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Zora Neale Hurston: a Brief Biography HANDOUT ONE Zora Neale Hurston: A Brief Biography Now lauded as the intellectual and spiritual Her ambition also led to tension in her romantic foremother to a generation of black and women relationships. Hurston married and divorced three writers, Zora Neale Hurston’s books were all out of husbands and, at age forty-four, fell in love with print when she died in poverty and obscurity Percy Punter, who was twenty-three. When he in 1960. asked her to forsake her career to marry him, she refused because she “had things clawing inside Born on January 7, 1891, in Notasulga, Alabama, [her] that must be said.” She fled to Haiti as an Hurston and her family soon moved to Eatonville, attempt to “smother [her] feelings” for him. She Florida, the first all–black incorporated town wrote Their Eyes Were Watching God in seven in the United States. Her mother’s death and weeks “to embalm all the tenderness of [her] father’s remarriage led the outspoken Hurston passion for him.” to leave home at fourteen and become a wardrobe girl in an all–white traveling Gilbert and Sullivan Despite the novel’s 1937 publication, Hurston’s operetta troupe. lifelong struggle for financial security continued throughout the 1940s. Once, she even pawned She completed her education at Howard University her typewriter. The largest royalty any of her in Washington, DC, while supporting herself at a books ever earned was $943.75. Since most were variety of jobs from manicurist to maid. Heeding published during the Depression, she paid her her mother’s encouragement to “jump at de sun,” bills through story and essay sales, advances on she arrived in New York in January 1925 with the books, and two Works Progress Administration $1.50 in her pocket. Two years later, Hurston jobs with the Federal Writers’ Project. had not only published four short stories, but also become one of the most popular and flamboyant In the 1950s Hurston remained devoted to writing, artists of the burgeoning Harlem Renaissance. but white publishers rejected her books, in part because black literature was no longer considered As the only black scholar at Barnard College, marketable. Other complications followed, and Hurston studied with the pioneering anthropologist her health seriously declined. Her anticommunist Dr. Franz Boas. His encouragement, combined essays and denunciation of school integration with a stipend of $200 a month and a car from increasingly alienated her from other black writers. patron Charlotte Osgood Mason, allowed Hurston After a stroke in 1959, Hurston reluctantly entered to complete much of her anthropological work in a welfare home, where she died penniless on the American South. Her lifelong fascination with January 28, 1960. Her grave remained unmarked collecting, recording, and broadcasting the daily until novelist Alice Walker erected a gravestone idiomatic communication of Negroes informed her in 1973. seven books and dozens of stories, articles, plays, and essays. THE BIG READ • NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. HANDOUT TWO The Harlem Renaissance Their Eyes Were Watching God was published music. These artists included Louis Armstrong, in 1937, several years after the heyday of the Harlem Cab Calloway, Ella Fitzgerald, Duke Ellington, Renaissance. But the novel should be read with the Billie Holiday, Benny Goodman, and Bessie Smith. context of the “New Negro” in mind, since Hurston Since racial prejudice dominated mainstream was an influential member of the Harlem literati. America, some artists, like actress and dancer Josephine Baker, met with more success in Europe. Thousands of African Americans migrated International audiences also provided artists with north at the beginning of the twentieth century. an opportunity to experiment more freely with their According to the Schomberg Center for Research art form. in Black Culture, “between 1910 and 1920 New York’s black population increased by 66 percent, While American society was still segregated, Chicago’s by 148 percent, and Philadelphia’s by 500 artistic collaborations between blacks and whites percent. Detroit experienced an amazing growth would provide a foundation for improving rate of 611 percent.” This exodus heightened black interracial relations. Zora Neale Hurston, a trained intellectual output in cities like New York and anthropologist as well as novelist, called whites Chicago. While new industry (like Henry Ford’s supporting this artistic movement “Negrotarian.” automotive factories) supplied jobs to these new Jazz musicians from New Orleans to New York to arrivals, artists within these communities gave voice California overcame racial differences to embrace to the new challenges of the African-American potent musical collaborations. Literary works, plays, experience. Ralph Ellison captures this journey paintings, and political commentary provided all in his 1952 novel, Invisible Man. In this story, the Americans with new, positive, and realistically main character migrates from his boyhood south to complex images of the African American. As New York City. An educated young man’s dreams a result, there was great debate within African- transform as urban life brings betrayal and racial American communities as to what would properly strife. represent the race. W.E.B. DuBois rejected Bessie Smith’s music as inappropriate. Richard Wright and Harlem, a neighborhood in New York City, became Alain Locke criticized Hurston’s use of language as the center for African-American artists from 1910 failing African Americans by representing them as to 1930. These artists produced an astounding uneducated. The gusto and triumph of the Harlem array of internationally acclaimed works. Harlem Renaissance was fed precisely by tensions that forced Renaissance literary greats included poet Langston artists to come to terms with new definitions of race Hughes, author Zora Neale Hurston, writer Richard made possible in and through a variety of art forms. Wright, and political thinker W.E.B. DuBois. At the same time, a host of musicians would make an indelible mark on the evolution of American NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS • THE BIG READ This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. HANDOUT THREE Jim Crow Despite some legal changes after the Civil treatment that she could not afford. For over War, former slaves and their children had little a year, she had been suffering from digestive assurance in the South that their freedoms would problems. In 1931, Charlotte Osgood Mason, be recognized. When Hurston was a child in the Hurston’s godmother, arranged for her to see a 1890s, a system of laws and regulations commonly white doctor. But when Hurston arrived at the referred to as Jim Crow emerged. Most of the specialist’s office in Brooklyn, an embarrassed laws separated such public facilities as parks, receptionist took her to a private examination schools, hotels, transportation, water fountains, room, a room with soiled towels, dirty laundry, and restrooms into “Whites Only” and “Colored.” and one chair. Race-mixing laws deemed all marriages between To avoid the Jim Crow coaches during her white and black both void and illegal. southern folklore-collecting travels, Hurston and The term “Jim Crow” probably originated in her brother John agreed that she should buy a 1830, when a white minstrel show performer first car. The coaches were often poorly ventilated and blackened his face and sang the lyrics to the song dangerous for women traveling alone. In February “Jump Jim Crow.” At first the term was no more 1927, she bought a used car for $300 (with derogatory than black, colored, or Negro, but payments of $26.80 a month), which she soon soon it became a slur. Although using violence to dubbed “Sassy Susie.” subjugate blacks was nothing new in the South, In white motels and restaurants, Hurston could its character changed under Jim Crow. Brutal acts not escape the “aggressive intolerance” from and mob violence were common. Torture became white faces. Even when Hurston traveled with the a public spectacle. Railroad companies sold tickets famous white novelist Fannie Hurst, both women to lynchings. Some white families brought their resorted to tricks to procure equal treatment for children to witness such violence, and body parts Hurston. Hurst records one occasion when she of dead victims were sold as souvenirs. announced to the waiter, “The Princess Zora and Hurston and Jim Crow I wish a table.” Hurston’s African attire inspired him to believe her, so he quickly seated them at the Hurston’s lifetime spans the Jim Crow era almost best table. But no tricks would allow white hotels exactly. She often said in her autobiography to place Hurston anyplace other than servants’ and letters that she was “sick” of the “Race quarters. To avoid this disgrace, sometimes she question,” and she tried to avoid it in her fiction. would sleep in the car if a colored hotel room Nevertheless, Hurston was often the object of could not be found. discrimination. Source: Boyd, Valerie. Wrapped in Rainbows: The Life In the 1944 Negro Digest, Hurston published of Zora Neale Hurston. New York: Scribner, 2002. “My Most Humiliating Jim Crow Experience,” describing an experience that took place in New York, not the South. Hurston needed medical THE BIG READ • NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License..
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