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Tendencias Histricas De Variables E Indicadores Trofodinmicos En Los Peces Demersales Del Mar Caribe De Colombia

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Tendencias Histricas De Variables E Indicadores Trofodinmicos En Los Peces Demersales Del Mar Caribe De Colombia TENDENCIAS HISTÓRICAS DE INDICADORES TROFODINÁMICOS PARA LA DETECCIÓN DE CAMBIOS EN LA ESTRUCTURA Y FUNCIÓN DE LOS PECES DEMERSALES DEL MAR CARIBE DE COLOMBIA JENNY CAROLINA VIVAS MUÑOZ Trabajo de grado para optar al titulo de Biólogo Marino Director LUIS ORLANDO DUARTE CASARES Candidato Ph.D. UNIVERSIDAD JORGE TADEO LOZANO FACULTAD DE CIENCIA NATURALES PROGRAMA DE BIOLOGÍA MARINA SANTA MARTA 2007 Nota de aceptación: _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ Firma del presidente del jurado _______________________________ Firma del jurado _______________________________ Firma del jurado Santa Marta ___________ del 2007 Dedicado a: A Dios por iluminar mi camino en la vida, Por guiar cada acción para crecer como persona, Por la capacidad de razonamiento para mi sed de conocimiento, Por la fortaleza y determinación para conseguir mis metas. Y por la belleza de la naturaleza, fuente de mi inspiración. A Juan de Jesús Vivas y Requilda Muñoz Por creer en mí y en mis sueños, Por estar a mi lado en las caídas y fortalecerme, Por amarme y hacer que cada día sea especial Y por soñar y volar conmigo. AAAGGGRRRAAADDDEEECCCIIIMMMIIIEEENNNTTTOOOSSS A mis padres sin su colaboración y apoyo sentimental esto nunca hubiera sido realidad, por vivir día tras día la construcción de mis sueños, apoyándome, aconsejandome y dándome fuerzas. A Luis Orlando Duarte por guiarme durante este proceso, por todos los días de trabajo, por cada uno de los conocimientos y enseñanzas transmitidas, por todas las herramientas brindadas para lograr este proyecto y por las muchas conversaciones durante todo este año. A Camilo Bernardo García Dr. Rer. Nat. Del Departamento de Biología de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia y a Juan Pablo Caldas integrantes del proyecto “Integrating Multiple Demands on Coastal Zones with Emphasis on Aquiatic Ecosystems and Fisheries – INCOFISH” por el acogerme dentro del grupo y por el apoyo brindado. A Felix de Jesús Cuello Investigador SIG-LIPET por la colaboración en la elaboración de los mapas y por los conocimientos computacionales brindados durante la elaboración de este proyecto. Un especial agradecimiento a Marcela Grijalba por todas las enseñar como docente, por los gratos momentos compartidos conmigo y mi familia, además por la lección de que con exigencia y constancia se consigue las metas que te propones. A mi madri Clara Nubia Carranza por todos los años acompañandome desde mi infancia, por cada enseñanza, consejo y regaño. Además por tanto amor que me brindo durante mi vida. Y por ultimo gracias por contribuir a mi formación como persona. A Cada uno de los docentes que durante todos los años de estudiante estuvieron presentes, por contribuir a mi formación como profesional, por enseñarme sobre el mundo marino que con su majestuosidad y misterio capturo mi pasión hacia el conocimiento. A mis compañeros que durante cinco años compartimos esta experiencia de crecer y formarnos como Biologos Marinos y como personas, que con cada trabajo, exposición, laboratorio, salida de campo, etc. aportaron su granito de arena en mi vida. A Fritz, Nadya, Liz, Tatis, Julie, Juli, Lady y Anita por contar con ustedes como amigos y participar de una manera más activa en este camino. Por compartir muchos momentos inolvidables que llevare en mi corazón. A Rafael por tu compañía y apoyo, gracias por tu ayuda con el abstract, mucho mas por las una y mil llamadas de fuerza y animo. A Tinu que con poco tiempo a mi lado, me enseño a ver muchas cosas de otra manera y se convirtió en un buen amigo y un apoyo a otro lado del charco. A cada una de las personas que confiaron en mí y que compartiendo importantes momentos que me permitio lograr mis metas. Tendencias históricas de indicadores trofodinámicos para la detección de cambios en la estructura y función de los peces demersales del Mar Caribe de Colombia TTTAAABBBLLLAAA DDDEEE CCCOOONNNTTTEEENNNIIIDDDOOO Pag. 111... IIINTRODUCCIÓNNNTTRROODDUUCCCCIIÓÓNN JJJUSTIFICADA………………………………………….UUSSTTIIFFIICCAADDAA…………………………………………………………………………………….. 111 222... MMMARCOAARRCCOO TTTEÓRICOEEÓÓRRIICCOO YYY EEESTADOSSTTAADDOO DDDELEELL AAARTE……………………………..RRTTEE………………………………………………………….... 555 2.1. Marco teórico…………………………………………………………… 5 2.2. Estado del arte…………………………………………………………. 8 333... PPPROBLEMARROOBBLLEEMMAA DDDEEE IIINVESTIGACIÓN……………………………………….NNVVEESSTTIIGGAACCIIÓÓNN……………………………………………………………………………….. 111666 3.1. Objetivos específicos…………………………………………………. 16 3.2. Hipótesis……………………………………………………………….. 17 444... MMMETODOLOGÍAEETTOODDOOLLOOGGÍÍAA ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 111888 4.1. Área de estudio………………………………………………………… 18 4.2. Obtención de datos……………………………………………………. 21 4.3. Composición taxonómica de la comunidad de peces demersales 22 4.4. Comparación en la estimación del nivel trófico local vs Fishbase 23 4.5. Cambios temporales en la estructura alimentaría……………….... 25 4.6. Índice trófico marino (ITM)…………………………………………… 25 4.7. Otros indicadores trofodinámicos….……………………………….. 26 555... RRRESULTADOS……………………………………………………………...EESSUULLTTAADDOOSS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...... 222888 5.1. Descripción general de la información……………………………… 28 5.2. Comparación en la estimación del nivel trófico local vs Fishbase 46 - I - Tendencias históricas de indicadores trofodinámicos para la detección de cambios en la estructura y función de los peces demersales del Mar Caribe de Colombia 5.3. Cambios temporales en la estructura alimentaría…………………. 47 5.4. Índice trófico marino (ITM)…………………………………………… 52 5.5. Otros indicadores trofodinámicos………………………………….... 56 666... DDDISCUSIÓNIISSCCUUSSIIÓÓNN DDDEEE RRRESULTADOS………………………………………….EESSUULLTTAADDOOSS…………………………………………………………………………………….. 666222 6.1. Comparación en la estimación del nivel trófico local vs Fishbase 64 6.2. Cambios temporales en la estructura alimentaría…………………. 65 6.3. Índice trófico marino (ITM)……………………………………………. 66 6.4. Otros indicadores trofodinámicos…………………………………… 68 777... CCCONCLUSIONES…………………………………………………………..OONNCCLLUUSSIIOONNEESS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 777222 888... RRRECOMENDACIONES…………………………………………………….EECCOOMMEENNDDAACCIIOONNEESS………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 777555 999... BBBIBLIOGRAFÍA……………………………………………………………..IIBBLLIIOOGGRRAAFFÍÍAA………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 777666 1110.00.. A AANEXOS……………………………………………………………………..NNEEXXOOSS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 111030033 - II - Tendencias históricas de indicadores trofodinámicos para la detección de cambios en la estructura y función de los peces demersales del Mar Caribe de Colombia LLLIIISSSTTTAAA DDDEEE TTTAAABBBLLLAAASSS Pag. Tabla 1. Características de los cruceros de evaluación efectuados en el Mar Caribe colombiano de 1970 al 2001……………………………………….. 21 Tabla 2. Densidad de la fauna íctica (Kg/Km2) capturada en los cruceros científicos de 1970 a 2001 con redes de arrastre demersal en la plataforma continental del Caribe colombiano…………………………………………... 29 - III - Tendencias históricas de indicadores trofodinámicos para la detección de cambios en la estructura y función de los peces demersales del Mar Caribe de Colombia LLLIIISSSTTTAAA DDDEEE FFFIIIGGGUUURRRAAASSS Pag. Figura 1. Ubicación de las estaciones de los cruceros de evaluación efectuados en el Mar Caribe de Colombia…………………………………… 20 Figura 2. Diagrama del área barrida por una red de arrastre con sus respectivas mediciones……………………………………………………….. 22 Figura 3. Distribución porcentual de la densidad dentro del grupo de condrictios para el Caribe colombiano entre 1970 y 2001………………… 45 Figura 4. Numero de categorías taxonómicas de peces demersales registradas para cada año con según el habito alimenticio……………….. 46 Figura 5. Grafico del nivel trófico calculado con base a dietas y el nivel trófico registrado en Fishbase de 276 especies, 61 géneros y 18 familias…………………………………………………………………………… 47 Figura 6. Distribución de la densidad (%) en cada nivel trófico de los peces demersales para la zona sur del Mar Caribe colombiano en 1970, 1988 y 1995 y 1996…………………………...……………………………………….... 49 Figura 7. Distribución de la densidad (%) en cada nivel trófico de los peces demersales para la zona norte del Mar Caribe colombiano de 1970 a 2001. Basado en el nivel trófico registrado en Fishbase…………......…………... 50 - IV - Tendencias históricas de indicadores trofodinámicos para la detección de cambios en la estructura y función de los peces demersales del Mar Caribe de Colombia Figura 8. Distribución de la densidad (%) en cada nivel trófico de los peces demersales para la zona norte del mar Caribe colombiano de 1970 al 2001. Basado en el nivel trófico calculado con la dieta……………………..…...... 51 Figura 9. Tendencia del índice trófico marino (ITM) para el mar Caribe colombiano ……………………………………………………………………… 52 Figura 10. Tendencia del índice trófico marino (ITM) para la zona norte del mar Caribe colombiano………………………………………………………… 53 Figura 11. Tendencia del índice trófico marino (ITM) para la zona sur del mar Caribe colombiano………………………………………………...……………. 53 Figura 12. Tasa de cambio del nivel trófico promedio por década para la zona norte, zona sur y el totalidad del Mar Caribe colombiano…………………. 54 Figura 13. Grafica de curvas con giros hacia atrás (nivel trófico promedio vs. la densidad de peces demersales por año) para el Mar Caribe colombiano………………………………………………………………………
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