South African Weather Service - Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – September 2019

Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – September 2019

Document Reference: AQI-HPA-MER-2019-September-001 Document Type: Report Version: 1

This document is controlled in terms of the South African Weather Services’ Quality Management System and may not be edited, distributed or deemed obsolete without permission of the Management Quality CONTROLLED COPY WHEN PRINTED OUTSIDE THE ELECTRONIC QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: Page 1 of 55 Representative.Public Document Document Reference: AQI-REP-HPA-MER-2019-SEPTEMBER 2019.001

Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – September 2019

Document Control

Version and Amendment Schedule

Version Version Date Author Description of Amendments 1 15/01/2017 Xolile Ncipha First Draft

Compliance Schedule

Compliance Type Compliance Date of Compliance Responsibility Signature Checked Approved by: Approval Documentation Mr Mandlesilo TQM Manager Compliance Mavimbela

Approval and Control Schedule

Date Copy Approved By Designation Responsibility Signature Approved Status Senior Manager Mr Kamaseelan Air Quality Chetty Information SAWS

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – September 2019

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Five ambient air monitoring stations are operated and maintained in the Highveld Priority Area (HPA) by the South African Weather Service. At each of the stations PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO, NO2, NOx, O3, CO, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene are measured. In addition, meteorological data for wind speed, wind direction, ambient temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, solar radiation and barometric pressure are also measured. This report presents the relevant data for the month of September 2019.

The HPA network achieved 91.9% valid data collection for this month. Only Ermelo and Hendrina stations achieved valid data recovery below 90%. Ermelo lost data mainly due to power failure and Hendrina due to faulty NOX and O3 instruments.

Ermelo and Middelburg recorded exceedances of PM10 daily NAAQS of 12 and 24, respectively. Ermelo and Middelburg observed exceedances of PM2.5 daily NAAQS of 2 and 1, respectively. No station recorded the exceedances of SO2 10 minute, hourly and daily NAAQS. No station observed the exceedances of hourly NO2 NAAQS and CO hourly and 8-hourly running average NAAQS. Only Ermelo, Hendrina and

Witbank recorded the exceedances of O3 8-hourly running average NAAQS of 23, 16 and 62, respectively.

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – September 2019

REPORT DETAILS REFERENCE AQI-REP-HPA-MER-2019-SEPTEMBER-001 REPORT Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – September TITLE 2019 DATE 14 September 2019 SUBMITTED CLIENT Thabo Setshedi Department of Environmental Affairs Environment House, 473 Steve Biko, Arcadia, Pretoria, 0083 South Africa Email : [email protected] Tel : +27 12 399 9000 PREPARED Xolile Ncipha BY Air Quality Information South African Weather Services 442 Rigel Avenue Erasmusrand Pretoria EQUIRIES Tel: 012 3676000 e-mail: [email protected] SIGNED APPROVER(S) Technical Manager : Mr Desmond Mabaso Quality Manager D:AQI : Mr Lotta Mayana SIGNED

STATUS Final NOTICE This document is issued by SAWS under its General Conditions of Service accessible at http://www.weathersa.co.za/terms_and_conditions.htm. Attention is drawn to the limitation of liability, indemnification and jurisdiction issues defined therein. The South African Weather Service (SAWS) through the Department Air Quality Information operates and maintains ambient air quality monitoring networks. While SAWS takes every precaution to ensure quality assurance and the application of best monitoring practice, SAWS cannot vouch for the quality and representativeness of the samples. The data herein reflects the data transferred using the data acquisition system only. While data in this report were collected, processed and compiled with care, the accuracy and reliability of this information is subject to variations due to limitations of equipment and programs used. Any unauthorized alteration, forgery or falsification of the content or appearance of this document is unlawful. This report shall not be reproduced except in full and with the express consent of the SAWS.

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – September 2019

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DOCUMENT CONTROL

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 10

2 METEOROLOGICAL OVERVIEW ...... 14

2.1 WINDS AT THE HPAMN FOR SEPTEMBER 2019 ...... 14

2.2 TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL ...... 16 3 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING ...... 17

3.1 MEASUREMENT METHODS ...... 17 3.1.1 Oxides of nitrogen ...... 17 3.1.2 Sulphur Dioxide ...... 17 3.1.3 Carbon monoxide ...... 17 3.1.4 Ozone ...... 17 3.1.5 Particulate Matter ...... 18 3.1.6 Black Carbon...... 18

3.2 CALIBRATION CONDITIONS...... 18

3.3 DATA CAPTURE ...... 18 3.3.1 Data Availability at the Highveld Priority Area Monitoring Network ...... 19

3.4 DATA VALIDATION AND QUALITY ASSURANCE ...... 22

3.5 NUMBER OF EXCEEDANCES OF NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS...... 22 3.5.1 Exceedances recorded at HPAMN Stations ...... 23

3.6 PARTICULATE MATTER (PM10 AND PM2.5) CONCENTRATION ...... 25

3.7 SULPHUR DIOXIDE (SO2) CONCENTRATION ...... 26

3.8 NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2) CONCENTRATION ...... 28

3.9 OZONE (O3) CONCENTRATION ...... 28

3.10 CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) CONCENTRATION ...... 29

3.11 BLACK CARBON CONCENTRATION ...... 30 4 MAINTENANCE AND CALIBRATION ...... 30

4.1 WITBANK ...... 32

4.2 MIDDELBURG ...... 33

4.3 HENDRINA ...... 34

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – September 2019

4.4 ERMELO ...... 35

4.5 SECUNDA ...... 36

4.6 MAINTENANCE AND MINOR REPAIRS ...... 37 5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ...... 38

6 REFERENCES ...... 39

7 APPENDIX 1: DATA VALIDATION AND QUALITY CONTROLLING ...... 40

8 APPENDIX 2: DETAILED STATION DESCRIPTION ...... 44

8.1 ERMELO STATION ...... 44

8.2 HENDRINA STATION ...... 45

8.3 MIDDELBURG STATION ...... 47

8.4 SECUNDA STATION ...... 49

8.5 WITBANK STATION...... 50

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Hotspots of PM, SO2 and NOX identified in the Highveld Priority Area (Zunckel, Naiker, & Raghunandan, 2010)...... 11 Figure 2: Google Earth Image Showing the Location of the five monitoring stations in the Highveld Priority Area...... 12 Figure 3: Surface wind roses for the Highveld Priority Area for September 2019...... 15 Figure 4: Daily Temperatures, September 2019...... 16 Figure 5: Daily Rainfall, September 2019...... 16 Figure 6: PM10 Daily Averages, September 2019...... 25 Figure 7: PM2.5 Daily Averages, September 2019...... 25

Figure 8: SO2 Ten-Minute Averages, September 2019...... 27

Figure 9: SO2 Hourly Averages, September 2019...... 27

Figure 10: SO2 Daily (24 Hour) Averages, September 2019...... 27

Figure 11: NO2 Hourly Averages, September 2019...... 28

Figure 12: O3 8-Hour Running Averages, September 2019...... 28

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – September 2019

Figure 13: CO Hourly Averages, September 2019...... 29 Figure 14: CO 8-Hour Running Averages, September 2019...... 29 Figure 15: BC Five Minute Averages recorded at the Secunda and Witbank stations, September 2019... 30 Figure 16: Google Earth image showing the location of the Ermelo Station...... 44 Figure 17: Photograph of the monitoring station at Ermelo ...... 45 Figure 18: Google Earth image showing the location of the Hendrina Station...... 46 Figure 19: Photograph of the Hendrina monitoring station...... 47 Figure 20: Google Earth image showing the location of the Middelburg Station...... 48 Figure 21: Photograph of the Middelburg monitoring station...... 49 Figure 22: Google Earth image showing the location of the Secunda Station...... 50 Figure 23: Google Earth image showing the location of the Witbank Station...... 51 Figure 24: Photograph of the Witbank monitoring station...... 52 Figure 25: PM10 Daily Averages January to September 2019...... 53

Figure 26: PM2.5 Daily Averages January to September 2019...... 53

Figure 27: SO2 Daily Averages January to September 2019...... 54

Figure 28: NO2 Hourly Averages January to September 2019...... 54

Figure 29: O3 8-Hour Running Averages January to September 2019...... 55 Figure 30: CO hourly averages January to September 2019...... 55

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Locations and primary pollutant sources of concern in the Highveld Priority Area...... 13 Table 2: Calibration Conditions...... 18 Table 3: Data availability for the HPAMN, September 2019...... 19 Table 4: Monthly station data recovery per parameter, September 2019...... 20 Table 5: National Ambient Air Quality Standards...... 22 Table 6: Summary of exceedances of ambient air quality standards record at HPAMN (01 January 2019 – 31 December 2019)...... 24 Table 7: Summary of calibration checks for the HPAMN (01 January – 31 December 2019)...... 30

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – September 2019

Table 8: Summary of Multipoint Calibration Verifications for the HPAMN (01 January – 31 December 2019)...... 31 Table 9: Witbank station calibration and equipment status, September 2019...... 32 Table 10: Middelburg station calibration and equipment status, September 2019...... 33 Table 11: Hendrina station calibration and equipment status, September 2019...... 34 Table 12: Ermelo station calibration and equipment status, September 2019...... 35 Table 13: Secunda station calibration and equipment status, September 2019...... 36 Table 14: Maintenance and Minor Repairs...... 37 Table 15: Table of data validation, September 2019...... 40

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – September 2019

SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AQMP Air Quality Management Plan BC Black Carbon CO Carbon monoxide

C6H6 Benzene DEA Department of Environmental Affairs NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standard NO Nitrogen oxide

NO2 Nitrogen dioxide

NOx Nitrogen oxides

O3 Ozone PM2.5 Particulate matter with a diameter less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers (10-6 m) PM10 Particulate matter with a diameter less than or equal to 10 micrometers (10-6 m) SAAQIS South African Air Quality Information System SAWS South African Weather Service

SO2 Sulphur dioxide VOC Volatile organic compound HPA Highveld Priority Area HPAMN Highveld Priority Area Monitoring Network

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – September 2019

1 INTRODUCTION

The Highveld is an industrial heartland of South Africa. The combination of industrial, domestic, transport, biomass burning, agricultural and other emission sources have led to degraded air quality over the area. This in turn directly impacts on the health and well-being of people residing in the Highveld Priority Area.

Areas of eastern Gauteng and western Mpumalanga were declared a priority area in terms of the ambient air quality in 2007. The main pollutants of concern included PM and SO2 Air Pollution hotspots were identified at Emalahleni (Witbank), Middelburg, Ermelo and Secunda (Figure 1). In 2008 five ambient air quality monitoring stations were installed at sites within the identified hotspot areas, with an additional station placed in Hendrina. Further information relating to the stations can be found in Table 1.

The Department of Environmental Affairs appointed a service provider from August 2008 until August 2013 to supply, install and maintain five ambient air quality monitoring stations in the HPA. This monitoring network consists of five fully automated stations monitoring air quality and meteorological parameters. The stations are located in Secunda, Ermelo, Emalahleni (Witbank), Hendrina and Middelburg. Figure 2 shows the location of the ambient air quality monitoring stations in the HPA. In September 2013, the monitoring stations were transferred to the South African Weather Service (SAWS) to take over the responsibility of managing the network henceforth. The role of SAWS in the management of the network includes routine maintenance, calibration, data management and reporting.

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – September 2019

Figure 1: Hotspots of PM, SO2 and NOX identified in the Highveld Priority Area (Zunckel, Naiker, & Raghunandan, 2010).

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – September 2019

Figure 2: Google Earth Image Showing the Location of the five monitoring stations in the Highveld Priority Area.

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – September 2019

Table 1: Locations and primary pollutant sources of concern in the Highveld Priority Area.

Monitoring Monitoring station Monitoring Period Pollutant sources Station Coordinates

S-26.492983° Transport of pollutants regionally, Ermelo August 2008 - Present coal transportation trucks, domestic E29.968517° fuel burning

Regional Background as station is not S-26.151400° in the vicinity of direct pollutant Hendrina August 2008 - Present E29.716250° sources and no local influence of domestic burning

Large Industrial Sources (Columbus S-25.79070° Steel and Middelburg Ferrochrome, Middelburg August 2008 - Present industries to South and Mine dumps E29.462801° to North west, no local impact from domestic fuel burning

S-26.550650° Extensive use of domestic fuel in Secunda August 2008 - Present vicinity and impacts from SASOL E29.3179117° Secunda plant to the east

S-25.877850° Domestic fuel burning, transport and Witbank August 2008 - Present industrial and mining emissions E29.186415°

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – September 2019

2 METEOROLOGICAL OVERVIEW

Wind roses summarise the occurrence of winds at a location, representing their strength, direction and frequency. Wind speeds less than 0.5 m/s (calm condition) are represented as a percentage of the total winds in the centre circle. Each directional branch on a wind rose represents wind originating from that direction. Each directional branch is divided into segments of different colours which are representative of different wind speeds.

2.1 Winds at the HPAMN for September 2019 Figure 3 represents the wind roses for the HPAMN stations for the month of September 2019. Ermelo station (top left) was dominated by north-easterly and south-easterly winds with frequencies of occurrence of about 15% and 13%, respectively. They reached maximum speed of 11 m/s. Hendrina station (top centre) was dominated by easterly winds with frequency of occurrence of about 22%. The winds reached a maximum speed of about 11 m/s. Middelburg station (to right) was dominated by north- westerly and south-easterly winds with frequencies of occurrence of about 18% and 15%, respectively. They reached a maximum speed of 11 m/s. The Secunda station (Bottom left) was dominated by norther- easterlyly and north-westerly winds, both winds had frequencies of occurrence of about 15% with maximum wind speed reaching 6 m/s. Witbank station (bottom right) was dominated by easterly and north-easterly winds with frequencies of occurrence of about 17% and 13%, respectively. The easterly winds reached a maximum speed of about 6 m/s and the north-easterly winds reached a maximum of 4 m/s.

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – September 2019

Figure 3: Surface wind roses for the Highveld Priority Area for September 2019.

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – September 2019

2.2 Temperature and Rainfall

The recorded daily temperatures and rainfall in the HPA during the month of September 2019 are illustrated in Figure 4 and Figure 5, respectively. During this month there were few occurrences of rainfalls, which led to a drop in maximum temperatures and pollution levels.

Figure 4: Daily Temperatures, September 2019.

Figure 5: Daily Rainfall, September 2019.

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – September 2019

3 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING

3.1 Measurement methods

3.1.1 Oxides of nitrogen

Oxides of nitrogen (NOx = NO + NO2) are measured continuously by the principle of chemiluminescence. The ambient air sample is drawn through the sample bulkhead and flows through a capillary, and then to the solenoid valve which routes it straight to the reaction chamber. In the reaction chamber ozone, which is generated by the instrument, reacts with the NO in the sample to produce excited NO2 molecules. A photomultiplier tube (PMT) housed in a thermoelectric cooler detects the luminescence generated during this reaction. Separately the NOx is calculated through converting NOx to NO and then using the same chemiluminescence measurement as for NO. The NO2 concentration is calculated as the difference between the measured NO and NOx concentrations.

3.1.2 Sulphur Dioxide Sulphur dioxide is measured continuously by the principle of absorb ultraviolet (UV) light. The sample is drawn through the sample bulkhead through a hydrocarbon “kicker”, which removes hydrocarbons from the sample by forcing the hydrocarbon molecules to permeate through the tube wall. The sample flows into the fluorescence chamber, where pulsating UV light excites the SO2 molecules. As the excited SO2 molecules decay to lower energy states, they emit UV light that is proportional to the SO2 concentration.

3.1.3 Carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide is measured continuously by the principle of absorb infrared radiation. The sample is drawn through the sample bulkhead, radiation from an infrared source is chopped and then passed through a gas filter alternating between CO and N2. The infrared radiation then exits the optical bench and falls on an infrared detector. The absorption of the infrared radiation is proportional to the concentration of CO in the sample.

3.1.4 Ozone Ozone is measured continuously by the principle of UV light absorption. The sample is drawn through the sample bulkhead and is split into two gas streams. The degree to which the UV light is absorbed is directly related to the ozone concentration as described by the Beer-Lambert Law. The solenoid valves alternate the reference and sample gas streams between cells A and B every 10 seconds. The UV light intensities of each cell are measured by two detectors. The ozone concentrations of each cell are calculated and output the average concentration.

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – September 2019

3.1.5 Particulate Matter Particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) is measured continuously by laser light scattering. The sample is drawn through the bulkhead into the instrument measurement cell, the gas stream passes through a laser beam which is diverted by the particles the angle of reflection or refraction is utilised to calculate the particle size.

3.1.6 Black Carbon Black carbon is measured through the use of a Thermo Scientific Model 5012 Multi Angle Absorption Photometer Instrument which uses an optical method to determine the amount of absorbing particles deposited on a filter.

3.2 Calibration Conditions

The recorded values are referenced to the SANAS accredited calibrations that occurred under the conditions presented in Table 2.

Table 2: Calibration Conditions. Witbank Middelburg Hendrina Ermelo Secunda

Date 31/05/2019 30/05/2019 29/05/2019 28/05/2019 27/05/2019

Barometric 854.9 mbar 858.4 mbar 840.0 mbar 831.4 mbar 851.0 mbar Pressure (mbar)

Shelter 19,4oC 20.3oC 26.8oC 23.3oC 21.1oC Temperature (°C)

3.3 Data Capture

The tables below illustrate the data capture for each monitoring site for the month of September 2019. According to the South African National Accreditation System (SANAS) guidelines, a minimum of 90 % data capture is required to achieve minimum data quality assurance for data validation and summary (SANAS TR07-03).

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – September 2019

3.3.1 Data Availability at the Highveld Priority Area Monitoring Network The data availability and collection efficiency for the HPAMN for September 2019 monitoring period is presented in Table 3 and Table 4. Cells shaded yellow in tables indicate data capture below 90%. The HPA network achieved 91.9% valid data collection for this month. Only Ermelo and Hendrina stations achieved valid data recovery below 90%. Ermelo lost data mainly due to power failure and Hendrina due to faulty

NOX and O3 instruments.

Table 3: Data availability for the HPAMN, September 2019.

Collection Station Name Validated Data (%) Comments Efficiency (%)

Validated data efficiency is below the 90% SANAS data capture Ermelo 86.77 86.25 requirement. Data was lost due to power supply failure. Validated data efficiency is below Hendrina the 90% SANAS data capture 98.55 86.84 requirement. Data was lost due to

faulty NOX and O3 instruments. Validated data capture exceeded Middelburg 99.72 99.66 the 90% SANAS data capture requirement.

Validated data capture exceeded Secunda the 90% SANAS data capture 95.15 94.97 requirement. However aerosols instrument was out for repairs

Validated data capture exceeded Witbank 91.95 91.90 the 90% SANAS data capture requirement.

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – September 2019

Table 4: Monthly station data recovery per parameter, September 2019. Parameter Ermelo Hendrina Middelburg Secunda Witbank Data Capture %col % val %col % val %col % val %col % val %col % val

Benzene Toluene

Xylene

Ethylbenzene

PM10 87.97 87.77 99.01 99.00 99.91 99.63 55.58 55.58

PM2.5 87.97 87.97 99.01 99.00 99.91 99.91 55.58 55.58

PM1 87.90 87.90 98.24 98.24 54.96 54.96

Sulphur Dioxide 78.99 78.63 98.72 98.72 99.78 99.42 95.00 95.00 99.21 99.21

Nitric Oxide 87.52 85.33 98.76 52.06 99.63 99.53 95.05 94.29 99.21 98.98

Nitrogen Dioxide 87.52 85.36 98.76 52.06 99.63 99.53 95.05 94.29 99.21 98.98

Nitrogen oxides 87.52 85.53 98.76 52.06 99.63 99.53 95.05 94.29 99.21 98.98

Carbon Monoxide 78.18 76.26 98.64 98.19 99.61 99.61 93.99 93.93 99.07 99.03

Ozone 87.67 87.62 98.65 51.97 99.26 99.22 94.91 94.76 97.14 97.00

Wind direction 87.98 87.98 93.42 93.42 99.95 99.95 95.36 95.36 99.55 99.55

Wind speed 87.98 87.98 99.00 99.00 99.95 99.95 95.36 95.36 99.55 99.55

Pressure 87.98 87.97 99.00 99.00 99.95 99.95 95.36 95.36 99.55 99.55

Relative Humidity 87.98 87.98 99.00 99.00 99.95 99.95 95.36 95.36 99.55 99.55

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – September 2019

Parameter Ermelo Hendrina Middelburg Secunda Witbank Solar radiation 87.98 87.98 99.00 99.00 99.95 99.95 95.36 95.36 99.55 99.55

Enclosure Temperature 87.98 87.98 99.00 99.00 99.95 99.95 95.36 95.36 99.55 99.55

Ambient Temperature 87.98 87.98 99.00 99.00 99.95 99.95 95.36 95.36 99.55 99.55

Rain 87.98 87.97 99.00 99.00 99.96 99.95 95.36 95.36 99.55 99.54

Black Carbon 95.37 95.13 99.55 99.54 Average 86.77 86.25 98.55 86.84 99.72 99.66 95.15 94.97 91.95 91.90 Values highlighted in yellow indicate data capture rates below the 90% SANAS requirement Cells highlighted in red indicate no instrument A – indicates awaiting retrieval of data

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – September 2019

3.4 Data Validation and Quality Assurance

It is often necessary to modify the data during the data validation process. This was done in accordance to the SAWS SOP, and using the Validation Editor program in the proprietary software. The data is checked for zero drift, which if identified is corrected to correspond with the values from the most recent calibration, and outliers are identified if they are outside the range of three standard deviations of the mean, if these outliers represent a legitimate spike in the concentration (3 standard deviations of the mean of values within an hour of either side of the data point) they are retained otherwise removed from the validated data. Negative values less than -1 were removed from the validated data (Refer to Appendix.1).

3.5 Number of Exceedances of National Ambient Air Quality Standards

The National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, O3, CO and C6H6 are shown in Table 4. Table 5: National Ambient Air Quality Standards.

Parameter Averaging period Concentration Frequency of exceedence 24-hour 75 µg.m-3 4 PM10 Annual 40 µg.m-3 0 24-hour 40 µg.m-3 4 PM2.5 Annual 25 µg.m-3 0 10-minutes 191 ppb 526 1-hour 134 ppb 88 SO2 24-hour 48ppb 4 Annual 19ppb 0 1-hour 106 ppb 88 NO2 Annual 21 ppb 0

O3 8-hour running average 61 ppb 11 1-hour 26 ppm 88 CO 8-hour running average 8.7 ppm 11

C6H6 annual 3.2 ppb 0

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – September 2019

3.5.1 Exceedances recorded at HPAMN Stations

The number of exceedances of the NAAQS for each of the criteria pollutants recorded in the HPAMN for September 2019 is shown in Table 6. The values for exceedances from instruments that were not in operation are presented by – symbol. Ermelo and Middelburg recorded exceedances of PM10 daily NAAQS of 12 and 24, respectively. Ermelo and Middelburg observed exceedances of PM2.5 daily NAAQS of 2 and 1, respectively. No station recorded the exceedances of SO2 10 minute, hourly and daily NAAQS.

No station observed the exceedances of hourly NO2 NAAQS and CO hourly and 8-hourly running average

NAAQS. Only Ermelo, Hendrina and Witbank recorded the exceedances of O3 8-hourly running average NAAQS of 23, 16 and 62, respectively.

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – September 2019

Table 6: Summary of exceedances of ambient air quality standards record at HPAMN (01 January 2019 – 31 December 2019).

Exceedances Per Month Pollutant & Annual Number Total

Averaging Standard of Permitted Station Name Exceedances to

July

May June

Period Exceedances April Date

March

August

January

October

February

December

November September Ermelo 1 4 2 7 21 27 21 23 12 118 Hendrina 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 2 0 7 PM10 75 µgm-3 4 Middelburg 0 0 0 0 3 25 24 29 24 105 24h Secunda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Witbank 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ermelo 0 0 0 1 9 19 18 12 2 61 Hendrina 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 1 0 7 PM2.5 40 µgm-3 4 Middelburg 0 0 0 0 0 16 17 14 1 48 24h Secunda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Witbank 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ermelo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hendrina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SO 2 191 ppb 526 Middelburg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 min Secunda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Witbank 0 0 0 0 8 4 11 1 0 24 Ermelo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hendrina 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 SO 2 134 ppb 88 Middelburg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1h Secunda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Witbank 0 0 0 0 2 2 4 1 0 9 Ermelo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hendrina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SO 2 48 ppb 4 Middelburg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24h Secunda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Witbank 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 Ermelo 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 Hendrina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NO 2 106 ppb 88 Middelburg 0 0 0 7 40 0 0 0 0 47 1h Secunda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Witbank 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ermelo 8 0 0 0 0 0 4 14 23 49 O 3 Hendrina 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 38 16 60 8h 61 ppb 11 Middelburg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (Running Secunda 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 5 Averages) Witbank 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 62 83 Ermelo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hendrina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CO 26 ppm 88 Middelburg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1h Secunda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Witbank 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ermelo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CO Hendrina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8h (Running 8.7 ppm 11 Middelburg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Averages) Secunda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Witbank 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – September 2019

3.6 Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5) Concentration

Figures 6 and 7 show the PM10 and PM2.5 daily average concentrations for all operational stations in HPAMN respectively. Ermelo and Middelburg recorded the daily NAAQS exceedances of PM10 and PM2.5 (Table 6).

Figure 6: PM10 Daily Averages, September 2019.

Figure 7: PM2.5 Daily Averages, September 2019.

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – September 2019

3.7 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) concentration

The concentrations of SO2 during September 2019 are presented at 10-minute (Figure 8), hourly (Figure 9) and daily (Figure 10) averages for all operational stations in HPAMN. No station recorded exceedance of SO2 10 minute, hourly and daily NAAQS (Table 6).

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – September 2019

Figure 8: SO2 Ten-Minute Averages, September 2019.

Figure 9: SO2 Hourly Averages, September 2019.

Figure 10: SO2 Daily (24 Hour) Averages, September 2019.

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – September 2019

3.8 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Concentration

The hourly averaged concentrations of NO2 during September 2019 are shown in Figure 11 for stations with operational NOX instruments. No station recorded the exceedance of NO2 hourly NAAQS this month. (Table 6).

Figure 11: NO2 Hourly Averages, September 2019.

3.9 Ozone (O3) Concentration

The 8-hourly running average concentrations of O3 during September 2019 are illustrated in Figure 12 for operational stations. Only Ermelo, Hendrina and Witbank stations observed O3 8-hourly running average NAAQS exceedances (Table 6).

Figure 12: O3 8-Hour Running Averages, September 2019.

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – September 2019

3.10 Carbon Monoxide (CO) Concentration

The concentrations of CO during September 2019 are presented at hourly and 8-hourly running averages in Figure 13 and Figure 14 respectively. During the monitoring period, no exceedance was observed throughout the network for CO hourly and 8-hourly running average NAAQS (Table 6).

Figure 13: CO Hourly Averages, September 2019.

Figure 14: CO 8-our Running Averages, September 2019.

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – September 2019

3.11 Black Carbon Concentration

BC is monitored at the Secunda and Witbank stations only. The concentrations of BC during September 2019 are presented at 5 minute averages in Figure 15. There is currently no National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for Black Carbon.

Figure 15: BC Five Minute Averages recorded at the Secunda and Witbank stations, September 2019.

4 MAINTENANCE AND CALIBRATION

Table 7: Summary of calibration checks for the HPAMN (01 January – 31 December 2019).

Station

due)

(2 due) (2

due)

Name 2

(2 due) (2

July( 2 July(

April ( April May

due) (2 June

March (2 due) (2 March

August (2 due) (2 August

January(

October

February (2due) February

Number required Number

December

November (2 due) (2 November September (2 due) (2 September completed Number Ermelo 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 19 24

Hendrina 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 19 24

Middelburg 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 19 24

Secunda 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 19 24

Witbank 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 19 24

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – September 2019

Table 8: Summary of Multipoint Calibration Verifications for the HPAMN (01 January – 31 December 2019). Multipoint calibrations per month

1st Quarter 2nd Quarter 3rd Quarter 4th Quarter

Station

Name

(1 due) (1

January February March due) (1 April May Ju July August September October November December completed Number required Number compliance %

Ermelo 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 4 0

Hendrina 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 4 0

Middelburg 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 4 0

Secunda 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 4 0

Witbank 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 4 0

Quarterly Calibrations will be performed in each quarter External Multipoint Calibrations will be performed within the first quarter of 2019.

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – September 2019

4.1 Witbank Table 9: Witbank station calibration and equipment status, September 2019. Zero Span/Calibration Pollutant Check Equipment Status Date and Comments

PM10 Full Dynamic Calibration Ok 2019 annual calibration scheduled for the fourth quarter. PM2.5 Full Dynamic Calibration Ok

03 September 2019, Zero Zero and Span Checks Ok and Span checks conducted.

SO2 17 September 2019, and Zero and Span Checks Ok span checks conducted.

03 September 2019, Zero Zero and Span Checks Ok and Span checks conducted.

NOx 17 September 2019, Zero Zero and Span Checks Ok and Span checks conducted.

03 September 2019, Zero Zero and Span Checks Ok and span checks conducted.

17 September 2019, Zero Zero and Span Checks Ok and Span checks conducted.

03 September 2019, Zero Zero and Span Checks Ok and Span checks conducted. CO

17 September 2019, Zero Zero and Span Checks Ok and Span checks conducted.

2019 annual calibration to Met Equipment Full Dynamic Calibration Ok be scheduled.

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – September 2019

4.2 Middelburg

Table 10: Middelburg station calibration and equipment status, September 2019. Zero Span/Calibration Pollutant Check Equipment Status Date and Comments

PM10 Full Dynamic Calibration Ok 2019 annual calibration scheduled for the fourth quarter. PM2.5 Full Dynamic Calibration Ok

03 September 2019, Zero Zero and Span Checks Ok and Span checks conducted.

SO2 17 September 2019, Zero Zero and Span Checks Ok and Span checks conducted.

03 September 2019, Zero Ok Zero and Span Checks and Span checks conducted.

NOx 17 September 2019, Zero Zero and Span Checks Ok and Span checks conducted.

03 September 2019, Zero Zero and Span Checks Ok and Span checks conducted. CO 17 September 2019, Zero Zero and Span Checks Ok and Span checks conducted.

03 September 2019, Zero Zero and Span Checks Ok and Span checks conducted. O3 17 September 2019, Zero Zero and Span Checks Ok and span checks conducted.

2019 annual calibration to Met Equipment Full Dynamic Calibration Ok be scheduled.

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – September 2019

4.3 Hendrina

Table 11: Hendrina station calibration and equipment status, September 2019. Zero Span/Calibration Pollutant Check Equipment Status Date and Comments