculentum with only scattered shrubs, often of Acacia maidenii. The herb Senecio amygdalifolius is common in the recently burnt plot NGGIR001.

Plot NDMHU3 is probably closest to this community but is a very mixed stand including E. saligna, E. quadrangulata, E. canaliculata and E. campanulata.

This community readily equates to EFOlla E. saligna, or where E. laevopinea is co-dominant, EFOlle E. laevopinea-E. saligna. These are included under Forest Types 46 and 168 respectively.

BARov 11.1 E. acmenoides-Allocasuarina torulosa (BARus 17; plotNDMHL2)

This community is a moister-phase Dry Coastal Eucalypt type, transitional with Moist Coastal Eucalypt, which is fairly widespread on slightly drier and/or more frequently-burnt sites in the Chichester and adjacent catchments. E. acmenoides is co-dominant with E. microcorys, with E. propinqua and E. saligna as associates. The understorey is a mosaic of grass and herb ground cover with ferns and mesic vine and shrub thickets. Common species are Imperata cylindrica, Calochlaena dubia, Cissus antarctica, C. hypoglauca and Tetrastigma nitens.

Plot NDMFUl is dominated by E. acmenoides, E. saligna and E. campanulata. It is probably closest to this community but is transitional with BARov 21 E. campanulata.

This community could be included in H&B EF095b E. acmenoides-E. propinqua or as a variant ofEF095d E. acmenoides-E. tereticomis-A. torulosa.

STATE FORESTS OFNEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-emCHESTER MANAGEMENT FORESTRESOURCESSERmSNO.34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 21 BARov 11.2 E. acmenoides-E. tereticornis-Allocasuarina torulosa (BARus 17; plots NGCONOO I, NGLEA004)

Open forest to woodland which was recorded only from drier slopes in Coneac SF and leasehold lands on Yellowkok Mountain, but undoubtedly is more widespread in drier habitats at low to moderate altitudes. Plot NGCONOOl included only the three character species in the canopy stratum, plus occasional E. campanulata. E. canaliculata and E. quadrangulata were additional overstorey species in plot NGLEA004, with occasional E. eugenioides outside the plot. Within the State Forest it has a typically dry forest grassy understorey dominated by Themeda australis and Imperata cylindrica, although the naturalized herb Sigesbeckia orientalis is also abundant. The recently burnt leasehold land has more varied ground cover dominants, including T. australis, Poa labillardieri, Scutellaria humilis, Desmodium varians and Dichondra repens.

This community matches EF095b E. acmenoides-E. tereticomis-Allocasuarina torulosa.

BARov 12 E. largeana-E. acmenoides (BARus 16, 17; plots NGDLB067, NGDLB074)

This overstorey community is described above under Moist Coastal Eucalypt forest. It also occurs commonly with a grassy and herbaceous ground cover on drier ridge and upper slope sites in the same area of Copeland Tops SF. The understorey of plot NGDLB067 is at the drier extreme and is dominated by the grasses Imperata cylindrica, Themeda australis and Poa labillardieri and herbs Desmodium brachypodum, D. varians and Senecio amygdalifolius. Plot NGDLB074 is a moister, less recently burnt site and includes a tall shrub component ofAcacia irrorata, Synoum glandulosum and Trochocarpa laurina.

BARov 13.1 E. carnea-Allocasuarina torulosa (BARus 17; plots NDDHL2.3, NDDHU3.2)

Open forest dominated by E. camea with a subcanopy, sometimes sparse, ofA. torulosa and occasional Angophora floribunda. Associated canopy species include E. saligna, E. propinqua and Syncarpia glomulifera. This community is restricted to low altitudes on ridges and slopes on sediments and metasediments, in the southern and south-eastern parts ofthe survey area. There is typically a moderate to dense grassy understorey with scattered low shrubs. Imperata cylindrica is usually dominant, with other common species being Microlaena stipoides, Entolasia marginata, Cymbopogon refractus, Sorghum leiocladum and Pratia purpurascens. This community is most similar to EF097a E. camea or EF097b E. camea-E. propinqua, although E. propinqua occurs in only one plot and as a minor component.

BARov 13.2 E. carnea-E. maculata (BARus 17; plots NDDHL1.2, NDDUN001, NGCRA002)

Open forest restricted to low altitudes on sediments and metasediments, mostly in Craven, Avon River and Dungog SFs and nearby areas. E. maculata is co-dominant with E. camea, invariably with a species of ironbark as less common associate. The ironbark species varies, E. siderophloia probably being most widespread but E. paniculata and E. placita were recorded in plots NDDHLl and NGCRA002 respectively. E. moluccana was recorded only in Dungog SF and does not appear to achieve prominence in any stand. Shrubs are usually sparse. Persoonia linearis is a frequent species. Common ground cover species are Imperata cylindrica, Pratia purpurascens, Dianella caerulea, Entolasia marginata, Lagenifera stipitata and Lomandra longijolia.

This community is closest to EF040fE. maculata-E. camea. It is covered by Forest Types 70 or 74. Stands clearly or solely dominated by E. maculata are probably rare in the area.

FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CffiCHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 22 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOlITH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 BARov 14 Allocasuarina torulosa-E. tereticornis-E. eugenioides (BARus 17; plots NDDHU1, NDDHU2, NGDHlA, NGLEA002; NGLEA003 is BARus 19)

Mostly open forest to woodland of variable composition, characterized by the prominence of A. torulosa as a subcanopy, and occurring most extensively at low altitudes in the Boonabilla catchment, but also in some parts of Coneac, Giro and Bowman SFs and some leasehold areas. Typical overstorey species are E. tereticornis, E. eugenioides, E. biturbinata and, occasionally E. saligna and E. acmenoides. At the scale of 0.1 ha sample plots, only a few ofthese eucalypt species are present, but all usually occur in the surrounding area at the scale ofseveral hectares. Angophora subvelutina is usually common in the subcanopy. Plot NGDHL4 is slightly atypical in being dominated by E. saligna.

This community appears to be a variant ofEF050e E. tereticornis-E. eugenioides.

BARov 15 E. melliodora-E. eugenioides-E. tereticornis (BARus 17; plot NGBAR007)

Woodland on steep to precipitous, often rocky, north-facing slopes at mid altitudes, recorded only from the north-eastern part of Barrington Tops SF. Sparse shrub layer. Dense grassy ground cover clearly dominated by Themeda australis, Cymbopogon refractus and Lomandra longifolia.

This community is broadly similar to EF050b E. tereticornis-E. melliodora, or EF050f E. tereticornis-E. propinqua-E. eugenioides-E. melliodora.

BARov 16 E. propinqua-E. carnea (BARus 17; plot NGLEA005)

This was recorded only on a small isolated area ofleasehold near Wapra, where it occupied the vast majority ofthe lease area. E. propinqua is dominant over most ofthe area, with E. carnea as the most common associate and E. intermedia extensive but less common. E. moluccana is locally common in a few small patches. This is a dense regrowth stand resulting from heavy logging or most likely, past clearing, estimated at 30-50 years previously. E. propinqua was not observed as a major component of any stand in State Forest. As virtually none of the early stumps still exist, it is uncertain to what extent the current stand composition has been altered from that existing prior to clearing.

BARov 17.1 E. laevopinea (BARus 16, 17; plots NDMHU4.3, NGLEA001, NGMFL4.1, NGMFU3.4, NGSTE007)

Tall open forest. E. laevopinea is sometimes solely dominant, but usually occurs with other species as minor associates. E. quadrangulata is a common associate. Less frequent are E. saligna, E. campanulata, E. nobilis and E. obliqua. Stands in which E. laevopinea is co­ dominant with E. cypellocarpa occur over a relatively limited area on the western slopes of the plateau, at about 800-950 m altitude in Stewarts Brook SF. These are grouped with this community (plot NGSTE009) but could be considered separately. The understorey is a dense grassy and herbaceous ground cover with scattered mesophytic shrubs, with the latter becoming prominent in some moister sites. There is often a subcanopy ofAllocasuanna torulosa and/or Acacia irrorata. Smaller shrubs include Synoum glandulosum and Rhodamnia rubescens. Frequent and often common ground cover species are Hibbertia denfata, Dianella caerulea, Doodia aspera, Lomandra longifolia, Hibbertia scandens, Viola hederadea, Dichondra repens, Ptendium esculentum and Desmodium vanans.

This community is generally equivalent to EF479a E. laevopinea. Plot NGHGU3, in which E. obliqua is a minor associate, may be referable to EF475g E. obliqua-E. laevopinea. Based on survey data, these two species rarely co-occur within the same stands in the Study Area. Plot NGSTE009, mentioned above, may belong to EF418a E. cypellocarpa. Stands containing E. cypellocarpa and E. macrorhyncha were recorded near the western boundary of Stewarts

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUfH WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-ClllCHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUfH WALES 23 Brook SF north ofthe Dingo Gate, during recent NPWS surveys ofthe area (S. Griffiths, pers. comm.). No similar stands were observed elsewhere in the survey area.

BARov 21 E. campanulata (BARus 17; plots NDDHL3.3, NDMFU4.3, NDMHL3.3, NGBAROI2; plot NGBAROOl IS BARus 19)

This is a very extensive overstorey community at mid altitudes. E. campanulafa is usually clearly dominant, sometimes exclusively so. Frequent associate canopy species are E. saligna and E. cameronii, normally forming a minor component. This includes a very wide range of understorey communities, the moist extremes ofwhich are described above, but most frequently, in regularly burnt areas, is a low grassy and herbaceous ground cover with only scattered shrubs. An understorey typical ofCoastal Dry Hardwood occurs at lower altitudes, with common species being Imperafa cylindrica, Desmodium varians, Poa labillardieri and Pferidium esculenfum. Other understorey communities are described under plateau grassy forest or heath forest, below. On moister sites or at the higher end of the altitudinal range, there is a grassy ground cover of Poa sieberiana, typical ofplateau forests.

This community matches EF505a E. campanulafa, although stands with a small proportion of E. cameronii may match EF505b E. campanulafa-E. cameronii. It would be included in Forest Type 163.

Other communities not sampled.

E. canaliculata-E. eugenioides A small « 1Oha) patch was recorded at low altitude in the south-west of Stewarts Brook SF, near Bameys Gunyah Road. Similar stands are expected to occur in parts ofBoonabilla catchment. .

D. PLATEAU GRASSY EUCALYPT FOREST

BARov 17.1 E. laevopinea (BARus 18, 19; plots NGHGU3.3, NGSTE009)

BARov 17.1 is described above under Coastal Dry forest, but it is extensive at intermediate altitudes and at the higher end of the range is associated with a plateau grassy understorey dominated by Poa sieberiana, Desmodium varians, Leucopogon lanceolatus and Pferidium esculentum.

BARov 18 E. obliqua (BARus 18, 19; plots NGBAR004, NGHGLl.l, NGHGU1.2, NGHHL1.3, NGHHL2.3, NGHHU2.3, NGSTE002; NGMFL3.1 is BARus 17)

Very extensive on the plateau. E. obliqua is usually clearly dominant and unlogged'stands characteristically have a very high standing basal area. Other canopy species, which form a minor component, include E. campanulafa, E. cameronii, E. nobilis and E. laevopinea. Banksia infegriJolia is often common as a subcanopy species. Almost invariably with a low grass and herb understorey, common and frequent species being Poa spp., Pferidium esculentum, Hydrocotyle laxij1ora, Lomandra longiJolia, Viola hederacea and Geranium pOfenfilloides. Occasional shrubs such as Coprosma quadrifida are often present. In more sheltered sites, there may be'a dense fern ground cover, ofBlechnum waffsii and Sficherus lobatus, and shrubs such as Tasmannia sfipifafa may be abundant. On the most mesic sites, mesomorphic shrubs become more prominent, grading into Plateau Shrubby Forest.

This community matches EF475a E. obliqua.

FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 24 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTII WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 BARov 19.1 E.fastigata . (BARus 19; plots NDHHU1.2, NGBAR008, NGHGL2.l, NGHGL4.1, NGHGU2.2, NGHGU4.3, NGHHU3.3, NGHHU4.3, NGRMM, NGSGM3.3, NGDLB086)

The most extensive community between 1200 m and 1500 m altitude, but occasionally occurring down to 1000 m. Associated canopy species include E. obliqua, E. dalrympleana .ssp. dalrympleana, E. dalrympleana ssp. heptantha, E. nobilis and E. pauciflora. These are mostly a minor component' but E. obliqua or E. dalrympleana or both may'be co-dominant with E. fastigata. Isolated individuals of Banksia integrifolia, Acacia meianoxylon or Nothofagus moorei may occur as subcanopy trees. These and other small trees and shrubs become more frequent on more sheltered sites, grading into Group F described below. This community typically has a dense grassy understorey dominated by Poa sieberiana, with a sparse to dense shrub stratum of Acacia dealbata 2-5 m tall and often, scattered small thickets of Smilax australis. Lomandra longifolia is often locally common and occurs in most sites. Other frequent but less abundant ground cover species include Hydrocotyle laxijlora, Pteridium esculentum, Microlaena stipoides, Pratia pedunculata, Glycine clandestina, Dichondra repens and Viola hederacea.

This community has similarities to EF475e E. obliqua-E. fastigata, EF477a E. fastigata and EF477c E. fastigata-E. nobilis, and several sampled stands would readily fall within one or other association. However, stands in which E. fastigata is clearly dominant are the most extensive, Forest Type 154 matches this communi~.

BARov 20 E. nobilis, described below, normally occurs in moister sites and has a mesic shrub understorey, but plot NGSTEOO 1 is on a steep exposed slope, dominated by E. nobilis and E. laevopinea, and has a grassy understorey.

BARov 22 E. dalrympleana ssp. dalrympleana-E. paucijlora (BARus 19; plots NGDLB093, NGSGM1.3, NGSGM2.3, NGSGM4.3, NGSTE005)

Extensive on low crests and slopes on the plateau above 1300 m altitude. Both species are usually present, but either may be locally dominant. The proportion of E. pauciflora tends to increase at higher altitudes or towards cold-air drainage depressions. E. stellulata is occasionally present and rarely may be locally common, but other canopy species are usually absent. The understorey is a dense sward of Poa sieberiana, often with scattered individuals or localized thickets ofAcacia dealbata. Other frequent ground cover species, which normally are a minor component, are Pteridium esculentum, Dichondra repens, Glycine clandestina, Helichrysum scorpioides and Pratia pedunculata.

This is a good match for EF41lc E. pauciflora-E. dalrympleana ssp. dalrympleana, or where E. pauciflora is dominant, EF41la E. pauciflora. Occasional stands in which E. stellulata is common match EF41lb E. pauciflora-E. stellulata. It is included in Forest Types 138 or 140, depending on the relative dominance ofthe two characteristic canopy species.

E. PLATEAU RIPARIAN AND SHRVBBY OPEN FOREST

BARov 19.2 Acacia dealbata-E. fastigata (BARus10; plot NGDLB090)

This plot is representative of fairly extensive patches, mostly on the western slopes in Stewarts Brook SF, which appear to have experienced two major fires in close succession, the last in about 1968, and are dominated by even-aged regrowth of Acacia dealbata with a few scattered E. fastigata. These stands have low floristic richness and sparse understorey. Surrounding forests are ofeucalypt regrowth with A. dealbata understorey and may have been burnt at lower intensity.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORASURVEY.GLOUCESTER-cHICHESTER~AGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 25 BARov 20 E. nobilis (BARus 4; plots NGBAR002)

On some· creeks, e. nobilis is locally dominant, usually with E. obliqua or E. laevopinea, in narrow bands along lower slopes, between about 800 and 1300 m altitude. There is a moderately dense shrub/small tree or subcanopy stratum, common species being Banksia integrifolia, Pomaderris argyrophylla or Doryphora sassafras. Ferns such as Sficherus lobatus, Calochlaena dubia and Dennstaedfia davallioides are common in the ground layer.

Communities BARov 18 (plots NGBAR013, NGDLB091, NGHIll3.3, NGSTE006), 19 (plots NGRMU, NGDLB088, NGSTE003), 21 (plot NGHHL4.3) and 22 (plot NGDLB087) have a mesic shrub understoreyon sheltered slopes and along creeks. In the former habitat, very dense stands of Dicksonia antarcfica often dominate the understorey over extensive areas, to the exclusion of most other species. Distinctive patches with a closed subcanopy of Prostanthera lasianthos and very sparse ground cover occur generally along creeks and on slopes in parts of Stewarts Brook SF. P. lasianthos and Pomaderris argyrophylla commonly occur in narrow strips along creeks at high altiudes on the plateau. Other common tall shrub/small tree species in these habitats include Ozothamnus dendroideus, Leptospermum polygalifolium, Callistemon ?pallidus, Atherosperma moschatum, Nothofagus moorei, Elaeocarpus holopetalus and Tasmannia purpurascens.

Other communities not sampled:

E. nitens-:E. fastigata - tall to very tall open forest of restricted extent on the upper eastern slopes. It often occurs over a dense, tall subcanopy ofNothofagus moorei.

Casuarina cunninghamii - tall open forest of Casuarina cunninghamii occurs as a gallery forest in a narrow band along the lower parts of Boonabilla Creek and Allyn River. It is associated with a grassy understorey in the former, but a well developed rainforest understorey in the latter.

F. HEATH FOREST, LOW FOREST AND SHRUBLAND

This is a disparate group of forest and shrubland communities in which sclerophyll shrubs are a prominent component. A few shrublands, often with scattered small trees, occur as isolated, small patches on rock outcrops throughout the area, especially on granite substrates. Individual patches seldom exceed about 5 ha in area, and most are much less. Patch composition varies greatly. Floristic communities are described below.

BARov 21 E. campanulata is described above with mesophyll or grassy understorey, but exposed slopes and ridges with shallow soils on sediments or metasediments usually support a Iow sclerophyll shrub understorey clearly dominated by Oxylobium ilicifolium (plots NDMFL2, NGBAR003). On precipitous rocky slopes with skeletal soil in Mernot SF it is occasionally associated with BARus 21 dominated by Leptospermum polygalifolium, Phebalium elafius ssp. beckleri and Lepidosperma lineare.

BARov 23 Acacia diphylla (plot NGGIR004)

Open forest/woodland up to 15 m tall, dominated by A. diphylla, on precipitous rocky slopes in Giro SF.

FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 26 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 BARus 9 Dodonaea viscosa-Backhousia sciadophora (plot NGGIR005)

This conununity shares some species with BARov 4 and in some ways represents a variant in an extreme, exposed, very rocky habitat. It is included here because overall, it is floristically distinct from rainforest conununities, although there are some shared elements. It occupies the steepest, rockiest parts ofthe slope, with stunted but floristically fairly typical BARov 4 downslope. It is a shrublandllow forest up to 10 m tall. Conunon upper stratum species are D. viscosa, B. sciadophora, Bursaria spinosa, Notelaea longifolia and Myoporum montanum.

BARus 11 Ozothamnus diosmifolius-Gonocarpus oreophilus (plot NGWG015)

A small patch ofless than 5 ha restricted tq a single rock outcrop in Whispering Gully catchment. There are scattered emergent E. acmenoides up to 15 m tall over a moderately dense shrubland of 0. diosmifolius, Acacia irrorata, Gonocarpus oreophilus and Zieria smithii.

BARus 20 Leptospermum variabile-Pomaderris argyrophylla (plot NGBAR006)

Dense shrubland, consisting ofa mosaic ofthickets ofvarying heights (1.5-5 m), with little bare rock and scattered taller trees (to 12 m) of Hakea salicifolia, Exocarpos cupressiformis and Eucalyptus nobilis. The most abundant shrubs are L. variabile, P. argyrophylla and Micrantheum hexandrum. Other less conunon species include Phebalium sp., Leucopogon lanceolatus, Monotoca scoparia and Hovea longifolia. This is the only patch ofthis conununity seen during the survey, but it probably also occupies other rock outcrops in the general vicinity, shown on forest type maps but not inspected. Taller shrublandsllow closed forest occur in this general area, scattered throughout the extensive areas ofNothofagus rainforest. These are up to 15 m tall, variously dominated by mixtures ofPomaderris argyrophylla, Trochocarpa sp. aff. laurina, Prostanthera lasianthos, Leptospermum variabile or low N moorei. Individual patches seldom cover more than a few hectares and are usually associated with shallow soil over rock. L. variabile tends to be dominant in the rockiest, more exposed sites. Smaller patches of P. argyrophylla orP. lasianthos also occur along very rocky creek banks.

BARus 21 Hibbertia aff. linearis-Leptospermum variabile (plots NGDLB109, NGDLB1l1)

Shrubland with E. campanulata emergents, on very steep rocky slope, recorded only as a few small patches in Mernot SF. Other common species include Plectranthus graveolens, Danthonia longifolia and Lepidosperma lineare.

BARus 22 Pomaderris helianthemifolia-Westringia eremicola (plot NGSTE008)

This coriununity is only known from a small patch (2-3 hectares) on a steep, exposed slope on a granite outcrop, on the western slope ofthe plateau at 940 m altitude. It consists ofa mosaic of bare rock and very dense shrub thickets up to 2.5 m tall, with scattered stunted eucalypts (E. campanulata, E. quadrangulata) to 12 m tall. P. helianthemifolia and W. eremicola are clearly dominant, with other species being uncommon to rare. These two species occurred fairly conunonly as understorey species in the surrounding E. campanulata open forest, but were not otherwise recorded elsewhere in the survey area. P. helianthemifolia is rare in New South Wales, the only other recorded location being Walcha district to the north.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CIDCHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 27 G. PLATEAU WET HEATH AND SEDGELAND

Extensive areas ofmostly treeless wet heath and sedgeland occur in drainage depressions on undulating plateau topography.

BARus 13 Lomandra longijolia-Juncus alexandri ssp. melanobasis (plot NGBAR005)

This community is typical of a few minor drainage depressions of limited extent among open forest. Dense sedgeland up to 1.5 m tall with rare stunted trees and small shrubs. Apart from the two character species, common species are Bulbine bulbosa, Gratiola peruviana and Epilobium gunnianum. The sampled patch was near an apparently previously cleared area and may have suffered previous disturbance by grazing and partial clearing of surrounding forest. Certainly Lomandra longifolia is abundant in such sites, and the presence ofthe naturalized grass Holcus lanatus is further evidence ofpast disturbance.

BARns 23 Restio stenocoleus-Leptospermum argenteum (plots NGDLB089, NGDLB092, NGSTE011)

This is the characteristic community of the extensive drainage depressions at high altitudes (mostly over 1200 m) on Barrington Tops plateau. It is a complex mosaic of small patches, mostly <1.5 m tall, variously dominated by R. sfenocoleus, L. argenfeum, Epacris microphylla ssp. rhombifolia, Eleocharis gracilis, Carex gaudichaudiana or Scirpus polysfachyus. Low turfs of Juncus sandwifhii and Isolepis crassiuscula are sometimes extensive. Eleocharis sphacelafa dominates areas offree water 10-30cm deep.

E. sfellulafa and E. pauciflora occur as scattered stands on slightly elevated hummocks among and around the perimeter ofthese swamps.

FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 28 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 5. LOGGING IMPACT

Appendix 1 summarizes the distribution of each species among logging history categories. Strict inferences regarding logging impact on individual species are not possible from this or any survey where pre-Iogging cIata are lacking, because logging treatments were not applied in an experimentally controlled manner, and a range of other site factors may determine distribution of species among the plots sampled. However, the results do give a broad indication of logging impact if this deficiency is recognized and considered.

Ofme approximately 770 species recorded from survey plots, about 180 were recorded only from non­ commercial vegetation types (rainforest, shrubland and sedgeland). The remaining 590 species (approximately) occurred in either logged areas or ID vegetation types which were potentially able to be logged. The differences in occurrence of individual species among logging categories was tested by doing a Fisher's Exact Test on frequencies ofoccurrence in logged and unIogged plots. Details ofthese tests are given in Siegel (1956). These tests were meaningful only for those species which occurred in at least five plots. Of the 590 species, 228 were in that category. The majority of species (the remaining 360) were recorded at too Iowa frequency to allow any valid statistical assessment ofimpact. Of the 228 species which were tested, 204 showed no significant response in frequency of occurrence (at p=0.05), 22 (including one naturalized weed) occurred at significantly greater frequency in logged plots and two were significantly more frequent in unIogged but loggable plots.

Relationships among plots resulting from the ordination give an indication of impact on overall plant community composition. If logging impact on floristic composition was major relative to spatial variation, logged plots would be expected to be grouped together in a cluster which was discrete from the unlogged plots, or at least display a strong clustering pattern. Scatterplots derived from the ordination of the two major floristic groups are shown in Figures 4 and 5. In both cases there is no obvious influence of logging on overall floristic composition, logged plots being within the range of variation ofunIogged plots.

Logged plots have a floristic richness which is significantly greater than unlogged plots, overall. Median richness for unIogged plots which sample areas potentially able to be logged (n=59) is 47 species per 0.1 ha plot. For logged plots (n=23) it is 53 species per plot. Plots which sample areas which are impractical to log (rainforest, shrubland, sedgeland and woodland with no commercial timber) had a median richness of45 (n=41), similar to that ofareas potentially able to be logged. A total of408 species was recorded from logged plots and 503 from unIogged plots. Three hundred and seven species were recorded in both logged and unIogged but loggable plots. A total of 196 species were recorded from unIogged plots which could potentially be logged, but not from logged plots.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SmITH WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 29 w o

2::"" G15 l;;~ • 00 ~~ ~~ ~~ Gl§ 9(') °trl .Zoo..., Ztrl trl::<:, :6h oo:r: 0(') ....\ ••3 ••••••••••• 'S'••••••-a•• ;:jg; ~., :r: . q ..... \ ?..a~.•S".a••• oo ~~;' 1, ...... v .. q • U') ... . . :6"" __ ci ...... "I' 1 " S"" 3 \. l 3 ...... ~~ .:f"'.-a 1 \ ...... ~ ~ ~ \ ... ~ trlS:: f" .' . .. oo~ ".'l' .•... 3 3 .... "I' \ '~(\ -I It! ! 3 3 \ It! .' ':s 0 : 3 '. ,,1 3 1 \ 1,/ "''''' '\ . ' 3 o 3;' .1.. ~- ('" 3 ....'lo \ ..? ..' ~ \,' 1! 3 3 3 •••••••~\\\ 3 3.... ':'-.:'" •.' ••••.. \'. 3 ...... 1 \. '" •••••••••• • ••• '"1'. • 3 \:' o ''8. •••• :1;'••, ':(. } ••, ~ ~ '\ ~ .... q N CO) ~ ••.•••••••.•••••:i3 ••••• i~' ~ ~/ ...... ci ••••• 3 •••• 3 .... .::••• ••••• : j, ..., .!!l 3 3 '\ : C? 0 .!!l 1:··········· : ::: : y .~.~ •••• 1/ 1 .:.;/- "'1 ~ It! 3.•.•.__3 3 ! ..:3 .!!l ~ .... '" 3 .... z ••' ~ 2's:~::) <;> ...... l' •..•... :i..... ··., '.. \, ,..... 1 : \. ~':::•• ~ It! 1. ••••••••••••••••'S" •• , ••••••••••• S'•••••• •• It! <;> ''S~t: 1 <;> .•.•• .'8".... 1 \ '. ~ \ ...... , q ". \.. 1: , ".~ \, ... 0 , "'...... ~- ••••• 1 1 \ 00 \ 1 1 1 ~ ...... : ••••". 1 ...\ ".'...... 1.... i . , g ". •••• :t•••• ""trl ' ...... : 0.." .. It!... It! ::<:'0 ...... ~ . """4 ..., ······.t.············· ~Gl ""00 ·1.0 ·0.5 0.0 ;.:l..., 0.5 ·1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 trloo ·1.5 ·1.0 ·0.5 0.0 0.5 000 axis 1 axis 1 0.." axis 2 ~z ~~ 0000 000 trl;:j ~:r: Figure 4. Scatterplot of hybrid MDS co-ordinates for wet sclerophyll and rainforest plots. 00:6 Logging category for each plot is shown, as: I = unlogged, loggable; 2 = logged>IOyr; 3 = rainforest. ~~ wtrl Dashed lines are polygons (convex hulls) enclosing all points for each logging category. .1>-00 'Tj00 O>-l ~~ OOtll >-l'Tj ~O 000OO~ ~~ (')0 tIl'Tj OOz OOtll tIl~ ~OO tIl O z~ P=r: ~::E .-1 ,II' .' ,"- ...,...••...... ••······1 ••-1 III ' ;t······· .2.1 5 ... . . ••••~•••••"l "• # ••••• ,# '\ q- ..( q t.••••••••..• 1 .: i! ... ; . ... .' . ~•••, 1 •••• q ...... :::02...... \ ./ ...•. 2.······················· ". : ... ,. :...... \, (' : 1 1 ',,: ...: 1..••• 1 It) It) r' \ ". ; .1<.2'" ••••'? \, /! 1 2 1 .~1 d d -I ~ 11 : 11 'f, • 1 2 , " .,~222 •• ...- 1 1 ;\ '.? It) ... ! r 1 :1 , ... 1 1:':: j •••• fl (\Id // \ 1 , ;1 " 1 1 , 11 (') .. : 1 •• .'...... 2: .l!! 1 2 1 1 1 f : ", ... \ 1 ". ... 1 ! 1: 1\ / (') " r .. ~ ~ ....' ....1 1 : : .saq ~ ... '1 / .... 00 ~ 0 " 1 : .":1' 1 1 ?-1: .. : 2 :.' ~~ ... : 2 : ". ~-11,,'1 •••• 2 2 :: ": ~ 1, /\ ... \ 1 1 : ':t 21 ;I ...; , t.. '. 1 2 : . • , 1 1 1 1 .' • ... •••••• ...... ~ "', \11 1: T : 1 ...... 1 1 2:" .': ... \ 1 1 : ••••• ~.~ :,: ./' ~ It) It) "" , ...... '" '. 1?li' Ill-j i' : 2 / 2 : •• 'I. 2' .' ~~ 9- ~·············· 9 • !L ~ • .' . 0 ······:··.1... ..1· .I 9 :!". :2 1 f , , ~ ~ ".' 1 1 • '.'. " . (')e:: ••••••• 1 1 11 :' ",••••••• 2 2.··· 2 : \ .. 1 1 •••-t' !i(') ./ q >-l~ ...... / q 21·····J ..., ~- t·... 1'" ••... 2 ... \:1"" , :::~.~, i::'t;j 1-••••••{ / '~~~~':J;::::'::"""""'"\ . F:;<:, .'2'••••• I 2""'" ~@ ·1.0 ·0.5 0.0 0.5 ·1.0 ·0.5 0.0 0.5 I -(')0­ axis 1 ·1.0 ·0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 O=r: axis 1 .z ~ axis 2 Z>-l tIltll ::E~ oo~ §~ Figure 5. Scatterplot of hybrid MDS co-ordinates for dry sclerophyll plots. =r:~ Logging category for each plot is shown, as: 1 = unlogged, loggable; 2 = logged>1Oyr. ~~ ~~ Dashed lines are polygons (convex hulls) enclosing all points for each logging category. w- DISC USSION

1. SIGNIFICANTPLANTSPECIES

Species listed by Briggs and Leigh (1995) for which the known range overlaps or is close to the Study Area, and for which known habitats occur in State Forests ofthe Study Area, are considered below, with a description of occurrence within the area where records exist, and an estimate of likelihood of occurrence based on known habitats, where there are no records. Species currently considered or likely to be ofconservation significance at a regional or national level are listed below. Except where another source is cited, codes and occurrence in reserves are those given by Briggs and Leigh (1995). Unless otherwise indicated, comments on overall distribution and habitat are taken from Harden (1990, 1991, 1992, 1993). Distribution within the survey area is derived from records from the present survey, records in the NPWS ROTAP database and published records. In addition to the species listed below, there is likely to be a considerable number ofspecies which are rare or restricted in the Study Area, but otherwise common or widespread. Three former ROTAP species, Adenochilus nortonii, Dodonaea megazyga, and Papillilabium beckleri, are not included below because they are no longer considered rare or threatened. During recent survey a specimen was collected from Whispering Gully catchment which vegetatively is closest to Marsdenia liisae (3RC-). This requires further investigation.

.(aJ .Nationally significant species

Acacia barringtonensis 3RCa Distribution: Disjunctly distributed along the tablelands, from Barrington Tops north to at least Gibraltar Range. Habitat: Dry sclerophyll forest and woodland, usually near streams or on swamp margins. Occurrence in reserves: Barrington Tops NP, Gibraltar Range NP, Werrikimbe NP. Occurrence in survey area: Widespread and locally common on Barrington Tops plateau, mainly above 1200 m altitude, as patches in grassy forest, and in shrubby forest along creeks. It was recorded in six plots during recent survey. It appears to be most common along creeks and in E. pauciflora communities. Response to disturbance: In common with other species of acacia, it would be expected to regenerate . prolifically from soil-stored seed following moderate to high intensity fire or soil disturbance. Repeated disturbance at intervals less than the maturation age (about five to eight years) would deplete soil-stored seed reserves and may locally reduce or eliminate populations. Notes: This species is locally abundant in a number of secure re~erves. It is doubtfully assessed as 'rare'.

Chiloglottis palachila 3RC- Distribution: This recently described, summer-flowering species is known from only from Sunny Corner near Bathurst, Barrington Tops, New England NP and Mount Kaputar. Habitat: It has been recorded at altitudes ofabout 1500 m in the rainforest-eucalypt forest ecotone on basalt-derived soils, often near creeks (Jones 1991). Occurrence in reserves: Barrington Tops NP, Mount Kaputar NP, New England NP. Occurrence in survey area: It was not recorded during the present survey, but is known to occur in Barrington Tops SF (Jones 1991). Response to disturbance: A high degree of resilience to damage is conferred by its geophytic habit, which allows regrowth from underground tubers. Other Chiloglottis species appear early in post­ fire regrowth, appear to be able to survive moderate degrees ofsoil displacement and can colonize roadsides by vegetative spread via underground rhizomes (D. Binns, unpubl. obs.). Notes: This species is probably more widespread than current records indicate, due to previous confusion with other species ofChiloglottis.

FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHlCHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 32 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 Chiloglottis platyptera 2KC:- Distribution: Currently known with certainty only from Barrington Tops plateau. Habitat: Grassy forest on basalt-derived soils (Jones 1991). Occurrence in reserves: Barrington Tops NP. Occurrence in survey area: Not recorded during the pres~nt survey. The type locality is in Stewarts Brook SF, where it is locally common (Jones 1991), but it has not been recorded in SF othem~se. Response to disturbance: As for C. palachila. Notes: A recently described, spring-flowering species. Jones (1991) states that although currently considered endemic to Barrington Tops, it is probably more widespread and has been overlooked due to confusion with other species.

Chionogentias barringtonensis L.G. Adams (Genus novo 8 sp. 15 in Briggs and Leigh 1995) 2RC­ Distribution: Endemic to Barrington Tops area (Adams 1995). Habitat: "Damp, subalpine gnissland and herbfield." (Adams 1995). Occurrence in reserves: Barrington Tops NP. Occurrence in survey area: During the present survey it was recorded as localized and usually ~mall populations in grassy forest and woodland of E. pauciflora, mostly above 1400 m altitude, in Stewarts Brook SF, including Polblue Forest Park. The three specimens cited by Adams (1995) from State Forest are all from Polblue Swamp area. Response to disturbance: One population along Mistake Ridge trail was noted to be mainly on the roadside, including the verges which are periodically graded, suggesting that the species is tolerant of moderate disturbance. It may regenerate more freely where the dense grass sward is temporarily removed and may be favoured by particular disturbance regimes.

Cynanchum elegans 3ECi Distribution: Endemic in central eastern New South Wales, from the Gloucester district to Wollongong and inland to Mount Dangar. Habitat: Predominantly rainforest. Occurrence in reserves: Goulburn River NP, Woko NP and Camels Hump NR. Occurrence in survey area: It has not been recorded from any State Forest in the survey area, but is likely to occur in or near dry rainforest in Giro, Coneac and Bowman SFs.

Diuris venosa 2VC- Distribution: Apart from a few small populations in the New England area, this species occurs only on Barrington Tops plateau, mostly above 1300 m elevation. Habitat: Locally common in swamps and surrounding woodland. Occurrence in reserves: Barrington Tops NP, New England NP. Occurrence in survey area: Known only from a few populations in Stewarts Brook SF. Response to disturbance: It is probably fairly resilient to moderate disturbance due to geophytic habit, but regular removal ofabove ground parts in the main flowering and fruiting period (December to February) would deplete populations. Notes: Large populations are reserved in Barrington Tops NP, but the species is at serious risk oflong­ term decline due to invasion of these areas by Cytisus scoparius and damage caused by feral pigs. Accessible populations in State Forest are undoubtedly regularly illegally harvested by hobbiest orchid collectors, but appear to persist in spite ofthis. It has been suggested (R. Bates, pers. comm.) that populations in frequently visited areas are afforded some protection from damage by pigs, because regular human visitors discourage pig activity.

Eucalyptus largeana 3R (should be 3RC) Distribution: Restricted to the Gloucester-Craven district and near Pokolbin according to Hill (1991), but it has also been reported from west of Kempsey. The latter could be a related but distinct taxon and needs further investigation. Habitat: Mainly in wet forest on slopes in subcoastal ranges. Occurrence in reserves: Copeland Tops FR. Occurrence in survey area: Apart from a single record in the ROTAP database from Paterson River (Chichester SF), within the survey area it is apparently restricted to Copeland Tops SF and is reserved in Copeland Tops FR, where it is common and widespread in both moist and dry forest.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-eHICHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 33 It is also recorded from nearby private property, and private property in the Singleton-Gresford area. Response to distUrbance: Mature trees are resilient to disturbance. Regeneration from seed would be expected following soil disturbance or fire.

Euphrasia ciliolata 2KC- Distribution: Previously recorded from Deepwater to Gloucester Tops, but is regarded as possibly extinct outside the Barrington-Gloucester Tops area (Barker 1992). There is a large number of collections in the National Herbarium of New South Wales from Barrington and Gloucester Tops, mostly from Barrington Tops National Park, but many without detailed locality data. Habitat: This hemiparasitic annual herb occurs in grassy sites, near bogs and in subalpine woodland. Occurrence in reserves: Barrington Tops NP. Occurrence in survey area: Two populations were recorded during recent surveys, both in Barrington Tops SF, in grassy forest and woodland. Each was of small extent, covering no more than several hectares and comprising at least several hundred plants. The ROTAP database includes an additional record from Barrington Tops SF plus several records which are probably within Stewarts Brook SF. Response to disturbance: In the SF populations recorded during recent survey, individuals were most numerous in areas where recent (less than two years previously) soil disturbance had occurred, especially where the road verge had been recently graded, but also in a logged area. Populations appear to persist in particular areas for at least several years. It is possible that regular disturbance may be necessary to maintain high population levels of this species, but the most appropriate regime requires further investigation.

Hibbertia hermanniifolia 3RCa Distribution: Disjunctly distributed from the Tenterfield district (Binns 1995) to north-eastern Victoria. Habitat: Open forest and shrubland, usually on high-quartz substrates (sandstone, quartzite, adamellite) and often on rocky slopes (D. Binns, unpubl. obs.). Occurrence in reserves: Wadbilliga NP, Bents Basin SRA; also proposed reserves in Glen Innes and Tenterfield MAs (Binns 1992, 1995). Occurrence in survey area: Known only from a single small population ofseveral hundred plants on the summit of Monkeycott Bluff, in Vacant Crown Land. A few individuals occur on the adjacent precipitous rocky slope in Memot SF. Response to disturbance: It has been observed to recover vegetatively following logging or low intensity fire in Eden area.

Leptospermum·argenteum 2RC- Distribution: This species is endemic on Barrington Tops plateau. Habitat: It occurs "along watercourses or in swamps, on basaltic soils" (Thompson 1989). Occurrence in reserves: Barrington Tops NP. Occurrence in survey area: During recent survey it was recorded only in swamps and along creeks at high altitudes (above 1200 m) in Stewarts Brook SF, but is often locally abundant. From observations made during the recent survey, the total population in State Forest is estimated at well in excess ofseveral thousand plants. Response to disturbance: Most species ofLepfospermum regenerate from seed following disturbance. Notes: In riparian low forest there appears to be some intergrading with L. polygalijolium ssp. monfanum.

Plantago cladarophylla 2RC- Distribution: Endemic to Barrington and Gloucester Tops plateaux. Habitat: Swamps, streambanks and herbfields. Occurrence in reserves: Barrington Tops NP. Occurrence in survey area: It occurs sporadically in swamps in Stewarts Brook SF, but may be more widespread.

Plantago palustris 2RC- Distribution: Endemic to Barrington and Gloucester Tops plateaux. Habitat: Apparently restricted to swamps.

FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 Occurrence in reserves: Barrington Tops NP. Occurrence in survey area: It was not recorded from State Forest during the recent surveys, but there are several records in the ROTAP database from the area west of Polblue Trig in Stewarts Brook SF. It is likely to occur elsewhere in swamps on the plateau in Stewarts Brook SF.

Plectranthus suaveolens 3KC- Distribution: Widespread but sporadically distributed in north-eastern New South Wales and southern Queensland. Habitat: Rocky, exposed areas. Occurrence in reserves: Banyabba NR, Boonoo Boonoo NP, Gibraltar Range NP, Girraween NP (Q), Queen Mary Falls NP (Q). Occurrence in survey area: Known only from a small population on a rock outcrop in Mernot SF. Response to disturbance: The closely related, but much more abundant P. parvijlorus freely colonizes disturbed areas, and often becomes weedy when cultivated (D. Binns unpubl. obs.). Notes: The distinction between this species and P. parvijlorus is not always clear. Specimens from rock outcrops are usually most distinct, while those from forest habitats elsewhere are generally much more similar to P. parvijlorus.

Pterostylis cucullata 3VCa Distribution: This species occurs mainly in Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia ",~th a single disjunct population on Barrington Tops. Habitat: Moist, sheltered slopes in montane forest. Occurrence in reserves: Reserved only in Barrington Tops NP in New South Wales, but recorded from thirteen reserVes in other States. Occurrence in survey area: Apparently very localized in Barrington Tops NP. It is not recorded from State Forest, but may occur sporadically in suitable habitats. Response to disturbance: Unknown. Notes: It was listed as P. species D by Jones (1993) but is now regarded as not specifically distinct (D.L. Jones,pers. comm.).

Tasmannia glaucifolia 3VCi Distribution: Several disjunct populations, in New England NP, Ben Halls Gap SF and the Barrington Tops area. Habitat: Sampson et. al. (1988) note that it has a localized and patchy ditribution, mainly on basalt­ derived soils, at 1250-1530 m altitude, and is restricted to the vicinity of watercourses, in "Nothofagus f!loorei-Elaeocarpus holopetalus gallery communities or tall Leptospermum jlavescens-Acacia melanoxylon fringing scrub communities." These observations are consistent with results from this survey. Occurrence in reserves: Barrington Tops NP, New England NP. Occurrence in survey area: Widespread on Barrington Tops plateau above 1200 m altitude, but localized, occurring almost exclusively in riparian vegetation.

Tasmannia purpurascens 2VC-t (should be 2RCa) Distribution: This species is restricted to Barrington Tops and Gloucester Tops and Ben Halls Gap SF. Habitat: In Nothofagus moorei forest and eucalypt forest above 1200 m altitude. Occurrence in reserves: Barrington Tops NP. Occurrence in survey area: It is widespread throughout the survey area above 1200 m and often locally abundant, occurring in a wide range of habitats but perhaps most commonly in mesic sites in shrubby eucalypt forest or adjacent to rainforest margins. Response to disturbance: Individuals may be sensitive to damage, but populations appear to readily regenerate from seed following disturbance. During recent survey, it was observed to regenerate successfully on log dump sites and on recently graded roads. Notes: Small seedlings are common among Poa sieberiana in E. dalrympleana forest, but mature plants are very rare in that habitat and the seedlings apparently do not persist.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 35 (b) Other species ofsignificance

Corybas species.A (suggested 2RC (Jones,pers. comm» An undescribedspecies apparently restricted to Barrington Tops, in wet habitats close to streams or in Sphagnum mounds. It is common in the vicinity ofPolblue Swamp in Stewarts Brook SF (Jones,pers. comm.) and also occurs in Barrington Tops NP.

Galium curvihirtum This spe~ies has recently been recorded in Stewarts Brook SF by S. Griffiths (pers. comm.). Although not nationally rare or threatened, this represents the first 'record for New South Wales and a large extension ofknown range (previously not known north ofVictoria). It may be fairly widespread in the area and previously overlooked due to confusion with other species in this taxonomically difficult genus.

Phebalium sp. A small population ofa species ofPhebalium was recorded in shrubland in plot NGBAR006 in Barrington Tops SF. No flowering material was available at the time of survey. It is vegetatively similar to P. rotundifolium, which occurs much further north in the Tenterfield area. The significance ofthis population requires further investigation and collection offertile material.

Pomaderris helianthemifolia Not listed as nationally rare or threatened, but rare in New South Wales where previously known from a single locality. A single population ofseveral hundred plants covering a few hectares on a rock outcrop (plot NGSTE008) plus scattered plants in surrounding open forest, was recorded in the survey area, in Stewarts Brook SF on the western slopes. The only other known occurrence in New South Wales is at Apsley Falls near Walcha. These populations are disjunct from populations in Victoria and may prove to be taxonomically distinct.

Prasophyllum species A Distributed from Barrington Tops to Glen Innes, this species is regarded as being rare due to past land clearing. It is recorded from rich, black-soil flats with native grasses and open woodland. Although there are no records from SF, it may occur in Barrington Tops or Stewarts Brook SFs around swamp margins.

In addition to the above species, there is a single record ofa possibly undescribed Caladenia related to C. reticulata from Giro SF (D. L. lones, pers. comm.). This requires further investigation. There are also several additional species recorded in the ROTAP database from within the general boundary surrounding the survey area. These are Acacia fulva (Gloucester Buckets), Discaria pubescens (Omadale area), Dodonaea rhombifolia (Gloucester Buekets), Eucalyptus glaucina (several lowland valley localities in private property), Grevillea obtusiflora (Gloucester Buckets and Curricabark) and Syzygium paniculatum (Karuah River, south of Stroud). These occur in habitats not known to be represented in State Forests of the area. It is possible, although very unlikely, that one or more may occur in the survey area. A further two species, Eucalyptus rudderi and Syzygium moorei, recorded in the ROTAP database, are likely to be erroneously recorded. E. rudderi is recorded from Gloucester township. This is probably based on a grid reference for the nearest major town to a record from some distance outside the boundary of interest. The grid reference for S. moorei is an area within Stewarts Brook SF and is probably a recording error, the nearest natural occurrence otherwise being Richmond River, about 500 km distant.

FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 36 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 2. CONSERVATION STATUS OF OVERSTOREY COMMUNITIES

Hager and Benson (1994) have sununarized conservation status of overstorey associations in north­ eastern New South Wales. This provides a reasonable basis for conservation assessment, but there are considerable difficulties due to the lack of adequate site-specific data for the existing reserve system State-wide. There is also a problem with the often subjective nature ofthe community definitions which cannot be related to a consistent data base. Some associations clearly need more investigation and as currently defined appear to include a range of species assemblages, or do not adequately reflect assemblages as they occur in the field. This is particularly so for the complex ofdry forest communities at lower altitudes, in which species such as E. eugenioides, E. camea and E. acmenoides are common. Despite these problems, Rager and Benson's assessment is the best available for eucalypt forests and is used here to identify communities of potential conservation significance. Most of the communities in Barrington Tops, Stewarts Brook and parts of Chichester SFs would be expected to occur in similar habitats in Barrington Tops NP, although there are remarkably few data available with which to make a companson.

In this report, eucalypt forest overstorey commumtles are assessed by comparing plot data and communities resulting from floristic classification with those defined by Rager and Benson (1994). In. subsequent discussion, overstorey communities defined in this report are prefixed by "BARov" and associations defined by Rager and Benson are prefixed by "EF" or "OF". Rainforest communities derived from the floristic classification are assessed from Floyd (1990).

Conservation status ofoverstorey communities is summarized in Table 1. Most rainforest communities are equivalent to, or variants of, suballiances which are regarded as adequately or well reserved, at least in that part of their range which includes the survey area. The most notable exception is BARov 3 Waterhousia floribunda which is limited in extent, occurs mostly as highly disturbed remnants in otherwise cleared land in freehold tenure and is currently not known to be reserved. The only known stand in State Forests in the survey area is along Carawiry Creek, Chichester SF. This is a mosaic of structurally intact patches and highly disturbed patches, the latter often infested by the exotic herbs Ageratina adenophora and A. riparia. Despite this, it is likely to be far less disturbed than any of the remnants in freehold tenure and is worthy ofreservation and management to prevent further disturbance and rehabilitate weed-infested patches. The other rainforest community considered to be inadequately reserved in the Barrington area is BARov 4 Backhousia sciadophora. Floyd (1990) considers this (Suballiance 28) to be inadequately reserved in the south of its range (Dungog-Gloucester area), although extensive stands are reserved in Woko NP and CaD)els Hump NR north of Gloucester. He suggests that the best example for reservation is the Jilliby Gully site in the upper Karuah River catchment, Chichester SF.

Community BARov 9 Elaeocarpus holopetalus-Atherosperma moschatum-Leptospermum polygalifolium does not match any H&B association or Floyd suballiance. It is of restricted extent as narrow riparian strips, but has strong floristic similarity to riparian understorey in plateau eucalypt forests. It is highly likely to be reserved in Barrington Tops NP, where suitable habitats exist, and stands in State Forest would be mostly included in riparian filter strips reserved by routine management prescription.

Excellent, structurally very well-developed stands of OFlOO' Casuarina cunninghamiana occur along Boonabilla Creek, Chichester SF. The conservation status of this association has been assessed as inadequate in the south zone. Although very widespread outside the survey area, it occurs only as .narrow strips along larger creeks. Much of the total extent is on private land and the understorey is highly modified by grazing and weed invasion. Although the Boonabilla Creek stands have been subject to some logging and grazing, they remain relatively undisturbed, with relatively few weeds, and would be suitable for reservation.

The extensive community BARov 10.1 E. saligna largely equates to EFOlla and EFOllc, which are both regarded as adequately reserved in the survey area, although inadequate in other parts of their range. Included in this community are some stands in which E. laevopinea is prominent, which are analogous to EFOlle. This association is also adequately reserved.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SmITH WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW S'OUTH WALES 37 The Dry Coastal Eucalypt communities (BARov 11-16) fonn a complex of communities which are individually sometimes difficult to relate to Rager and Benson associations, but which as a group are generally inadequately conserved, with relatively few unIogged. stands remaining. The most extensive communities in this group are BARov 11.1, 11.2, 13.1 and 14. These occur to some extent on the southern slopes of Barrington Tops NP, but the total area is unknown. The best unIogged areas remaining in State Forests ofthe survey area are in the Boonabilla catchment in Chichester SF. Some relatively undisturbed stands also occur on the northern slopes ofGiro SF, especially on steeper slopes. The related unsampled communities in which E. canaliculata is prominent also occur in Boonabilla catchment, in nearby areas ofBarrington Tops NP and are extensive in Mount Royal SF to the west. A small, possibly disjunct, patch occurs in the southern end of Stewarts Brook SF. The equivalent EF077b E. canaliculata-E. eugenioides-Allocasuarina torulosa is assessed as adequately reserved.

BARov 12 E. largeana-E. acmenoides appears to be similar to EF700a. The equivalent Forest Type'87 occupies 178 ha of Copeland Tops SF, to which it is virtually restricted in the survey area. About 28% ofthe known occurrence in State Forest is reserved in Copeland Tops FR It is assessed as unreserved, with the Copeland Tops FR occurrence being overlooked. With this correctly acknowledged, the reservation assessment would be changed to adequate. BARov 13.2 is restricted to the eastern part ofthe survey area between Gloucester and Dungog. Most stands have been selectively logged and frequently burnt for many decades, and the least disturbed and only unIogged stands are in a few small areas on steep slopes. This community is apparently not reserved in the survey area and the related EF040f is poorly reserved throughout its range. It would be desirable to exclude some stands from further logging. BARov 15 has little or no commercial timber value and within the survey area occurs only on steep to precipitous slopes. Although not fonnally reserved it is likely to remain undisturbed by logging, but knOWlJ. occurrences are close to private property and are regularly burnt.

Stands dominated by E. laevopinea (BARov 17.1, 17.2) are most similar to EF479a, EF479g and EFO lIe, the fonner regarded as inadequately reserved. EF475g and EFO lIe are assessed as adequately reserved. The latter may also include stands in which E. saligna and E. laevopinea are co-dominant, which were here classified under BARov 10.1 E. saligna. All of these communities often occur in a complex intergrading mosaic. It is likely that the reservation status of EF479a has been considerably underestimated, due to confusion with E. saligna-dominated and other communities. Within the survey area, these communities are reserved on the slopes of Barrington Tops NP (e.g. plot MHU4), but the total extent reserved is unknown. Excellent examples are also reserved in Giro Forest Park (Giro SF) and Blue Gum F.R (Stewarts Brook SF), where in both cases they comprise the major vegetation type. Elsewhere within State Forest, good unreserved examples occur in Moonan Brook catchment (Stewarts Brook SF) and Boonabilla Creek and Whispering Gully catchments in Chichester SF. There are also extensive areas throughout the slopes around Barrington Tops plateau which, although not fonnally reserved, will not be logged due to topographic constraints. As noted previously, BARov 17.1 includes stands containing E. cypellocarpa, which could be recognized separately. These may be related to EF418a E. cypellocarpa, the only association defined as including this species, which is assessed as poorly reserved.

Communities BARov 18, 19.1 and 19.2 are related to EF475a, EF477a and the undoubtedly composite EF475e E. obliqua-E. jastigata. EF475a and EF475e are ass~ssed as adequately reserved. Although EF477a is assessed as inadequately reserved, it is likely that all three BARov communities as defined here are extensive in Barrington Tops NP. From survey data for State Forests, stands in which E. jastigata and E. obliqua are co-dominant are rare, and since the plateau environments ofBarrington Tops NP are very similar to nearby areas of State Forest, such stands are likely to be similarly rare in the National Park.' It is also likely that at the 0.1 ha scale at which BARov communities are defined, BARov 19.1 is best related to EF475e which is undoubtedly more broadly defined and probably consists largely of patches of this community and BARov 18. The related EF477b E. jastigata­ E. nitens is oflimited extent in State Forests in the survey area, apparently restricted to the higher slopes and ridges adjacent to the eastern boundary of Barrington Tops NP. A large proportion ofthe total extent in the area is likely to be reserved within the latter, although curiously Hager and Benson (1994) do not recorded it from any National Park in the south zone, implying that it is absent from Barrington Tops NP.

FLORA SURVEY. GLOUCESTER-CffiCHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES 38 AREAS. CENTRAL REGION. NEW SOUTII WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 BARov 20 E. nobi/is is related to EF414a, assessed as inadequately reserved. This community is fairly widespread in Stewarts Brook and Barrington Tops SFs but occurs mostly as riparian strips and the total extent is small. It undoubtedly occurs in similar habitats in Barrington Tops NP but, because of the linear nature ofthe stands, much ofthe occurrence may not have been recognized. It appears to be otherwise not known to be reserved in the survey area. The best developed stands were observed in Tomalla Creek catchment in the northern part ofBarrington Tops SF.

The extensive communities BARov 21 E. campanu/ata and BARov 22 E. da/rymp/eana-E. pauciflora are well-reserved in that part oftheir ranges which includes the present survey area.

Low forest ofBARov 23 Acacia diphylla occurs almost exclusively on rocky slopes in Giro SF. It is equivalent to OF160a, and although its reservation status is unknown, it will not be affected by logging.

There is currently no adequate basis for assessing significance or conservation status of understorey communities. The shrublands and sedgelands are floristically distinct and well-defined entities which may be considered ofsignificance by virtue oftheir distinctiveness, generally limited extent and habitat for several nationally or regionally rare species. Sedgelands (BARus 23) are extensive in Barrington Tops NP but the main occurrences (Horse Swamp and Polblue Swamp) in Stewarts Brook SF are worthy of formal reservation. Known occurrences of the shrublands (BARus 20, 21 and 22) are not currently reserved, and although they will remain unaffected by logging, are worthy of formal reservation. The extensive understorey community in the mostly unlogged Whispering Gully catchment in Chichester SF is also a well-defined and floristically distinct unit in the context of the rest of the survey area, although it contains no individual species ofparticular significance and may be similar to other communities in a broader context.

3. IMPACT OF LOGGING

Although both logged and unlogged stands were sampled, it was very difficult to assess logging impact, mainly because there are no detailed pre-Iogging data available, and substantial differences may exist between previously logged and unlogged areas. Present differences in vegetation may be related more to site factors other than logging history. Nonetheless, some general principles are relevant.

By removing a proportion ofthe overstorey and destroying part ofthe understorey, logging clearly has an immediate impact on vegetation structure. In the short term, a forest structure is converted to woodland or open woodland. In the longer term, a logged forest generally includes a relatively higher proportion ofsmaller trees than an unlogged forest.

Impact on floristic composition is more complex. Logging changes the light, moisture and nutrient regime and the biotic environment. Individual species respond to these changes in various ways. Some will remain essentially unaffected, some may increase and some may decrease. Depending on the scale ofobservation, some may become locally extinct and others not previously present may invade, at least in the short term. Logging thus has the potential to change the species composition, the relative amount ofeach species and the total number ofspecies at a site. Local impact may be substantial, at least in the short term.

On a scale ofhectares to tens ofhectares, logging results in a mosaic ofpatches ofvarying degrees of disturbance. Even intensively logged areas include unlogged patches varying in size from tenths of a hectare upwards. This mosaic pattern tends to ameliorate smaller scale locally severe impacts. On a broader scale, oftens to hundreds ofhectares and larger, there are areas ofreserved, unlogged forest, in various tenures, which further ameliorate regional scale impact.

Vegetation is naturally heterogeneous from site to site, regardless of management history. It is also dynamic, changing in composition, often rapidly, as individual plants grow, die and are replaced. It is necessary to consider logging impact in the context ofthis spatial and temporal variation. There is no doubt that logging has some impact on vegetation, both structurally and floristically. It is important to consider local impact in the broader spatial and temporal context.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CffiCHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 39 The flora survey was not able to provide details of logging impact on vegetation at particular sites, because ofthe absence ofpre-Iogging vegetation data at logged sites. There may be a noticeable impact on individuals sites, but the survey could not address this issue. It did provide a broad indication of logging impact in the context ofspatial variability in vegetation ofunlogged sites. Logging impact was considered only on the most extensive community types. As shown by the ordination diagrams of Figures 4 and 5, for the most extensive understorey types, there is no major logging-induced shift in floristic compostion relative to variations from site to site, but there may be more subtle variations. Although within the spread of unlogged plots on the ordination diagrams, logged plots cover a smaller range. This is most likely simply a result ofthe small sample oflogged plots. A less likely alternative is that logging causes some contraction to a more homogeneous range offloristic composition.

In gross terms, at the plot scale, the survey data show that logged areas have a greater number ofnative plant species than unlogged, but loggable, areas. This may be partly due to increase in abundance of colonizing species, including at least some ofthe 22 species which were significantly more frequent in logged plots, which were rare or absent prior to logging. It is also probably partly due to logged areas covering a greater range of habitats than unlogged but loggable areas, and the uneven distribution of logging, with unlogged areas tending to occur at higher altitudes and few or no accessible unlogged areas remaining at lower altitudes for some communities.

It is difficult to evaluate logging impact on individual species, because such a large proportion of species occurred at low frequency in survey plots and because distribution among logging history categories is not necessarily related to logging and may be more related to other site factors. More intensive survey would partly assist, but for most species, detailed and specifically-directed monitoring studies would be required to satisfactorily examine this issue. Using data from this survey, only three of the species which occurred at a frequency greater than five were significantly more frequent in unlogged plots. These were the epiphytic and lithophytic fern Pyrrosia rupestris, and the herbs Pratia pedunculata and Helichrysum scorpioides. The former could represent a real logging impact, since epiphytes in general appear to be adversely affected by logging, at least in the short term (up to several decades). For the latter two, which occur mainly at higher altitudes in the survey area, the result is probably a sampling artefact, since many unlogged plots were at high altitudes and P. pedunculata often colonizes road verges and other highly disturbed areas. The more common species are generally not adversely affected by logging. Some species are more frequent in logged plots, as mentioned above. At least some of these are likely to be post-disturbance colonizers, including the native Maytenus silvestris, Hibbertia scandens, Breynia oblongifolia, Desmodium varians, Acacia irrorata, A. maidenii, Pratia purpurasce'ns, Rhodamnia rubescens, Syncarpia glomulifera, Rubus rosifolius, Melicope micrococca, Acronychia oblongifolia, Clerodendrum tomentosum, Cayratia clematidea and Cissus antarctica and the naturalized exotic Hypochoeris radicata. An interesting example, which contrasts with other epiphytes generally, is Cymbidium suave, which is more frequent in logged plots, because it freely colonizes cut stumps after about 10 years or more.

The majority ofspecies were recorded at low frequency. For these species, the sampling intensity is too low to make any inference regarding logging impact, and some may be found to be adversely affected when data are available from detailed monitoring studies. There were many species (214) recorded from unlogged but potentially loggable plots which were not recorded from logged plots. To some extent this is due to the higher sampling intensity in the former (59 compared to 23 plots), but even with equal sampling intensity there would probably be a large number ofspecies which would appear to be absent from logged plots. This is at least partly a result of sampling variation but could partly indicate logging impact. It could also reflect site differences between logged and unlogged areas.

Although the survey did not produce any evidence of major shifts in community composition and, with three possible exceptions, could not provide unequivocal evidence of individual species being adversely affected by logging, it does indicate the possible existence of a suite of less common, but widespread, species which may be adversely affected.

FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CffiCHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 40 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 4. FERAL ANIMALS

Considerable soil disturbance caused by the foraging activities of feral pigs was observed during the survey, especially in sedgelands, herbfields and grassy forest on the plateau. As this activity is concentrated in certain habitats, it is a potential threat to populations ofspecies which are intolerant of such regular disturbance. There is also little doubt that pigs consume orchid tubers and they probably pose a significant threat to the vulnerable species Diuris venosa.

5. WEEDS

Weed species (naturalized exotics) fonn a small proportion ofthe overall flora ofthe area. Most are a minor component ofthe vegetation generally, except in heavily and regularly disturbed areas like road verges. The major exception is Cytisus scoparius, which is an aggressive coloniser and in the absence of effective control measures, could pose a serious long-tenn threat to the several species which are endemic to the Barrington-Gloucester Tops plateau or have their main area of distribution there. This applies to Barrington Tops National Park as well as other tenures. Lantana camara and Eupatorium spp. are also aggressive species which exclude native vegetation. Although they do not currently pose a major threat to any individual species in the survey area, they probably cause local reductions in populations ofsome native species. Eupatorium spp. are locally abundant in disturbed riparian habitats at Iow to moderate altitudes. Further spread will be controlled to some extent by the current management prescriptions which limit further disturbance in such habitats, but existing dense populations, especially along creeks on private property adjacent to State Forests, will continue to provide an abundant source ofproagules. L. camara is more widespread, but again at lower altitudes. It is likely to continue to have minor adverse impact on flora conservation values in State Forests until an effective biological control agent is available.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CffiCHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTII WALES 41 RECOMMENDATIONS

1. INTRODUCnON

From a forest management perspective, the major issue in relation to flora conservation is logging, because of the potential commercial impact of modification of logging to meet flora conservation objectives. Logging clearly changes vegetation structure and has some impact on floristic composition. Although the ordination results suggest that logging history is a minor factor in determining floristic composition, relative to other environmental factors, it was not possible to examine more subtle details oflogging impact from survey data. Very little is actually known ofthe response to logging for the vast majority ofplant species. Evidence from the subject survey and other recent surveys suggests that most ofthe more widespread and common species are unaffected, although a few may reduced in abundance, at least temporarily, and there is potentially a suite of less common species which may be adversely affected. The current lack of detailed knowledge of responses of individual species to disturbance prevents management for particular species or assemblages ofspecies. It is also currently not possible to confidently determine which ofthe less frequent species are sensitive to logging or other management practices and thus need particular attention. This is especially true for those which are less common and thus likely to be of greatest conservation interest, although the small subset of such species of recognised national significance can often be simply accommodated by ensuring known populations are excluded from logging. Refined management for flora conservation will be possible only with much more information on disturbance response of individual species. This requires a long-term, well­ planned monitoring system.

As a general principle, reservation of representative communities in as little-disturbed state as possible is the major strategy currently practical to ensure maintenance of floristic biodiversity and other flora conservation values. This is considered in more detail below in Section 3. In terms of developing a flora conservation strategy in the context of forest management, the survey results suggest that an approach which recognizes the apparently relatively low contribution of logging history to floristic variation, but which also takes into account lack of knowledge of more subtle or long-term logging impacts, would be appropriate.

2. SIGNIFICANT SPECIES

As described above, most species occur mainly or exclusively in swampy and/or riparian habitats, or rocky habitats, which will not be directly affected by logging. The most serious threats to the conservation of significant species are invasion by Cytisus scoparius and damage caused to swamp vegetation by feral pigs. In a general sense, these problems have been recognized for some time and are covered by existing management prescriptions. However, there is clearly a long-term need for an effective control program, with the most urgent attention focussed on swamps and swamp margins.

As a guiding principle and in the absence of specific information on response to disturbance, it is desirable for most significant species that all, or at least a major proportion of known populations be excluded from logging. Comments on individual species follow. Approximate locations of reserve proposals referred to below, numbered PI to P13, are shown in Figures 6a and 6b.

FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CillCHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 42 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOlITH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 .....

N 0.. ~~ •

u. (f) Cl: UJ I­ (f) !# a.. i3 e J: • u

N 0- ~ .e c:: •

0­ Z oZ I­o eZ c:: < CD

M ..J J: .:; •

...E J

Figure 63. Location ofproposed reserves for flora conservation, Gloucester Management Area

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOlITH WALES FLORA SURVEY. GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGE~IENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO 34 ARE.\S. CE. TRAL REGION. NEW soum W\LES 43 I IS 1'30'

P7

P5

N o------10km t CRAVEN SF

Figure 6b. Location ofproposed reserves for flora conservation, Chichester Management Area

FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICIIESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTI [ WALES 44 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, EW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 Acacia barringtonensis 3RCa This species is adequately reserved in Barrington Tops NP. In State Forest it occurs most commonly in riparian vegetation, near swamp margins and in E. pauciflora communities, where it will be minimally affected by logging. For these reasons, no further action is necessary. Chiloglottis palachila 3RC- This recently recognized species is so far known only from rainforest margins at about 1500 m altitude, especially near creeks. It is regarded as well conserved although population sizes are unknown. As a precaution, at least until more information is available, a perimeter buffer of 30 m should be reserved by management prescription, around riparian rainforest and related community BARov 9 at altitudes over 1400 m. Chiloglottis platyptera 2KC- A poorly known species which is expected to be fairly common in Barrington Tops NP. The population from which the type collection was made is included in P12. Distribution elsewhere in SF is uncertain. Chionogentias barringtonensis 2VC- All known occurrences in State Forest are from grass or herb commumtles, or woodland dominated by E. pauciflora. These habitats are either not affected by logging, or subject to low logging intensity. As the species occurs in habitats which are minimally affected by logging, and as most ofthe known population in State Forest is in Polblue Swamp Forest Park, no additional action is considered necessary. Corybas species A Restricted to swamp habitats and the largest known population in SF is in Polblue Swamp Forest Park, proposed for upgrading tp Flora Reserve status. Cynanchum elegans 3ECi Although there are no confirmed occurrences in SF, it is likely to occur in or near dry rainforest, in Coneac, Bowman and Giro SFs. Until further information is available on the ecology of this species, logging should be excluded from a 20 m perimeter buffer around dry rainforest in these SFs. Diuris venosa 2VC- The herbaceous Diuris venosa is the most threatened species in the Management Area. Even though relatively large populations occur in Barrington Tops NP, many known populations are near areas ofheavy Cytisus scoparius infestation. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the starchy tubers are especially attractive to pigs, and the plants seldom recover once they are uprooted and the tubers destroyed. A further possible threat to D. venosa in particular is unscrupulous collecting by orchid hobbyists. Details ofthe locations of populations ofthis species should not be included in publicly available documents. The most extensive populations in SF are included in the Polblue Swamp Forest Park, which as noted below should be upgraded to Flora Reserve status. Eucalyptus largeana 3R The most extensive known stands are reserved in the existing Copeland Tops FR. Euphrasia ciliolata 2KC- An annual which, from limited evidence, appears to occur most prolifically in recently disturbed areas. Considering its relatively restricted distribution, it has been frequently collected in the Barrington-Gloucester Tops area, including Barrington Tops NP, over many decades, and is usually described by collectors as common at the collection site. Logging is not likely to pose a threat to this species, and apart from long term threats from invasion by C. scoparius, it seems fairly secure. However, there may be some concern because many ofthe other annual species of Euphrasia in New South Wales have suffered serious declines or local extinction during the last 50-100 yrs. Although these appear to have been mainly in areas cleared for pasture, it is possible that Euphrasia spp. in general are especially sensitive to some currently unknown habitat feature. Known populations should be avoid~ during logging until more information is available on response to disturbance. A low-key monitoring program should be established to determine fluctuations in population size. Galium curvihirtum Status requires further investigation. No specific proposal at this stage. Hibbertia hermanniifolia 3RCa Only a few individuals are known from SF, on precipitous slopes adjacent to Vacant Crown Land. No special consideration is proposed.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-eHICHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 45 Leptospermum argenteum 2RC- Well-reserved in Barrington Tops NP. Locally abundant in swamps which will not be directly affected by logging. Extensive populations occur in Polblue Forest Park, herein proposed for Flora Reserve status. Phebalium sp. The only known population is included in P8. Plantago cladarophylla 2RC-, Plantago palustris 2RC- These species are restricted to extensive plateau swamps, which are excluded from logging. A major proportion ofthe populations are likely to be included in Barrington Tops NP and Polblue Forest Park (proposed Flora Reserve). Plectranthus suaveolens 3KC- The only known population is on a steep rock outcrop which will not be affected by proposed operations. No further action is proposed. Pomaderris helianthemifolia Total known population included in P4. Prasophyllum species A The most likely area of occurrence is on swamp margins in woodland areas which will not be affected by logging. No specific action proposed. Pterostylis cucullata 3VCa The only known population is in Barrington Tops NP. Because of its apparently localized distribution, occurrence in State Forests would be difficult to predict with reasonable accuracy and specific survey for this inconspicuous species is unlikely to be cost-effective. No specific action is proposed, but any populations located in SF should be reserved. Tasmannia glaucifolia 3VCi Virtually exclusive to BARov 9 and related communities along watercourses. All such communities above 1200 m, including riparian eucalypt forest with a subcanopy of these communities, should be reserved from logging by management prescription. Tasmannia purpurascens 2VC-t Although virtually endemic to Barrington Tops, this is a widespread and ,common species on the plateau and occurs extensively in a range of habitats, including rainforest margins and areas of commercially valuable forest. This species is well-conserved in Barrington Tops NP and also occurs commonly in previously logged areas of State Forest. Neither further reservation, nor any additional special management prescription, is considered necessary.

3. RESERVATIONOFCOMMUNITIES

As described above, appropriate reservation of representative communities in as little-disturbed state as possible is, as a general principle, a desirable and well accepted precautionary strategy. In practice, the extent of reservation is unavoidably a highly subjective issue. From a purely flora conservation perspective, more is generally better, but socially a compromise is obviously necessary to satisfy competing landuse requirements. Using arbitrary areal targets for reservation such as specifying a 10% minimum rule is appealing because it conveys the impression ofobjectivity and is simple to apply. It is currently a commonly accepted basis for assessing adequacy of reservation and is used by Hager and Benson (1994) as previously described. However, such arbitrary targets, by themselves, lack any clear scientific basis, with no evidence that they are either sufficient or necessary. It is currently practical to make assessments only for overstorey communities, which are then used as surrogates for flora conservation generally. This strategy will succeed only to the extent that a relationship exists between overstorey and other components ofthe plant community. Where there is not a consistent relationship, more heterogeneous communities will be relatively under-represented in reserves while homogeneous communities will be relatively over-represented.

Accepting the current assessments ofreservation status by Floyd (1990) and Hager and Benson (1994), and following from the Discussion above, a series of additional reserves is proposed for the Management Area to redress perceived deficiencies for communities assessed as inadequately reserved. Individual proposals are marked on the map ofFigures 6a and 6b and referenced below as PI-P13. No attempt is made to satisfy strict minimum proportional-area reservation requirements, because of the

FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CillCHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 46 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 difficulties in relating defined communities to Hager and Benson associations and map units, and the uncertainty as~ociated with estimates of total extent of any community or association. Rather, each community is considered separately in terms of ensuring that each is represented by a least-disturbed example. The need for additional reservation of individual communities in ·the Management Area is assessed on the basis of the following factors: adequacy of existing reservation as assessed by Hager and Benson; botanical significance or degree of similarity to other communities; magnitude of logging impact on floristic composition; past and planned intensity and frequency oflogging; availability within the Management Area ofrepresentative unlogged areas.

In the present study, the locations ofproposed additional reserves have been chosen subjectively on the basis of survey plot data and more extensive observations made during the field survey, giving preference to the least disturbed examples of communities as determined from a combination of field observations and recorded disturbance histories. Although the survey area was extensively traversed, the survey does represent only a sample of the total area and in some cases a better (more "representative" or less disturbed) alternative reserve location may exist. Since only flora conservation values were considered in selecting areas, the specific area proposed in each case should be regarded as indicative and does not necessarily represent the optimum choice in the broader management context. In any case, the proposed flora conservation strategy clearly represents only one of many flora conservation options for the area. It could be regarded as a moderately precautionary option in the context of the extent of likely logging impact on floristic composition as described above, but considering that response to logging ofthe relatively many infrequent species, and more subtle or long­ term impacts, are unknown. Ultimately, it is not possible to base reservation or other management decisions on purely biological considerations, and a socially acceptable solution will be necessary. Considering the potential deficiencies in the conservation strategy described above, a progressive, long­ term monitoring system needs to be implemented to allow the success ofthe conservation strategy to be continually assessed and management adjusted as necessary.

(a) Existing State Forest reserves.

The most important existing reserves for flora conservation are as follows.

Blue Gum FR - good example of poorly conserved E. saligna-E. laevopinea community (variant of BARov 10.1). Copeland Tops FR - significant proportion of total area of the restricted community BARov 12 . E. largeana-E. acmenoides, and good examples ofBARov 4 Backhousia sciadophora. Horse Swamp - plateau swamp complex. Polblue Forest Park - probably the best example of plateau swamp complex in SF. This should be . upgraded to Flora Reserve status. . Giro Forest Park - an excellent example ofE. laevopinea communities. Should be changed to Flora Reserve status.

(b) Status offorest overstorey communities and additional reserve requirements

BARov 1.1, 1.2,2.1,2.2,5,6.1,6.2,6.3, 7,8, 10.1, 13.1, 16, 18,21,22 Rainforest Suballiances 39, 51 Adequately reserved in the survey area, no further consideration proposed.

BARov 3 Waterhousea floribunda Not reserved anywhere within its range. Proposal Pl covers the only known occurrence on State Forests in the survey area. It should be managed to prevent further disturbance. In the longer term, control ofweeds, especially Ageratina spp., is desirable. BARov 4 Backhousia sciadophora According to Floyd (1990), inadequately reserved in the south of its range (Dungog-Gloucester area), although good examples are reserved in Woko NP, Camels Hump N.R. and Copeland Tops FR. Hager and Benson regard the equivalent RF207 as adequately reserved. Proposal P2 includes the area suggested for reservation by Floyd (1990).

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 47 BARov 9 Elaeocarpus holopetalus-Atherosperma moschatum-Leptospermum polygalijolium This community does not match any H&B association or Floyd suballiance. It is of restricted extent as narrow riparian strips, and is floristically similar to riparian understorey in plateau eucalypt forests. All areas should be reserved by management prescription.

Casuarina cunninghamiana \ Matches OFlOO, assessed as inadequately reserved. Although extensive, much is on private land and is highly disturbed. Proposal P9 would reserve an outstanding structurally well-developed and apparently relatively undisturbed sample of this commUnity. Domestic grazing should be kept to a minimum and certainly not increased beyond current levels.

BARov 11-16 'Dry coastal' group These are considered as a composite because ofthe difficulty ofrelating individual communities to map units and in some cases, to associations defined by Hager and Benson. As a group they appear to be inadequately reserved, and relatively few unlogged areas remain. Proposal P3 would reserve an unlogged sample in the only extensive unlogged area ofthis complex in State Forests of the survey area. This is expected to include mostly BARov 11 and 14, which also occur to some extent in nearby sections of Barrington Tops NP. The existing Flora Reserves plus this proposed addition include 5.3% of the total extent of map types Dh, 01, Gd and Gm, which include mostly this complex. Collectively, these reserves, plus areas excluded from logging by management prescription, comprise 28% of the total extent of these types in the survey area. BARov 12 E. largeana-E. acmenoides is well-represented in Copeland Tops FR which, although overlooked by Hager and Benson (1994), includes a substantial proportion (28%) of the total extent of this community. BARov 15 has little or no commercial timber volume and occurs on steep to precipitous slopes. No particular reservation measures are necessary as known occurrences are impractical to harvest. BARov group 13 occurs mostly in areas subject to a long history oflogging and regular burning. The only unlogged area ofBARov 13.1 recorded is within the south-eastern part of Barrington Tops NP. There are probably no unlogged areas of 13.2, except for small patches on steep slopes, and none in NPWS reserves in the area. Proposals PlO and P11 reserve 41 % of the total area of the equivalent Royal Milli Type X. These are mostly regrowth stands, but further logging should be excluded to allow long­ term recovery.

E. canaliculata-E. eugenioides An apparently isolated northern patch is included in P13, but this community is otherwise assessed as adequately reserved.

BARov 17 E. laevopinea group Analogous to the poorly conserved EF479a. This community occurs (probably extensively) on the slopes of Barrington Tops NP (e.g. plot MHU4), but the total area reserved is unknown. Excellent examples of this and related communities (including E. laevopinea-E. saligna) are reserved in Giro Forest Park and Blue Gum Flora Reserve. Smaller patches probably also exist in other SF reserves. Proposals P2 and P4 reserve further examples in two ofthe designated old growth areas in which it is likely to occur extensively. There are also large areas on steep topography throughout the Barrington slopes which will not be logged due to topographic constraints. At least 43% of the total area of Royal Milli Type Na in State Forest plus Barrington Tops NP will be excluded from logging. This is a minimum estimate because map types are available for only 56% ofthe National Park. Although Type Na commonly includes communities other than BARov 17, the proportion excluded from logging is likely to be broadly similar because excluded areas, including Flora Reserves, are well distributed across the range of areas mapped as Type Na.

BARov 19.1, 19.2 E.fastigata group Although there is some uncertainty of relationships with Hager and Benson associations due to differences in interpretation ofscale, it is highly probable that these are included in the composite EF475e, which occurs extensively in Barrington Tops NP and is adequately conserved. From survey data, both BARov 19.1 and 18 most commonly occur in map unit Ne. Ofthe total known occurrence ofthis unit in the survey area plus the mapped portion (56%) ofBarrington Tops NP,

FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 48 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 19% is reserved "in the latter. Within State Forests, 19% of the total extent is excluded from logging, mafuly due to inaccessibility. Since Barrington Tops NP plateau includes a broadly similar range ofenvironments to adjacent areas ofState Forest, it is reasonable to assume that the proportion of BARov 19.1 in map unit Ne in State Forests is similar to the proportion in the National Park. On that basis, and considering the substantial proportion in State Forest excluded from logging, no further reservation of this community group is proposed in State Forests in the area.

K nitens-E. jastigata This is of limited extent in State Forests, apparently restricted to the higher slopes and ridges adjacent to the eastern boundary of Barrington Tops NP. A large proportion is likely to be reserved in Barrington Tops NP, although the occurrence is apparently unrecognized. Stands in which E. nitens is prominent should be excluded from logging until the reservation status ofthis community can be properly assessed.

BARov 20.1,20.2 E. nobilis group This community group occurs mostly along streams. Filter strips in which it occurs should be reserved by management prescription. Proposal PS is a proposed as a formal reserve to include one particularly structurally well-developed stand.

BARov 23 Acacia diphylla No H&B equivalent. Occurs almost exclusively on rocky, steep to precipitous slopes, and will not be directly affected by logging. Proposal P6 includes one example ofthis community.

(c) Distinctive andSignificant understorey communities

Shrublands BARus 20 and 21 are covered by proposals PS and P7 respectively. BARus 22 is included in P4 described above. Plateau wet heath and sedgeland (plateau swamps) The most extensive plateau swamps in SF are already informally reserved. There is generally no need for reservation as flora reserve, except for the Polblue area. Formal reservation ofthis area would recognize its particular significance (it appears to be the largest and most diverse swamp . in State Forest) and perhaps assist in ensuring that the large number of casual visitors treat the area appropriately. BARus6 A good example is included in proposal P2.

4. INADEQUATELYRESERVED FOREST TYPES/ASSOCIATIONS IDENTIFIED FROM OLD GROWTHFORESTS BYHAGER AND BENSON (1994, APPENDIX8)

Na*/Nb; EF479a Extensive in Stewarts Brook and Chichester old growth areas. Although related to EF479a, on a 0.1 ha scale, these map units are actually a composite in these areas, include a range of overstorey associations or communities, ofwhich EF479a is only one component. Other common components are BARov 10.1 E. saligna, 17 E. laevopinea and 21 E. campanulata. Stands in which E. laevopinea is prominent are poorly conserved generally, although they do occur in Giro Forest Park and Blue Gum F.R., as mentioned above. Proposals P2 and P4, plus these existing reserves, reserve a range of complexes containing E. laevopinea communities in both these old growth areas.

Nf; EF413a, EF414a, EF415a Very limited extent (a total of 20 ha) in Stewarts Brook and Barrington Tops old growth areas. Communities equivalent to EF413a E. dalrympleana and EF415a E. viminalis were not recorded during survey, although the former is likely to occur as patches of localized dominance by E. dalrympleana within areas of BARov 22. Several areas mapped as type Nf were insp~cted.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW sourn WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW sourn WALES 49 These and the sample plot in this type were of BARov 22. There is no confinned record of E. viminalis from the survey area, previous records having been probably confused with E. nobilis. EF414a is equivalent to BARov 20, which occurs in riparian zones and will mostly be excluded from logging by normal management prescriptions, although an example is proposed for formal reservation in P5. Because there is no evidence from field survey that map type Nf includes inadequately reserved associations, areas ofthis type are not proposed to be reserved.

Nk; EF475b,c Fairly extensive (227 ha) in Stewarts Brook and Barrington Tops old growth areas. No stands resembling EF475b E. obliqua-E. pauciflora were recorded during survey. Several plots included E. obliqua and E. nobilis, with the latter as a prominent component. These were in map Type Ne and were classified by the analysis with BARov 18 E. obliqua, due to the dominance of that species. The four plots in type Nk were classified with either BARov 19.1 E. fastigata or BARov 22 E. dalrympleana-E. pauciflora. Since there are no inadequately reserved communities in this map type which are not more extensive in other types, areas ofthis type are not separately proposed for reservation.

WslNn; EF1l8a 191 ha in Stewarts Brook old growth area. No stands were sampled which clearly matched EFl18a E. eugenioides. The most similar sampled communities were closest to EF050b, e and f. As sampled, map type Ws included BARov 15 (analogous to EF050b) and structurally poorly developed fonns of other, unrelated, communities (BARov 20 and 21). Map type Nn was not sampled. Both map types occur predominantly on steep slopes and will be mostly (84% ofWs and 100% ofNn) excluded from logging due to inaccessibility.

Lm; EF095d Limited extent (25 ha) in Barrington Tops and Boonabilla old growth areas. Although not sampled during survey, the API team report notes that areas mapped as this type are dominated by E. campanulata.

Dh/DlIGd/Gm; EF077c Fairly extensive in Boonabilla (351 ha) and limited in Barrington Tops (20 ha) old growth areas. No communities equivalent to EF077c E. canaliculata-E. acmenoides-Angophora floribunda were sampled during survey. The more extensive dry forest communities are characterized by E. eugeIJioides (BARov 14) and E. canaliculata or combinations of these two. Communities containing E. canaliculata in Boonabilla area were not sampled during the current survey but were sampled extensively in adjacent Mount Royal Management Area (Shields et al. 1992). In· any case, as noted above, this complex of grassy forest communities are recognized as being generally inadequately reserved and proposal P3 would reserve a representative sample.

5. FIREMANAGEMENT

More positive fire management is desirable, which recognizes the flora conservation values and particular requirements of reserved areas, rainforest, swamp communities and shrublands. In many cases this will not require any change from present practices. Greater variability in frequency of burning in dry forest would be desirable. It should still be possible to achieve fire control objectives. For example, some core areas of about 30-100 ha could be maintained at lower fire frequency with protection by frequently-burnt perimeter buffers.

6. GRAZING AND VERTEBRATE PESTS

The Management Area appears to support a generally much lower intensity of domestic grazing than many forests elsewhere in north-eastem New South Wales. Any increase in current intensity may be of potential concern for flora conservation. Feral horses potentially spread weeds and modify floristic composition by selective grazing and trampling, especially in swamps which contain floristic elements

FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CffiCHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OFNEW SOUTH WALES 50 AREAS, CENTRALREGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 of high conservation value (e.g. endemic species). Their numbers should be limited or reduced if possible. An effective long-term control programme is necessary to reduce numbers offeral pigs. This is already a well-recognized management objective. For flora conservation, swamps and swamp margins should receive high priority.

7. WEEDS

As a threat to long-term flora conservation, Cytisus scoparius is clearly the most significant weed in the area, being widespread and locally abundant in both State Forests and Barrington Tops National Park. There is a well-recognized need for effective control of Cytisus scoparius, and an urgent need for research to provide effective long-term control measures. Current interim control efforts should be maintained and expanded where resources permit. As for pigs, control on swamp margins and in riparian areas is a high flora conservation priority.

8. TOURISM

Any expansion of recreation and tourist use should recognize flora conservation needs. In particular, there should be restrictions on further development in the vicinity of swamps, which are of high significance and potentially sensitive to over-use.

9. SUMMARY OFRECOMMENDATIONS

• Riparian strips of community BARov 9 and related communities (in which one or more of Elaeocarpus holopetalus, Atherosperma moschatum or Leptospermum polygalifolium is prominent) should be reserved by management prescription. In areas above 1400 m altitude, an additional 30 m buffer should be included to include the rare species Chiloglottis palachila.

• Logging should be excluded from a 20 m perimeter buffer around dry rainforest in Bowman, Coneac and Giro SFs.

• Populations ofEuphrasia ciliolata should be avoided during logging and population fluctuations monitored.

• Polblue Forest Park and Giro Forest Park should be upgraded to Flora Reserve status.

• There should be greater variability in burning frequency in dry forests, with some flora conservation priority areas managed with the intention ofexcluding fire for at least 10-15 years.

• Grazing in flora conservation reserves should be minimized.

• Populations offeral horses and pigs should be reduced, especially in and near swamps.

• Efforts at controlling Cytisus scoparius should be maintained, and intensified where resources permit.

• Any further development of tourist facilities in the vicinity of swamps should be restricted, to discourage increased use ofthese potentially sensitive areas, or managed to reduce visitor impact.

• Additional reserves are proposed as follows (as shown in Figures 6a and 6b).

PI Flora Reserve for BARov 3 Waterhousia flOribunda P2 Flora Reserve for BARov 4 Backhousia sciadophora, complex containing E. laevopinea communities (BARov 17 and part group 10), only known occurrence of BARus 6, and

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SmITH WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 51

~------' unlogged population ofDodonaea megazyga. P3 Flora Reserve for good unlogged example ofdry forest complex, especially BARov groups 11 and 14. P4 Flora Reserve for complex including E. laevopinea communities (BARov 17 and part group 10), only known location for BARus 22 and significant species Pomaderris helianthemifolia. P5 PMP Special Emphasis Flora for example ofBARov 20 E. nobilis. P6 PMP Special Emphasis Flora for extensive stand ofBARov 23 Acacia rliphylla. P7 PMP Special Emphasis Flora for BARus 21 Hibbertia aff. linearis-Leptospermum variabile. PS PMP Special Emphasis Flora for BARus 20 Leptospermum variabile-Pomaderris argyrophylla P9 PMP Special Emphasis Flora for excellent stands ofCasuarina cunninghamiana. PlO Flora Reserve for BARov 13.2 E. carnea-E. maculata. P11 Flora Reserve for BARov 13.2 E. carnea-E. maculata. P12 PMP Special Emphasis Flora for Chiloglottis platyptera. P13 PMP Special Emphasis Flora for isolated stand ofE. canaliculata-E. eugenioides.

FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 52 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 A CKNO WLEDGEMENTS

I am very grateful to Traecey Brassil for assistance with field work and data analysis. I thank staff of the Gloucester District and former Dungog District Forestry Offices, especially Tony Yates, Michael Pryjma, Craig Hawkins, Ai1thony Signor and Bob Sargent, for their help and general advice. I also thank staffofthe National Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, especially Gwen Harden, Ken Hill and Theresa James, for access to that collection and assistance with enquiries.

REFERENCES

Adams, L.G. (1995). Chionogentias (Gentianaceae), a new generic name for the Australasian 'snow­ gentians', and a revision ofthe Australian species. Australian Systematic Botany 8: 935-1011.

Barker, W.R. (1992). Euphrasia. In Flora of New South Wales. Vo!. 3. Ed. G.Harden. pp. 583-588. N.S.W. Univ. Press. 717 pp.

Belbin, L. (1988). PATN Pattern Analysis Package Reference Manual. CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Rangelands Research. 289 pp.

Binns, D. (1992). Flora survey, Glen Innes Management Area, Northern Region. State For. NS. W For. Res. Ser. No. 23. 97 pp.

Binns, D. (1995). Flora survey, Tenterfield Management Area, Northern Region, New South Wales. State For. NS. W For. Res. Ser. No. 30. 90 pp.

Briggs, B.G. (1992). Plantaginaceae. In Flora of New South Wales. Vol. 3. Ed. G.Harden. pp. 592­ 598. N.S.W. Univ. Press. 717 pp.

Briggs, lD. and Leigh, lH. (1995). Rare or Threatened Australian Plants: 1995 revised edition. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne. (In press).

Clements, M. (1989). A catalogue ofAustralian Orchidaceae. Aust. Orchid Res. Vo!. 1.

Faith, D.P., Minchin, P.R. and Belbin, L. (1987). Compositional dissimilarity as a robust measure of ecological distance: A theoretical model and computer simulations. Vegetatio 69: 57-68.

Floyd, AG. (1983). Rainforests ofthe Barrington Tops and slopes. Report to N.S.W. National Parks and Wildlife Service. 96 pp.

Floyd, A.G. (1990). Australian Rainforests in New South Wales. Volume 2. Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty Ltd., Sydney.

Forestry Commission ofN.S.W. (1980). Chichester Management Plan. For. Comm. N.S.W. 54 pp.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 53 Forestry Commission of N.S.W. (1984). Management 'Plan for Gloucester Management Area. For. Comm. N.S.W. 86 pp.

Forestry Commission ofN.S.W. (1989). Forest Types in New South Wales. For. Comm. NS. W. Res. Note No. 17. 95 pp.

Green, P.E., Carmone, Jr., FJ., Smith, S.M. (1989). Multidimensional Scaling: Concepts and Applications. Allyn & Bacon. 407 pp.

Hager, T.C. and Benson, J.S. (1994). Review ofthe conservation status of forest plant communities in north-eastern N.S.W. Final report to the Australian Heritage Commission. 86 pp.

Harden, GJ. (ed.) (1990). Flora ofNew South Wales. Vo!. 1. N.S.W. Uni. Press. 601 pp.

Harden, GJ. (1990). Winteraceae. In Flora ofNew .South Wales. Vo!. 1. Ed. G.Harden. pp. 125-127. N.S.W. Univ. Press.

Harden, GJ. (ed.) (1991). Flora ofNew South Wales. Vo!. 2. N.S.W. Uni. Press. 574 pp.

Harden, G.J. (ed.) (1992). Flora ofNew South Wales. Vo!. 3. N.S.W. Uni. Press. 717 pp.

Harden, GJ. (ed.) (1993). Flora ofNew South Wales. Vo!. 4. N.S.W. Uni. Press. 775 pp.

Harden, GJ. and Williams, lB. (1992). Asdepiadaceae. In Flora of New South Wales. Vo!. 3. Ed. G.Harden. pp. 525-537. N.S.W. Univ. Press.

Hill, K.D. (1991). Eucalyptus. In' Flora of New South Wales. Vo!. 2. Ed. G.Harden. pp. 76-142. N.S.W. Univ. Press.

Jones, D.L. (1988). Native Orchids ofAustralia. Reed. 656 pp.

Jones, D.L. (1991). New taxa ofAustralian Orchidaceae. Aust. Orchid Res. Vo!. 2.

Jones, D. L. (1993). Pterostylis. In Flora ofNew South Wales. Vo!. 4. Ed. G.Harden. pp. 171-189. N.S.W. Univ. Press.

Sampson, F.B., Williams, lB. and Woodland, P.S. (1988). The morphology and taxonomic position of Tasmannia glaucifolia (Winteraceae), a new Australian species. Aust. J. Bot. 36: 395-413.

Shields, J.M., York, A and Binns, D. (1992). Flora and fauna survey, Mt. Royal Management Area, Newcastle Region. State For. NS. W. For. Res. Ser. No. 16. 111 pp.

Thompson, 1 (1989). A revision ofthe genus Leptospermum (Myrtaceae). Telopea 3: 301-449.

FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 54 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 APPENDIX 1

OCCURRENCE OF VASCULAR PLANTSPECIES BYBROAD FLORISTIC GROUP, LOGGING CATEGORYAND STATE FOREST

Species are listed alphabetically by family within classes and nomenclature follows the National Herbarium ofNew South Wales. Frequency ofoccurrence is shown for each species, as a proportion of the total number ofplots in floristic group or category (shown in brackets below the heading). There is an overall total of 128 plots, plus an additional 20 rainforest patches ofvariable size described by Floyd (1983) and included in the totals for rainforest. Rainforest species recorded by Floyd only from Barrington Tops NP are listed but not included in the frequency calculations. Logging history was recorded for 123 plots. Floristic groups are derived from overstorey/understorey community combinations as indicated below and are generally equivalent to broad vegetation types as described in the text.

species not recorded in that group or category. # species with frequency in logged plots significantly different to that in unlogged plots. * naturalized species. F species recorded by Floyd (1983) but not otherwise during recent survey. H specimen from area retained in State Forests herbarium, Research Division, West Pennant Hills.

Broad vegetation type: (refer to text for explanation) RF=Rainforest (BARov1-8! BARus 1-9) MCF=Moist Coastal Forest (BARov10,16,20! BARus 1-9) DCF=Coastal Dry Sclerophyll Forest (BARus 16,17) PGF=Plateau Grassy Forest (BARus 18-19) PSF=Plateau Shrubby Forest (BARus 10·12, 14) DSH=Dry Shrubland and Heath Forest (BARus 15,20,21,22) SWH=Wet Heath and Sedgeland (BARus 13,23)

Logging category: L=logged >IOyr ULI=unlogged,loggable UL2=unlogged and unloggable (steep, non-forest), or rainforest

State Forests: A=Chichester, Masseys Ck, Mt Royal. A1lyn section, B=Barrington Tops, C=Chichester· Karuah section, D=Dungog, G=Giro, L=leasehold areas, M=Mernot, N=Barrington Tops NP, O=Coneac, P--Copeland Tops, R=Craven, S=Stewarts Brook, T=Trevor, V=Avon River,W=Bowman, F=Blue Gum FR

Floristic group Logging category Tot RFMCF DCF PGF PSF DSHSWH L TILl UL2 freq. (45) (23) (31) (29) (10) (6) (4) (23) (59) (41) State Forests

Class FILICOPSIDA ADIANTACEAE Adiantum aethiopicum 11 0.09 0.13 0.10 . 0.10 0.10 BGLNOPRS Adiantumfonnosum 26 0.40 0.22 0.10 0.13 0.0& 0.32 ABCGMNOPRS Adiantum hispidulum 4 0.02 0.04 0.06 . 0.05 0.02 CNR Adiantum silvaticum H 2 0.04 0.02 BNR Cheilanthes distans H 5 0.03 0.Q3 0.10 0.33 0.12 BGMS Cheilanthes sieben' & 0.16 0.03 0.10 0.17 0.09 0.05 0.05 CDLNSV ASPLENIACEAE Asplenium attenuatum 1 0.02 0.02 P Asplenium australasicum 37 0.67 0.30 0.13 0.0& 0.44 ABCGMNOPRS Asplenium bulbijerum subsp. gracil/imum H 5 0.09 0.10 0.05 BNS Aspleniumflabellijolium 10 0.16 0.03 0.03 0.10 0.03 0.10 ABCMNPS Asplenium polyodon 14 0.31 . 0.05 ABCGN

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER·CmCHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 55 Floristic group Logging category Tot. RF MCF DCF PGF PSF DSHSWH L UL1 UL2 freq. (45) (23) (31) (29) (10) (6) (4) (23) (59) (41) State Forests

ATHYRIACEAE Diplazium assimile F I 0.02 AN Diplazium australe 30 0.62 0.09 0.09 0.24 ABCNOPR BLECHNACEAE Blechnum cartilagineum 33 0040 0043 0.10 0.07 0.22 0.20 0.15 ABCGNPRW BlecJmumjluviatile F N Blechnum minus 6 0.07 0.20 0.50 0.05 0.07 BS Blechnum nudum 16 0.06 0.04 0.24 0040 0.25 0.13 0.12 0.10 BGNS Blechnum patersonii 14 0.31 0.10 ABCN Blechnum penna-marina H 6 0.03 0.30 0.50 . 0.03 0.10 BNS Blechnum wattsii 18 0.23 0.17 0.07 0.20 0.04 0.10 0.10 BCNSW Doodia aspera 30 0.24 0.26 0.35 0.07 0.30 0.19 0.15 BCGLNPRSW Doodia caudata var. caudata 2 0.04 0.05 GP Doodia media subsp. media 1 0.02 0.02 C CYATIrnACEAE Cyathea australis 20 0.23 0.22 0.06 0.07 0.10 0.17 0.12 0.05 ABCGNS Cyathea leichhardtiana 18 0.36 0.09 0.05 0.20 BCNR DAVALLIACEAE Arthropteris beckleri 7 0.15 0.02 BCN Arthropteris tenella 31 0.60 0.17 0.08 0.32 ABCGMNOPR Davallia pyxidata 16 0.22 0.09 0.10 0.17 0.09 0.05 0.07 ABCGLMNR Rumohra adiantiformis F 1 0.02 BN DENNSTAEDTIACEAE Dennstaedtia davallioides 16 0.31 0.09 0.04 0.02 0.05 ABCGNS Histiopteris incisa 15 0.26 0.09 0.10 0.04 0.03· 0.05 ABCN Hypolepis glandulifera 7 0.11 0.04 0.03 0.03 ABNS Hypolepis muelleri H 1 0.02 0.02 CN Hypolepis rugosula F N Pteridium esculentum 54 0.13 0.52 0.93 0.50 0.33 0.25 0.61 0.68 0.05 BCFGLNSV DICKSONlACEAE Calochlaena dubia 14 0.04 0.26 0.14 0.10 0.26 0.14 BCFPS Dicksonia antarctica 34 0043 0.22 0.21 0040 0.04 0.20 0.24 ABCNOS DRYOPTERIDACEAE Lastreopsis acuminata 14 0.31 0.07 ABCN Lastreopsis decomposita 20 0.31 0.22 0.03 0.17 0.03 0.15 ABCGNOPRW Lastreopsis microsora 24 0047 0.13 0.13 0.03 0.27 ABCGMNOR Lastreopsis munita 1 0.02 . 0.02 G Polystichumfallax H 5 0.09 0.03 0.07 . 0.07 0.02 BS Polystichum formosum F N Polystichum proliferum H 19 0.18 0.09 0.21 0.30 0.09 0.14 0.15 ABCNS GLEICHENlACEAE Sticherus lobatus 13 0.08 0.26 0.30 0.04 0.14 0.05 BCNS GRAMMITACEAE Grammitis billardieri H 7 0.11 0.04 0.10 0.02 0.12 BCNS HYMENOPHYLLACEAE Hymenophyllum australe H 0.02 0.02 B Hymenophyllum bivalve F N Hymenophyllum cupressiforme H 8 0.13 0.09 0.03 0.10 BCNS Hymenophyllum jlabellatum N Hymenophyllum peltatum F N Macroglena caudata F 1 0.02 AN Polybhlebium venosum 6 0.13 0.05 ABN OPffiOGLOSSACEAE Botrychium australe 5 0.16 0.13 0.07 BCGNV OSMUNDACEAE Todea barbara 8 0.16 0.10 . 0.02 ABCNS

FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 56 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 Floristic group Logging category Tot. RF MCF DCF PGF PSF DSHSWH LULl UL2 freq. (45) (23) (31) (29) (10) (6) (4) (23) (59) (41) State Forests

POLYPODIACEAE Dictymia brownii 27 0.46 0.26 0.04 0.10 0.24 ABCNOPR Microsorium diversifolium 6 0.09 0.04 0.10 · 0.02 0.05 BMNS Microsorium scandens 25 0.51 0.09 0.04 0.02 0.27 ABCGNORS Platycerium bifurcatum 25 0.31 0.30 0.13 0.17 0.15 0.10 ABCGLMNR Platycerium superbllm 2 0.04 0.05 GP Pyrrosia confluens 27 0.40 0.35 0.03 0.04 0.12 0.34 ABCGLMNOPR Pyrrosia rupestris 43 0.46 0.52 0.16 0.07 0.10 0.33 0.09 0.31 0.37 ABCFMNOPRS PTERIDACEAE Pteris comans F 2 0.04 ABN Pteris tremllla 3 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.09 0,03 0.02 CMNP Pteris umbrosa 17 0.38 0.04 · 0.15 ABCGMNOP SINOPTERIDA,CEAE Pellaeafalcata var. falcata 41 0.53 0.30 0.32 0.30 0.14 0.29 ABCGLMNPRS Pellaeafalcata var. nana 5 0.09 0.03 0.02 0.10 BCGOS Pellaea paradoxa 11 0.06 0.13 0.16 0.13 0.03 0.07 BCGLNOPRW

Class CONIFEROPSIDA CUPRESSACEAE Callitris macleayana 4 0.07 0.04 0.02 C PODOCARPACEAE Podocarpus elatlls N

Class MAGNOLIOPSIDA • MAGNOLlIDAE ACANTHACEAE Brunoniella australis 4 .. 0.13 '0.04 0.03 DLOR Psellderanthemum variabile 20 0.13 0:22 0.19 0.07 .0.10 0.26 0.08 0.20 CGLNOPRTW Rostelllllaria adscendens 1 0.03 · 0.02 B ALANGIACEAE Alangium villosllm subsp. polysomoides 12 0.27 0.12 ABCGMNO AMARANTHACEAE Deeringia amaranthoides 3 0.04 0.04 0.05 AGNP Nyssanthes difJlIsa 2 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.02 P ANACARDIACEAE Euroschinllsfalcata 4 0.04 0.09 0.09 0.05 CP APIACEAE Centella asiatica H 2 0.06 0.09 CD Dallcus glochidiatus H 5 0.04 0.13 · 0.03 BLO Hydrocotyle ?acutiloba 7 0.23 0.13 0.05 CLN Hydrocotyle geraniifolia 4 0.10 0.10 0.04 0.05 CLNS Hydrocotyle laxifolia 50 0.22 0.48 0.79 0.70 0.48 0.63 0.12 BCFGNRSTV Hydrocotyle peduncularis 15 0.08 0.09 0.03 0.14 0.10 0.75 0.13 0.12 0.15 BCDGNPRSW Hydrocotyle triparlita 5 0.02 0.06 0.50 0.09 0.02 0.05 CGS Lilaeopsis polyantha H 1 0.10 0.02 S Oreomyrrhis eriopoda 12 0.34 0.50 0.09 0.15 0.. 05 BNS Platysace lanceolata 1 0.03 0.04 V APOCYNACEAE Alyxia ruscifolia 12 0.18 0.17 · 0.05 0.10 BCGNR Melodinus australis 7 0.16 · 0.02 0.07 BCN Parsonsia brownii 13 0.18 0.04 0.07 0.20 · 0.07 0.12 BCNS Parsonsia lanceolata H 3 0.04 0.03 0.10 · 0.07 BG Parsonsia rotata 4 0.04 0.09 0.09 · 0.05 GP Parsonsia species A 10 0.11 0.17 0.10 · 0.07 0.07 AECN Parsonsia straminea 40 0.55 0.52 0.06 0.03 0.26 0.15 0.39 ABCGLMNOPR Parsonsia velutina 9 0.20 · 0.02 0.12 ABCGNP

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION; NEW SOUTH WALES 57 Floristic group Logging category Tot RFMCF DCF PGF PSF DSHSWH LULl UL2 freq. (45) (23) (31) (29) (10) (6) (4) (23) (59) (41) State Forests

ARALIACEAE Astrotricha latifolia 2 0.04 0.10 0.04 0.03 NRS Cephalaralia cephalobotrys 26 0.35 0.35 0.03 0.03 0.09 0.17 0.10 ABCGNS Polyscias elegans 12 0.14 0.26 0.13 0.07 0.05 BCNPR Polyscias murrayi F 7 0.16 ABCN Polyscias sambucifolia 22 0.13 0.26 0.31 0.33 0.22 0.24 0.05 BCDFLMNPRS ASCLEPIADACEAE * Araujia hortorum 1 0.04 0.04 C * Gomphocarpusfruticosus 5 0.16 0.09 0.02 0.02 BCDL Gymnema pleiadenium 2 0.04 0.02 CNP Marsdenia j1avescens 9 0.11 0.17 0.09 . 0.10 ACGNPRW Marsdenia ?liisae H 1 0.04 0.02 C Marsdenia rostrata 19 0.33 0.04 0.10 0.04 0.07 0.15 ABCGNO Marsdenia suberosa 6 0.22 0.03 0.13 0.02 0.05 CGPW Tylophora barbata 3 0.06 0.10 · 0.05 NS Tylophora paniculata H 17 0.09 0.13 0.29 0.03 0.22 0.10 0.10 CGLPRTV ASTERACEAE * Ageratina adenophora 1 0.03 · 0.02 0 * Ageratina riparia 2 0.04 0.05 C * Bidens pilosa 3 0.10 0.04 0.02 DLO Bidenssubaftemans 1 0.03 0.02 B Brachycome microcarpa 24 0.32 0.45 0.10 0.17 0.27 0.05 BDLNPS Bracteantha bracteata s.l. 11 0.34 0.17 0.13 0.12 BCLS Cassinia arcuata 1 0.17 0.02 S Cassinia leptocephala H 4 0.06 0.03 0.10 · 0.05 LS Cassinia tn'nerva 2 0.09 · 0.02 0.02 BGN * Cirsium vulgare 15 0.39 0.10 0.17 0.14 BCFGLORS * Conyza albida 14 0.32 0.14 0.17 0.14 BCFGLOS Cymbonotus preissianus H 1 0.03 0.02 S * Gnaphalium americanum H + B Gnaphalium gymnocephalum 24 0.32 0.45 0.10 0.22 0.25 0.05 BCDFLOS Gnaphalium involucratum H 3 0.04 0.03 0.25 0.02 0.05 BRS Gnaphalium spp. 3 0.75 0.07 S Helichrysum elatum 2 0.02 0.10 . 0.05 CM Helichrysum scorpioides 17 0.06 0.52 0.04 0.27 0.02 BFNS * Hypochoeris radicata 18 0.29 0.21 0.17 0.50 0.30 0.08 0.07 BCDGLS Lagenifera stipitata 43 0.13 0.42 0.72 0.40 0.17 0.25 0.48 0.51 0.05 BCDGLNRSTV Leptinellafilicula H 16 0.04 0.38 0.40 0.17 0.19 0.05 BNS Olearia alpicola H 1 0.03 · 0.02 B Olearia covenyi H 5 0.14 0.10 0.08 BS Olearia nemstii 1 0.03 · 0.02 R Olearia phlogopappa H + B Olearia oppositifolia H 12 0.03 0.21 0.40 0.25 0.04 0.14 0.10 BFNS Olearia viscidula 5 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.10 0.17 0.07 GLM Ozo~amnusargophyllus H + + S Ozothamnus bidwil/ii 2 0.02 0.04 0.05 GNP Ozothamnus diosmifolius 5 0.13 0.10 0.09 0.03 0.02 CTV Ozothamnusferrugineus H 2 0.03 0.10 0.02 0.02 BS Ozothamnus obovatus 1 0.02 0.02 P Ozothamnus rufescens 1 0.02 0.02 CN Picris angustifolia H 9 0.16 0.14 0.13 0.07 BCFLS Senecio amygdalifolius 9 0.02 0.04 0.23 0.13 0.08 0.02 BCGLNPS Senecio bipinnatisectus H 1 0.02 · 0.02 0.02 CN Senecio biserratus H 10 0.06 0.28 0.09 0.14 BLNS Senecio diaschides H 15 0.26 0.21 0.17 0.22 0.15 BCLNORST

FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 58 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 Floristic group Logging category Tot. RF MCF DCF PGF PSF DSHSWH L UL1 UL2 freq. (45) (23) (31) (29) (10) (6) (4) (23) (59) (41) State Forests

Senecio lautus s.l. HlO 0.04 0.10 0.20 0.10 0.09 0.16 BLNOPS Senecio linearifolius 9 0.04 0.16 0.07 0.10 0.09 0.14 BCGNPS * Senecio madagascariensis H 4 0.13 · 0.05 CLOR Senecio minimus 2 0.03 0.10 0.04 0.02 PS Senecio species E H 19 0.16 0.45 0.17 0.22 0.20 0.02 BFLS Senecio vagus subsp. vagus 4 0.02 0.03 0.20 · 0.05 0.02 CS * Sigesbeckia orientalis 29 0.13 0.74 0.10 0.35 0.27 0.07 BCDFGLNOPR * Sonchus asper subsp. glaucescens 3 0.03 0.03 0.25 0.02 0.05 BFS * Sonchus oleraceus 1 0.03 0.02 C * Taraxacum officinale 1 0.03 . 0.02 B Vemonia cinerea var. cinerea 22 0.65 0.03 0.17 0.35 0.17 0.02 BCFGLNOPRT Youngia japonica H 4 0.04 0.03 0.07 0.05 0.02 OSW ATHEROSPERMATACEAE Atherospenna moschatum 7 0.06 0.04 0.30 0.03 0.Q7 BCNS Doryphora sassafras 41 0.73 0.30 0.03 0.04 0.15 0.37 ABCGNORS BIGNONIACEAE Pandorea pandorana 49 0.60 0.43 0.29 0.07 0.10 0.26 0.25 0.44 ABCFGLMNOP BORAGINACEAE Austrocynoglossum latifolium 10 0.02 0.09 0.19 0.03 0.13 0.07 0.02 BCS Cynoglossum australe 3 0.10 · 0.02 LO Ehretia acuminata var. acuminata 18 . 0.33 0.13 0.09 0.15 ABCGMNPRW Myosotis australis H 9 0.28 0.10 0.13 0.08 0.02 BS BRASSICACEAE Cardamine paucifuga 5 0.04 0.03 0.10 0.08 BLNS Cardamine species Y 1 0.03 0.02 B * Lepidium bonariense H 1 0.03 L CALLITRICHACEAE * Callitriche stagnalis H 0.02 0.04 G CAMPANULACEAE Wahlenbergia ceracea H 3 0.03 0.50 · 0.02 0.05 S Wahlenbergia gracilis H 2 0.06 · 0.03 OR Wahlenbergia littoricola H 5 0.13 0.17 0.09 0.03 0.02 BCG Wahlenbergia sln'cta H 24 0.19 0.59 0.25 0.17 0.27 0.05 BCLNS Wahlenbergia spp. 3 0.10 0.09 0.02 BS CAPPARlDACEAE Capparis arborea 9 0.13 0.09 0.03 0.04 0.15 CGLMNP CAPRIFOLIACEAE Sambucus australasica F 5 0.11 ABCN Sambucus gaudichaudiana 1 0.04 0.02 S CARYOPHYLLACEAE * Cerastium glomeratum 2 0.07 0.03 B Scleranthus biflorus 6 0.21 · 0.10 B Stellariajlaccida 11 0.13 0.16 0.10 0.17 0.07 0.05 BCGLNPSW Stellaria pungens 8 0.Q3 0.24 0.13 0.07 0.02 S CASUARlNACEAE Allocasuarina littoralis 3 0.03 0.33 0.07 BM Allocasuarina torulosa 21 0.58 0.07 0.17 0.26 0.22 BCGLNORSTV Casuarina cunninghdmiana subsp. cunninghamiana 0.02 AN CELASTRACEAE Cassine australis 11 0.14 0.22 0.09 0.03 0.10 ABCMNPRW Celastrus australis 5 0.09 0.04 0.05 BCNS Celastrus subspicatus 14 0.09 0.35 0.06 0.13 0.12 0.02 BCLNP Maytenus silvestris 20 0.17 0.45 0.07 0.30 0.12 0.07 BCDGLNOPSV

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 59 Floristic group Logging category Tot. RF MCF DCF PGF PSF DSHSWH LULl UL2 freq. (45) (23) (31) (29) (10) (6) (4) (23) (59) (41) State Forests

CHENOPODIACEAE Chenopodium carinatum H 1 0.03 0.02 0 Einadia hastata H 3 0.04 0.03 0.17 0.02 0.05 BGM CHLOANTHACEAE SpartothamneIla juncea 2 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.02 P CONVOLVULACEAE Convolvulus erobescens 3 0.1.0 0.13 DTV Dichondra repens 55 0.02 0.22 0.84 0.66 0.30 0.25 0.65 0.56 0.15 BCDFGLNOPR CRASSULACEAE Crassula sieberiana 3 0.03 0.03 0.17 0.07 BMS CUCURBITACEAE Zehneria cunninghamii N CUNONIACEAE Aphanopetalum resinosum 8 0.18 0.02 0.07 BCMN Caldcluvia paniculosa 36 0.51 0.52 0.03 0.09 0.22 0.20 ABCGNOR Callicoma serratifolia 21 0.38 0.17 0.04 0.07 0.07 ABCGN Ceratopetalum apetalum 4 0.09 0.04 0.05 CGR Schizomeria ovata 37 0.51 0.52 0.06 0.22 0.19 0.20 ABCGNOR Vesselowskya robifolia 6 0.13 0.02 ABCN DILLENIACEAE Hibbertia acicularis 1 0.17 0.02 S Hibberlia aspera 1 0.03 0.04 V Hibberlia dentata 18 0.30 0.32 0.03 0.13 0.27 CFGNPRS Hibberlia linearis H 1 0.03 0.04 D Hibbertia ajJ. linearis H 2 0.33 . 0.05 M Hibberlia obtusifolia 6 0.06 0.14 0.04 0.07 0.02 BFS Hibberlia scandens 38 0.08 0.13 0.81 0.17 0.17 0.57 0.32 0.02 ABCFGLNPRS EBENACEAE Diospyros australis 38 0.56 0048 0.03 0.03 0.17 0.19 0.29 ABCGMNOPW Diospyros pentamera 15 0.29 0.09 0.02 0.20 ABCGMNOW ELAEOCARPACEAE Elaeocarpus holopetalus 15 0.15 0.04 0.10 0040 0.10 0.12 ABCNS Elaeocarpus kirlonii 8 0.18 0.07 ABCN Elaeocarpus obovatus 6 0.07 0.09 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.10 CMPW Elaeocarpus reticulatus 17 0.13 0048 0.04 0.19 0.05 BCNP Sloanea australis 14 0.26 0.09 0.04 0.02 0.15 ABCNR Sloanea wooIlsii 11 0.22 0.04 0.02 0.12 BCN ELATINACEAE Elatine gratioloides 0.10 0.02 S EPACRIDACEAE Astroloma humifusum 0.03 0.02 B Epacris microphyIla var. rhomboidea H 3 0.75 0.07 S Leucopogon hookeri 18 0.52 0.20 0.25 0.13 0.24 0.05 BNS Leucopogon juniperinus 4 0.10 0.17 0.13 0.02 DSTV Leucopogon lanceolatus var. lanceolatus 27 0.04 0.19 0048 0.30 0.50 0.22 0.36 0.05 BFGMNS Melichros urceolatus 1 0.17 0.02 S Monotoca scoparia 4 0.20 0.17 0.25 . 0.02 0.07 BS Trochocarpa laurina 21 0.17 0043 0.06 0.03 0.17 0.19 0.12 CGNPR Trochocarpa species A 13 0.11 0.09 0.17 0.10 0.09 0.12 BNS ERICACEAE Gaultheria appressa 4 0.02 0.03 0.10 0.25 0.03 0.02 BNS ESCALLONIACEAE AbrophyIlum omans F N Polyosma cunninghamii 31 0049 0.39 0.04 0.15 0.22 ABCGNO Quintinia sieberi 11 0.22 0.04 . 0.02 0.02 ABCN

FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER·CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 60 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 Floristic group. Logging category Tot RFMCF DCF PGF PSF DSHSWH L UL1 UL2 freq. (45) (23) (31) (29) (10) (6) (4) (23) (59) (41) State Forests

EUPHORBJACEAE Actephila lindleyi 2 0.04 0.05 P Alchomea ilicifolia 4 0.09 0.10 P Baloghia inophylla 16 0.33 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.22 ABCGlv1NPR Breynia oblongifolia 23 O.ll 0.26 0.35 0.03 0.43 0.10 0.10 ABCDGLNPRT Claoxylon australe 14 0.29 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.15 BCGMNOP Cleistanthus cunninghamii 3 0.07 0.07 P Croton insularis 2 0.04 0.05 P Croton verreauxii 9 0.11 0.17 0.09 0.02 0.15 CNPRW Drypetes australasica 3 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 GNP Glochidion ferdinandi 3 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.02 CN Mallotus phiIippensis 2 0.04 0.05 CGN Micrantheum hexandrum H 1 0.17 0.02 B Omalanthus populifolius F 5 0.11 ABCN Phyllanthus gasstroemii H 4 0.13 0.09 GL Phyllanthus gunnii 1 0.10 0.02 C Phyllanthus similis 4 0.09 0.06 0.09 0.02 0.02 CS Phyllanthus virgatus H + + + B Poranthera microphylla 33 0.39 0.66 0.20 0.30 0.41 0.02 BCFLNPRSV EUPOMATJACEAE Eupomatia laurina 28 0.35 0.43 0.06 0.13 0.17 0.17 ABClv1NPRW FABACEAE-CAESALPINIOIDEAE *'Senna xfloribunda 1 0.02 0.02 P Senna odorata 3 0.09 0.03 0.09 0.02 CP FABACEAE-FABOIDEAE Austrosteenisia blackii 3 0.04 0.04 0.05 CGN Bossiaea neo-anglica 1 0.17 0.02 B * Cytisus scoparius subsp. scoparius 5 0.10 0.10 0.25 0.07 0.05 BNS Daviesia genistifolia 1 0.03 0.04 D Daviesia ulicifolia 2 0.07 0.03 B Derris involuta 2 0.04 0.05 P Desmodium brachypodum 9 0.29 0.04 0.05 0.02 BLOP Desmodium rhytidophyllum 10 0.26 0.03 0.17 0.17 0.08 CDLNORTV DesmOdium varians .53 0.02 0.17 0.94 0.55 0.20 0.17 0.70 0.44 0.17 BCDFGLNOPR Glycine clandestina H 51 0.09 0.77 0.83 0.17 0.61 0.56 0.07 BCDFGLNPRS Glycine microphylla H 1 0.03 0.04 G Glycine tabacina 1 0.03 L Hardenbergia violacea 20 0.45 0.14 0.33 0.22 0.20 0.02 BCDFLNRTV Hovea linean's 1 0.25 . 0.02 S Hovea longifolia H 2 0.10 0.17 . 0.02 0.02 BS Indigofera australis H 6 0.19 0.04 0.07 BCFGL Jacksonia scoparia 3 0.10 0.04 0.02 BGL Kennedia rubicunda 2 0.06 0.04 0.02 BV * Lotus comiculatus H 1 0.03 . 0.02 B Oxylobium ilicifolium 12 0.04 0.13 0.14 0.50 0.17 0.10 0.02 BCDLTV Pultenaea vilIosa 1 0.03 0.04 D Swainsona galegifolia 7 0.09 0.13 0.03 0.13 0.05 BLPR * Trifolium repens 7 0.03 0.10 0.75 0.04 0.07 0.07 BNS FABACEAE-MIMOSOIDEAE Acacia barringtonensis H 5 0.10 0.20 0.08 0.02 BNS Acacia dealbata 17 0.04 0.45 0.30 0.13 0.22 0.02 BS Acacia diphylla H 2 0.03 0.10 0.02 GL Acacia eIata "3 0.13 0.05 BCN Acaciafloribunda 1 0.03 0.02 R

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER·CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 61 Floristic group Logging category Tot. RF MCF DCF PGF PSF DSHSWH LULl UL2 freq. (45) (23) (31) (29) (10) (6) (4) (23) (59) (41) State Forests

Acacia implexa 2 0.06 L Acacia irrorata 16 0.02 0.22 0.23 0.07 0.10 0.30 0.10 0.07 BCDGLNPRS Acacia maidenii· 20 0.13 0.48 0.03 0.17 0.43 0.19 0.02 BCDFNOPRST Acacia melanoxylon 32 0.20 0.30 0.38 0.30 0.17 0.25 0.22 0.25 0.20 ABCGNPRS Acacia obtusifoIia 4 0.20 0.33 0.04 0.02 0.05 BM Acacia rubida 1 0.17 . 0.02 M Acacia stricta H 1 0.03 . 0.02 B Acacia uIicifoIia 4 0.03 0.03 0.33 0.04 0.03 0.02 BD Pararchidendron pruinosum N FAGACEAE Nothofagus moorei 24 0.35 0.17 0.14 0.15 0.12 ABCNS FLACOURTlACEAE Berberidopsis beckleri 11 0.23 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.05 ABCGN Scolopia braunii 3 0.06 0.02 ACNP GENTlANACEAE Chionogentias barringtonensis H 0.03 0.02 S GERANlACEAE Geranium homeanum 3 0.10 0.04 GL Geranium neglectum 2 0.50 0.05 NS Geranium potentilloides var. potentilloides 45 0.13 0.52 0.79 0.20 0.25 0.39 0.61 0.07 BCFGNORS Geranium solanderi var. solanderi H 1 0.03 . 0.02 B Geranium spp. 5 0.13 0.03 . 0.09 0.03 CGL GESNERIACEAE Fieldia austraIis 6 0.13 0.02 BCN GOODENIACEAE Goodenia grandiflora 0.10 0.02 G Goodenia heterophylla subsp. eglandulosa H 4 0.10 0.17 0.17 0.02 CDNTV Goodenia ovata . 2 0.03 0.10 0.04 0.02 BN GYROSTEMONACEAE Codonocarpus affenuatus 0.04 0.02 G HALORAGACEAE Gonocarpus humilis 40 0.48 0.66 0.40 0.33 0.48 0.46 0.05 BCDFLNRSTV Gonocarpus micranthus subsp. micranthus 4 0.10 0.75 0.10 S Gonocarpus oreophi/us 5 0.04 0.04 0.20 0.02 0.10 BCGMN Gonocarpus tetragynus 2 0.03 0.17 0.03 B Gonocarpus teucrioides 9 0.13 0.03 0.14 0.10 0.14 0.02 BCS Myriophyllum crispatum 5 0.10 1.00 0.12 BS HYPERICACEAE Hypericum gramineum 9 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.33 0.09 0.08 0.07 BCNSV Hypericum japonicum 12 0.04 0.23 0.07 0.50 0.13 0.12 0.05 BCFGS ICACINACEAE Citronella moorei 12 0.27 0.10 ABCMN Pennantia cunninghamii 19 0.40 0.04 0.03 0.15 ABCGN LAMlACEAE Ajuga austraIis 7 0.16 0.07 0.04 0.05 0.02 CFGLS Mentha diemenica 4 0.13 0.04 0.02 BGL Plectranthus graveolens 8 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.10 0.17 0.17 BCGLMP Plectranthus parviflorus 26 0.07 0.09 0.65 0.10 0.30 0.19 0.15 BCFGLNOPRS Plectranthus suaveolens 2 0.02 0.17 0.05 M Prostanthera incisa 2 0.09 0.03 C Prostanthera lasianthos 10 0.09 0.07 0.60 0.04 0.10 0.07 BNS

FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 62 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 Floristic group Logging category Tot. RFMCF DCF PGF PSF DSHSWH LULl UL2 freq. (45) (23) (31) (29) (10) (6) (4) (23) (59) (41) State Forests

Prostanthera ovalifolia 2 0.02 0.17 . 0.05 M Prostanthera rotundifolia H + B Prunella vulgaris 5 0.03 0.03 0.10 0.50 0.04 0.02 0.07 BCS Scutellaria humilis H 15 0.02 0.04 0.26 0.20 0.17 0.16 0.05 BCGLNSW Teucrium corymbosum H 1 0.03 0:04 G Westringia eremicola H 1 0.17 0.02 S LAURACEAE Cinnamomum oliveri 4 0.08 0.05 ABCN Cinnamomum virens 2 0.04 0.04 0.02 GO Cryptocarya erythroxylon 9 0.18 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.07 BCNO Cryptocaryafoveolata 10 0.23 0.07 ABCNO Cryptocarya glaucescens 33 0.44 0.57 0.04 0.20 0.22 ABCMNORS Cryptocarya meissneriana 15 0.22 0.22 0.04 0.10 0.12 BCGN Cryptocarya microneura 22 0.29 0.30 0.06 0.22 0.10 0.10 BCGMNRW Cryptocarya obovata 16 0.29 0.13 0.04 0.03 0.15 ABCNW Cryptocarya rigida 20 0.11 0.57 0.06 0.17 0.22 BCNR Endiandra muelleri subsp. muelleri H 4 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.05 BCR Endiandra sieberi 15 0.18 0.26 0.03 0.13 0.10 0.07 ABCGNPR Litsea reticulata 17 0.20 0.35 . 0.15 0.12 BCNW Neolitsea australiensis 16 0.20 0.26 0.03 0.13 0.07 0.12 BCGMNOPW Neolitsea dealbata 18 0.33 0.13 0.13 0.03 0.17 ABCGNOR LENTIBULARlACEAE Utricularia dichotoma H 1 0.25 0.02 S LOBELIACEAE Isotoma axi//aris 2 0.33 0.05 M Lobelia gibbosa H 1 0.03 0.02 R Lobelia trigonocaulis 2 0.04 0.04 BG Pratia pedunculata 35 0.04 0.10 0.79 0.40 1.00 0.17 0.44 0.17 BFNS Pratia purpurascens 32 0.04 0.77 0.17 0.10 0.17 0.52 0.22 0.07 BCDGLNOPRS LOGANIACEAE Logania albiflora 2 0.20 . 0.05 CG LORANTHACEAE Amyema congener subsp.congener H 0.10 0.02 G Amyemapendulum subsp. pendulum 1 0.03 0.03 NS Amylotheca dictyophleba 4 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.05 CR Muellerina celastroides H 5 0.16 0.04 0.05 CGLS Notothixos cornifolius H + B MALVACEAE Abutilon oxycarpum 2 0.02 0.03 0.02 LNP Hibiscus heterophyllus subsp. heterophyllus 6 0.06 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.07 BCNP MELIACEAE Dysoxylum fraserianum 30 0.47 0.39 0.'13 0.10 0.32 ABCMNOPR Dysoxylum rufum 1 0.02 0.02 NR Melia azedarach 2 0.09 0.09 P Synoum glandulosum 39 0.31 0.61 0.32 0.03 0.35 0.32 0.12 BCFGLNPRSW Toona ciliata 13 0.27 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.07 ABCNP MENISPERMACEAE Legnephora moorei 8 0.17 0.05 ABCGNP Sarcopetalum harveyanum 13 0.18 0.17 0.03 0.17 0.05 0.07 ABCGNPR Stephaniajaponica var. discolor 0.03 . 0.02 NR

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOlITH WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 63 Floristic group Logging category Tot. RFMCF DCF PGF PSF DSHSWH L UL1 UL2 freq. (45) (23) (31) (29) (10) , (6) (4) (23) (59) (41) State Forests

MONIMlACEAE Daphnandra species A 34 0.56 0.30 0.06 0.09 0.14 0.29 ABCGMNOPRS Hedycarya angustifolia 15 0.22 0.13 0.03 0.03 · 0.08 0.02 ABCNS Palmeria scandens 34 0.53 0.43 0.13 0.15 0.24 ABCGNOR Wilkiea huegeliana 15 0.20 0.26 0.09 0.08 0.10 ABCNPR MORACEAE Ficus coronata 16 0.33 0.04 0.09 0.20 ABCGNPR Ficus macrophylla 3 0.06 0.02 BMN Ficus obliqua var. obliqua F 2 0.04 ABN Ficus rubiginosa H + MN Ficus superba var. henneana 1 0.02 0.02 GN Ficus watkinsiana F N Maclura cochinchinensis 3 0.04 0.04 0.04 ABNR Malaisia scandens 10 0.20 0.04 0.02 0.10 ABCGNR Streblus brunonianus 13 0.29 0.20 ABCGMNOP MYOPORACEAE Myoporum acuminatum 1 0.04 0.04 NP Myoporum montanum H 7 0.09 0.10 0.03 0.10 0.09 0.07 BGLP MYRSINACEAE Embelia australiana 8 0.09 0.17 0.09 0.05 0.05 CNPR Rapanea howittiana 15 0.13 0.09 0.19 0.03 0.17 0.12 0.12 BCFGNS Rapanea variabilis 18 0.07 0.35 0.10 0.03 0.20 0.17 0.13 0.14 0.10 CDGLMNPW MYRTACEAE Acmena smithii 40 0.60 0.57 0.13 0.20 0.27 ABCGMNOPRS Angophorajloribunda H 6 0.19 0.13 0.07 CFNSV Angophora subvelutina H 3 0.10 · 0.02 0.02 BL Archirhodomyrtus beckleri 15 0.14 0.39 0.04 0.14 0.07 ABCN Austromyrtus acmenioides 3 0.06 0.05 ACN Austromyrtus bidwillii 1 0.02 0.02 NP Backhousia myrtifolia 5 0.08 0.03 0.02 0.05 BCMNS Backhousia sciadophora 8 0.15 0.04 0.17 CGMNP Baeckea utilis H 2 0.10 0.25 0.05 S Callistemon ?pallidus H 4 0.30 0.25 0.02 0.07 BNS Callistemon salignus 6 0.04 0.13 0.03 0.17 0.05 CGNPW Eucalyptus acmenoides H 16 0.26 0.29 0.10 0.30 0.10 0.05 CGLPW Eucalyptus amplifolia subsp. amplifolia 1 0.03 0.02 C Eucalyptus biturbinata 2 0.03 0.10 0.02 GL Eucalyptus cameronii HlO 0.04 0.03 0.17 0.20 0.17 0.13 0.08 0.02 BCLOS Eucalyptus campanulata 24 0.22 0.26 0.17 0.10 0.83 0.13 0.29 0.07 BCLMNOS Eucalyptus canaliculata 2 0.06 0.02 CL Eucalyptus camea 6 0.16 0.10 0.13 0.03 0.02 DGLNRTV Eucalyptus cypellocarpa 1 0.03 0.02 S Eucalyptus dalrympleana subsp. dalrympleana 17 0.04 0.38 0.20 0.75 0.13 0.19 0.10 BNS Eucalyptus dalrympleana subsp. heptantha 1 0.03 · 0.02 B Eucalyptus eugenioides H 5 0.16 0.09 0.03 0.02 BCGP Eucalyptusfastigata 16 0.02 0.09 0.34 0.30 0.09 0.22 0.02 BNS Eucalyptus globoidea 1 0.03 0.04 D Eucalyptus intermedia 2 0.06 0.04 LV Eucalyptus laevopinea 16 0.04 0.13 0.26 0.10 0.09 0.17 0.05 BCFGLNSW Eucalyptus largeana 4 0.09 0.06 0.17 P Eucalyptus macrorhyncha + S Eucalyptus maculata 3 0.10 0.09 0.02 DRT

FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 64 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 Floristic group Logging category Tot. RFMCF DCF PGF PSF DSHSWH L UL1 UL2 freq. (45) (23) (31) (29) (10) (6) (4) (23) (59) (41) State Forests

Eucalyptus melliodora 1 0.03 0.02 B Eucalyptus microcorys 6 0.02 0.04 0.13 0.13 0.03 0.02 CRTVW Eucalyptus moluccana 2 0.06 0.04 DL Eucalyptus nitens 1 0:04 · 0.02 BN Eucalyptus nobilis' 11 0.04 0.28 0.10 0.17 0.04 0.12 0.07 BS Eucalyptus obliqua 25 0.09 0.13 0.06 0041 0040 0.26 0.25 0.02 ABNS Eucalyptus paniculata H 1 0.03 0.04 T Eucalyptus pauciflora 13 0.28 0.20 0.75 0.17 0.10 BNS Eucalyptus placita H 1 0.03 0.02 R Eucalyptus propinqua 4 0.13 0.13 CLTV Eucalyptus punctata 3 0.09 0.03 0.13 P Eucalyptus quadrangulata 12 0.04 0.09 0.19 0.03 0.17 0.04 0.12 0.05 BCGLNSW Eucalyptus radiata subsp. sejuncta 1 0.10 · 0.02 S Eucalyptus resinifera 1 0.03 0.04 V Eucalyptus saligna 43 0.27 0.52 0.52 0.07 0.17 0048 0.34 0.07 ABCFGLNPRS Eucalyptus siderophloia H 1 0.03 0.04 D Eucalyptus stellulata 1 0.25 0.02 S Eucalyptus tereticomis 5 0.16 0.05 0.02 BCLO Eucalyptus viminalis F 2 0.04 B Leptospennum argenteum H 3 0.10 0.50 · 0.07 S Leptospennum polygalifolium subsp. montanum H 9 0.03 0.10 0040 0.17 0.04 0.07 0.10 BMNS Leptospennum variabile H 3 0.02 0.33 · 0.Q7 BM LophostemfJn confertus 5 0.04 0.13 0.04 0.02 0.05 CNRW Rhodamnia rubescens 19 0.15 0.30 0.16 0.30 0.08 0.07 ABCGNPRW Rhodomyrtus psidioides 1 0.04 0.04 CN Syncarpia glomulifera 10 0.02 0.09 0.19 0.10 0.22 0.05 0.05 CNPRV Syzygium australe 16 0.~6 0.04 0.20 ABCGMNOP Syzygium oleosum F 3 0.07 A Tristaniopsis collina H 16 0.07 0048 0.03 0.03 0.09 0.19 0.07 BCPS Tristaniopsis laurina 10 0.22 0.02 ABCN Waterhousea floribunda 1 0.02 0.02 C OLEACEAE Jasminum volubile 7 0.09 0.03 0.03 0.10 0.10 CGLNP Notelaea longifolia H 16 0.11 0.26 0.14 0.10 0.09 0.12 0.15 BCGNPRSW Notelaea ovata 1 0.03 0.04 D Notelaea venosa H 22 0.20 0.13 0.06 0.24 0.10 0.13 0.20 0.02 ABCNRS Olea paniculata 1 0.02 · 0.02 G ONAGRACEAE Epilobium billardierianum subsp. billardierianum 4 0.10 0.25 0.05 0.02 BS Epilobium billardierianum subsp. hydrophilum H 0.25 0.02 S Epilobium billardierianum subsp. cinereum 2 0.03 0.03 0.09 BC Epilobium gunnianum H 4 0.04 0.10 0.50 · 0.02 0.07 BS OXALIDACEAE Oxalis chnoodes s.l. H 23 0.22 0042 0.17 0.39 0.20 0.05 BCDGLNOPRS PASSIFLORACEAE Passiflora aurantia F N Passiflora herbertiana subsp. herbertiana 2 0.06 0.04 0.03 CNP PEPEROMlACEAE Peperomia leptostachya 1 0.02 0.02 G Peperomia tetraphylla 5 0.11 0.05 BCNP

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 65 Floristic group Logging category Tot RF MCF DCF PGF PSF DSHSWH L TILl UL2 freq. (45) (23) (31) '(29) (10) (6) (4) (23) (59) (41) State Forests

PHYTOLACCACEAE * Phytolacca octandra 5 0.02 0.04 0.10 0.03 0.05 CGLOR PIPERACEAE Piper novae-hoIIandiae 12 0.27 0.02 0.15 ABCGNO PITTOSPORACEAE Billardiera longiflora H 1 0.10 0.02 B Billardiera scandens 16 0.04 0.13 0.17 0.40 0.33 0.17 0.19 0.05 BCDLNSV Bursaria spinosa 8 0.04 0.26 0.04 0.07 0.07 CGMP Citriobatus pauciflorus 54 0.78 0.70 0.10 0.30 0.22 0.49 ABCGMNOPRS Hymenosporum flavum 17 0.31 0.09 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.12 ABCGNOS Pittosporum revolutum 14 0.08 0.35 0.06 0.04 0.12 0.07 CLNPRW Pittosporum undulatum 27 0.31 0.39 0.03 0.03 0.20 0.09 0.14 0.20 ABCGLMNP PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago cladarophyIIa 1 0.25 0.02 S Plantago debilis 31 0.09 0.58 0.34 0.10 0.35 0.32 0.05 BCDFGLNOPS POLYGALACEAE Comesperma ericinum 1 0.17 0.02 M Comesperma volubile 1 0.17 0.02 S POLYGONACEAE Persicaria hydropiper 1 0.02 0.02 C * Polygonum arenastrum H + B Rumex brownii 6 0.09 0.06 0.03 0.25 0.05 0.05 BLS PRIMULACEAE * Anagallis arvensis 0.03 0.04 D PROTEACEAE Banksia integrifolia 17 0.02 0.26 0.24 0.10 0.17 0.25 0.09 0.22 0.05 BCNS Grevillea ?arenaria H 2 0.03 0.17 · 0.02 0.02 S Hakea eriantha 5 0.14 0.10 0.08 BS Hakea microcarpa 5 0.03 0.10 0.75 · 0.02 0.10 BS Hakea salicifolia 3 0.03 0.33 · 0.03 0.02 B Lomatia arborescens 16 0.02 0.26 0.24 0.20 0.04 0.24 0.02 BCNS Orites excelsa 25 0.42 0.26 0.04 0.08 0.22 ABCNO Persoonia acuminata H 1 0.03 · 0.02 B Persoonia linean's 26 0.04 0.42 0.21 0.20 0.67 0.26 0.29 0.07 BCDFLMNPRS Persoonia oleoides H 18 0.04 0.32 0.21 0.10 0.30 0.10 0.05 BGLOP Persoonia oleoides x linearis H 2 0.03 0.03 · 0.03 B Stenocarpus salignus 22 0.36 0.26 0.04 0.08 0.17 ABCGNPR RANUNCULACEAE Clematis aristata 62 0.26 0.48 0.48 0.72 0.30 0.61 0.58 0.20 ABCGLNOPRS Clematis glycinoides 3 0.02 0.06 · 0.05 0.02 CN Ranunculus inundatus 1 0.25 . 0.02 S Ranunculus lappaceus 22 0.26 0041 0.10 0.25 0.22 0.20 0.07 BCFLST Ranunculus pimpineIIifolius 2 0.50 . 0.05 S Ranunculus plebeius 1 0.03 · 0.02 G RHAMNACEAE Alphitonia excelsa 5 0.06 0.09 0.04 0.03 0.05 CNPR Emmenosperma alphitonioides F 6 0.13 BCN Pomadem's argyrophyIIa H 3 0.20 0.17 · 0.02 0.05 BS Pomaderris aff. costata H + + BN Pomaderris eriocephala H 1 0.03 0.02 B Pomaderris helianthemifolia H 2 0.03 0.17 0.02 0.02 S Pomaderris ligustrina H 1 0.10 0.02 0.02 CN ROSACEAE Acaena novae-zelandiae 27 0.04 0.23 0.52 0.10 0.75 0.13 0.31 0.12 BFGLNS Rubus hillii 11 0.17 0.09 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 ABCNP

FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 66 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 Floristic group Logging category Tot RFMCF DCF.PGF PSF DSHSWH LULl UL2 freq. (45) (23) (31) (29) .(10) (6) (4) (23) (59) (41) State Forests

Rubus parvifolius 46 0.74 0.69 0.10 0.50 0.43 053 0.10 BCFGLNOPRS Rubus rosifolius 23 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.03 0.35 0.12 0.02 ABCGNPS . Rubus species A 16 0.31 0.09 0.09 0.03 0.07.' ABCGNO RUBIACEAE Asperula conferta 19 0.59 0.50 0.22 0.20 0.05 BS Asperula gunnii H 2 0,03 0.10 0.03 B Asperula scoparia 4 0.10 0.25 0.05 0.02 B Canthium coprosmoides 4 0.06 0.04 0.05 BCNPW Coprosma hirtella 1 0.03 0.02 B Coprosma nitida H 5 0.04 0.03 0.20 0.03 0.02 BS Coprosma quadrifida 28 0.22 0.17 0.38 0.20 0.25 0.13 0.22 0.12 ABCNS Galium binifolium 18 0.02 0.23 0.24 0.30 0.17 0.15 0.07 BCFGLPRS Galium ciliare 33 0.02 0.09 0.52 0.45 0.10 0.35 0.42 0.05 BCGLNOS Galium curvihirtum + S Galium migrans H 3 0.03 0.07 · 0.03 BLS Galium propinquum H 6 0.09 0.03 0.07 0.10 0.09 0.05 0.02 BS Morinda jasminoides 34 0.58 0.35 0.09 0.10 0.44 ABCGMNPRS Opercularia aspera 8 0.23 0.03 0.17 0.05 CDLTV Opercularia hispida 3 0.10 · 0.03 0.02 B Pomax umbellata 2 0.33 0.05 M Psychotn'a loniceroides 40 0.42 0.52 0.23 0.07 0.30 0.27 0.22 ABCGLNPRW RUTACEAE Acradenia euodiiformis H 5 0.09 0.04 · 0.02 0.07 C Acronychia oblongifoZia H 7 0.04 0.22 0.17 0.03 0.02 ACGNPW Asterolasia correifolia H + B Correa reflexa var. reflexa 2 0.03 0.17 · 0.02 0.02 S Geijera latifolia 3 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.02 CNP Melicope micrococca H 6 0.02 0.17 0.03 0.22 0.02 CNPR Phebalium elatius subsp. beckleri H 2 0.33 0.05 BM Phebalium ?rotundifolium H 1 0.17 0.02 B Phebalium squamulosum subsp. verrucosum H 2 0.04 0.10 0.02 0.02 S Sarcomelicope simplicifolia 6 0.11 0.04 0.04 · 0.07 BCGMNP Zieria arborescens 1 0.04 · 0.02 CN Zieria fraseri subsp. B 1 0.17 0.02 M Zieria smithii 4 0.04 0.03 0.10 0.09 0.05 CGV SANTALACEAE Exocarpos cupressiformis 5 0.09 0.06 0.17 0.13 0.02 0.02 BCPT Exocarpus stn'ctus 3 0.06 0.17 0.04 0.02 0.02 ST Santalum obtusifolium 3 0.06 0.03 0.04 0.03 BCR SAPINDACEAE Alectryon subcinereus 28 0.47 0.26 0.03 0.17 0.1 0 0.29 ABCGMNPS Cupaniopsisfoveolata 2 0.04 0.04 CGN Diploglottis australis 12 0.18 0.17 0.13 0.08 0.17 CGMNOR Dodonaea megazyga 2 0.09 · 0.02 0.02 CW . Dodonaea viscosa var. viscosa H 2 0.09 0.04 · 0.02 GP Elattostachys nervosa H13 0.25 0.09 0.09 · 0.17 BCGMNOPR Guioa semiglauca 23 0.27 0.43 0.03 0.17 0.14 0.15 ABCGNPRW Mischocarpus australis 14 0.27 0.09 0.04 0.03 0.15 ABCNPR Mischocarpus pyriformis 2 0.02 0.04 · 0.02 0.02 CP Rhysotoechia bifoliolata 4 0.07 0.04 0.10 GNP Sarcopteryx stipitata 1 0.02 0.04 G SAPOTACEAE Planchonella australis 16 0.34 0.04 · 0.02 0.20 ABCGMNP

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 67 Floristic group Logging category Tot. RF MCF DCF PGF PSF DSHSWH LULl UL2 freq. (45) (23) (31) (29) (10) .(6) (4) (23) (59) (41) State Forests

SCROPHULARIACEAE Gratiola pedunculata 1 0.03 0.04 S Gratiola peruviana H 7 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.20 0.50 0.04 0.05 0.07 BGS Veronica calycina 9 0.06 0.24 0.04 0.14 BFS Veronica notabilis 8 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.20 0.25 · 0.05 0.05 ABNS Veronica plebeia 8 0.26 0.22 0.07 BCGNSTV Veronica species B H 16 0.04 0.03 0.41 0.20 0.26 0.19 0.02 BNS Veronica species C 8 0.07 0.04 0.10 0.10 0.08 0.07 BC SOLANACEAE Duboisia myoporoides F 1 0.02 AN * Physalis peruvianus 1 0.03 L Solanum aviculare 5 0.09 0.04 0.02 0.02 ABNS Solanum brownii 3 0.04 0.06 0.05 BCS Solanum densevestitum F N Solanum inequilaterium F N * Solanum mauritianum 1 0.03 · 0.02 NO * Solanum nigrum 1 0.03 0.04 C Solanum opacum 6 0.04 0.13 0.10 · 0.07 0.05 CGOR Solanum prinophyIIum 13 0.11 0.04 0.23 0.04 0.12 0.02 ABCLNORSV * Solanum pseudocapsicum 4 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.02 ACNP Solanum p'ungetium 5 0.02 0.06 0.03 0.10 0.09 0.05 COOL Solanum stelligerum 15 0.02 0.04 0.32 0.03 0.20 0.26 0.10 0.07 CGLNPRT STACKHOUSIACEAE Stackhousla viminea 0.03 0.04 D STERCULIACEAE Brachychiton acerifolius 19 0.34 0.13 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.20 ABCGMNPW Brachychiton discolor 1 0.02 0.02 P Brachychiton populneus 6 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.04 0.10 BGLVW Commersoniafraseri F · 0.02 N Heri.tiera actinophyIIa 5 0.11 0.04 0.10 GNP STYLIDIACEAE Stylidium graminifoIium 2 0.33 0.02 0.02 B SYMPLOCACEAE Symplocos thwaitesii F 0.02 CN THYMELAEACEAE Pimelea ?curviflora subsp. curviflora 0.03 0.04 D Pimelea curviflora subsp. gracilis H + B Pimelea Iigustrina subsp. Iigustrina 5 0.04 0.10 0.10 0.10 BNS Pimelea Iinifolia subsp. IinifoIia 3 0.02 0.03 0.17 0.02 0.05 MR Pimelea neo-angIica 5 0.09 0.06 0.03 0.13 0.02 CGLP TRIMENIACEAE Trimenia moorei 0.02 · 0.02 CN ULMACEAE Trema aspera 4 0.06 0.03 · 0.02 0.05 ACNP URTICACEAE AustraIina pusiIIa H 8 0.13 0.09 · 0.02 0.07 ABCNS Dendrocnide excelsa 23 0.45 0.13 0.09 0.34 ABCGMNOPR Dendrocnide photinophyIIa 1 0.02 0.02 P Elatostemma reticulatum var. reticulatum 16 0.36 0.07 ABCN Urtica incisa 26 0.31 0.26 0.06 0.07 0.10 0.25 0.22 0.08 0.24 ABCGNPSW

FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 68 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 Floristic group Logging category Tot RFMCF DCF PGF PSF DSHSWH LULl UL2 freq. (45) (23) (31) (29) (10) (6) (4) (23) (59) (41) State Forests

VERBENACEAE Clerodendrum tomentosum 15 0.08 0.17 0.16 0.03 0.10 0.30 0.02 0.10 BCDGLNPRT Gmelina leichhardtii 3 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 CNR * Lantana camara 3 o.oi 0.06 0.09 0.02 DPT * Verbena bonariensis 1 0.03 0.04 C VIOLACEAE Hybanthus monopetalus 5 0.14 0.25 · 0.07 0.02 BS Hybanthus stellarioides 3 0.06 0.03 0.04 DL Hymenanthera dentata 9 0.11 0.09 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.02 ABCNS Viola betonicifolia 37 0.58 0.59 0.17 0.25 0.48 0.36 0.05 BCFGLNPRST Viola hederacea 49 0.04 0.22 0.48 0.69 0.60 0.25 0.52 0.53 0.15 BCFGLNRS VITACEAE Cayratia clematidea 16 0.02 0.17 0.32 0.10 0.26 0.07 0.10 CGLNOPRW Cayratia eurynema 5 0.08 0.04 0.04 · 0.05 ABCGNP Cissus antarctica 49 0.65 0.39 0.32 0.03 0.48 0.19 0.41 ABCGLMNOPR Cissus hypoglauca 43 0.51 0.43 0.32 0.35 0.24 0.29 ABCGMNOPRS Cissus opaca 8 0.04 0.16 0.03 0.10 0.09 0.03 0.05 CDGLOR Tetrastigma nitens 8 0.09 0.04 0.10 0.09 0.07 0.07 CGNP WINTERACEAE Tasmannia glaucifolia H 4 0.03 0.20 0.25 · 0.03 0.05 BNS Tasmannia insipida 36 0.56 0.48 0.09 0.19 0.27 ABCGNOR Tasmannia purpurascens H 19 0.13 0.04 0.24 0.40 0.25 0.09 0.15 0.15 BNS Tasmannia stipitata 5 0.10 0.20 0.09 0.05 B

Class MAGNOLIOPSIDA - Ln..rIDAE ANTHERICACEAE Arthropodium milleflorum H 35 0.61 0.45 0.20 0.25 0.43 0.34 0.10 BCDFGLNOPR Caesia parvijIora var. vittata H 0.03 · 0.02 S ARACEAE Alocasia brisbanensis 4 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.05 ACN Gymnostachys anceps 43 0.53 0.48 0.26 0.26 0.20 0.29 ABCGNOPRST Typhonium brownii 1 0.04 0.02 S ARECACEAE Archontophoenix cunninghamiana N Livistona australis F N ASPHODELACEAE Bulbine bulbosa 2 0.03 0.25 0.02 0.02 B COMMELINACEAE Aneilema acuminatum 9 0.16 0.09 0.09 · 0.20 CGNPS Aneilema bijIorum 1 0.02 · 0.02 C Commelina cyanea 7 0.02 0.04 0.13 0.10 0.04 0.02 0.07 GLOP Pollia crispata 16 0.36 0.02 0.17 ABCGMNP CYPERACEAE Baumea gunnii H 1 0.10 · 0.02 S Bulbostylis densa 1 0.03 · 0.02 B Carex appressa 12 0.07 0.13 0.03 0.03 0.20 0.50 0.13 0.05 0.15 BGPS Carex breviculmis 42 0.04 0.65 0.66 0.33 0.57 0.44 0.07 BCDFGLNOPR Carex brunnea H 7 0.11 0.09 0.04 0.15 CGS Carex declinata 5 0.04 0.10 0.03 0.09 0.03 BCGLN Carexjascicularis H 1 0.25 0.02 S Carex gaudichaudiana H 3 0.75 0.07 S Carex incomitata H 8 0.04 0.03 0.21 0.13 0.05 0.02 BLSW Carex inversa 3 0.04 0.03 0.25 0.05 BLS Carex lobolepis 1 0.25 0.02 B Carex longebrachiata 5 0.04 0.10 0.09 0.05 0.02 CGNPS Cyperus disjunctus N

STATE FORESTS OF NEW soum WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CmCHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERlES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRALREGION, NEW soum WALES 69 Floristic group Logging category Tot RF MCF DCF PGF PSF DSHSWH LULl UL2 freq. (45) (23) (31) (29) (10) (6) (4) (23) (59) (41) State Forests

Cypems enervis H 4 0.02 0.13 0.09 . 0.05 GP Cyperos gracilis H 2 0.06 L Cypems imbeciIlis H 7 0.04 0.19 0.04 0.07 0.02 CLNOS Cypems laevis H 7 0.23 0.13 0.02 0.02 BDGLRT Cypems lucidus 1 0.03 · 0.02 B Cypems sphaeroideus H 2 0.50 0.05 BS Cypems tetraphyllus 7 0.07 0.13 0.03 0.09 0.02 0.12 CGNPSW Cypems spp. 2 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.02 C Eleocharis gracilis H 2 0.50 0.05 S Eleocharis sphacelata 1 0.25 0.02 S Fimbristylis dichotoma 1 0.03 0.04 D Gahnia aspera 13 0.14 0.22 0.03 0.10 0.13 0.03 0.10 ACGLNPR Gahnia melanocarpa 16 0.04 0.35 0.16 0.03 0.30 0.14 0.05 BCGNPRW Gahnia sieberiana 9 0.02 0.04 0.14 0.20 0.17 0.13 0.07 0.02 BNS Isolepis crassicula H 1 0.25 0.02 S Isolepis habra H 2 0.03 0.10 · 0.02 0.02 BS Lepidospenna laterale 45 0.26 0.71 0.28 0.60 0.50 0.52 0.42 0.17 BCFGLNOPRS Lepidospenna'lineare' 1 0.17 0.02 M J"epidospenna tortuosum 1 0.17 0.02 B Schoenus apogon 2 0.04 0.25 0.02 0.02 S Scirpus polystachyus H 2 0.50 0.05 S Scleria mackaviensis 3 0.10 0.02 0.02 BLO Uncinia nemoralis H 2 0.02 0.10 0.02 0.02 B DIOSCOREACEAE Dioscorea transversa 30 0.42 0.30 0.13 0.17 0.14 0.27 ABCGNOPRSW IRIDACEAE Libertia paniculata 3 0.02 0.07 0.Q3 0.02 BCS Libertia pulchella H 3 0.03 0.20 0.02 0.05 BNS Patersoniafragilis H 1 0.03 0.02 B Patersonia glabrata 2 0.33 0.02 0.02 BM * Sisyrhichium species A H + B JUNCACEAE Juncus alexandn' subsp. melanobasis H 5 0.04 0.07 0.10 0.25 · 0.05 0.05 BS Juncus articulatus 1 0.25 0.02 B Juncus paucifloms H 2 0.04 0.10 0.05 S Juncus phaeanthus H 2 0.50 0.05 S Juncus sandwithii H 1 0.25 0.02 S Juncus usitatus 2 0.04 0.03 0.09 C Juncusspp. 1 0.02 0.02 M Luzulaflaccida 24 0.02 0.04 0.10 0.66 0.22 0.32 0.05 BFMNS LOMANDRACEAE Lomandrafilifonnis H 15 0.29 0.07 0.10 0.50 0.22 0.05 0.10 BCDGLMTV Lomandra hystrix 2 0.04 0.05 C Lomandra longifolia 81 0.24 0.57 0.77 0.79 0.70 0.33 0.25 0.70 0.81 0.22 ABCDFGLMNO Lomandra multiflora 3 0.06 0.17 0.09 0.02 DMT Lomandra spicata 36 0.60 0.39 0.13 0.10 0.41 ABCGNOPRSW LUZURIAGACEAE Drymophila moorei 2 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.02 G Eustrephus latifolius 33 0.07 0.30 0.58 0.17 0.43 0.29 0.02 BCDFGLNPRS Geitonoplesium cymosum 38 0.23 0.48 0.48 0.03 0.10 0.39 0.22 0.27 ABCDFGLNOP ORCHIDACEAE Acianthus exsertus 5 0.10 0.07 0.04 0.07 BG Acianthusfomicatus 6 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.08 BCNSV Acianthus spp. 8 0.19 0.03 0.17 0.22 0.05 BCDGRT Bulbophyllum exiguum 3 0.04 0.04 · 0.02 0.02 CN

FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 70 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 Floristic group Logging category Tot. RFMCF DCF PGF PSF DSHSWH LULl UL2 freq. (45) (23) (31) (29) (10) (6) (4) (23), (59) (41) State Forests

BulbophylIum schillerianum 1 0.02 BN BulbophylIum shepherdii 4 0.07 0.04 · 0.02 0.07 CNR Calanthe triplicata 1 0.02 0.02 CN Calochilus sp. 1 0.17 0.04 C Chiloglottis diphy?la H 1 0.03 0.04 0.02 NT Chiloglottis trilabra H 17 0.10 0.34 0.30 0.17 0.17 0.24 BCGNS Chiloglottis sp. 2 0.20 · 0.02 0.02 S Corybas aconitiflorus ,2 0.03 0.17 0.04 0.03 CN Corybas.fimbriatus 7 0.16 0.03 0.10 0.13 0.05 0.02 CGRS Corybas pruinosus 1 0.03 · 0.05 CN Cymbidium suave 7 0.09 0.16 0.17 0.03 CLPV Dendrobium faiifaxii 12 0.20 0.13 0.03 0.07 BCGMN Dendrobiumfalcorostrum 6 0.11 0.04 · 0.02 0.05 ABCN Dendrobium gracilicaule 13 0.26 0.04 0.17 ABCGNP Dendrobium kingianum 3 0.02 0.33 0.07 M Dendrobium moriii 1 0.02 0.02 AN Dendrobium pugionifonne 26 0.51 0.13 0.04 0.05 0.17 ABCGNOP Dendrobium schoeninum 11 0.22 0.04 0.15 ABCGNP Dendrobium tarberi 14 0.29 0.04 · 0.20 ABCGNOP Dendrobium tetragonum 1 0.02 · 0.02 C Dipodium punctatum 6 0.13 0.07 0.04 0.07 BFLPS Diurisspp. 2 0.03 0.17 0.09 CG Eriochilus cuculIatus 2 0.07 · 0.03 B Gastrodia sesamoides H 1 0.03 0.04 B Liparis coelogynoides F 1 0.02 BN Liparis rejIexa 1 0.02 0.02 M Microtis spp. 2 0.06 0.04 BS Papillilabium beckleri 2 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.02 C Plectorhiza tridentata 11 0.20 0.09 0.09 0.02 0.17 CGNPR Pterostylis abrupta H 13 0.34 0.30 0.04 0.17 0.05 BS Pterostylis coccinea 8 0.04 0.24 0.15 BNS Pterostylis curia 2 0.04 · 0.05 CM Pterostylis decurva H 7 0.03 0.17 0.10 0.10 0.02 BCS Pterostylisfurcata 3 0.20 0.25 0.07 S Pterostylis hispidula H 1 0.10 0.04 B Pterostylis longifolia 5 0.10 0.10 0.17 0.04 0.05 0.02 BCG Pterostylis nutans 6 0.16 0.03 0.09 0.08 BCGNRV Pterostylis obtusa 6 0.19 0.09 0.03 BGLT Pterostylis parviflora 3 0.03 0.33 · 0.03 0.02 BO Pterostylis spp. 9 0.02 0.23 0.03 0.26 0.05 BCDG Rhinerrhiza divitijIora 3 0.04 0.04 · 0.02 0.02 CNP Sarcochilus australis 1 0.03 · 0.02 S Sarcochilusfalcatus 34 0..54 0.43 0.04 0.19 0.29 ABCGMNOPS Sarcochilus hi/lii 1 0.04 0.04 CN Sarcochilus olivaceus '9 0.18 0.04 · 0.02 0.20 CGNPR Sarcochilus spathulatus 3 0.02 0.09 0.04 0.02 0.02 C Spiranthes sinensis 1 0.25 0.02 0.02 NS Thelymitra fragrans 1 0.02 0.02 M PHORMIACEAE DianelIa caerulea H64 0.20 0.30 0.94 0.48 0.30 0.33 0.70 0.59 0.24 BCDFGLMNOP DianelIa Iongifolia 5 0.13 0.25 0.04 0.03 0.05 BCPS DianelIa revoluta 1 0.03 0.04 P DianelIa tasmanica 9 0.24 0.20 0.09 0.14 BNS Stypandra gIauca 2 0.02 0.17 · 0.05 M

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-emCHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 71 Floristic group Logging category Tot. RF MCF DCF PGF PSF DSHSWH LULl UL2 freq. (45) (23) (31) (29) (10) (6) (4) (23) (59) (41) State Forests

POACEAE Agrostis avenacea var. avenacea 1 0.25 0.02 S Aristida vagans H 4 0.13 0.09 0.02 BDLV Cenchrus caliculatus 2 0.06 · 0.02 LO Cymbopogon refractus 13 0.35 0.03 0.10 0.26 0.05 0.05 BCDGLOPTV Danthonia laevis H 2 0.07 0.03. B Danthonia longifolia 5 0.04 0.06 0.03 0.10 0.07 BGL Danthonia pilosa var.pilosa H 2 0.03 0.03 0.02 LS Danthonia racemosa var. racemosa Hll 0.10 0.28 0.17 0.10 0.02 BFS Danthonia spp. 4 0.03 0.07 0.17 0.04 0.03 0.02 BMS Deyeuxia acuminata H 1 0.03 0.02 B Deyeuxia gunniana H 3 0.03 0.50 0.02 0.05 BS Deyeuxia monticola var. monticola H 1 0.03 0.03 BN Deyeuxia parviseta H 5 0.10 0.10 0.17 0.08 B Deyeuxia reflexa H 1 0.03 0.04 B Deyeuxia rodwayi H 1 0.10 · 0.02 S Dichelachne micrantha 9 0.10 0.17 0.17 0.04 0.08 0.05 BLOS Dichelachne rara H 16 0.13 0.38 0.10 0.22 0.17 0.02 BS Digitaria parviflora 6 0.19 0.09 0.05 CDLNRT Digitaria ramularis H 5 0.13 0.10 0.09 0.03 0.02 CGOV Echinopogon caespitosus var. caespitosus H 4 0.13 0.13 0.02 CDTV Echinopogon ovatus 24 0.39 0.38 0.17 0.30 0.24 BCGLS Elymus scaber var. scaber 4 0.10 0.03 0.09 0.02 0.02 BPS Entolasia marginata 10 0.29 0.17 0.26 0.08 CGNRTV Entolasia stricta 7 0.02 0.06 0.20 0.33 0.04 .' 0.15 BCDGMS Eragrostis leptostachya H 2 0.06 · 0.03 C Eragrostis benthamii 1 0.03 0.04 V * Holcus lanatus H 2 0.03 0.25 0.02 0.02 B Imperata cylindrica var. major 28 0.77 0.07 0.10 0.17 0.43 0.22 0.02 BCDFGLNOPR Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides 58 0.13 0.71 0.79 0.70 0.50 0.61 0.64 0.12 BCDFGLNOST Oplismenus aemulus 13 0.42 0.22 0.10 0.02 BCDGLNOT Oplismenus imbecillus 23 0.18 0.09 0.35 0.03 0.10 0.17 0.10 0.22 BCGLPRS Panicum efJusum 3 0.10 · 0.02 0.02 BLO Panicum pygmaeum H + + G Panicum simile 5 0.13 0.17 0.17 0.02 0.02 BCDNTV Poa labillardieri 26 0.04 0.65 0.14 0.25 0.30' 0.27 0.02 BCFLNRSTV Poa queenslandica 1 0.02 0.02 C Poa sieberiana var. sieberiana H 54 0.02 0.22 0.39 0.93 0.70 0.50 0.57 0.54 0.22 BCGLMNPRST * Setaria pumila 1 0.03 · 0.02 C Sorghum leiocladum 6 0.19 0.09 0.05 0.02 BCLNT Sporobolus elongatus H 2 0.06 0.02 0.02 BC Sporobolus diander H 1 0.03 L Stipa ramosissima 2 0.02 0.04 0.04 . 0.02 P Stipa rudis subsp. nervosa H 8 0.13 0.03 0.10 0.33 · 0.07 0.05 BCGLS Themeda australis 14 0.35 0.03 0.10 0.17 0.17 0.10 0.05 BCFLNOPT RESTIONACEAE Empodisma minus 1 0.25 0.02 S Restio stenocoleus H 3 0.75 0.07 S

FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 72 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 Floristic group Logging category Tot. RFMCF DCF PGF PSF DSHSWH L UL1 UL2 freq. (45) (23) (31) (29) (10) (6) (4) (23) (59) (41) State Forests

RIPOGONACEAE Ripogonllm albllm 10 0.18 0.09 0.04 0.02 0.07 ABCMNP Ripogonllm discolor. 2 0.04 0.04 CG Ripogonllm!awcetfianllm 1 0.02 . 0.02 R SMILACACEAE Smilax allstralis 83 0.69 0.78 0.23 0.69 0.70 0.57 0.66 0.49 ABCGNOPRSW Smilax glyciphylla 6 0.06 0.13 0.05 0.02 eN SPARGANIACEAE Sparganillm sllbglobosllm 0.25 0.02 S UVULARlACEAE Tripladenia cllnninghamii 0.02 0.02 CN XANTHORRHOEACEAE Xanthorrhoea malacophylla 1 0.03 0.04 P Xanthorrhoea spp. H 2 0.03 0.17 0.02 0.02 MO ZINGIBERACEAE Alpinia caerulea N

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 73 .------

APPENDIX 2

DESCRIPTIONS OF UNDERSTOREY COlv1lv1UNITIES

"Understorey" communities are derived from classification of plot data, using the technique under Methods, ofall species excluding Eucalyptus spp., Lophostemon confertus and Syncarpia glomulifera. Communities described below are defined at the 0.8 level of dissimilarity (23 group level). This is a convenient means of briefly summarizing the main floristic elements of the vegetation, but results in a fairly broad classification. Each group described below is named from one or two ofthe more frequent and abundant species in the main understorey strata. Listed species are those which occur in at least 50% ofplots in the group (frequency, fr, >=0.5), or with a mean cover code (mc) ofat least one.

BARns 1 Cissus antarctica-Lastreopsis microsora 14 plots; NDMFL1.2, NDMHU1.3, NDMHU2.2, NDRFS2.3, NDRFS3.1, NDRIP2.3, NDRIP3.3, NDWGOOl, NDWG006, NDWGOI2, NGCON002, NGCRA001, NGGIR002, NGRFS4.2

Altitude: 290-860m, median=575m Aspect: median 105° Topographic positions: Mainly lower slopes to gullies and creeks. Fire history: In most cases a minimum of30-50 years since last fire, exceptionally 15-30 years. Logging history: Mostly unlogged, some logged at least 30 yr previously. Overstorey communities: Subtropical and warm temperate rainforest (2.1, 2.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7) and occasionally 10.1 E. saligna. Floristic richness: 44-84, median 56

Species fr mc Species fr mc Citriobatus pauciflorus 1 1.64 Doryphora sassafras 0.64 1.64 Cissus antarctica 0.93 2.5 Cryptocarya glaucescens 0.64 1.43 Palmeria scandens 0.93 1.57 Parsonsia straminea 0.64 1.36 Lomandra spicata 0.93 1.5 Smilax australis 0.64 1.07 Tasmannia insipida 0.93 1.5 Sarcochilus falcatus 0.64 0.86 Arthropteris tenella 0.86 1.64 Alectryon subcinereus 0.64 0.79 Pandorea pandorana 0.86 1.21 Dictymia brownii 0.64 0.79 Asplenium australasicum 0.86 0.93 Diospyros australis 0.64 0.79 Lastreopsis microsora 0.79 2.29 Neolitsea dealbata 0.64 0.79 Caldcluvia paniculosa 0.79 2.07 Diploglottis australis 0.64 0.71 Polyosma cunninghamii 0.79 1.5 Cryptoccirya meissneriana 0.57 1.21 Acmena smithii 0.79 1.36 Orites excelsa 0.57 1.14 Pyrrosia confluens 0.79 1.36 Synoum glandulosum 0.57 1.07 Morinda jasminoides 0.79 1.29 Cryptocarya microneura 0.57 0.93 Cissus hypoglauca 0.71 1.71 Eupomatia laurina 0.57 0.86 Schizomeria ovata 0.71 1.5 Dioscorea transversa 0.57 0.79 Microsorium scandens 0.71 1.36 Platycerium bifurcatum 0.57 0.71 Daphnandra species A 0.71 1.14 Psychotria loniceroides 0.57 0.57 Dysoxylum fraseranum 0.71 1.14

FLORA SURVEY. GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 74 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION. NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 BARus 2 Waterhouseafloribunda (plot NDCHIOOl) ,

Altitude: 190m Topographic position: creek flat Fire history: No evidence; probably at least 50 yr. Logging history: Some trees illegally felled about 20 yr previously. Overstorey communities: 3 Waterhousiafloribunda Comments: Only known occurrence along Caro,viry Creek in Chichester S.F., but w: floribunda also occurs in Craven SF. ' Floristic richness: 59

Species fr mc Species fr mc Waterhousea floribunda 1 6 Dioscorea transversa 1 2 Aphanopetalum resinosum 1 2 Doryphora sassafras 1 2 Carex brunnea 1 2 Ficus coronata 1 2 Cephalaralia cephalobotrys 1 2 Lastreopsis microsora 1 2 Cissus hypoglauca 1 2 Lomandra hystrix 1 2 Croton verreauxii 1 2 Morinda jasminoides 1 2 Cryptocarya glaucescens 1 2 Oplismenus imbecillus 1 2 Daphnandra species A 1 2 Pseuderanthemum variabile 1 2 Dennstaedtia davallioides 1 2 Synoum glandulosum 1 2

BARus 3 Cissus antarctica-Dendrocnide excelsa 7 plots; NGDLB068, NGDLB069, NGDLB070, NGDLB071, NGDLBI12, NGGIR003, NDRFS 1-3

Altitude: 310-730m, median=370m Aspect: mainly north-east to south-east. Topographic position: Mainly mid to lower slopes and creeks. Fire history: Unburnt for >30 yr. Logging history: All unlogged. Overstorey communities: Subtropical and dry rainforest (1.1, 1.2,4) Comments: This is the typical low altitude rainforest community ofthe area. Floristic richness: 43-68, median 64

Species fr mc Species 'fr mc Cissus antarctica 1.00, 2.86 Pandorea pandorana 0.71 1.29 Dendrocnide excelsa 1.00 2.57 Adiantumformosum 0.71 1.29 Citriobatus pauciflorus 1.00 1.86 Arthropteris tenella 0.71 1.29 Asplenium australasic~m 1.00 1.71 Dendrobium schoeninum 0.71 1.29 Backhousia sciadophora 0.86 3.29 Dendrobium gracilicaule 0.71 1.14 Planchonella australis 0.86 2.43 Lomandra spicata 0.71 1.14 Elattostachys nervosa 0.86 1.86 Baloghia inophylla 0.57 1.57 Brachychiton acerifolius 0.86 1.71 Alchornea ilicifolia 0.57 1.43 Morinda jasminoides 0.86 1.71 Heritiera actinophylla 0.57 1.14 Alectryon subcinereus 0.86 1.57 Diospyros australis 0.57 1.00 Pellaeafalcata var. falcata 0.86 1.57 Plectorhiza tridentata 0.57 1.00 Pollia crispata 0.86 0.8 Sarcochilus falcatus 0.57 1.00 Streblus brunonianus 0.71 1.57 Syzygium australe 0.57 1.00 Capparis arborea 0.71 1.43 Dendrobium tarberi 0.57 0.86 Daphnandra species A 0.71 1.43 Sarcochilus olivaceus 0.57 0.86 Parsonsia straminea 0.71 1.43 Smilax australis 0.57 0.86 Dysoxylum fraserianum 0.71 1.43 Pseuderanthemum variabile 0.57 0.86 Pyrrosia conjluens 0.71 1.43 Dioscorea transversa 0.57 0.71

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 75 r------

BARus4Doryphorasa~a/r~ 2 plots; NGBAR002, NGSTEOlO

Altitude: 630, 890m Aspect: 30, 2200 Topographic position: Lower slope and creek Fire history: Unbumt for at least 10-15 yr. Logging history: Unlogged. Overstorey communities: 10.1 E. saligna and 20 E. nobilis Floristi~ richness: 53,59

Species . fr mc Species fr mc Doryphora sassafras 1.00 4.50 Adiantumformosum 1.00 1.50 Dennstaedtia davallioides 1.00 2.50 Coprosma quadrifida 1.00 1.50 Hymenanthera dentata 1.00 2.50 Austrocynoglossum latifolium 1.00 . 1.50 Urtica incisa 1.00 2.50 Des.modium varians 1.00 1.50 Acacia irrorata 1.00 2.00 Stellaria flaccida 1.00 1.50 Australina pusilla 1.00 2.00 Viola h'ederacea 1.00 1.50 Citriobatus pauciflorus 1.00 2.00 Clematis aristata 1.00 1.00 Doodia aspera 1.00 2.00 Dicksonia antarctica 1.00 1.00 Hydrocotyle laxi/olia 1.00 2.00 Hymenosporum flavum 1.00 1.00 Lomandra spicata 1.00 2.00 Pyrrosia rupestris 1.00 1.00 Pandorea pandorana 1.00 2.00 Rumex brownii 1.00 1.00 Rapanea howittiana 1.00 2.00 Eucalyptus nobilis 0.50 2.00 Smilax australis 1.00 2.00 Calochlaena dubia 0.50 1.50 Acmena smithii 1.00 1.50 Eucalyptus saligna 0.50 1.50

BARus 5 Backhousia myrtifolia 2 plots; NDRIP1.2, NGDLBllO

Altitude: 260, 870m Topographic position: Mid-slope and creek. Fire history: Unbumt for >40 yrs. Logging history: One plot had emergent eucalypts selectively logged about 40 yrs previously. Overstorey communities: 5 Backhousia myrtifolia Floristic richness: 30,59

Species fr mc Species fr mc Backhousia myrtifolia 1 4..5 Ceratopetalum apetalum 0.5 1.5 Parsonsia straminea 1 1.5 Dendrobium kingianum 0.5 1.5 Pellaeafalcata var. falcata 1 1.5 Plectranthus suaveolens 0.5 1.5 Dianella caerulea 1 1 Prostanthera ovalifolia 0.5 1.5 Gonocarpus oreophilus 0.5 2 Tristaniopsis laurina 0.5 1.5

BARus 6 Tristaniopsis collina-Cryptocarya rigida 8 plots; NDWG002, NDWG003, NDWG004, NDWG005, NDWG009, NDWGOlO, NDWG011, NDWG017

Altitude: 460-940m, median=81 Om Aspect: south to north-west. Topographic position: Mainly mid to upper slopes and ridges. Fire history: Unbumt for at least 20-30 years. Logging history: All unlogged. Overstorey communities: 10.1 E. saligna and 21 E. campanulata Comments: Extensive in unlogged areas ofWhispering Gully catchment but not recorded elsewhere. Floristic richness: 31-54, median 45

FLORA SURVEY. GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 76 AREAS. CENTRAL REGION. NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 Species fr mc Species fr mc Tristaniopsis collina 1 3 Gymnostachys anceps 0.75 1.13 Cryptocarya rigida 1 2.88 Palmeria scandens 0.75 113 Caldcluvia paniculosa 1 2.5 Pittosporum undulatum 0.75 1.13 Cryptocarya glaucescens 1 2 Smilax australis 0.75 1.13 Synoum glandulosum 1 2 Citriobatus pauciflorus 0.75 1 Elaeocarpus reticulatus 1 1.63 Geitonoplesium cymosum 0.75 1 Trochocarpa laurina 0.88 2.25 Hibbertia dentata 0.75 0.88 Schizomeria ovata 0.88 2 Polyosma cunninghamii 0.75 0.88 Cephalaralia cephalobotrys 0.88 1.88 Rapanea variabilis 0.75 0.88 Tasmannia insipida 0.88 1.75 Sarcochilus falcatus 0.75 0.88 Archirhodomyrtus beckleri 0.88 1.63 Lomatia arborescens 0.63 1.13 Lomandra longifolia 0.88 1.63 Parsonsia straminea 0.63 0.75 Pyrrosia rupestris 0.88 1.25 Litsea reticulata 0.63 0.63 Eucalyptus saligna 0.75 2.63 Eucalyptus campanulata 0.5 2 Acmena smithii 0.75 1.25 Blechnum cartilagineum 0.5 1.25 Psychotria loniceroides 0.75 1.25

BARUS 7 Guioa semiglauca-Croton verreauxii 3 plots; NGBOWOOl, NGMHL4.3, DLB073

AJtitude: 300-550m Aspect: 160-295° Topographic position: Ridge to lower slopes. Fire history: Unburnt for> 15 yrs. Logging history: UnIogged, or logged> 15 yrs Overstorey communities: Mainly 10.1 E. saligna, 1 plot 17.2 Floristic richriess: 50-88, median 66

Species fr mc Species fr mc Guioa semiglauca 1 3.67 Clematis aristata 0.67 1 Croton verreauxii 1 2.33 Daphnandra species A 0.67 1 Citriobatus pauciflorus 1 2 Dioscorea transversa 0.67 1 Parsonsia straminea 1 2 Lastreopsis decomposita 0.67 1 Smilax australis 1 2 Lomandra spicata 0.67 I Cissus antarctica 1 1.67 Maytenus silvestris 0.67 I Cissus hypoglauca 1 1.67 Neolitsea australiensis 0.67 I Geitonoplesium cymosum 1 1.67 Notelaea longifolia 0.67 I Marsdeniaj7avescens 1 1.67 Pellaea paradoxa 0.67 I Pellaeafalcata var. falcata 1 1.67 Polyscias elegans 0.67 I Breynia oblongifolia 1 1.33 Polysciassambucifolia 0.67 I Pseuderanthemum variabile 1 1.33 Acronychia oblongifolia 0.67 0.67 Gahnia melanocarpa 1 I Cassine australis 0.67 0.67 Psychotria loniceroides 1 1 Cayratia clematidea 0.67 0.67 Callistemon salignus 0.67 1.67 Clerodendrum tomentosum 0.67 0.67 Diospyros australis 0.67 1.67 Doodia aspera 0.67 0.67 Eucalyptus acmenoides 0.67 1.67 Dysoxylumfraserianum 0.67 0.67 Rhodamnia rubescens 0.67 1.67 Ehretia acuminata 0.67 0.67 Acacia irrorata 0.67 1.33 Elaeocarpus obovatus 0.67 0.67 Cryptocarya microneura 0.67 1.33 Eupomatia laurina 0.67 0.67 Elattostachys nervosa 0.67 1.33 Eustrephus latifolius 0.67 0.67 Gahnia aspera 0.67 1.33 Gymnostachys anceps 0.67 0.67 Lophostemon confertus 0.67 1,33 Hydrocotyle peduncularis 0.67 0.67 Melicope micrococca 0.67 1.33 Lepidosperma laterale 0.67 0.67

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 77

------_..._------Oxalis chnoodes 0.67 1.33 Marsdenia suberosa 0.67 0.67 Pandorea pandorana 0.67 1.33 Pittosponlm revolutum 0.67 0.67 Rapanea variabilis 0.67 1.33 Sarcopetalum harveyanum 0.67 0.67 Acacia maidenii 0.67 1 Synoum glandulosum 0.67 0.67 Adiantumformosum 0.67 1

BARus 8 Nothofagus moorei 9 plots; NDRFC1.3, NDWG007, NDWG008, NGBAR013, NGDLB088, NGRFC2.3, NGRFC3.3, NGRFC4.1, NGSTE003)

Altitude: 890-1360 m, median 1270 m Aspect: 55-290°, med. 183° Topographic position: All positions, bu~ mainly mid to lower slopes. Fire history: One plot burnt about 20 yr, remainder probably unbumt for at least 50 years.. Logging history: All unlogged. Overstorey communities: Mostly 8 Nothofagus moorei-Doryphora sassafras, occasionally 18 E. obliqua or 19.1 E.fastigata. Floristic richness: 16-45, median 23 Comments: This community sometimes occurs as an understorey in eucalypt forests at high altitudes in sheltered positions.

Species fr mc Species fr mc Nothofagus moorei 1 4.33 Doryphora sassafras 0.67 1.67 Smilax australis 1 1.56 Blechnum wattsii 0.56 1.33 Clematis aristata 0.78 0.89 Pyrrosia rupestris 0.56 1 Dicksonia antarctica 0.67 2.67

BARus 9 Dodonaea viscosa-Backhousia sciadophora 2 plots; NGDLB072, NGGIR005

Altitude: 350, 760m Aspect: north to west. Topographic position: Ridges and upper slopes. Fire history: At least 20 years since last fire. Logging history: Unlogged. Floristic richness: 45-69, median 47

Species fr mc Species fr mc Dodonaea viscosa var. viscosa 1 4 Guioa semiglauca II Diospyros australis i 2 Maytenus silvestris I I Myoporum montanum 1 2 Acacia irrorata 0.5 2 Plectranthus parviflorus 1 2 Hibiscus heterophyllus 0.5 2 Breynia oblongifolia 1 1.5 Acacia maidemY 0.5 1.5 Clerodendrum tomentosum 1 1.5 Backhousia sciadophora 0.5 1.5 Cyperus enervis 1 1.5 Eucalyptus acmenoides 0.5 1.5 Marsdenia suberosa 1 1.5 Eucalyptus largeana 0.5 1.5 Oxalis chnoodes 1 1.5 Eucalyptus biturbinata 0.5 1.5 Capparis arborea 1 1 Senna odorata 0.5 1.5 Desmodium varians 1 1

FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 78 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 BARus 10 Acacia dealbata-Prostanthera lasianthos 2 plots; NGDLB090, NGDLB091

Altitude: 1310, 1320m Aspect: south-west Topographic position: Ridge crest and creek. Fire history: No evidence, probably at least 50 years since fire. Logging history: Unlogged. Floristic richness: 55

Species fr mc Species fr mc Acacia dealbata 1 4 Dicksonia antarctica 1 1.5 Eucalyptus obliqua 1 3.5 Lagenifera stipitata 1 1.5 Prostanthera lasianthos 1 3 Leptinellafilicula 1 1 Smilax australis 1 2.5 Callistemon pallidus 0.5 1.5 Hydrocotyle laxifolia 1 2 Leptospermum polygalifolium 0.5 1.5 Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides 1 2 Phebalium squamulosum Viola hederacea 1 2 ssp. squamulosum 0.5 1.5

BARus 11 Ozothamnus diosmifolius-Gonocarpus oreophilus 2 plots; NDWG015, NGGIR004

Altitude: 630, 690m Aspect: 260, 3200 Topographic position: Mid-slope. Fire history: No evidence, probably at least 50 years. Logging history: Unlogged. Floristic richness: 35,38

Species fr mc Species fr mc Gonocarpus oreophilus 1 3 Pittosporum undulatum 1 1 Ozothamnus diosmifolius 1 1.5 Rapanea variabilis 1 1 Entolasia stricta 1 2 Solanum stelligerum 1 1 Lepidosperma laterale 1 2 Acacia diphylla 0.5 1.5 Desmodium varians 1 1 Acacia irrorata 0.5 1.5 Dianella caerulea 1 1 Eucalyptus acmenoides 0.5 1.5 Logania albiflora 1 1 Zieria smithii 0.5 1.5

BARus 12 Leptospermum polygalifolium-Elaeocarpus holopetalus 3 plots; NGDLB087, NGRMU3, NGSTE004

Altitude: 1340-1470m Aspect: north-west to north-east Topographic position: Creeks in undulating plateau landfonns. Fire history: At least 30 years since fire. Logging history: Unlogged. Floristic richness: 28-50, median 40 Comments: This community is widespread but restricted to narrow riparian strips at high altitudes. It frequently occurs as an understorey to open eucalypt forest, but also as a low forest without eucalypts, usually where drainage is more impeded.

Species fr mc Species fr mc Blechnum penna-marina 1.33 2 Eucalyptus pauciflora 0.67 1.67 Leptospermum polygalifolium 1 3.33 Lomandra longifolia 0.67 1.33 Elaeocarpus holopetalus 1 2.67 Tasmannia glaucifolia 0.67 1.33 Acacia melanoxylon 1 2.33 Acacia barringtonensis 0.67 1 Blechnum nudum 1 2 Blechnum minus 0.67 1

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 79 Olearia oppositifolia 1 1.67 Coprosma nitida 0.67 1 Tasmannia purpurascens 1 1.67 Dicksonia antarctica 0.67 1 Atherosperma moschatum 1 .1.33 Gratiola peruviana 0.67 1 Poa sieberiana var. sieberiana 1 1.33 Hydrocotyle laxifolia 0.67 I Pratia pedunculata 1 1.33 Leucopogon hookeri 0.67 I Prostanthera lasianthos I 1.33 Pterostylis abrupta 0.67 I Smilax australis 1 1.33 Veronica notabilis 0.67 I Viola hederacea I 1.33 Leptinellafilicula 0.67 0.67 Callistemon pallidus 0.67 2 Lomatia arborescens 0.67 0.67 Eucalyptus dalrympleana ssp. dalrympleana 0.67 1.67

BARus 13 Lomandra longifolia-Juncus alexandri subsp. melanobasis plot NGBAR005

Altitude: 1220m Aspect: 3100 Topographic position: swampy minor gully on plateau. Fire history: No evidence. Logging history: Unlogged. Overstorey communities: Non-forest (sedgeland) Comments: Restricted to ~ few small gullies at higp. altitudes in undulating Iandform. Floristic richness: 33

Species fr mc Species fr mc Juncus alexandri ssp. melanobasis 1 4 Gnaphalium gymnocephalum I 2 Lomandra longifolia I 4 Holcus lanatus I 2 Bulbine bulbosa 1 3 Hydrocotyle peduncularis 1 2 Gratiola peruviana I 3 Prunella vulgaris I 2 Epilobium gunnianum 1 2

BARus 14 Sticherus lobatus-Leucopogon lanceolatus 3 plots; NGIllll.3.3, NGIffiL4.3, NGSTE006

Altitude: 1140-1310m Aspect: 180-3100 Topographic position: Mid slopes on undulating plateau. Fire history: 4-8 years since last fire Logging history: Unlogged, or logged 25 yrs. Overstorey communities: 17 E. obliqua, 19 E. nobilis and 20 E. campanulata Floristic richness: 17-34, median 31

Species fr mc Species fr mc Sticherus lobatus 1 4.67 Eucalyptus cameronii 0.67 1.67 Leucopogon lanceolatus Persoonia linearis 0.67 1.67 var. lanceolatus 1 2 Tasmannia stipitata 0.67 1.67 Pteridium esculentum 1 2 Gahnia sieberiana 0.67 1 Lepidosperma laterale 1 1.67 Hydrocotyle laxifolia 0.67 1 Lomandra longifolia I 1.67 Poa sieberiana var. sieberiana 0.67 I Gonocarpus humilis 1 1.33 Poranthera microphylla 0.67 I Billardiera scandens 1 1 Smilax australis 0.67 1 Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides 1 1 Galium binifolium 0.67 0.67 Eucalyptus obliqua 0.67 2.33 Veronica species C 0.67 0.67 Acacia obtusifolia 0.67 1.67

FLORA SURVEY. GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 80 AREAS. CENTRAL REGION. NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 BARus 15 Oxylobium ilicifolium 2 plots; NDMFL2.3, NGBAR003

Altitude: 720, 1110m Aspect: 195,3200 Topographic position; Mid slope Fire history: 4-6 yrs since low intensity fire Logging history;. Unlogged, or logged 25 yrs Overstorey communities: 21 E. campanulata Floristic richness: 25-36, median 31

Species fr mc Species fr me Eucalyptus campanulata 1 4 Persoonia linearis I 1.5 Oxylobium ilicifolium 1 4 Billardiera scandens I 1 Pteridium esculentum 1 2 Dianella caerulea 1 1 Hardenbergia violacea 1 1.5 Lomandra longifolia 0.5 2 Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides 1 1.5 Leucopogon lanceolatus var. lanceolatus 0.5 1.5

BARus 16 Acacia irrorata-Doodia aspera 4 plots; NDMHU4.3, NGDLB074, NGMFU3.4, NGSTE007

Altitude: 550-890m Aspect: 180-2950 Topographic position: mid slope. Fire history: Mostly 4-15 yrs since fire, one plot probably over30 years. Logging history: All unlogged. Overstorey communities: 17.1 E. laevopinea Floristic richness: 42-80, median 60

Species fr mc Species fr me Acacia irrorata 1 2.33 Eucalyptus saligna 0.67 1.33 Doodia aspera 1 2.33 Hydrocotyle laxifolia 0.67 1.33 Hibbertia dentata 1 2.33 Persoonia oleoides 0.67 1.33 Synoum glandulosum 1 2.33 Poa sieberiana var. sieberiana 0.67 1.33 Dianella caerulea 1 2 Pteridium esculentum 0.67 1.33 Hibbertiascandens 1 2 Viola hederacea 0.67 1.33 Psychotria loniceroides 1 2 Acacia maidenii 0.67 1 Glycine clandestina 1 1.67 Adiantumformosum 0.67 1 Lomandra longifolia 1 1.67 Breynia oblongifolia 0.67 1 Rubus rosifolius 1 1.67 Cissus antarctica 0.67 1 Senecio linearifolius 1 1.67 Cissus hypoglauca 0.67 1 Eustrephus latifolius 1 1.33 Eupomatia laurina 0.67 1 Smilax australis 1 1.33 Galium spp. 0.67 1 Gahnia melanocarpa 1 1 Oxalis chnoodes 0.67 1 Gymnostachys anceps 1 1 Pandorea pandorana 0.67 I Lepidosperma laterale 1 1 Rapanea variabilis 0.67 1 Eucalyptus laevopinea 0.67 2.67 Solanum stelligenlm 0.67 1 Rhodamnia rubescens 0.67 2 Stellaria jlaccida 0.67 1 Blechnum cartilagineum 0.67 1.67 Daphnandra species A 0.67 0.67 Citriobatus pauciflorus 0.67 1.67 Dioscorea transversa 0.67 0.67 Senecio amygdalifolius 0.67 1.67 Galium binifolium 0.67 0.67 Desmodium varians 0.67 1.33 Maytenus silvestris 0.67 0.67 Dichondra repens 0.67 1.33 Pyrrosia rupestris 0.67 0.67 Eucalyptus quadrangulata 0.67 1.33

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY. GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS. CENTRAL REGION. NEW SOUTH WALES 81 BARus 17 Imperata cylindrica-Desmodium varians 27 plots; NDDHL1.2, NDDHL2.3, NDDHL3.3, NDDHU1.4, NDDHU2.3, NDDHU3.2, NDDUNOOl, NDMFU1.2, NDMHL2.3, NDMHL3.3, NDMHU3.3, NGBAR007, NGBAROI2, NGCONOOl, NGCRA002, NGDHL4.3, NGDHU4.1, NGDLB067, NGGIROOl; NGLEA001, NGLEA002, NGLEA004, NGLEA005, NGMFL3.1, NGMFL4.1, NGMFU2.1, NGMFU4.3

Altitude: 350-930m, median=610m Aspect: all aspects Topographic position: Mid to upper slopes . Fire history: regular low intensity fire; Mostly 5 yrs or less since last'fire. Logging history: 15 plots unlogged, remaining 12 selective logging 10-40 years previously. Overstorey communities: A wide range ofoverstorey types, but characteristic ofgroups 13 and 14. Comments: This is the most extensive dry forest understorey at low to moderate altitudes. Floristic richness: 41-90, median 65

Species fr mc Species fr mc Desmodium varians 1 2 Viola betonicifolia 0.7 1.04 Dianella caerulea 1 1.74 Allocasuarina torulosa 0.65 1.57 Dichondra repens 0.96 1.87 Acacia maidenii 0.65 0.83 Imperata cy!indrica var. major 0.91 2.74 Eucalyptus saligna 0.61 1.74 Lomandra longifolia 0.91 1.87 Pteridium esculentum 0.61 1.17 Pratia purpurascens 0.87 1.57 Geranium potentilloides 0.61 0.91 Glycine clandestina 0.83 1.39 Galiumspp. 0.61 0.87 Rubus parvifolius 0.83 1.35 Plantago debilis 0.61 0.74 Hibbertia scandens 0.83 1.26 Hydrocotyle laxifolia 0.57 1.17 Sigesbeckia orientalis 0.83 1.13 Gonocarpus humilis 0.57 0.96 Poa labillardieri 0.78 2.04 Hardenbergia violacea 0.57 0.91 Microlaena stipoides Clematis aristata 0.57 0.65 var. stipoides 0.78 1.57 Eustrephus latifolius 0.57 0.61 Vernonia cinerea var. cinerea 0.78 1.04 Persoonia linearis 0.57 0.61 Carex breviculmis 0.74 1.22 Lagenifera stipitata 0.52 0.91 Plectranthus parviflorus 0.74 0.91 Geitonoplesium cymosum 0.52 0.52 Arthropodium milleflorum 0.74 0.87 Themeda australis 0.43 1.04 Lepidosperma laterale 0.74 0.87

\ BARus 18 Poa sieberiana-Desmodium varians 2 plots; NDWG013, NGI-n-lU2.3

Altitude: 670, 1180m Aspect: north to west Topographic position: Mid to lower slope Fire history: At least 20 years since fire. Logging history: Unlogged. Overstorey communities: 10.1, 18 Floristic richness: 58-64, median 63

Species fr mc Species fr mc Poa sieberiana var. sieberiana 1 2.67 Carex breviculmis 0.67 1 Desmodium varians 1 2 Galiumspp. 0.67 1 Lomandra longifolia 1 2 Glycine clandestina 0.67 1 Lepidosperma laterale 1 1.67 Hedycarya angustifolia 0.67 1 Pteridium esculentum 1 1.67 Hibbertia dentata 0.67 1 Viola hederacea 1 1.67 Hibbertiascandens 0.67 1 Dianella caerulea 1 1.33 Hydrocotyle laxifolia 0.67 1 Lagenifera stipitata 1 1.33 Leucopogon lanceolatus

FLORA SURVEY. GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 82 AREAS. CENTRAL REGION. NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides 1 1.33 var.lanceolatus 0.67 I Calochlaena dubia 0.67 3.33 Rubus parvifolius 0.67 I Acacia irrorata 0.67- 2 Veronica species B 0.67 1 Allocasuarina torulosa 0.67 2 Luzula spp. 0.67 0.67 Eucalyptus campanulata 0.67 2 Oxalis chnoodes 0.67 0.67 Eucalyptus obliqua 0.67 1.67 Poranthera microphylla 0.67 0.67 Eucalyptus quadrangulata 0.67 1.67 Scutellaria mollis 0.67 0.67 Geranium potentilloides 0.67 1.33 Senecio linearifolius 0.67 0.67

BARns 19 Poa sieberiana-Lomandra longifolia 27 plots; NGBAROOl, NGBAR004, NGBAR008, NGDLB086, NGDLB093, NGHGL1.1 , NGHGL2.1, NGHGL4.1, NGHGU1.2, NGHGU2.2, NGHGU3.3, NGHGU4.3, NGHHL1.3, NGHHL2.3, NGHHU1.2, NGHHU2.3, NGHHU3.3, NGHHU4.3, NGRMMO, NGSGM1.3, NGSGM2.3, NGSGM3.3, NGSGM4.3, NGSTEOOl, NGSTE002, NGSTE005, NGSTE009

Altitude: 910-1515 m, median 1300 m Aspect: ail aspects Topographic position: All positions, but mostly mid to lower slopes and rarely along creeks. Fire history: Recently burnt to long-unburnt, but mostly about 7-25yr post-fire. Logging history: 22 unlogged plots, remainder logged 20-25 yrs previously. Overstorey communities: Mainly 18 E. obliqua, 19.1 E. fastigata and 22 E. dalrympleana-E. pauciflora, occasionally 10.1, 17,20 and 21. Comments: This is by far the most widespread understorey community at higher altitudes, especially on the main Barrington Tops plateau. Floristic richness: 28-75, median 47

Species fr. mc Species fr mc Poa sieberiana var. sieberiana 1 3.92 Asperula conferta 0.65 0.92 Pteridium esculentum 1 1.92 Helichrysum scorpioides 0.62 0.96 Hydrocotyle laxifolia 0.92 1.92 Leucopogon hookeri 0.62 0.92 Pratia pedunculata 0.92 1.69 Galium ciliare 0.62 0.88 Geranium potentilloides 0.92 1.58 Viola betonicifolia 0.58 1.08 Glycine clandestina 0.88 1.65 Wahlenbergia stricta 0.58 I Microlaena stipoides Acaena novae-zelandiae 0.58 0.65 var. stipoides 0.85 1.65 Leucopogon lanceolatus Lomandra longifolia 0.81 2.27 var. lanceolatus 0.54 0.88 Clematis aristata 0.81 0.92 Arthropodium milleflorum 0.54 0.77 Dichondra repens 0.77 1.58 Chiloglottis trilabra 0.54 0.77 Smilax australis 0.77 1.42 Brachycome microcarpa 0.54 0.73 Luzula spp. 0.77 1.23 Acacia dealbata . 0.5 1.23 Rubus parvifolius 0.77 I Eucalyptus obliqua 0.46 1.46 Viola hederacea 0.73 1.46 Eucalyptus dalrympleana Carex breviculmis 0.73 1.12 ssp. dalrympleana 0.46 1.38 Poranthera microphylla 0.73 1.12 Eucalyptus fastigata 0.42 1.5 Lagenifera stipitata 0.73 1.04

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY. GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGElvIENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS. CENTRAL REGION. NEW SOUTH WALES 83 BARus 20 Leptospermum variabile-Pomaderris argyrophylla plot NGBAR006

Altitude: 1260m Aspect: 3400 Topographic position: Upper slope. Fire history: About 15 yrs since fire. Logging history: Unlogged, non-forest. Overstorey communities: Non-forest (shrubland). Comments: Recorded only as a single small patch on a rock outcrop in Barrington Tops S.F. Floristic richness: 22

Species fr mc Species fr mc Leptospermum variabile I 5 Hovea longtfolia . I 2 Micrantheum hexandrum I 3 Leucopogon lanceolatus Pomaderris argyrophyl/a 1 3 var.lanceolatus I 2 Carex breviculmis I 2 Monotoca scoparia I 2 Hakea salicifolia 1 2 Phebalium ?rotundifolium I 2

BARus 21 Hibbertia aff. linearis-Leptospermum variabile 2 plots; NGDLBI09, NGDLBlll

Altitude: 900, 1010 m Aspect: 315-3600 Topographic position: Ridges and upper slopes. Logging history: Unlogged. Overstorey communities: Comments: Restricted to a few small patches on rock outcrops and rocky slopes in Mernot S.F. Floristic richness: 20,25

Species fr mc Species fr mc Hibbertia aff. linearis 1 3 Pomax umbel/ata I 2 Leptospermum variabile 1 2.5 Dendrobium kingianum I 1.5 Acacia obtusifolia 1 2.5 Isotoma axil/aris I 1.5 Allocasuannalifforalis 1 2.5 Lomandrafiliformis I 1.5 Eucalyptus campanulata 1 2.5 Lepidosperma lineare 0.5 1.5 Phebalium elatius subsp. beckleri 1 2.5 Leptospermum polygalifolium 0.5 1.5

BARus 22 Pomaderris helianthemifolia-Westringia eremicola plot NGSTE008

Altitude: 940 m Aspect: 2600 Topographic position: Rock outcrop on lower slope. Fire history: No evidence. Logging history: Shrubland, never logged. Comments: Recorded as a single small patch on the western slope of the plateau, in Stewarts Brook S.F., on a rock outcrop. Floristic richness: 24

Species fr mc Species fr mc Pomaderris helianthemifolia 1 4 Eucalyptus campanulata I 2 Westnngia eremicola 1 4 Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides 1 2

FLORA SURVEY. GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 84 AREAS. CENTRAL REGION. NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 BARus 23 Restio stenocoleus-Leptospermum argenteum 3 plots; NGDLB089, NGDLB092, NGSTEOll

Altitude: 1260-1410 m Aspect: flat Topographic position: swampy depressions on plateaux. Fire history: No evidence ofrecent fire. Logging history: Virtually treeless sedgeland, never logged. Comments: This is the characteristic community ofthe extensive drainage depressions at high altitudes (mostly over 1200 m) on Barrington Tops plateau. It is a complex mosaic of small patches, mostly <1.5m tall, variously dominated by R stenocoleus, L. argenteum, Epacris microphylla ssp. rhombifolia, Eleocharis gracilis, Carex gaudichaudiana or Scirpus polystachyus. Low turfs of Juncus sandwithii and Isolepis crassiuscula are sometimes extensive. Eleocharis sphacelata dominates areas offree water 10-30cm deep. Floristic richness: 22-46, median 40

Species fr mc Species fr' mc Restio stenocoleus 1 3.33 Eucalyptus pauciflora 0.67 1.33 Leptospermum argenteum 1 2 Geranium neglectum 0.67 1.33 ,Gonocarpus micranthus Hydrocotyle peduncularis 0.67 1.33 ssp. micranthus 1 2 Hypericum japonicum 0.67 1.33 Hakea microcarpa 1 2 Poa sieberiana var. sieberiana 0.67 1.33 Pratia pedunculata 1 1.33 Ranunculus pimpinellifolius 0.67 1.33 Myriophyllum crispatum 1 1 Trifolium repens 0.67 1.33 Epacris microphylla Wahlenbergia ceracea 0.67 1.33 var. rhomboidea 0.67 2 Blechnum penna-marina 0.67 1 Scirpus polystachyus 0.67 2 Eucalyptus dalrympleana Carex gaudichaudiana 0.67 1.67 ssp. dalrympleana 0.67 Deyeuxia gunniana 0.67 1.67 Hydrocotyle tripartita 0.67 Acaena novae-zelandiae 0.67 1.33 Hypochoeris radicata 0.67 Asperula conferta 0.67 1.33 Oreomyrrhis eriopoda 0.67 Eleocharis gracilis 0.67 1.33

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-eHICHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 85 APPENDjX 3

SUMMARY OFLOCATIONSAND FLORlSTIC COM1vfUNITIES OFFLORA SURVEYPLOTS

Date is given as YYYYMMDD. SF is State Forest, abbreviated as: Avo=Avon River, Bar=Barrington Tops, BNP=Barrington Tops NP, Bow=Bowman, Chi=Chichester, Con=Coneac, Cop=Copeland Tops, Cra=Craven, Dun=Dungog, Gir=Giro, Lea=leasehold areas, Mer=Memot, Ste=Stewarts Brook, Tre=Trevor. Altitude (Alt) is in metres. Barov and Barns are' overstorey and 'understorey' communities respectively, as described in the text.

Plot Date Map AMGE AMGN All. SF Barov Barns

NDCmOOl 19920409 9233 386680 6428630 630 Chi 3 2 NDDHL1.2 19920408 9233 388850 6425580 370 Tre 13.2 17 NDDHL2.3 19920513 9233 390200 6443790 410 Avo 13.1 17 NDDHL3-.3 19920515 9133 352380 6438000 610 Chi 21 17 NDDHU1.4 19920514 9133 345380 6438130 390 Chi 14 17 NDDHU2.3 19920514 9133 344930 6439850 460 Chi 14 17 NDDHU3.2 19920516 9233 376800 6433550 420 BNP 13.1 17 NDDUNOOl 19920408 9233 389350 6420700 560 Dun 13.2 17 NDMFL1.2 19920515 9133 356280 6442130 410 Chi 10.1 I NDMFL2.3 19920515 9133 352180 6440230 720 Chi 21 15 NDMFU1.2 19920515 9233 358630 6441730 600 Chi 14.2 17 NDMHL2.3 19920516 9233 385600 6429180 340 Chi 11.1 17 NDMHL3.3 19920515 9133 357380 6443450 600 Chi 21 17 NDMHU1.3 19920407 9233 378250 6449700 560 Chi 6.1 I NDMHU2.2 19920516 9233 377800 6440730 680 Chi 10.1 1 NDMHU3.3 19920514 9133 347150 6439530 700 Chi 14.2 17 NDMHU4.3 19920514 9133 347430 6448230 770 BNP 17.1 16 NDRFC1.3 19920407 9233 374630 6444980 890 Chi 8 8 NDRFS1.3 19920219 9133 355650 6444400 410 Chi 1.1 3 NDRFS2.3 19920219 9133 349180 6444730 480 Chi 6.1 1 NDRFS3.1 19920219 9233 375250 6443730 770 BNP 6.2 1 NDRIP1.2 19920407 9233 383000 6434300 260 Chi 5 5 NDRIP2.3 19920406 9233 379030 6440000 440 Chi 2.1 1 NDRIP3.3 19920406 9233 378500 6440730 490 Chi 2.2 1 NGBAROOl 19920218 9234 360330 6478880 1020 Bar 21 19 NGBAR002 19920218 9234 359880 6479080 890 Bar 20.2 4 NGBAR003 19920218 9234 360010 6478280 1110 Bar 21 15 NGBAR004 19920218 9234 359780 6477280 1190 Bar 18 19 NGBAR005 19920218 9234 360100 6476900 1220 Bar 13 NGBAR006 19920219 9134 347930 6461730 1260 Bar 20 NGBAR007 19920220 9234 366250 6478600 820 Bar 15 17 NGBAR008 19920220 9234 364730 6474280 1010 Bar 19.1 19 NGBAR012 19920401 9234 362900 6464600 750 Bar 21 17 NGBAR013 19920401 9234 360900 6462180 1180 Bar 18 8 NGBOWOOl 19920511 9234 386530 6468250 550 Bow 17.2 7 NGCONOOl 19920511 9234 389530 6471180 550 Con 11.2 17 NGCON002 19920511 9234 386080 6473900 860 Con 6.1 1 NGCRAOOl 19920513 9333 410240 6440680 290 Cra 7 1 NGCRA002 19920513 9333 410090 6440100 470 Cra 13.2 17 NGDHL4.3 19920331 9234 385680 6499900 640 Gir 14 17 NGDHU4.1 19920109 9133 346450 6450630 930 Ste 10.1 17

FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 86 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 Plot Date Map AMGE AMGN Alt. SF Barov Barus

NGDLB067 19871210 9233 388100 6458000 650 Cop 12 17 NGDLB068 19871210 9233 "388100 6458100 600 Cop 4 3 NGDLB069 19871210 9233 388600 6458700 370 Cop 4 3 NGDLB070 19871210 9233 388980 6458580 340 Cop 4 3 NGDLB071 19871211 9233 389300 6458500 310 Cop 4 3 NGDLB072 19871211 9233 389100 6458500 350 Cop 12 9 NGDLB073 19871211 9233 38880'0 6458800 410 Cop 12 7 NGDLB074 19871211 9233 387700 6459750 650 Cop 12 16 NGDLB086 19880329 9134 351700 6468200 1430 Ste 19.1 19 NGDLB087 19880329 9134 351800 6466500 1385 Ste 22 12 NGDLB088 19880329 9134 350400 6468100 1290 Ste 19.1 8 NGDLB089 19880329 9134 348200 6467500 1260 Ste 23 NGDLB090 19880330 9134 351100 6459500 1310 Ste 19.2 10 NGDLB091 19880330 9134 350700 6459600 1320 Ste 18 10 NGDLB092 J9880330 9134 351500 6460400 1410 Ste 23 NGDLB093 19880330 9134 352500 6462100 1500 Ste 22 19 NGDLB109 19881019 9234 367560 6494090 900 Mer 21 NGDLB110 19881019 9234 367690 6494010 870 Mer 5 5 NGDLB111 19881020 9234 364530 6495300 10io Mer 21 NGDLB112 19881020 '9234 372500 6494810 730 Mer 1.2 3 NGGIR001 19920330 9234 385850 6501230 850 Gir 10.1 17 NGGIR002 19920330 9234 383730 6501230 750 Gir 7 1 NGGIR003 19920331 9234 397150 6493900 330 Gir 1.2 3 NGGIR004 19920331 9234 383430 6498330 690 Gir 23 11 NGGIR005 19920331 9234 390230 6491600 760 Gir 9 NGHGLl.l 19920110 9134 343680 6466250 1290 Ste 18 19 NGHGL2.1 19920110 9134 346180 6465600 1350 Ste 19.1 19 NGHGL4.1 19920110 9134 347430 6465650 1300 Ste 19.1 19 NGHGU1.2 19920403 9234 364250 6477630 1110 Bar 18 19 NGHGU2.2 19920512 9233 367450 6451830 1320 Bar 19.1 19 NGHGU3.3 19920221 9134 348580 6471150 1170 Bar 17.1 19 NGHGU4.3 19920221 9134 351630 6468400 1410 Bar 19.1 19 NGHHL1.3 19920220 9234 367630 6476150 1010 Bar 18 19 NGHHL2.3 19920106 9234 364250 6470350 1350 Bar 18 19 NGHHL3.3 19920220 9234 368150 6474760 1140 Bar 18 14 NGHHL4.3 19920220 9234 368300 6475750 1140 Bar 21 14 NGHHU1.2 19920219 9134 348400 6460400 1230 Bar 19.1 19 NGHHU2.3 19920401 9234 362500 6463280 1180 Bar 18 18 NGHHU3.3 19920219 9134 350800 6461160 1460 Bar 19.1 19 NGHHU4.3 19920221 9134 356080 6463200 1300 BNP 19.1 19 NGLEA001 19930217 9234 375100 6476680 740 Lea 17.1 17 NGLEA002 19930217 9234 384350 6478750 650 Lea 14 17 NGLEA003 19930217 9234 387180 6474330 670 Lea 14 17 NGLEA004 19930218 9234 372080 6459100 650 Lea 11.2 17 NGLEA005 19930218 9234 398680 6469230 280 Lea 16 17 NGMFL3.1 19920109 9133 344550 6453900 910 Ste 18 17 NGMFL4.1 19920109 9133 344180 6449680 820 Ste 17.1 17 NGMFU2.1 19920109 9133 346280 6450630 870 Ste 10.1 17 NGMFU3.4 19920330 9234 383150 6502200 890 Gir 17.1 16 NGMFU4.3 19920401 9234 363130 6464030 840 Bar 21 17 NGMHU.3 19920513 9333 408550 6440550 250 Cra 10.1 7 "NGRFC2.3 19920219 9234 358430 6460780 1360 Bar 8 8 NGRFC3.3 19920217 9134 354380 6468980 1360 Chi 8 8

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES 87 Plot Date Map AMGE AMGN Alt. SF Barov Barns

NGRFC4.1 19920106 9234 364150 6470030 1270 Bar 8 8 NGRFS4.2 19920512 9233 370950 6452930 850 Bar 6.3 1 NGRMM.O 19920402 9134 357250 6471830 1190- Bar 19.1 19 NGRMU.3 19920402 9134 353550 6465080 1470 Bar 19.1 12 NGSGMl:3 19920402 9234 358180 6467950 1420 Bar 22 19 NGSGM2.3 19920217 9134 353650 6469050 1440 Bar 22 19 NGSGM3.3 19920222 9134 350080 6463030 1500 Bar 19.1 19 NGSGM4.3 19920402 9134 353380 6464130 1515 BNP 22 19 NGSTEOOl 19920107 9134 349700 6470950 1140 Ste 20.1 19 NGSTE002 19920107 9134 350900 6470000 1320 Ste 18 19 NGSTE003 19920107 9134 350950 6468630 1360 Ste 19.1 8 NGSTE004 19920107 9134 351930 6469700 1340 Ste 9 12 NGSTE005 19920107 9134 351430 6471700 1300 Ste 22 19 NGSTE006 19920108 9134 350630 6459150 1310 Ste 18 14 NGSTE007 19920108 9134 349250 6458580 790 Ste 17.1 16 NGSTE008 19920108 9134 349300 6459150 940 Ste 22 NGSTE009 19920108 9134 349230 6459480 910 Ste 17.1 19 NGSTEOI0 19920109 9133 344030 6450930 630 Ste 10.1 4 NGSTE011 19920110 9134 347350 6466100 1270 Ste 23 NGWGOl 19890823 9233 372980 6446550 620 Chi 2.1 1 NGWG02 19890824 9233 375300 6445650 880 Chi 21 6 NGWG03 19890824 9233 376075 6445950 940 Chi 21 6 NGWG04 19890824 9233 377175 6446750 840 Chi 21 6 NGWG05 19890824 9233 377675 6446300 760 Chi 10.1 6 NGWG06 19890824 9233 378575 6446550 450 Chi 10.1 1 NGWG07 19890825 9233 372850 6447030 1070 Chi 21 8 NGWG08 19890825 9233 372875 6446750 1040 Chi 8 8 NGWG09 19890824 9233 374880 6447150 740 Chi 21 6 NGWGIO 19890824 9233 375250 6448030 860 Chi 10.1 6 NGWG11 19890824 9233 376300 6448650 780 Chi 10.1 6 NGWGI2 19890824 9233 377250 6449100 590 Chi 10.1 1 NGWG13 19890825 9233 378850 6449500 670 Chi 10.1 18 NGWGI5 19890825 9233 378650 6449230 630 Chi 11 NGWG17 19890825 9233 378830 6447980 460 Chi 10.1 6

FLORA SURVEY, GLOUCESTER-CHICHESTER MANAGEMENT STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 88 AREAS, CENTRAL REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES -FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 34 The Research Division produces publications in Technical Paper, Research Paper and Forest Resources Series.

Copies and further information are available from:

Publications Officer Research Division State Forests ofNSW NSW PO Box 100 Beecroft NSW 2119

Tel. (02) 872 0111 Fax. (02) 871 6941 ) 1'I