Unveiling Galaxies Jean-René Roy Index More Information Www

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Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-41701-3 — Unveiling Galaxies Jean-René Roy Index More Information

Index

A Monograph of the Trochilidae, or Family of Atlas de galaxias australes, 208, 215–218, 235, 238 Humming-Birds,36 Atlas of 21 cm HI line Proiles for 61 Galaxies of A Photographic Atlas of Selected Regions of the Milky Large Angular Size, 253 Way, 136 Atlas of Compact Groups of Galaxies, 230, 254 A Survey of the External Galaxies Brighter Than the Atlas of Galaxies Useful for Measuring the Thirteenth Magnitude, 198, 230 Cosmological Distance Scale, 222–224, 238 A Theory of the Universe, 110 Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies, 208, 211–215, 235, 238, Abell, George O., 254 239 Academia Naturae Curiosorum,20 citations, 235 active galactic nuclei, 137, 165, 245 Cosmic Collisions: The Hubble Atlas of Merging Adams, Walter Sydney, 84, 164 Galaxies, 234, 255 adaptive optics, 173 drivers of, 191, 244–245 Agassiz, Louis, 35, 38 evolution of visual versus textual content, 231 Alexander, Stephen evolving role of, 250 on classiication of “nebulae”, 190 ingredients of, 207–208 on nebular forms, 193 inspiring scientiic programs, 237–239 Alfvén, Hannes, 158 Photometric Atlas of Northern Bright Galaxies, 225 al-Sui, Abd al-Rahman ibn Umar, 21, 109, 252 photometric data in, 192, 217, 221, 225 amateur astronomers, 88, 233 repositories of images, 233 Ambartsumian, Victor, 213, 255 role of, 239, 245 Ames, Adelaide, 176, 187, 198, 230 The Arp Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies: A Chronicle Andromeda (Galaxy), Messier 31. See galaxies, and Observer’s Guide, 234 individual: Andromeda The Carnegie Atlas of Galaxies, 199, 227–228, 230, aperture synthesis, 160–164 238, 239 Apollonius of Perga, 170 The Color Atlas of Galaxies, 224–225, 234 Arago, François, 62 The de Vaucouleurs Atlas of Galaxies, 228–229 Aristarchus of Samos, 5 The Hubble Atlas of Galaxies, xi, 132, 191, 205, Aristotle, 189 208–211, 214, 228, 234, 235, 237, 238 Arnold Rots, 253 The Multiwavelength Atlas of Galaxies, 234, 256 Arp, Halton Christian, 131, 208, 218, 232, 248, 254 atlases of galaxies, book reviews, 240–244 Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies, 211–215 Atlas of Compact Groups of Galaxies, 243 artists of nature, 35–39 Atlas of Galaxies Useful For Measuring the Ashizawa, Joy, 255 Cosmological Distance Scale, 241 Astrographic Catalogue, 64, 65, 93 Atlas de galaxias australes, 243 astrometry, 63 The Carnegie Atlas of Galaxies, 242 Astronomical International Union, 195 The Color Atlas of Galaxies, 243 atlases of galaxies, 65, 188–189 The de Vaucouleurs Atlas of Galaxies, 242, 243 A Revised Shapley–Ames Catalog of Bright The Hubble Atlas of Galaxies, 241 Galaxies, 218–219 atlases, scientiic, x, 3 An Atlas of Local Group Galaxies, 255 as reference visual displays, 188–189 An Atlas of Selected Galaxies: With Illustrations of atlas, origin of the word, 189 Photometric Analyses, 221 of anatomy, 38

270

Index 271

of birds, 35 Carte du ciel, 64, 65, 93 Photographic Atlas of Auroral Forms, 192 Catalogue of One Thousand new Nebulae and role of, 234 Clusters of Stars, 32 The International Cloud Atlas, 191 Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory, 224 Audubon, John James, 36 Champollion, Jean-François, 162 Chandra X-ray Observatory, 170 Baade, Walter, 115, 131–134, 145, 204, 208, 211, Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan, 170 228 charge-coupled devices (CCDs), 86, 135, 168, 227, on Shapley’s work, 124 229, 230, 250, 254 Babcock, Harold Delos, 173 Chéseaux, Jean-Philippe de, 22 Babcock, Horace Welcome, 173 Chrétien, Henri, 84 rotational curve of Andromeda, 179 Christensen, Lars L., 255 Bacon, Francis, 227, 252 cinematograph, 62 Baldwin, Mary, 32 circumnuclear ring, 145 Barnard, Edward Emerson, 136 citizen science, 231 baryonic matter, 175 Zooites, 245 Bayer, Johannes, 39 classiication of objects Bean, Alan, 34, 61 in astronomy, 189 Bedke, John clusters of galaxies, 10, 178, 254 Atlas of Galaxies Useful for Measuring the Coma, 171, 180 Cosmological Distance Scale, 222 X-ray emission from, 179 The Carnegie Atlas of Galaxies, 227–228 gravitational lensing, 183 Bender, Ralf, 240 origin of concept, 176 Berra,Yogi,7 superclusters of galaxies, 102 Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm, 30 Virgo, 26, 177, 222, 237, 248 biasing, 97–98 X-ray emission from, 170 Birr Castle, 4, 44, 61, 75, 81, 83, 111, 141, 176, 193 Combes, Françoise, 237 operation mode, 53 comets, 22, 25, 42, 44, 109 photography and spectroscopy at, 55 Common, Andrew Ainslie, 63, 72, 73, 193 black-body radiation, 101, 158 Commonwealth Observatory, 199, 206 black holes, 146, 165, 170, 245 constellations, 3 Blakeley, Doris, 133 Canes Venatici, 4, 50 bolometer, 168 Cassiopeia 154 Bonaventura, Francesco, 170 Cepheus, 117 Bond, George Phillips, 33, 60, 63, 112 Cetus, 164 irst photometric measurements from photographic Coma Berenices, 26 plates, 63 Cygnus, 154 observing Messier, 4, 48 Sagittarius, 108, 153 Bond, William Cranch, 33, 48, 63 Scorpio, 108 Book of the Constellations of the Fixed Stars,21 Construction of the Heavens,26 Brahe, Tycho, 21, 39 Cook, James, 35 Brashear, John A., 84 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 5 Braun, Karl Ferdinand, 153 corona, solar, 41 bremsstrahlung, 169, 171 correlators, 161, 163 Brussels Uccle Observatory, 64 Corwin, Harold G. Jr., 229 bulge, 237 cosmic ilaments, 178 Bunsen, Robert, 20 cosmic microwave background, 101 Buta, Ronald cosmic rays, 137 commenting on The Hubble Atlas of Galaxies, 208 Crick, Francis, 11 galaxies in the infrared, 256 Crossley, Edward, 72 The de Vaucouleurs Atlas of Galaxies, 228 Crowborough Observatory (Isaac Roberts), 68, 70 Byzantium, 2 Curtis, Heber Doust, 4, 5, 48, 73, 93, 97, 107–108, 121, 145, 198 California Institute of Technology, 86, 211 inding “novae” in galaxies, 82, 116 Canadian Astronomy Data Centre, 251 on categories of “nebulae”, 190 Cape Photographic Durchmusterung, 64 on dark lanes, 136 Carrington, Richard, 41 on spirals, 194

272 Index

Daguerre, Louis, 62 Faber, Sandra, 237 daguerreotype, 62, 63 Fabricius, Johannes, 40 of the Moon, 63 Fath, Edward Arthur, 164 dark energy, 252 Fermi, Enrico, 137 dark matter, 6, 87, 135, 172, 174–183, 252 Field, Mary, Countess of Rosse, 44 gravitational lensing, 182–183 Foucault, Léon, 77 Darwin, Charles, 20, 35, 36, 38, 107 Fourier analysis, 161–163 de Martin, Davide, 255 applied to images of galaxies, 221 de Vaucouleurs, Antoinette, 205–206, 228 Fourier, Jean-Baptiste Joseph, 162 de Vaucouleurs, Gérard, 190, 191, 198, 199, 204, Franklin, Rosalind, 11 205–206, 208, 215, 224, 243, 248 Fraunhofer, Joseph von, 113 classiication of galaxies, 199–201 Freedman, Wendy, 238, 242 main contributions to galaxy classiication, 201 Freeman, Kenneth, 181 on irregulars, 197 Freudianism, 107 The de Vaucouleurs Atlas of Galaxies, 228–229 Friedmann, Alexander Alexandrovitch, 125 Descartes, René, 28 creation out of nothing, 127 digital universe, 250–251 Digitized Sky Survey, 65 galaxies distance scale, extragalactic, 222 as working objects, 244 DNA, discovery of, 11 barred spirals, 75 Doppler effect, 116 formation of, 145–146 double stars, 24, 116 origin of, 245 Draper, Henry, 62, 63, 73 categories of, 141 Draper, John William, 62 cD galaxies, 203 drawing and sketching, 34, 249 central bulge, 145, 197 composite ictions, 36 computer simulations of, 147, 238 drive for resolvability, 52 discovery process, 19, 107 in anatomy, 38 distance to Andromeda, 121 in modern astronomy, 86–89 distances to (early determinations), 81, of “nebulae”, 42–43 117 of Andromeda, 42, 48 dust lanes in, 48, 136 of the Moon, 40 ellipticals, 142, 196, 237 of splashing liquid drops, 60 deinition of ellipticity, 196 of the Sun, 40 dwarf, 146 Dreyer, John Louis Emil, 32 formation of, 142–143, 239 dust, interstellar, 114, 136–139 giant, 203 heating of, 137 locculent, grand design, 219 gas and dust content, 141–142 Earle, Augustus, 35 halo, 145 Eastman Kodak, 86 irregulars, 146, 197, 208, 245 Easton, Conelis, 136 kinematics related to morphology, 191 Eddington, Arthur Stanley, 126, 175 lenticulars, 196, 197, 208, 210, 240, Einstein, Albert, 124, 152 242 Elmegreen, Bruce Gordon, 219 Magellanic, 196, 208 Elmegreen, Debra Meloy, 219 magnetic ields in, 137 eponymy, 109 main categories, xi European Southern Observatory, 252 mergers of, 146 Ewen, Harold I., 166 number of, ix expansion of the universe, 101 number of spirals (early estimate), 73 acceleration of, 129 pea galaxies, 245 discovery of, 124–129 radio galaxies, 165 Exposition du système du monde, 111 resolving stars in, 133 extinction, interstellar, 97, 114, 136 rotational curves, 179–181 reddening, 136 Seyfert types, 164, 207 eye, 60 signiicance of morphology, 204 evolution of, 6 spirals, 142, 194, 196, 237 spectral sensitivity, 151 as a function of redshift, 246

Index 273

formation of, 143–145 general relativity, 125 subclasses, 197 Gentil, Guillaume le, 22 starburst, 142 gentlemanly specialists, 66 galaxies, classiication, 98–100, 188, 189–204 geological maps, 95 a brief history, 192–194 George III, King, 24 comparing schemes of, 246 Giacconi, Riccardo, 170 de Vaucouleurs’ revised system, 199–201 Gill, David, 64 from infrared images, 231 Ginzburgh, Vitaly, 158 Galaxy Morphology and Classiication, 253 globular clusters, 23, 248 Hubble sequence, 196–197 distribution of, 114 Hubble’s use of morphology, 190–191 Omega Centauri, 8 Hubble–Lundmark controversy, 194 Goodricke, John, 117 John Reynolds’ scheme, 194 Gould, John, 36 Kormendy and Bender’s revision, 240 Gould, Stephen Jay, 20 limitations of classiication schemes, 204 “grand amateurs”, 66, 71–72, 111 Morgan–Mayall spectral classiication, 201–203 gravitational lensing, 182–183 morphology as a criterion, 191, 192, 232 “Great Debate”, 107–108, 114 revival of, 245 “an historical romance”, 108 tuning fork, 196, 240 Great Famine, 45 galaxies, individual Greber, Grote, 159 Andromeda, 21, 48, 63, 69, 70, 75, 83, 108, 109, Greenstein, Jesse, 155 114, 116, 132, 204 Grubb, Howard, 66, 68 distance to (early determinations), 108 Grubb, Thomas, 66 rotational curve, 179 Grubb–Parsons Telescope Company, 66 spectrum of, 115 Guide to the Birds,36 Hickson compact group, 2 Magellanic Clouds, 21 Haeckel, Ernst, 3, 8, 191, 249 Messier 32, 48, 132 Hale, George Ellery, 71, 76, 77, 84, 173 Messier 33, 21, 53, 124, 204, 224 Halley, Edmund, 22 Messier 51, 4, 10, 50, 88, 143, 204 Harriot, Thomas, 21, 40 Messier 81, 81, 204, 211, 239 Harvard College Observatory, 33, 48, 83, 117–120, Messier 82, 211, 239 187, 206, 251 Messier 87, 143 female “human computers”, 65 Messier 99, 53 photographic surveys, 65 Messier 101, 53, 81, 204, 214, 224, 256 Herlofson, Nicolai, 158 NGC 147, 133 Herschel, Alexander, 17, 23 NGC 185, 133, 134 Herschel, Caroline, 3, 17–18, 23, 42, 109, 132 NGC 205, 48, 132 searching for comets, 25 NGC 474, 147 Herschel, John, 4, 32, 44, 56, 92, 97, 101, 193 NGC 520, 211, 239 commenting on Earl of Rosse drawing of Messier, NGC 1068, 196 7, 50 NGC 2403, 81 on the great “nebula” in Andromeda, 32 NGC 2685, 211 Herschel, William, 3, 10, 17, 19, 23–31, 42, 64, 71, NGC 3115, 176 98, 109, 113, 132, 171, 176, 192 NGC 4449, 196 commenting on Andromeda Nebula and Messier, 7, NGC 6822, 124 25 Pea Galaxy, 13 discovery of “infrared rays”, 152 Sculptor dwarf, 143 double-star program, 30 galaxies, interacting, 88, 146, 168, 238, 244, drawings of “nebulae”, 42 254 on the greater Milky Way, 29 galaxies, peculiar, 204, 211–215, 218 on other “milky ways”, 28 Galaxy Zoo Project, 13, 239, 245 on planetary nebulae, 29 GALEX, 229 outline of the Milky Way, 95 Galilei, Galileo, 12, 21, 22, 39, 40, 42, 112 sketches of “nebulae”, 141 on resolving “nebulae”, 20 switching views on “nebulae”, 109 gamma rays, 152 hertz (Hz), unit of frequency, 153 General Catalogue of nebulae and clusters, 111 Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf, 152

274 Index

hertzian waves, 152 true colours, 224 Hertzsprung–Russell diagrams, 10, 247 use of false colours, 101 Hevelius, Johannes, 40 images for the mind, 38, 93–95 Hewish, Antony, 154, 164 images, role of, 248–249 Hey, James Stanley, 153 infrared emission, 146 Hickson, Paul Hickson, 254 discovery by Herschel, 152 Hipparchus, 22 mid-infrared, 137 Hipparcos Catalogue, 64 interference, of electromagnetic waves, 160 Historia naturalis palmarum,36 interferometer, 163 Hodge, Paul W., 255 interferometry Hodges, William, 35 in optical astronomy, 164 Hodierna, Giovanni Batista, 42 International Astronomical Union, 187, 210 Holmberg, Eric, 197 interstellar chemistry, 139 Hoyle, Fred, 129 intracluster medium, 172, 179 Hubble law, 127 origin of the gas, 179 Hubble constant, 242 “island-universes”, 110, 111 Hubble Legacy Archive, 251 origin of the concept, 4 Hubble sequence, 196–197, 199 isophotal maps, 99, 217, 221, 225 physical origin, 230 isovelocity maps, 101 “tuning fork”, 210 Istanbul, 1 Hubble Space Telescope, x, 88, 146, 160, 164, 222, 241, 245, 251, 255 James Webb Space Telescope, 249 Hubble deep ields, 245 Jansky, Karl, 151, 153–155 Hubble, Edwin Powell, 5, 95, 97, 127, 164, 198, 210, Janssen, Jules, 62 228, 232, 237 Jeans, James, 191 controversy with Lundmark, 195 Y scheme, 196 distance to Andromeda, 120–124 galaxy classiication scheme, 190–191 Kant, Immanuel, 4, 28, 109, 110 Hubble sequence, 196–197 Kapteyn, Jacobus Cornelius, 64, 97 summarizing galaxy shapes, 207 Kapteyn Universe, 64 “tuning fork”, 208 Keeler, James, 73, 97 using Cepheids as standard candles, 120 Keenan, Philip Childs, 201 Huggins, Margaret Lindsay, 113 Kellman, Edith, 201 Huggins, William, 63, 113 Kepler, Johannes, 21 Hulst, Konrad C. van de, 166 Kirchhoff, Gustav, 20 Humason, Milton Lassell, 5, 122, 127, 228 Klumpke, Dorothea, 70 Humboldt, Alexander von, 4, 26 Kodaira, Keiichi, 221, 225 Hunter, Samuel, 44 Kormendy, John, 240 Hutton, James, 26 Kuiper, Gerard, 155 Huygens, Christiaan, 40 Kunstformen der Natur, 249

Ichikawa, Shin-Ichi, 225 Lacaille, Nicolas Louis de, 23 Image and Logic: A Material Culture of Microphysics, Laidlaw, Maude, 133 7 Lambert, Johann Heinrich, 109, 110 image intensiiers, 135 Laplace, Pierre Simon, 29, 111 images Large Magellanic Cloud, 197 at radio wavelengths, 152, 164 sketch by John Herschel, 51 biasing effects, 97 Larousse Encyclopedia of Astronomy, 205 constellations as images, 3 Las Campanas Observatory, 218, 224 in the sub millimeter, 168 Lassell, William, 44, 66, 71 making images, 159 Le Gentil, Jean-Baptiste, 42 means of reproduction, 14 Leavitt, Henrietta, 117–120 not self-evident, 10 Leclerc, Georges-François (Comte de Buffon), photographic, 7, 11 215 resolution, 159 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 109 role and function, x, 1–3, 7, 19 Leiden Observatory, 166 sampling, 97, 163 Leighton, Robert, 135

Index 275

Lemaître, Georges, 126–127 distribution of stars in, 64 Big Bang theory, 127 magnetic ield, 139, 158 Leo III, emperor, 2 mapping neutral hydrogen in, 166 Les Liliacées,35 position of the Sun in, 139 Lick Observatory, 72, 73, 82, 93, 141, 217 Reber’s radio maps, 155 light-year, deinition, 6 rotation curve, 168 Linnaeus, Carl, 35 size and number of stars, ix binomial classiication, 197, 215 sketched by William Herschel, 95 Lo specchio ustorio, ovvero trattato delle sezioni source of radio emission, 153 coniche, 170 “super Milky Way”, 108, 114, 116 Local Group of galaxies, 133, 248 MKK system, 201 low-surface-brightness objects, 98 molecules, interstellar, 168 Lowell Observatory, 105, 116, 206 Moon Lundmark, Knut, 5, 121, 232 colour of lunar surface, 61 classiication of galaxies, 194 drawing of, 39–40 inding “novae” in galaxies, 116 Morgan, William Wilson, 133, 201, 253 Magellanic class of galaxies, 196 spectral classiication of galaxies, 201–203 on irregulars, 190, 197 Mouchez, Ernest-Barthélémy, 70 Lyell, Charles, 35, 38 Mount Stromlo Observatory, 199 Principles of Geology,35 Mount Wilson Observatory, 76, 77, 85, 86, 120, 131, 173, 206 Maanen, Adriaan van, 124 Mundus Jovialis,21 Mackie, Glenn, 256 Myers Lexikon,37 Magellanic Clouds, 21, 119, 146, 206, 217, 248 Nair, Preethi, 239 magnetograms, solar, 94 NASA Photolab, 227 Malin, David, 146 Nasmyth, James Hall, 40 Malmquist bias, 98 National Academy of Sciences, 107 Malmquist, Gunnar, 98 National Geographic Society, 65, 213 Mandelbrot sets, 14 nebulae Marconi, Guglielmo, 153 anagalactic, xii Marius, Simon, 21, 109 classiication of, 42, 98–100 Marseille Observatory, 77 concept of, xi Martens, Conrad, 35 diffuse, xi Martin, Pierre, 238 extragalactic, xi, 124 Martinet, Louis, 237 resolvability, 112 Martius, Carl Friedrich Philipp von, 36 variability, 112 Maskelyne, Nevil (Astronomer Royal), 17 nebulae, drawings of Mason, Ebenezer, 44, 92, 99 Alexander’s sketches, 56 mass–luminosity relation (for stars), 175 Herschel’s sketches, 42 Maupertuis, Pierre Louis, 110 nebulae, individual Maxwell, James Clerk, 153 Orion Nebula, 19, 22, 32, 60, 112 Mayall, Nicholas Ulrich, 203 claims of resolvability, 112 McDonald Observatory, 207, 210, 224 early photography, 63 Méchain, Pierre, 23 irst drawing of, 42 Meissa, λ Orionis, 20, 22 Nebular Hypothesis, 28, 44, 53, 70, 105, 110–111, Mendeleev, Dmitrii, 93 114 Mercator, Gerardus, 189 nebulous stars, 20, 22 Merton, Robert K., 109 neutral hydrogen, 172 Messier 31. See galaxies, individual: Andromeda 21-cm radio emission from, 166 Messier objects, 23 kinematics and dynamics, 166 Messier, Charles, 4, 23, 42 observations in Andromeda, 180 Mikulski Archive of Space Telescopes, 255 New General Catalogue, 32 Mikulski, Barbara Ann, 255 Newton, Isaac, 109, 110 Milky Way, 19, 95, 137, 248 Newton’s law of gravitation, 176, 178 as a barred galaxy, 146 non-homomorphic representations, 93, 101, 102, 139, as a spiral galaxy, 141 247. See also images for the mind

276 Index

novae, 81, 121, 158, 224 use for astrometry and photometry, 63 in Andromeda, 114 versus drawing, 61 in Messier 31 (Andromeda), 81 physics of splashes, 60 Pickering, Edward Charles, 99, 117 objectivity shock, 59 Pigott, Edward, 117 observing, process of, 7, 19, 20, 106, 192 planetary nebulae, 29, 113 Odewahn, Stephen, 229 plasma, 169 Okamura, Sadanori, 221, 225 Plate H335H (by Hubble), showing V1, 122 Oort, Jan, 166, 176 Plato’s allegory, xi on “missing mass”, 175 polarimetry, 139 open clusters, 20, 23 Populations I and II, 133 distribution of, 141 Portrait of a Crater (Second Effort),61 h&χ Perseus (Messier 34), 20 Potsdam Observatory, 115 Messier, xi, 20 Principles of Geology,39 Pleiades, 248 Proctor, Richard A., 61, 69, 114 Praesepe (Messier 44), 20 Ptolemy, Claudius, 20 Öpik,Ernst,5 Pulkovo Observatory, 97, 112 distance to Andromeda, 117 pulsations, stellar, 117 optical aberrations, 84 Purcell, Edward, 166 ornithology, illustrating, 36 quasars, 165 Palomar Observatory, 86, 176 Palomar Sky Survey, 65, 213, 254 radian, deinition, 159 parallax, 24, 31 radio astronomy, 151, 166 Paraskevopoulos, John S., 197 cosmic microwave background, 101 Paris Observatory, 70 evolution of, 159 Parsons, Lawrence. See Rosse, Fourth Earl of submillimeter domain, 168 (Lawrence Parsons) radio emission Parsons, William. See Rosse, Third Earl of (William 21-cm emission line, 166 Parsons) physics of, 159–163 Pascal, Blaise, 6 radio sources Pease, Francis Gladheim, 77, 84, 228 Cygnus A, 151, 165, 256 Penzias, Arno, 101, 154 radio telescopes, 166 periodic table, 93 ALMA, 168, 250 Perrine, Charles Dillon, 73, 217 angular resolution of, 160 Pfenniger, Daniel, 237 how they work, 159 photograph, 7, 11 National Radio Astronomy Observatory 300-ft, photodensitometer (PDS), 225 253 photoelectric effect, 135, 152 Reber’s parabolic antenna, 155 photographic emulsions, 62, 66, 86, 98, 250 set-up for interferometry, 160 dry plates, 63 Very Large Array, 163 Kodak IIIa-J plates, 88 Reber, Grote, 150, 165 Photographic Investigations of Faint Nebulae, pioneering work in radio astronomy, 155–157 120 Redoute, Joseph, 35 photography, 135, 250 Reference Catalog of Bright Galaxies (RC1), 224 advantages of photographic plates, 230 Reinmuth, Karl, 198 demise of the photographic plate, 230 Rembrandt van Rijn, 38 irst known astronomical photograph, 62 Reynolds, John Henry, 198, 203, 217, 232 limitations of, 62 on galaxy classiication, 194 of the Moon, 62 Ritchey, George Willis, 73, 77–85, 120, 227, 228 of splashing liquid drops, 61 inding “novae” in galaxies, 81, 116 of the Sun, 62 photographic work, 81 replaced by CCDs, 229 Roberts, Isaac, 66–67, 69–71, 72, 73, 83, 114, 193 Ritchey’s photographs of the Moon, 81 Rosse Project, 52–53 stacking of exposures, 86 Rosse, Fourth Earl of (Lawrence Parsons), 53, 111 true colours, 224 Rosse, Third Earl of (William Parsons), 4, 44–48, 61, unsharp masking, 86 66, 69, 71, 72, 83, 99, 190, 193

Index 277

Royal Astronomical Society, 194 spectroscopy, 113 RSA. See atlases of galaxies: A Revised Shapley–Ames of stars, 63 Catalog of Bright Galaxies spectrum Rubin, Vera, 181 of Andromeda, 115 Rudaux, Lucien, 205 of cosmic microwave background, 101 Rudwick, Martin J. S., 3 of nebulae, 108, 113, 115 Russell, Henry Norris, 124 of spirals, 108 Ryle, Martin, 161, 164 of synchrotron radiation, 158 of the Sun, 152 Sandage, Allan Rex, xi, 18, 105, 122, 127, 131, 164, visible domain, 151 174, 190, 208, 211, 213, 237, 247–248 spiral structure, 193, 222 “Sandage project”, 227 as an illusion, 56 A Revised Shapley–Ames Catalog of Bright conirmed by photography, 69 Galaxies, 218 discovery of, 4, 50–55 Atlas of Galaxies Useful for Measuring the spiral addiction, 53 Cosmological Distance Scale, 222 spiral skeptics, 61, 69 interaction with the de Vaucouleurs, 206 spirality in “nebulae”, 53, 111 on factors determining galaxy appearances, 232 Spitzer Infrared Nearby Galaxies Survey, 256 on Hubble classiication scheme, 198 Spitzer Space Observatory, 146, 229, 231, 255 on Hubble–Lundmark controversy, 195 splashing liquid drops 60, 68, 228 on The Color Atlas of Galaxies, 225 standard candles, 119 The Carnegie Atlas of Galaxies, 227–228 deinition, 116 The Hubble Atlas of Galaxies, 208–211 distance indicators, 224 Scheiner, Christopher, 13, 40 star catalogues, 63, 65 Scheiner, Julius, 115 starlight polarization, 139 Schmidt, Bernhard W., 87, 134 Stigler’s law of eponymy, 108, 130, 196 Schweizer, François, 239 Stoney, George Johnstone, 47, 68 Secchi, Angelo, 136 Størmer, Carl, 191 seeing, 68, 81 stratum, 26, 176 Selenographia, sive Lunae descriptio,40 Struve, Georg Wilhelm, 97 Sérsic, José Luis, 208, 211, 221, 246, 255 Struve, Otto Wilhelm, 112, 155 Atlas de galaxias australes, 217–218 Sun Sérsic proile, 238 drawing of, 40–42 Seyfert, Carl Keenan, 164 magnetic ield of, 173 Shapley, Harlow, 5, 107–108, 114, 116, 117, 123, 139, radio waves from (irst detection), 153 176, 187, 197, 198, 204, 230 sunspots, 12 Shapley–Ames catalogue, 187, 198, 199, 210, 218, nature of, 40 227, 246 photographs of, 62 Shida, Raquel Y., 255 supernovae, 129, 143, 158, 224 Shklovsky, Iosif, 158, 166 S Andromeda, 114 Sidereus Nuncius,39 supernovae observed by Curtis in NGC 4321, 122 sinc(x) function, 163 Swedenborg, Emanuel, 28 Skelton, Brooke P., 255 synchrotron radiation, 158, 165, 166, 169 Slipher, Earl C., 106 Synoptic charts and maps, 93 Slipher, Vesto, 5, 105, 117, 125, 126 Systema Saturnium,40 radial velocities of galaxies, 116 Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), 227, 231, 239 Takase, Bunshiro, 221 Small Magellanic Cloud, 197 Talbot, Henry Fox, 55 Smith, Sinclair, 177 Tammann, Gustav A. solar activity cycle, 95 A Revised Shapley–Ames Catalog of Bright solar lares, 41, 152 Galaxies, 218 solar magnetic ields, mapping of, 95 telescopes, 93, 249 Southern Sky Atlas, 65 1.54-m Bosque Alegre, 217 Southern Sky Survey, 254 2.5-m Irénée du Pont, 174, 218, 237, 247 Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility, 2-inch Ross–Tessar, 198 251 2-inch Zeiss–Tessar, 198 Space Telescope Science Institute, 65, 227, 251, 255 Andrew Common 3-ft telescope, 63

278 Index

telescopes (cont.) University of California, 72 Bosque Alegre 1.54-m, 218 Uraniborg, 39 Bruce 24-inch, 119 Uranometria,39 Canada–France–Hawaii 3.6-m, 254 Uranus Common’s 36-inch relector, 72 discovery of, 24 Crossley, 72, 73, 93, 97, 116, 194, 217 Ebenezer Mason’s 30-cm relector, 92 van den Bergh, Sydney equatorial mount, 66 commenting on Arp’s atlas, 214 Hamburg Zeiss 40-inch, 131 Galaxy Morphology and Classiication, 253 Harvard 15-inch refractor, 33, 63, 112 luminosity classes, 218 Isaac Roberts’ 20-inch relector, 67 on lenticulars, 240 Kiso 105-cm Schmidt, 221, 225 variable stars, 10, 139 Lassell’s 48-inch relector, 71 Cepheids, 117–123, 222 Lowell 24-inch refractor, 105, 116 for distance determinations, 115 LSST, 65, 91 Vatican Observatory, 64 Mount Wilson 60-inch, 77, 116, 120, 210 video cameras, 62 Mount Wilson 100-inch, 77, 86, 88, 120, 131, 176, vidicons, 135 210 View of the Moon,63 Okayama 188-cm, 221 Vinci, Leonardo da, 38 Palomar 200-inch, 132, 210, 213 virial theorem, 117, 178 Palomar Schmidt, 87, 134, 176 Virtual Observatory, 251 PanSTARRS, 65, 91 Vorontsov-Velyaminov, Boris, 211, 218, 254 piggyback guide scope, 67, 71 catalog, 213 Ritchey’s 24-inch, 77, 120 Ritchey–Chrétien optical design, 84, 87 Watson, James, 11 Roberts’ 7-inch Cooke refractor, 67 Weinberg, Steve, 174 Schmidt design, 87 Wheeler, John Archibald, 125 stray light in, 88 whiggish historiography, 71, 196 the Leviathan, 4, 46, 60, 66, 83, 111 Whipple, John Adams, 63 manipulation of, 47 Whirlpool Galaxy, 51, 69 using gravitational lensing, 183 white dwarf, 69, 129 viewing through early telescopes, 21 Wilkins, Maurice, 11 William Herschel’s 20-ft, 31 Wilson, Edward O., 19, 33 with glass mirror, 56, 77 on scientiic methodology, 19 with speculum mirror, 46 Wilson, Robert, 101, 154 X-ray telescopes, 169 Wolf, Max, 99, 136, 190, 193, 198 Yerkes 40-inch refractor, 72 Woltjer, Hans, 169 Tempel, Wilhelm, 41, 44, 53, 61, 68 working objects, 7–8, 215, 217, 244 The Book of Palms,36 atlases as, 191 The Butterlies of North America,36 Worthington, Arthur Mason, 60, 61, 68, 69, 88, The Butterlies of North America, Titian Peale’s Lost 228 Manuscript,36 Wray, James D. The Realm of Nebulae, 196, 207 The Color Atlas of Galaxies, 224 The System of the World,29 Wright, Thomas, 109, 110 Third Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies (RC3), Wright, William Hammond, 75 228 tidal effects, 147 X-ray astronomy, 169 time-domain astronomy, 82–83 X-ray emission, 171 Tinsley, Beatrice, 141 from clusters of galaxies, 179 Toomre, Alar, 214, 238, 245 commenting on Arp’s peculiar galaxies, 215 Yerkes Observatory, 72, 76, 120, 133 commenting on The Hubble Atlas of Galaxies, 211 Toomre, Jüri, 214, 238, 245 zone of avoidance, 95, 113, 137 Trouvelot, Étienne Léopold, 50 Zwicky, Fritz, 10, 86–89, 115, 134, 180, 182, 211, Trumpler, Robert Julius, 136, 141 218, 254, 255 Tufte, Edward, 93 identifying dark matter, 176–178