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Phycology and Bryology BSCBO- 102 B. Sc. I YEAR Phycology and Bryology DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY SCHOOL OF SCIENCES UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY PHYCOLOGY AND BRYOLOGY BSCBO-102 BSCBO-102 PHYCOLOGY AND BRYOLOGY SCHOOL OF SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Phone No. 05946-261122, 261123 Toll free No. 18001804025 Fax No. 05946-264232, E. mail [email protected] htpp://uou.ac.in UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 1 PHYCOLOGY AND BRYOLOGY BSCBO-102 Expert Committee Prof. J. C. Ghildiyal Prof. G.S. Rajwar Retired Principal Principal Government PG College Government PG College Karnprayag Augustmuni Prof. Lalit Tewari Dr. Hemant Kandpal Department of Botany School of Health Science DSB Campus, Uttarakhand Open University Kumaun University, Nainital Haldwani Dr. Pooja Juyal Department of Botany School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani Board of Studies Late Prof. S. C. Tewari Prof. Uma Palni Department of Botany Department of Botany HNB Garhwal University, Retired, DSB Campus, Srinagar Kumoun University, Nainital Dr. R.S. Rawal Dr. H.C. Joshi Scientist, GB Pant National Institute of Department of Environmental Science Himalayan Environment & Sustainable School of Sciences Development, Almora Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani Dr. Pooja Juyal Department of Botany School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani Programme Coordinator Dr. Pooja Juyal Department of Botany School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University Haldwani, Nainital UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 2 PHYCOLOGY AND BRYOLOGY BSCBO-102 Unit Written By: Unit No. 1. Dr. Neeta Pandey 1 Associate Professor Department Of Botany MBPG College, Haldwani 2. Dr. Rajan Kumar Gupta 2 Associate Professor Department Of Botany PDBH Govt. P.G College, Kotdwar 3. Dr. Dinesh Giri 3, 5, 6, 7 & 8 Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Garg PG College, Laksar, Haridwar 4. Dr. Pooja Juyal 4 Department of Botany, School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani 5. Prof. Neerja Pande 9 & 12 Department of Botany, DSB Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital 6. Dr. Anjala Durgapal 10 & 11 Associate Professor Department Of Botany MBPG College, Haldwani Course Editor Prof. N.S. Bisht Head, Department of Botany HNB Pauri Campus, Garhwal Central University Title : Phycology and Bryology ISBN No. : 978-93-857-40-58-9 Copyright : Uttarakhand Open University Edition : 2019 Published By: Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani, Nainital-263139 UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 3 PHYCOLOGY AND BRYOLOGY BSCBO-102 CONTENTS BLOCK-1- ALGAE: GENERAL ACCOUNT PAGE NO. Unit-1-General Characters and Life cycles in Algae 6-32 Unit-2-Important Classifications of Algae (Any three) 33-46 Unit-3-Range of Vegetative structure 47-66 Unit-4-Ecological and Economic importance of Algae 67-76 BLOCK-2- ALGAE: MAJOR GROUPS PAGE NO. Unit-5-Occurrence, Structure of thallus and Mode of reproduction in Cyanophyta and Bacillariophyta 78-91 Unit-6-Occurrence, Structure of thallus and Mode of reproduction in Chlorophyta and Xanthophyta 92-116 Unit-7-Occurrence, Structure of thallus and Mode of reproduction in Phaeophyta 117-132 Unit-8-Occurrence, Structure of thallus and Mode of reproduction in Rhodophyta 133-146 BLOCK-3- BRYOPHYTES PAGE NO. Unit-9-Habit, Distribution, Economic importance and Classification 148-173 Unit-10-Classification, Structure and Reproduction in Hepaticopsida 174-207 Unit-11-Classification, Structure and Reproduction in Anthocerotopsida 208-230 Unit-12-Classification, Structure and Reproduction in Bryopsida 231-267 UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 4 PHYCOLOGY AND BRYOLOGY BSCBO-102 BLOCK-1- ALGAE: GENERAL ACCOUNT UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 5 PHYCOLOGY AND BRYOLOGY BSCBO-102 UNIT –1 – GENERAL CHARACTERS AND LIFE CYCLES OF ALGAE 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Introduction 1.3 General Characteristics of algae 1.3.1 Occurrence and distribution 1.3.2 Organization of thallus 1.3.3 Prokaryotic cell 1.3.4 Eukaryotic cell 1.3.5 Nucleus 1.3.6 Golgi bodies 1.3.7 Mitochondria 1.3.8 Endoplasmic reticulum 1.3.9 Eye spot 1.3.10 Vacuoles 1.3.11 Pyrenoid 1.3.12 Flagella 1.3.13 Reserve food material 1.3.14 Pigmentation in algae 1.4 Reproduction in algae 1.4.1 Vegetative reproduction 1.4.2 Asexual reproduction 1.4.3 Sexual reproduction 1.5 Life cycle 1.5.1 Haplontic type 1.5.2 Diplontic type 1.5.3 Diplohaplontic type 1.5.4 Triphasic life cycle 1.6 Summary 1.7 Glossary 1.8 Self assessment questions 1.9 References 1.10 Suggested Readings 1.11 Terminal questions UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 6 PHYCOLOGY AND BRYOLOGY BSCBO-102 1.1 OBJECTIVES After going through this unit you will able to know General characteristics of algae Various type of reproduction of algae Life cycle patterns and alternation of generation in algae 1.2 INTRODUCTION Before knowing about the details of algae, have you ever wondered where one could find algae? What is the cell structure of algae? Whether they have prokaryotic or eukaryotic structure? Are they good for environment? Can they be used as food? These are some obvious questions that come in our mind when someone talks about algae. During rainy season most of us have experienced the slippery green structure on the shady and moist places, which is actually responsible for many accidents. All these structures about which we are talking about are in fact the living organisms which we are going to study in the following paragraphs. These organisms are commonly known as ‗algae‘- a Latin word which literally means sea weeds. Phycologists however, use the term algae in common manner for all the classes of algae. They are thalloid autotrophic organism which can synthesize their own food by the process of photosynthesis in the presence of chlorophyll and sun light. The study of algae is known as Phycology. Various Indian and international phycologists have worked on algae. Amongst them R.N.Singh, M.O.P. Iyengar, H.D.Kumar, M.S.Randhawa (all are Indians), F.E. Fritsch and G.M Smith are known for their valuable contributions. M.O.P. Iyengar is known as ―father of Phycology‖ in India and F.E. Fritsch is known as “father of Phycology”. 1.3 GENERAL CHARACTERSTICS OF ALGAE Algae are chlorophyll bearing autotrophic organisms having a thalloid plant body i.e., the plant body is not differentiated into root, leaf and stem. The thallus is non vascular therefore have no element for the transport of fluids. Algae have simple reproductive structure, sex organ are unicellular and if multicellular all the cells are fertile. Sex organs also lack a sterile jacket of cells around the reproductive cell and no embryo is formed after the fertilization. They occur in a variety of habitat but mostly they are aquatic. They show distinct alteration of generation. 1.3.1 Occurrence and distribution (Algal habitat) UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 7 PHYCOLOGY AND BRYOLOGY BSCBO-102 The algae are predominantly aquatic and are found in both fresh and marine water. Some are terrestrial and can grow under the soil surface damp and shaded sides. So, on the basis of habitat they may be classified in the following type. A. Aquatic algae B. Terrestrial algae C. Algae of unusual habitats A. Aquatic algae – Majority of algae are aquatic and found either in fresh water or in salty or marine water. The aquatic algae are either free floating or attached to the substratum with the help of holdfast. 1) Fresh water algae- These forms occur in fresh water of ponds, pools, lakes, streams, river etc. these fresh water forms may be present in slow running water e.g., Cladophora, Oedogonium, Chara or in stagnant or still water e.g., Hydrodictyon, Chlamydomanas. 2) Marine water algae-These algae occur in saline water of sea. Most of the members of class Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae are found in marine water. Marine algae are generally macroscopic having large thalli and commonly known as ―sea weeds‖. Examples of marine forms are Ectocarpus, Sargassum, Fucus, Laminaria. 3) Planktonic algae- Floating forms of algae are generally referred as planktonic forms. These forms may be uniformly distributed in water or may be discontinuous and patchy in pitches both horizontally and vertically. The examples of fresh water planktonic algae are Chlorella, Hydrodictyon, Chlamydomonas, Volvox, while Cyclotella, Hemidiscus, Fragillaria, Trichodesmium, Ocillatoria are the example of marine water planktonic form. The abundant growth of planktonic algae imparts color and odor to the water. Such a phenomenon is called water- bloom or algal bloom. Formation of algal blooms fairly depends upon the factors like temperature, longer days and nutrient availability. B. Terrestrial algae- Many algal genera are found on or beneath the moist soil surface and are called terrestrial algae. The algal forms also occur on the surface of soil e.g., few species of Vaucheria, Botrydium, Fristchilla while some algae having subterranean habit e.g., few species of Nostoc, Anabaena and Euglena and these are known as Cryptophytes. 1) Aerophytes: Such algal forms are adapted for aerial mode of life and occur on the tree trunks, moist walls, flower pots, rocks, fencing wires and get their water and carbon dioxide requirement directly from atmosphere are called Aerophytes. 2) Cryophytes: Algae growing on the mountain peaks covered with snow are called cryophytic algae. These algae impart attractive colours to the mountains. Haematococcus nivalis gives red colour to the arctic and alpine regions while Chlamyodomanas yellowstonesis gives yellow green colour to the snow of the mountains of European countries particularly in Arctic region. UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 8 PHYCOLOGY AND BRYOLOGY BSCBO-102 3) Thermophytes: The algal genera occurring in hot springs at quite high temperature. There are some algae which are known to tolerate the temperature upto 850 C. Oscillatoria brevis, and Haplosiphon lignosum are example of thermophytes which survive upto temperature of 700C at which plant life is not possible. Majority of thermal algae belong to Myxophyceae.
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