.NAMTIRONES SUMUS' FRANCIS CU S RAPHELENGIU S' LEXIC O N ARABIC O - LATI N UM (LETDEN1613)

ArasranHAMILTON

FranciscusRaphelengius the Elder's LexiconArabico-Latinum, the {ust Arabic-Latindictionary ever to be printed, wasan untidy publicationby any standardswhen it appearedin 1613,over fifteen yearsafter the author's death. It openswith an introduction by his two youngersons, Frans and Joost.There follows the main pan of the work - 136pages containing some ten thousandentries. To this is addeda supplementof twentypages with abouta thousandfurther entriesbased on notesby Raphelengiuswhich his sonsdiscovered after the main part had gone to press,followed by three wordlists,the first in Hebrewand Aramaic,the secondin Greek,and the third in , with referencesto the equivalentArabic words in the body of the dictionary.Then we havethe sixty-eight-pageappendix added by Tho- masErpenius very shortly before the actualpublication of the book - his Obseruationer,a list of corrections,additions, and elucidationsto the work of Raphelengius- and,finally, ^neffataleafby the publishers. Becauseof thishybrid compositionthe dictionaryis one of the mostvalu- ableindications of the stateof Arabicstudies in Europeat a crucialmome nt of their development.The introduction by Raphelengius'sons, together with the recentlylocated catalogue of the saleof their, and their father's,li- braryin 1626,\enable us to reconstructRaphelengius' collection of Arabic

*ln writing this article I was constantlyin the debt of DrJJ. Witkam. My deepest gratitude is alsodue to ProfessorJ.Brugman and ProfessorHJ. deJonge for their com- menrson a firsr draft of the text, and to Mr R. Breugelmans,Dr RobenJones,Dr Franci- ne de Nave, DrJ. Trapman and DrJoannalfeinberg for their advice. ' CatalogusVaiorunz Librorum e Bibliotl:ecis FrancisciRaphelengii Hebraeaelingu- ae quondam Professois & Academiae Leidensis Typographi, ejusquefiliorunz... , 1626(hereafte r Cat,Rapb,). The catalogue,which had long beenknown to exist,was lo- tt8 A. HAMILTON

manuscriptsnow in the LeidenUniversity Llbrary and to reassessthe conui- bution ofa scholarsentenced by posterityto standin the shadowofJoseph JustusScaliger. As for Erpenius'additions, they reveal the earlyprogress ola 'Nam youngman who revolutionizedthe studyof Arabicin Europe. tirones 2 sumus', scaligerused to sayof himselfas an Arabist. It is this apprentice- ship in the new field of Arabic lexicographythat I propos. to .r"rt irr. in this article.

ANTWERP

By 1)70, when he wasworking for, and living with, his father-in-law christophePlantin in Anfwerp, FranciscusRapheiengius had properlyem- barkedon the studyof Arabic,and in r57j he senta part of his di.tio.raryto BenitoArias Montano in Rome.3 The dispatchof samples- eithercompie- te wordlistsor exce{ptsfrom them - wasa far from uncommonDhenome- non amongstcontempofary Arabists. They normally distributedthem in the hopeof attractingparrons, and this seemsto havebeen one of the objec- -J/illiam tivesof Raphelengiusjust asit wasof Bedweilin Englandtwenty yearslater.4 \7hile someof the specimensof Bedwell'sdictionary have survived Ra- catedbyDrBenvan Selm(cf .hisEenmenigate treffilijcae BoecAen,Nederlandse boea- bandelscatalogiin het begin aan de zereniiende i)uu, lltrecht 1987, p. 'Twee 307), and has beenstudied by R. Bnrucru"raNs, veilingenvan boekenuit het bezit der Raphelen_ gli' in Lz)ber , Anzt)corumLe-on Voet, Antwerpen1985, p. 3ZA; , esp.p. 40-3. My thanks aredue to DrJJ. l7itkam for-suppryingme with a phoiocopyof th..^talogue . In identi- fying the manuscripts in the Leiden UniversityLibrary I wasalso assisted 6y R.p.A. Do- n, P. orJoNc, MJ. or Goryr, M.Tn. Hoursrrla,catalogus codicum oienta/ium Bib/io_ tltecaeAcademiae Lugduno Bata'uae,6 vols., Leiden 1g5r-rg77 (hereaftercco). Fora full list seethe Appendix to this anicle. 2 The phrase appears in the preface to his ThesaurusLinguae Arabicae, Leiden uni- versityLibrary, cod. or. 2L2, fo.lv. He repeatedit in his coirespond"ncewith Isaacca_ saubon.Cf.JJ. Scaucrx,Epistolae, Frankfun t628,p.18i (Ep.IXV). r on Raphelengius' eadyArabic studiesand the dirp",.h of ,"-pi., to Arias Monta- no seeFnaNcrNE op 'Franciscus Navs, I Raphelengius11>n-t>011, grondleggervan de Arabischestudien in de Nederranden'in this samepubrication, a p'. ril-r's." cf.Arasrarn FLru''ox, I{/i//iarn Bedwe/l tae ,qiabi:t ts o:- i Gsz, t ]irn 1981, p. 12- 26. RAPF{ELENGruS'IEXI CO N AMBI CO -IANNUAI tt9 phelengius'samples do not appearto havecome ro light in the intervening years.Raphelengius' sons later described their father'searly system ofprovi- ding the rootsand then the derivates,as he did in his printed dictionary, but alsoof addingentire passages illustrating the useof the words,5some- thing which would havemade his printed work far too long and ungainly for the purposehe intended.If we assumethat this waswhat the earlyspeci- menscontained we arestill facedwith the problemof hisfirst sourcesand of differentiatingbetween material accessible to hrm whenhe wasstiii in Ant- werp and materialwhich he first encounteredafter setrlingin Leiden rn 118 5 in orderto run the newbranch of the OfficinaPlantiniana. 'Latin- Raphelengius'main leicographical sourcewas the Mozarabic Arabicglossary of the LeidenUniversity Library' (Leid. Cod. Or. 23t).6It almostcertainly furnishe d the grearerpart of the wordsin the specimensent to Arias Montanoand it remainsthe work quoted with greaterfrequency than anyother, on overfwo thousandoccasions, in the publisheddictiona- ry. The manuscriptwas originally owned by Raphelengius'Arabic teacher, the FrenchOrientalist Guillaume Postel, who acquiredit in 1132 .7 Through the intermediaryof AndreasMasius it waslent to Plantin'sestablishment in 1169for the useof Guy Le FBvrede la Boderiewhen he wasworking on the PolyglotBibie , and in Plantin'soffices in it seemsto haveremar- ned, Postelsubsequentiy allowing Raphelengius to keepit.8 It wasthus one of a numberof presentsPostel was to maketo hisformer pupil. The glossary itselfwas compiled in a scholarlycircle of Mozarabsin Toledoshortly before

t F. RrpmuNcrus,Lericon Arabico-Latinunz, Leiden 1613(hereafte r Lex.), sig.4*v . . '. -. themataomnia, seuradices, ut loquuntur, in ordinem digessitalphabeticum, singu- lis derivatasua adiiciens,annotatis ubique iocis unde petita erant, phrasibusqueinnu- meris. Verum cum in molem maiorem opus suum excrevisseanimadverteret, quam ut mediocribussumptibus, (quosincertus de successuconsilii sui faceretanrum consritue- rat) excudiposset, visum ei fuit compendio studere,et ex magno illo thesauromaxime necessatiacum iudicio excerpere,eaque in mediocrevolumen congesratypis Arabicis, quosin huncfinem sculpicuraverat, in gratiamei commodumstudiosorum huius lLngu- ' aeelulgare. o Seethe thorough study by P.SJ.vaN KomNcsvtro, Tbe Latin-Arabt).cGlossary of tbe Leiden UniaersityLibrary, Leiden 1977.The dictionarywas published by C.F. SsysoLD, G/ossariumLatino-Arabicum, Berlin 1900. 7 VaNKoNncsvrn, Tbe Latin-Arabic Glossary(no. 6), p. 43; on the ownersof the manuscriptsee also Strnoro, Glossanum.(n. 6), p. VIII-X. 8 'Postea Raphelengius'ownership is recorded[fo. 7 v. ]: fuit FrancisciRaphelengii ex donoPostelli'. )ou A. HAMtrTON

about1175 when the manuscriptin postel'spossession 'Isa wascopie d byJrbriy- in ibn ibn Abr gujaj. The compilerwas an Arabic-spealingchristian who wantedto increasehis countrymen'sknowledge of Latin in the period immediatelybefore castilian became the prevarentlanguageof the Mozara- bic community. His sourcesincluded the variousArablc transladonsof the scripturesin circulationat the time,9 but, aslater lexicographers were ro es_ tabhsh,the glossaryremained particularly valuable as an indicationof the type of Arabic spokenby the Mozarabs.For Rapherengius,working when EuropeanArabic lexicography was still in its infancy,the grossaryhad other advanrages:it waswritten with considerableclarity, the Arabic*ord, *.r. largeiyvocalized, and it wasone of the veryfew bilingualArabic dictionaries accessibleto him. what did Raphelengiusknow aboutthis dictionary?Like postelhe mis- judging datedit, it to be eighthundred years ord and thus compiiedin the eighthcentury rather than in the ffielfth. otherwisehe wassurpiisingly well informed.He recognizedthe visigothicscript and the -^nrrr.rlpr', western provenance.10 He knewmore - he knewsomething about the manuscript whichsubsequent scholars were to forgetand which hasonly beenreconfir- med recently:that ir wascompiled not for studentsof Arabic but for stu- dentsof Latin.11Furnished with this knowledgehe madean intelligentuse of a work whosevery narure could be misleadingfor a wesrerner,especially for onewho wasjust embarkingon the studyof Arabic, and he managedto distinguishberween the choicesof Arabic wordsoffered the Arabic-soea- king readerand to reversethe lexiconfor the benefitof Europeanst,.,d.nts. He also,on occasion,gave the correctform of wordsmistranscribed, and the correcrmeaning of wordsmistranslated, in the glossary.In his printed dic- 'wrinkles,,,r'ather tionaryhe gives oJ# (ghldun) for 152n j9--a" (ghu_ 'I 9un)in the glossary,and e*t | (a'atusu)as meaning sneeze'rather 'I '. than snore \x/eshall see that on otheroccasions, however, the glossaryled him into error.

e VaNKoNrwcsr,'tn, Tbe Latin-Arabic G/ossary(n. 6), p. 40-6). to 'Glossarium Lex., sig. l*v.: Latino-Arabicum ante annosoctingentos plus minus in membranisdescriprum; in quo vocibusLatinis (sed Gothicismum interdum olentibus aclitera semi-Gothicascriptis,) respondent, charactere Africano, Arabica, figuris vocali- um omnibus accurateut plurimum otnata.' tt 'Glossarium cat. Rapb., sig. I3r.: Latino-Arabicumquod ante septingenrosannos scriptumputabat scaliger,in pergameno,liber insignis,etiam ad illustiationem linguae Latinaefaciens.' RAPFIILENGIUS' LEXICON AMBICO LANNUM '6I

Raphelengius'precociously skilful treatmentof the glossaryshould per- hapsbe connectedwith the othermanuscripts he wasgiven at about the sa- me time by the men responsiblefot transmittingthe glossaryto Antwerp, Posteland Masius.From PostelRaphelengius acquired some useful works on Arabic grammar. One was the Sharfi ta;rtf al-Zan1anI,al-Afzarl's com- mentaryto the standardmanual on declensionsand conjugations, the Kimb al-ta;rtf.\2The manuscript(Leid. Cod. Or. 246)was copied in Mecca,pro- bablyin the sixteenthcentury, and is alreadysomething of a rarity from a bibliographicalpoint of view. The woik itself, composedin the late four- reenthcentury, contains, besides an elucidation,the entiretext of the thir- teenth-century Tasrrf.l3The Ta5rrfprovides a far betteranalysis of conjuga- tionsand deciensionsthan wasto be found in anyof the few avaiiablegram- marsby EuropeanArabists and it is to Raphelengius'cre dit that he couldre - cognizeand exploitits meritsat suchan earlystage. \7e know for surethat Rapheiengiusreceive d the Sharhtasnf fromPos' tel. \fhere Raphelengius'other grammaticalmanuscript is concernedwe haveno statementto suggestit wasfrom Postel,but only a concurrenceof circumstanceswhich makesit most likely. The manuscriptin question, Leid. Cod. Or . 231, is of especial interest on accountof its ortgin. It contains two important works on syntax, al-Muqacldinzaal Aafila al-muhsibafi'/- nahw by the eleventh-centuryEgyptian grammarian ibn Babashadh'and the earlyfourteenth-century Motroccan a/-AlununzIya (followed by a fur- ther fragment,a repetitionof the first pagesof al-Muhsiba)'" The textswe- re copied,al-Ajunnnztya in Decembei 1118 and a/'Mahsibain January 1119,for oneof thegreatest Hebrew scholars of hisday, the former Gene ral

'Grammatica t2Lex., sig.4*r.: quaedamArabica elegantissima et nitide scriptaMe- chae,charactere Asiatico, dono Auctori data a Clarissimoviro Guilielmo Poste.llo.Haec eaest quae annotatis paginis crebro in hoc operecitatur.' On al-AfzarTsee Cam BRocot A. HAMITTON

of the Augustinian order Egidioda viterbo. Electedcardinal in 1) 17, Egi_ dio wasnominated papal legate by Leo X in March 1r ig for the furpose of discussingan alliance againstthe Turks with the young tiog Lrr".t., or spain.Egidio's embassyin Barcerona,where he arrivedin"June"151g, lasted for ayear,and the manuscript ownedby Raphelengiusis one of severarco- pied at the time for the cardinar,who wasr,rbr.q.r".ntry to studyArabic in Romeunder the tuition-ofthe Moroccandipromaiand writer of indarusian orrgrn,Johannes Leo Africanus. It But how did the manuscriptreach Raphelengius? The most obvrousin- termediarywas Postel. postel wasin Romebetween I)44 and IJ49 and the vicar.ApostoiicFilippo Archinto appearsto havebeen in the habrt of len- ding him manuscripts from the coliectionEgidio da viterbo had left to the Augustinian BibliotecaAngeiica. Neither oith. t*o men wereoverscrupu- lousin returning what they had borrowedand thereis everyreason ro sus- pectthat Postel took the manuscript back to .16 Masius,on the otherhand, gave Raphelengiusa manuscript euran. Ra_ pheiengiuswas to possess variouscopies of tie eurao, tlnfortJnatelythe one he used mosr freiluentry,a North African codexcopied in the rate rwelfrhce orury ( 17 59 1 A. H. ), is not containedamongst his survivingmanu- scriptsin the Leiden library. \7hat doessurvive is the fragmentaryversion, whichhad oncebelonged to RutgerRescius, the friend of Er"r.rr,.,,and nro- fessorof Greekat the universityof Louvain,and then to Masius(L.i;. i;; or. 2)1).18 sin.. Masiusdied in 1173this must have been one of Raphelen- gius' veryfirst acquisitions which,iike mostincipient Arabists, he would

r5 R.P.A.Dozv, in CCO,I,p. 28 and gJ.l-? 'octavii'. 43, misread lon fo. 66r. 2nd c-.r> l6rr fo. 83 v. as on Egidio da viterbo's spanish."ru*ry .r-c,r,r*ru^si"Non*rr, 1/ card. Egidio da viterbo, Agostinieno (Inzani:ti e j Rtforrnatare J 469- ) 32, Firenze 7929, p. 69'76; for other Arabic manuscripts copiedfor Ejidio at the ,i,,'. ,..y"* #. o,Mar, rsv, Giles of viterbo on church and Reform. a sidy io Rrooriroorr-ii'oog'bt, tridrn 1968' p. 60, j B, 192,1 9 5. ForEgidio's Arabicstudies and his turor seeGroncro Lrvr o'ra Yr.or',Ricercbe sul/a de/ piE formazione antico fondo dei manoscitti oienta/i del/a Bi- blioteca Vaticana,Citt) del yztjcano 7939,p. 16 f OO_iO. Irvr orua Vro.t,Ricerche(n. i5), p. Iit_tZ, t7 'Alcoranus l,zt Lex', sig. 4*r.: Mahomedicus,cu.ius . vata Auctor habuit exe-^r",i"rtrPrarIa ' inrerquae un um charactere- a'rAurrL4rllLUMau ritan ico in rrrrlcIlrDranlsmembran. pefvetustum, qulppe anno Hegi- Iae ,g1 exalarum., t8 'Ex cat' Rapa , sig' I3r.: Arco.ranoFragmenta quaedam, . seu integrae Azoarae, characrereAfrican. in charta. Exemprar professoris hoc fu"it primo Rescii Graeci Lovan. indeAnd.Masii, etc.' RTTP}IILENGIUS' IEXI CON ARABI CO - LANN UM )ba

haveread aiongside the medievalLatin translationedited by TheodorBibli- anderand publishe d ]n 1543.Together with another,still older,North Afri- canfragment also belonging to Raphelengius(Leid. cod. or. 22g)1e,Resci- us' Quran,probably dating from the tweHthor early thineenth cenrury,re- mainsto this day one of the eadiestArabic manuscriptsof the text in the Leidencollection, and the North African scriptin which it is copiedserved asa modelfor the Maghrebitypeface which Rapheiengius was to havecut in Leidenand smoke-proofimpressions of which appearin the margin and on the flyieavesof the manuscript.20 Al-Afzart's gra-mmaticalwork and the euran are the Muslim manu- scriptsto whichRapheiengius refers most frequently in his dictionary- ro the Quranthere are well overrwo hundredreferences and to the srammar morethan fifty. By the end of his life Raphelengiusowned another manu- scriptby a Mustm authorwhich he alsogives as a sourcefor his dictionary but of which we cannorsay with any certaintythat he possessedit in Ant- 'Nomocanon werp. It is referredto in the dictionaryas Arabicum,seu Ma- homedanorumcorpus Iuris civilisquam canonici'.This is Leid. cod. or. 222,IYiqayat a/' iwayaft nzasa'ila/-bidaya, a compendiumand elucidation of the famouslegal commenraries of the twelfth-centuryHanifite al-Marg- hlnant by his brotherBurhanaddrn sadr al-sharl'aal-Auwal al-Mahbubr. The manuscript,which includesTurkish paraphrases, is remarkablefor its provenance:it wasfound by the spaniardsamongst the spoilsof the battle of Lepantoin7)71and waspresented by oneof the participantsin the follo- wing yearto Don BernardodeJosa in Rome. Don Bernardoscribbled an en- thusiasticdescription of the episodeon the flyleaf.21

le 'Fragmentum lbid', Alcorani chatactereAfricano seu Mauritanicoelegantrssrmo. 4. inmembrana.'Forthedatingof the woeurans seeT.Nororrr,Gescaichre de: eo- rins, Gottingen 1860, p . 346. 20 'Raphelengius's cf. Erusr B*cu.s, Naschi and Maghribi. Somereflections on the origin of Arabic typographyin the Low countries' in euaestt)onesLeidenses. Twelae stu- dies on Leiden Llniuersi4 Library and its holcling: published on tle occasionofthe qua, ier-centenaryofl/'cUniaertitylyQuacrcrrdo,LcidcriIg7i,p.24,1a,csp.p.2) 2t 'Nomocanon Lex,, sig.4*r. Cf. Cat.Raph., sig. I3r.: MahometanorumArabicus fol. in charta.Bomb. liber Turcis in conflictu ad Naupactum erepils.' For al-Mahbubl seeBRocrcnrvaNN,GeschlclteI(n.12),p.377:SuppLmentbailtln. 14),p.646.For 'pirary, this and other manuscriptsfound on the battlefield seeRosrnrJoxrs. sTar and ', the acquisition of Arabic manuscripts in RenaissanceEurope Manuscripts of the Midd le East,2, i987, p. 96-116. )b4 A. HAMILTON

Forother early sources of Raphelengius'dictionary we canturn to materi- al, frequently of a theologicalnature, much of which wasprinted. First thereare his manyScriptural sources - asiong ashe wasin Antwerp, I sug- gest,versions and partsof the Old Testament,but not of the New. Accord- ing to hissons22 the veryfirst workhe readin Arabicwas the polyglotPenta- teuchprinted in Hebrewcharacters in Constantinopleby EiiezerBekor Ger- sonSoncino 1h1546. The textsare in Hebrew,Aramaic, Persian and Arabic, the Arabicversion being the paraphraseby the tenth-centuryEgyptian rab- bi SaadyaGaon. To this work, which Raphelengiusalso used for studying Persian,2sthere are over ninety references in his dictionaryandhis life-long interestin it accountsfor one striking featureof his Lencon Arabrco-Lati- ruunz:th:- Hebrew transcriptions of somany Arabic words intended both for beginnerswho knew Hebrewbetter than Arabicand for readersofJudaeo- Arabic.2aFirst a Hebraistand then an Arabist,Raphelengius also consulted the worksof a numberof Hebrewphiloiogists in order to establishsimiiari- tiesbefween Arabic and Hebrewand to provideHebrew equivalents of Ara- bicwords. He refersover seye nty timesin his dictionaryto thesesources, rhe writingsof AbrahamibnEzra and David Kimhi, and aboveali Nathan ben Jehiel'sAruAh, the greatlexicon of the Thlmudand Midrashwith wordsof Latin, Greek,Persian, Aramaic and Arabicorigin.2t So fiequent a useof rabbinic sourcesaroused misgivings in Erpenius.26He complainedthat Raphelengiusintroduced words alien to classicalArabic, whiie the impossi- bility of reproducingall the Arabiccharacters in Hebrewand the poor quaii- ty of the printing in the ConstantinoplePentateuch led to seriousspelling mistakes. Another Scripturalsource which Raphelengiusread immediatelyafter

22 *r. ' Lex., stg.3 : . . . initium fecit ab accuraraPentateuchi Arabici R.Saadiae le ctio- ne...' 'r Cf. \7.M.C.Jurr.rnon,Zeoentiende-eeuwsche Beoefenaars udn het Arabischin Ne- derland,Utrecht 1931, p. 44->. 2a 'Radices Lex., stg.**r.: autemplerasque ad certioremlectionem, et usun ryro- num scripturaeArabicae nondum satisassuetorum Hebraicis etiam iiteris expressit;ea- dem operadocens quomodo Iudaei suis characteribus Arabica soleant exprimere...' 2t 'Aruch Lex., sig.4*v.: et reliquaRabbinorum scripta He braica, quae cum dubiae fidei in hoc negotio essesciat, numquarn producit absquenomine .' 26 '. Lex., Obseraationes,p. 1: . . quia non raroRabbini vocemaliquam hoc aut illud Arabicesignificare mentiuntur, quo eandemsignficationem Hebraeaevoci maiori cum probabiiitateattribuant' . RAPFIEI.ENGIUS' LEXIC ON ARABIC O -LANNU M )o) the Pentateuchwas the polyglot Psa/teriurz2lwith versionsof the Psalmsin Hebrew,Greek, Aramaic and Arabicpririted in parallelcolumns in Genoa in L)16 and editedby AgostinoGiustiniani, bishop of Nebbio - a work ownedby everyapprentice of Arabicin the sixteenthcentury. Either in Ant- werp or in Leiden,mofeovet, Raphelengius procured a manuscriptedition of the Pentateuchwith a patristiccommentary in Arabicbut written in Syri- ac characrers.This karshunimanuscript, copied in 1528,is alsoretained in theLeiden Library, Leid. Cod. Or. 230.28 Finallythere was a work, printed and christian, whichRaphelengius al- mostcertainly owned in Antwerp and which he quotesin his dictionaryon over130 occasions: the Spanish-ArabicVocabu/ista Arauigo en /etracaste//a- na by Pedrode Alcalaprinted in Granadain 110).2eThe Vocabulista,\ke the Arte para /igeramentesaber /a /engua arartigaby the sameauthof and to enabie -Spanishpublished in Granadain the sameyeat, wascompiled in order missionariesto tend the conveftedMoors in southernSpain after the fall of Granada.In contrastto the Mozarabicglossary it wasintende d for studentsof Arabic and wasbased on Antonio de Nebrija's Spanish-Latin dictionary.Yet it wasfor thosewho wishedto speakthe Arabic dialectof Granadarather than for anyonewishing to read or write classicalArabic. The Arabicwords, frequently in dialectalform, ate transcribedin the Ro- man alphabetfor Castilians.Consequently the Vocabulista,the oniy prin- ted Arabicdictionary in existence,rich in wordsand invaluable for the study of the Arabicspoken in Andalusia,only reallyserves the purposeof a classi- callexicographer if the wordscan be checkedagainst some othef sourceand then be correctlyretranscribed in Arabic.In viewof this difficulty it is again to Raphelengius'credit that he managedto exploitthe work asmuch ashe

21 ' Ara- Lex., sig.3*r.: . . . quo absoluto[sc.Pentate uchi Arabici lectione ], Psalterium bicum ex editioneNebiensis arripuit-..' 'Commentarii 28Caf . Rapb., sig. I2v.: ex Patribusin Pentateuchum,Arabice , cha- racterSyriacui in chana.' I take this to correspondto rwo sourcesmentioned sepalatelyin 'Iidem chatacterema- Lex., sig.3*v.: [sc. quinque libri lvtosis]ex alia versione,Syriaco 'Commentaril .r.rr.ripii' and Arabici in eosdemlibros, literis quoque Syriacisexarzti' - 'Lexicon ,eLex., sig. 4*r.: Granatenseanno 1505 Granataeexcusum, in quo voces Arabicaequa-tplurimae Latinisliteris expressaeHispanice explicantur.' The work is scu- 'Remarques dies by Roomr lit.^*o, su I'Arte erle VocabulistadeEr. Pedro de Alcal6' ' in Minzoial Henri Basser:Nouaelles Etudes nord-africaines el oientaler, 1928' p. 229-16.Cf. alsothe nineteenth-centuryedition of the Spanishtext edited by Pauror L'r- o*or, Peti Hitpani de lingaa arabicalibi duo, GrSttingeni883' t56 A. HAMITTON

did. The provenanceof his copyis alsoof someinrerest. It wassent to him from spain byJan van Bodeghem,30whose farnily had numerousbusiness connectionswith Plantin'sagents since the 1j70s.3iBy 15g5Janvan Bodeg- 'Guardia hemhimself was a memberof the de arqueros',an honorarybody- guardof Philip II formedby Netherlanders.32That he shouldb. ro..ifi."liu mentionedin the introductionto Raphelengius'dictionrry .o,rid ,.rgg.* that he, like Ppsteland Masius,provided plantin's son-in-lawwith further - Arabicmaterial perhapseven with the legal compendiumseized at Le- Danto.

LEIDEN

\7hen Raphelengiusarrived in Leiden in 15g5 he brouqht with him what, by the standardsof the time, wasa remarkablyrich collectionof Ara- bic booksand manuscripts.But within half a dozenyears the situationchan- ged. In 1591the TypographiaMedicea, which had beenfounded in Rome in 1184,began to producea seriesof worksin Arabic. Theseexpanded im- measurablythe field in which a lexicographerhad ro work. The lrabic Gos- pelsappeared in 1591;in r5)2 there followed the Nuzbat al-nzushfio(a long excerptfrom al-Idrtsl'svast work on geography),al_Ajuram4a, and anotherbook on syntax,ibn al-Hajib'sKafiya; Avicenna'sa/-eAnun carne out in 1593,and Nasrral-Drn al-Tusr'sArabic version of Euclid'sElements ]n r)94. Raphelengiushastened ro procuresome of thesepublications. Plantin'sagent Hans Dresseler got the Nuzbat qr:nushtAqfor him at the Frankfurtbook fair in the autumn o{ 1592.ttB€sides the Medici edition of the Gospels,to which I shallbe returning,Raphelengius also purchased the other two Medici publicationsof t592, al-Kafiya andal-Ajuiunztya (which

10 'Quo Lex., sig.4*r.: libro aliquamdiu ususest aucror, humanitate Nob. viri Ioan- nisa Bodeghem.' 11 cf .1an Poelman'sletter of 22 August 157gtoJan Moretus in conespondancede chistophe Plantin, ed. M. RoosssetJ. Drrrucr, Anrwerpen-Ghent lsgz-t9ts, VIII-IX, p.277. 32 Relaci6n del uiaje becho por Felipe II en 1)85, a Zaragoza, Barce/onay valencia, escrilapor Henique coca, ed. Arrruoo Monar-F,uro& ANroNroRoonrcutz vu:-n, Madrid 1876, p.93. I owe this information to the kindnessof Mr F. Robben. MPHEI.ENGIUS'LEX] C O N ARABIC O - LANNUful t67 he alreadyowned in manuscript)and Avicenna'sQanan,3a Th^t he never appearsto havehad accessto the l)94 Euclidproves how difficuit it wasto obtain on the Europeanmarket a work printed mainly for distribution in the Ottoman Empire:in England\Tilliam Bedwelionly acquiredit some fiveyears after its publicadon.s5 The impressiveoutput of the Medicipress coincided with the period in which Raphelengiushad mosttime to devoteto Arabic.In 1586he wasap- pointed professorof Hebrewat the universityof Leidenand in 1189he all but retiredfrom the administrationof his father-in-law'sLeiden branch. 36 Alreadyin 1j92 he wasengaged in translating rheQuran Presumablyat about the sametime he prepareda draft.of the Arabicgrammat which he hopedto appendto his dictionary.37Still morerhan the OfficinaPlantinia-

3i Cf. Raphelengius'letter to Ortelius of 6 December 1592in Abraltarni Orte/ii Epis- 'Quoniam, tulae, ed.J.H. Hrsstrs,Cambridge 1887, p. 544-5: mi Compaterhonoran- de, incideramin novam GeographiamArabicam, specimendico, quod Francofurtoat- tuiit mihi Dresselerius...'On the Arabic books printed in this period see CHR.Fn.os Scnr.n-rn-n-en,BibliorltecaArabrca,]Halle 18!1(repr. lq6A);n. Surrsr,*rp,P/z- lologia Oientalis, 2 vols., Leiden 1976-1983;JosrrBai-acNt, L'impimerie arabeen occi- rlent (XWe, XWIe et XWIIe siDcles),Paris 1984. 1a 'Avicennae Cf . supran. 14. SeeLex. , sig. 4*r. : operamedica Romae excusa in fol.' It A. Flrnrnou ,Iftilliam Beclwell(n. 4), p. 12. On the Medici pressand its policy of catering for an Easternmarket seeRontnrJorvrs, The futedici Oienta/ Press(Ronze 1)84- 1614)and RenaissanceArabic Studier, Exhibition Leaflet at SOAS, London, May-June 1983. 16 Cf. his letter to Orteiiusof z July 1592rn Orte/ii Epirtalae (n. 33), p. i 18. 17 The grammar,or a draft of the grammar, must at one point havebe e n lent to Hu- go Grotius. In March [160)] Grotius sent a transcriptionof it to FransRaphelengius the 'Quod Younger- In his accompanyingletter he wrote: communibus literis et parentis vestrimemoriae de beo, id non modo negarese d et differre non possum.Mitto igitur ad vosquicquid ex Grammatica Atabicadescripsi. Liber ille quem egoprimum inscripsini- hil estaliud quam excelptaAlphabeti Romani. A secundoincipiunt eaquae parer vester clareatqueiuculenterperscripserat...'(BiefwisselingaanHugo Grotius, ed. P.C. Moi- 's-Grave HUysEN,1, 1597-17 Augustus 1618, nhzgel)28, p. 54). This transcription,toge - ther with the Medici presstexts o{ a/-Alurrilnzrya at\d the Kitab al-tasrtf, werecopied out byJoostRaphelengius in 1613.Cf. R. JoNrs,Learning Arabic in RenaixanceEarope (n. 13), p. 180-1.They are now containedamongst the Raphelengiuspapers in Leid. Cod. Or.J041.Abour the originalplan to appendRaphelengius' grammar toihe dictionary 'Grammaticam his sonswrote , Lex,, srg.**2r.: quoque huic operi adiicerein animo ha- bebat Auctor (qua de causaplurima nomina verbalia,panicipalia, denominativa,dimi- nutiva, augmentativa,localia,instrumentalia, numeraiia, pluralia, et faemioina, verba- que polygramma, et infinitiva, aliaque similia multa, quae Grammatica paucis et suc- 568 A. HAM1TTSN

na in Antwerp the universityof Leidenenabled Raphelengius ro encounter otherscholars who shared his interestin Arabic,who, like clusiusandJustus Lipsius,asked him quesrionsabout terminology,and who providedhim with further material. rn 1)92 FranciscusJuniuswas appointed professor of theology.As libra- rian to the ElectorPalatine in HeidelbergJuniushad vzorkedon rhe Arabic versionsof ther,NewTestament collected by postel.In 117ghe had publi- sheda Latintranslation of the ArabicActs of the Apostlesand the Epistlesto the corinthians and probablykept a transcriptionof the Arabic original with him whenhe wasin Leiden.This he would seemto havelent to Raphe- lengius.on 4 Novemberrl>92 Raphelengius wrote to his brother-in-lawian Moretusin Anrwerp: Je mesuistrdsplus,ayantlivresdeplusgrandeimponance , ascavoirles4Evange- listesen Arabe que m'a prest6FranciscusJunius, et lesActes des Apostres aussil.s Epistresde SaintPol; de sortequ'ayanr tout le nouveauTestament je passel" tempsd le consulteret d'en tirer_quelquefruict aussilong temps que la sant6le permet: me convenanten cetteesrude, veu que Jene voy autre plaisir en ce monde veu l,incon- stancedes affaires humaines.s8 It is not clear to which editions or manuscripts Raphelengius is referring. The Gospelshe waslent byJuniuscould have been the printed lv{edici preis edition publishedin the previousyear: we know from the inrroductronto his dictionarythat thiswas one of Raphelengius'sources. But it couidequal- ly well havebeen a manuscript,while the versionof Acts and the Eoistles wasprobably, as I suggested,a transcriptionof the Heidelbergcodex (now cod. vat. Ar-23r,rr).3eJuniuswould thusseem to haveintroJuced Raphe-

cinctisregulis a primitivis formare docet, compendio, uti supramonuimus, studens,in hoc opere omisit:) in quem finem Grammaticasaiiquot ArabicasArabice scriptas in Lati- num transtulerat,et opusculaetiam grammaticaliamulta ex iis confecerat; quin ante z0 annosplus minus universamGrammaticam g tabulis breviter comprehenderar:verum cum morte abreptusnec easabsoiverit, nec aliud aliquod opus perfectum, quod studio- sorum desideriosatisfacere possit, reliquerit...' lvluchof the material here referredto is amongstthe aforesaidpapers. i8MPM, Arch.92,fo.11. re I am most grateful ro ProfessorHJ.de Jonge for his adviceon this matter. For the manuscriptin questionsee l-evr oru-r Vro,r,Ricerche (n. 1)), p. 301; Bibliorhecapalati_ na. Kata/og zur Ausstellung aom L Juli bis 2. Nouernber lia6, Hei/iggeutairche Hei_ delberg.Textband, ed. Erua_nMrrn:n, Heidelberg 1986,p.4tS. RaphJl"engius,sonsare 'euatorEvangellelegant$sr- oflittle heip. Amonghissourcestheylist(Lex., stg.3*v.): RAPI]ELENGIUS' LEXI CO N ARABI CO -LANNU M 569 lengiusto what, for him at leasr,was a newfield of study,the Arabicrecen- sionsof the NewTestament, and a month laterRaphelengius wrote to Orte- 'Arabic lius sayingthat his son,Frans the Younger,had obtainedan New Testament'from Englandwhich he wasperusing in orderto gatherfurther wordsfor his dictionary.aoWh"t this New Testarnentwas is againobscure, for the only survivingNew Testamentmaterial amongsrRaphelengius' manuscriptsare two fragmentsof the Gospelsof Matthewand Mark (Leid. Cod.Or. 214andleid. Cod.Or. 218).41They both bearthe nameof Frans the Youngeron the title-page.The only compietemanuscript of the New Testamentwhich Raphelengius consulted would seemto havebeen the one in the possessionof Scaligerwho arrivedin Leidenin I)93 - Leid. Cod. Or.277. This wasthe manuscript,later to serveas the basisfor Erpenius' 1616edition of the New Testamentin Arabic,which Raphelengius must ha- 'another ve collatedwith codex'of Acts and the Epistles- very possibly with that sarnetranscription shown him byJunius.a2 Scaliger'sarrival in Leidenin the summero{ 1193marked the startof a new, but alsoof a final, phasein Raphelengius'Arabic studies.Scaliger, more than anyoneexcept Postel and Masius,encouraged and stimulated Raphelengiusto increasehis knowiedgein this field. Mercilesslycritical of his colleagues,Scaliger had a genuineesreem for Plantin'sson-in-law - and from him he had much to learn: despiteScaliger's inspired vision of how the studyof Arabicshould develop Raphelengius remained the better Arabist.

'Eadem mo characrereRomae e;rcusa, anno 1)91 in folio.'; ex alia translationecalamo descripta:ex quibusin hoc operevoces non paucaecitantur quasin prioribus illis non ln- venias.quod et de Pentateuchoet Psalteriomanuscriptis habendum; ac bene observan- 'Reliqui dum, ne auctorisfides suspectafiat tanquam falsomulta allegantis.';and libri Novi Foederisomnes, manuscripti'. a0 'tun Ortelii Eputalae (n. 33),p. Sll, rorussum in percurrendoNovo Testamento Arabico quod ex Anglia per filium accepi,ut inde novasvoces colligam Lexico illustran- do'. 4' 'Evangelia Cf . Cat. Raph,, sig.I3r.: Matthaei, et Marci Arabicefol. illud in mem- brana,hoc in chana.' No other New Testament manuscriprsare mentioned in the catalo- gue. Cf. C.R. Grccony,TextAitiA desNeuen Tettament!,Leipztgi900, p. 586. a' '... Cf. TsorumsEnprNrus, Noaanz TestanzentumArabi.ce, feiden i6r6, sig. **3r.: potiorem paftem, Acta scilicetApost. et Epistolasomnes accuratissime cum alio codice contulit Vir de linguis Orientalibusoptime meritus FranciscusRaphelengius...' ,70 A. HAMITTON

scaligerhad probablystaned to studyArabic in the late 15 70s and his in- terestin it wasdue in the first placeto hiswork on chronology,a3but, becau- seof the unboundedextent of hiscuriosity, he endeavouredto readas wide- ly aspossible and to collectmanuscripts in a varietyof domains.If we com- parehis Arabicmanuscript collection to that of Raphelengiuswe arestruck by the quantity pf Scaliger'sNew Testamentmaterial, and this wasone of the domainsin whichhe had somethingto offerRaphelengius. \7hen com- piling his dictionary,moreover, Raphelengius also seems to haveborrowed the many Muslim prayerbooksScaliger had acquired.aaA number of these manuscriptshad Turkishparaphrases or translationsof the prayersand pas- sagesfrom the Quranand, Iike the work retrievedfrom the spoiisof Lepan- to, maywell havebeen discovered on the bodiesof Turkishsoldiers. A closecollaboration soon developed between Scaliger and Raphelengi- us. They lent one anorhertheir manuscriptsand Scaligerbased the Arabic rvordlisthe wascompiling almost entirely on rwoworks belonging to Raphe- lengius,the Mozarabicglossary and Pedro de Alcald'sVocabulista.at Raphe- lengiusdied inJuly 1J97and Scaliger completed the title-pageof his The- saarusLinguae Arabicae in March of the same year. That Raphelengius shouldhave used Scaliger's wordiist so frequently for his own dictionary- he quotesit over140 times - showsthat he had constantaccess to it asrt was beingcompiled.a6 The rwo men thus workedsimultaneously and with the samematerial on an identicalproject. Nevertheless there aresome striking

ar For Scaligerand the study of Arabic seeJouamv Fucx, Die arabischenstudien in Europabis den Anfang des20. Jahrhunderts, Leipzig 1955,p..47 -13.On Scaliger'searly scholarship see ANruoNv Gurlolr,,Iorepa sca/iger. A stuly in the History of c/assical Scholarship, I, Ot'ord 1983. on See,for example,Leid. Cod. Or. 2i6, 257, 259,260, 2G3, 264. Thesewouldseem 'catalogus to correspondto the half dozen prayerbookslisted io the Librorum Manu- scriptorumquos Iosephus Scaliger Bibliothecae Leidensi legavit' in the library catalogues drawn up by Daniel Heinsiusand published in 162), t636 ^nd 1640. a5 Attested by the numerousreferences in cod. or.2l2 to H (Hispanum Glossarium = the Mozarabicgiossary) and to G (vocabularium GranarenseHispano-arabrcum = the Vocabulista). no 'Thesaurus His sonsstate as much in their descriptionof the source, Lex., sig. 4*r.: Arabicus,seu Dictionarium Arabicum Illustriset doctissimiviri IosephiScalige ri P.M. ex libris quamplurimis ab ipso collectum, et parenti nostro, qui er suum vicissimilli uten- dum ad tempusdedit, benevolecommunicarum. Id nunc ex Auctoris lesatione cum in- numeris aliis eiusdem praestantissimislibris Orientalibus Bibliotheca Acad. Leidensis possidetet a-sservar.' RAPHEI.ENGruS'I.EXICON ARABICO-LANNUM '7I differencesbetween the two lexicographicalworks. Scaliger's is almosttwice aslong asthat of Raphelengius,but, for his printed edition, Raphelengius mayhave made a practicalselection from a far longermanuscript. The diffe- rencein alphabeticalorder is a stili morestriking feature . Scaliger,iike Wil- liam Bedwellin England,chose the earliestArabic alphabeticalorder, the so-calledAramaic or numericalordet, and justified his choiceby referringto its resemblanceto the Hebreworder and to its useby Avicenna(in the list of medicamentscontained inhis Qanan)and by Maimonides(in the chapter headingsof the Moreh NeauAhimof which Scaligerpossessed both a Ju- daeo-Arabicand a Hebrewcodex;.47 Raphelengius, on the otherhand, fol- iowedPostel in preferringthe morecurrent order, based on the shapeof the charactersand in useto this day.He wasnot, however,entilely consequenti- al. In accordancewith the Hebrewtreatment of the D (sin) and the U (shin)48he indeedordered the lettersby shapebut did not alwayshave sepa- rate groupsfor charactersdifferentiated by diacriticalpoints. The 6 (jtm) and the e (kha') thus comewithin the entry of the C (ha'), the.: (tha') underthe c. (ta'), the j (dhal)under the .r (dal), the .._ry(shtn) under the ,r* (sln),the rf (dad)under the r,.ro(9ad), the 5 (za') under the i (ta'), andthe | (ghain)under the [ ('ain). The presence of Scaligerin Leidenstimulated Raphelengius, as did a mo- re practicalform of activityto whichhe had to turn his handin the lastyears of his life. This wasthe translation,in and out of Arabic,of official dispat- ches,contracts and safe-conducts.Unfortunately only oneof theseseems to havesurvived, a safe-conductfor the merchantsCornelis de Houtman, Ge- rardvan Beuningen,and their fellow passeng€rssailing to the FarEast and signedby the Princeof Orange.aeRaphelengius himseHprinted the letterin Arabicin 1591with the typeshe had had cut shortlybefore and with which the OfficinaPlantiniana was to print the Arabicpassages in the revisededi-

a7On Bedwell'sArabic-Latin dictionary (Cambridge Univetsity Library, Iv{ss.Hh. 5. 1-7)see A. H.u,,rrnoN,trYilliam Beclwell (n.4), p. 85-93. Scaiigerdescribes his aiphabeti- cal order in the prefacetohis ThesaurusLinguae Arabicae (n. 2). HisJudaeo-Arabicco- dexof the MoreANeuuAAim is now Leid. Cod. Or. Hebr.96 and his Hebrew codexLeid. Cod,.Or. 4723. 'Literas aBLex., sig.**r.: afiines, quaefiguras similes punctisque solum discrepantes nactaesunt [ -. .] in unam contrahere classemvisum fuit Auctori, cum aliis de causis,tum ut HebraeosLexicographos, qui lirerasU er U etsi sono et officio diversissimasconiun- geresolent, imitaretur...' )/z A. HAMIITON

tion of Scaliger'sDe ernendationetenzporarn, a type specimen,and nume_ rous other texts including Rapherengius'own di.tion"ry. Raphelengius, sonsrefer to 'innumerable' officiardocuments in Arabic which provided their father with further wordsfor his lexicon, but at their exactnarure we canonly guess.to Raphelengius'last years may havebeen busy but they werearso years of sadnessand ill health.In the winterof r594-jhe wroteto his friendslamen_ ting the deathof his wife and comprainingabout an increasingnumber of ailments.His right hand trembledto suchan extenrthat he iould hardly write. He washaving troubrewith his eyes.He sufferedfrom a hernia and colicsso violent that he courdneither sit nor lie down and had to be submit- ted to potent emetics.5l Thereis little wonderthat he wasstill dissatisfied with his dictionarywhen he died. The sight of a rapidly .*p".rahg fierd of textsat the verymoment whenhis own strengthr"r aaitrirt ing must have impressedon him the knowledge of how much he stil had to do in orderto producea lexiconwhich would satisq/his ambirions.t2 Now, afternearly four hundredyears, we arein a betterposition ro assess

ae On this letter, the oniy kn_own copyof which is ar MpM, R. 63. 8 (4)172j, seepbi_ lologia Arabica. Arabische stuclidn en'iruaaen ," d, ir;;;;)'ar, ,r'i' )ui, en 17de eeuw, ed. Fruulcwror Nave Anrwerpen ,Cornelis , 1986,p. 1j0_3; Hmuax or Letuw, de Houtman en het eersteverdrag der AollandercL., ".r inlandsevorst. Een herontdekte open brief van Graaf Maurits, in het Arabischvertaard, en gedrukt, aoo.ro..,r.,r, n"- phelengius' in the forthcom rng Het foIidden oosten en Nederland, ed. A.H. or Gnoor a'o., Muiderbe 1999.on official ry translationsin and out of Arabicfor ti.'ii",.,--.. e"rr"_ ral seeW.M.C.Jurrrnou, Zetentiende_eeuwscle Beoefenaars(n.23), ;i to.tt:., 'Epistolae, t sig. 4*v.: gonr":ly:,. Syngrapha, . -Sajviconductus, simiiesque schedae.innumerae, ex quibus muita se didicissepi;*.qi. ;r;;i;;;".;bula de- prompsissesaepe fassus est.' t 1 Cf. his letter to Onelius of 12August 1594(Orte/ii Epistu/ae(n. 33),p. letterstoLipsiusinApril 592-3),his 1591(p.Buyli,r, EitoieAplsnkrunz,Leid.entT24,I,p.IgT), andrClusius'lerrer to,t jlsius.writte n in March -- tigai,:bid., p. 324). rr wasaDove a, hrpenruswho .. emphasizedRaphelengius' dissarisfaction wrLh his dictionary.of the amount of mistakes 'N"qu. hi wrote: id mirabar, cum sciremAucro- rem dum in eiuscompositionem incumberet, adeoinhrma perperuoG..i"- irirr. ""_ ietudine, ut non modo ""::lii",l ne ipsaquidem t,'r.. a.t..r"r.,*, "Jq". fere -r:_d "_ri" momenta TAEDET ANIMAM MEAM VffiiS Mn,{f i'or. h"b.r.i, ;;; ., rr_- obiisse, quam ex voto :iT thT ryre suo hoc opus perficeret ., polir.. ,.ri. uir.r_ ,'i- hi fuit in illa locapaucis ea annorare quae maxime rr...rr"ri".rs.', ilrd;.;;;uae sru_ diosisnon ingrata fore videbantur, Arabica scilicetversione carenria .*jti.".ri.o, ,rr".ri- fesreerronea conigendo, et suspectapleraque indicando. . ,, (Lex,, OUril)t_lr)r, p . l.l RApF{ELENGrus'LEXrcoN ARAtsrco_LAnNUM tl3

7? Lnxr'cou An,tgte'\i:r,f. auod tlfc tr. f,' -== Plarah IcA-lnn i . €;' PutoLac,t3, gi* (Rcsrncgociurn,probatio, l.lsLLSEtp.rru* ratio Jra/) .f,erunt,irngu!Etuns '$ afor ain \'j.:f stercus. a Fur. ]:!J'l aorr- *. rlrdlo,I i ri gfson gueror, g5rS. tnn I ImUlr. .1'1r{ ft crulor, difputo,rarioci- z{r.}o,- nor,drlceproclol?. 45*#-g;+) j;=l- riocinerur. Ra G/o/ 6r"^rst* eae.,$t'' O Excular&defen. ldeniuodtlel' feA9"zG,@kn.r. o-==5 :ln er o6> t=3i!r,- Ci, (-:' Li feltuln eglu Difcepexor.Glofi F.{turn.j.. {J' .. a ror.l.-S . jUl=+-l Dimicario,di f- J brenr#nr ' G putatio, di[- Fcfturn,gp.riglnl: ,]=. cePtailo, {ol'ltentro) (j tio cele brar:dt fefti ranocrnauoclof.Dc,- caufa. cti an dlcit ar fen{io. 7rlc", Forna\uxs inztr. l.=ls: A,.,r,]uJIijti* Difpfr"bunr. t-.,, / uinev\> d a*L edt8.,6=C,t#$#\; Bifpurrrio,rpotog;a. conducesrnc:odto annos.. t ide p\>_ *ian caafamtaliremin, #F+ t^,9'nl;q,?: () tflrurr. F- (,4(. J,iti Legit,ar44s4' $ r' f,; ..,v-t, iZ;I*r ,,.ii} 31*) cAt,L" F at.jJ.i c" " f'ro]tra&o' pro,Nouambulinr re &d, (, c/o/s..difpuro. rcCtopcde, incul;'ari, 6;:i obicctio,caufain. ipar!rAutJ- 4> ds,.s+l rorrry t' lkecla[s.g)A4.52, Et debihrarifaciat eutn- Wluas" e*

FranciscusI Rapheiengius ( I )J9-l )97). LexiconArabicam 1Leiden. Officina Rrphe Iengiana,1613), p 7!. Antwerpen,Ivluseum Plantin-Moretus, A 1364 A. HAMIITON

the degreeto which Raphelengius'lexicon really did satisfi/his ambitions than werehis immediatesuccessors who practiseda differenttype of Arabic lexicography.t3Cenainly, as Erpeniuspointed out, the LexiconArabico- Latinurn contained a greatmany mistakes.There are gfarnmaticalerrors. .., L b-n, (burhanan)is one of severalexamples of a duai which Raphelen- giuspresents as a plural - the correctplural is Or-o l- (barahln).There are errorsof meanihgfrequently due to the absenceof the correctdiacritical 'to point. j"s (hadaqa)is confusedwith q9'j- (l.radhiqa), be skrlled'. 'destruction', .,- lf (l.rarab),given as meaning shouldbe ..l; (kharab). 'To depart'should be 9-*l Qa'ana),not .;-r.l (1a'ana).An injudicious useof Pedrode Alcal6'sVocabu/ista led Raphelengiusto introducecertain colloquialor dialectalforms which do not existin classicalArabic. 'Moment' thusbecomes i-rJ (iahda)instead of it-J (lahZa).An equallyinjudicious ';J-; useof the Mozarabicglossary was the causeof other errors.cl*;Jl 'sciati- (kharqatal-nasa), for example,should be eL-J t 3rs ('irt al-nasa),

If we compareRaphelengius' dictionary ro othercontemporary efforts in the domainof Arabiclexicography its qualitiesbegin to emergemore clear- ta iy. Froma practicalpoint of viewthe useof a morecurrent alphabetical or- dergives Raphelengius a considerableadvantage over Scaliger and Bedweil, who, aswe saw,used the archaicAramaic order. But wherethe purposeof Raphelengius'dictionary is concernedthe work canbest be comparedto Va- lentin Schindler'sLexicon Penlaglotton which was published in Hanau in 1612and thus appeared just beforeRaphelengius' work. Like Raphelengius'lexicon Valentin Schindler's dictionary was posthu- mous,the authorhaving died in 1604after teaching Oriental languages in Helmstedtand \Tittenberg. The objectof the dietionary,which contained wordsin Hebrew,both ancientand Thlmudic,in Aramaic,in Syriac,and in Arabic,was entirely theological. In his prefacethe editor, EngelbrechtEn- gels,emphasize d the valueof languagesfor spreadingthe Gospel,but the 'true realpurpose of the work wasto help scholarsunderstand the meaning 'kindred' of the Holy Scriptures'by studyingHebrew in associationwith tongues.-'

t3 For an assessmentsee W.M.C. Jur'.rnon,Zeaentiende-eeuwsche Beoefenaars (n. 23),p.42-4. ta 'savary On contemporaryefforts in Pariscf. Grnam Drnrnurn, de BrEveset lbra- him Muteferrika:Deux drogmanscultureis i i'origine de f imprimerie turque', Bulletin du bibliophile(Paris), 1987, p.322-19, esp. p. 322-6. RAPMITNGIUS' LEK CON ARAtsIC O - IANNUTil t75

That Arabic should be learnt in order to obtain a superior knowledge of Semitic philology and uitimately of Hebrew was a tecurrent claim in apolo- gies of the languagefrom the Renaissanceto the eighteenth century,'o and the majority of students of Arabic were theologians. This was something which Raphelengius, himself a Semitic philologist and a Biblical scholar, could not afford to overlook. His dictionary has some hundred and fifty re- ferencesto the Scriptufes,and it was for the benefit of Biblical scholarsthat wordlists in Hebrew and Aramaic and in Greek were appended to the work. The wordlist in Hebrew and Aramaic was to enable readersto look up the Arabic equivalent of certain difficult words in the Old Testament, and espe- cially in the Pentateuch, whiie the one in Greek wasfor students of bo th the Old Testamentand the New. Yet the most extensiveof the three wordiists appended to Raphelengius' - dictionary is the Latin one. This coverseve ry field botany, medicine , geo- graphy, navigation, commerce- and points to the true ambition, origina- lity, and merit of the lexicon. Raphelengius' sonsdedicated it to the memo- ry of , Justus Lipsius, and , the three me n who, with their questionsabout Arabic words, both in Antwerp and in Lei- den, had constantly encouragedthe elder Raphelengiusto proceedwith his work. Ortelius and Lipsius askedquestions about geogfaphicaland histori- cal terms, while Clusiusasked about botany, medicine, and philosophy.tT

'Hoc lt VarENrruScsiNorrn, Lexicon Pentag/otton.., Hanau 1612, sig. **r.: veroest, linguasOrientales, quae quidem ad genuinumS. Scripturaesensum eliciendum ali- quodafferre possunt adjumentum, Hebraicam inquam et huic cognatas,Chaldaicam, Syriabam,Arabicam, Rabbinicam, et Talmudicam,una et eademquodammodo opera docere:et simul pluribus in mediumadductis exemplis monstrare viam, qua et verusSa- crarumliterarum sensus erui, et causae,proPter quas interpretes, non Latinusmodo, et hocrecentior Germanus, se d et Chaldaei, et Graeci,alicubi fue rint allucinati,inve stigari oossint.' 'The t6 Cf. K.H. D.lNrwNmrnr, RenaissanceHumanists and the Knowledgeof Ara- bic'' Studiesin theRenaissance, 2, 1955, p. 96'111, A. H.tvrrroN,Mlliarn Bedwell(n' 4),p. 80-). 'Calcar ti Lex., sig.3*r.: ei addiditdesiderium satisfaciendi amicis suis, tribus sum- misillis in relitteraria viris, quibus postea Lexicon hoc destinavit, et a nobisdedicari vol- uit. Hi enimdum quotidie familiariter cum illo versabantur,crebras ei devocibus Arabi- cismovebant quaestiones: Lipsius quidem et Oneliusde regionum, oppidorum, fluvio- rum et poftuum,itemque officiorum nominibus in historiame dii et postremitemporis, chanisqueHispaniae , Siciliae et aliispassim obviis; Clusius autem de herbarum, medi- carnentorum,ac mineralium aliarumque rerum ad materiammedicam aut philosophi- camspectantium appellationibus: quibus omnibus tespondere satagebat.' t76 A, HAMILTON

Raphelengiuswas further encouragedby merchantsand navigatorsssfor whomhe formulatedthe safe-conductsI referred to earlierand who needed to deciphercontracts and makethemseives understood in the vastArabic- speakingareas in which theyhad to travei. In view of the varieryof requirementswhich Raphelengiushoped to meet his dictionaryhas the unique merit of being a handy work which a merchantmight carryon his journeyswithout any great difiiculty. Aii we know about William Bedwelisuggests that he too wanted to assistmer- chantsand navigators, but the mereimmensity of the sevenfolio volumesof hisown dictionaryexplains why he temporarilygave up the ideaof publish- ing it whenhe arrivedin Leidenin 1612and heardthat Raphelengius'work had goneto press,and why ir wasnever printed afterhis death.59There is, to my knowledge,no evidenceof how manycopies of Raphelengius'dictio- narywere printed in 16i3, but onethousand seems a reasonableguess. The greatEuropean libraries nearly ali possessar leastone copyofit (the Vatican Librarynow hasthree, one of which belongedto the MaroniteCollege in Rome),and, in contrastto iaterdictionaries in morethan onevolume, there is no indication that the publishershad any difficulty in selling their "' stock. A final aspect of Raphelengius' dictionary which should be taken into ac- count is the validity of his main sources - of those two sources he quotes so frequently, the Mozarabic glossary and Pedro de Alca16's Vocabu/ista. For over two and a half centuries these sources were all but completeiy rejected by the European lexicographers of classical Arabic. From the first half of the seventeenth century until the second half of the nineteenth century Europe-

'Nec t8 Ibid., minus eum stimulavit cupiditasgratiflcandi mercatoribusquibusdam ipsi familiaribus et longo usu coniunctissimis,qui literas Arabice scriptas,ad tutelam plerunque navium et negotiatorum pertinentes,ut explicaretsaepenumero eum roga- ' runt. 'The tt A. HalrrnoN,lVi/lian Bedwel/(n.4), p. 40. Cf . b., Victimsof Progress:The RaphelengiusArabic Type and Bedweil'sArabic Lexicon', in Liber Amicoram Leon Voet (" 1),p 97-108. 60Isaac Casaubon, whose copy ofthe Lexiconis now in the British Library, London, 'Vidi wroteeagerly to Erpeniuson 13June1613: hic LexiconRaphelengii, cum tuis No- tis. Beneoperam posuisti, et quid in eo genereeruditionis posses,luculente ostendisti: sedGrammaticam et Proverbiaquando audiemusedita? Ego nullum adhuc exemplaril- lius Lexicipotui hic nancisci.Duo tantum hactenusvidi exemplaria,unum in manibus ' Eliensis, alterum Oxonii apud ProfessoremHebraeum. (Is.racC,rs,luaoN , Episto/ae , Rot- terdam1709, p.531). RAPFIELENGruS,LEK CO N ARABIC O - LAN]\,IJ M t77 an Arabiststended to use the great Arabic monolingual lexiconswhich I shalldiscuss later. These lexicons, however, were primarily intended for the readersand writers of poetry,and not for a generalknowledge of Arabicas it wasspoken throughout the Arab world. The first Europeanto endeavoutto remedythis situationwas the LeidenArabist R.P.A. Dozy, whoseSupp/6- mentaux dictionnaires arabes appearcd in 1881,two yearsbefore his death. His objectwas to studynon-classical Arabic and to recordwords in everydali use. Forhis purposeDozy consultedboth the Mozarabicglossary, which he had alreadydescribed in the first volumeof the catalogueof Orientalmanu- scriptsin the Leidenlibrary, and the dictionaryof Pedrode Alcali. When he had first lookedthrough the Mozarabicglossary, he admitted in 187i, he had not appreciatedits value,61but when workingon his own supplement he cameto realizeits true worth. Still moreimportant for him wasPedro de Alcald'sVocabulista,62 Availing himself of an infinitelywider field of leico- graphicalmaterial than had been availableto Raphelengius,he could re- transcribethe Vocabulistain conectArabic and could fully exploit the infor- mation it had to offer on Arabic asit wasspoken. Dozy's objectiveshave beenpursued by morerecent lexicographers and Rapheiengiuscan thus be placedat the beginningof a tradition which wasneglected in the interve- ning period but which hasproved panicularly fruitful since. He oweshis placein this traditionto no choiceof his own, to the limitationsof his mate- rial ratherthan to the abundanceof it, but so is sometimesthe way of the developmentof scholarship.

PUBLICAT]ON

Although Scaliger stated on the title-page of his TltesaurusLinguae Ara- bicae thathe had completed it in 1197 he continued to make cenain addi- tions to it in later years,6land, occupied though he was with his gre^t Tbe' JaurxlsTernporum, we see from his letters to Isaac Casaubon and Etienne

6tOn hisfirst misgivings and later enthusiasm ('Le Glossaire...est d'une trEs grande valeur...')seeVaNKoNtNcsl'uo, TheLatin-ArabicGloswry (n"6),p. 10-11.OnDozysee -l' alsoJ. BnucuaN& F. ScHnooln,Arab ic Sta dies in t he N et lt erlan ds, Leiden 197 9' p. 16 6'In hisSuppl1nzent aux dictionnaires arabes, Leiden 188i, I, p. x, he saidthat, of hiswestern sources, the Vocabu/*tawas'sanscontredit ie plus riche de tous'. 578 A. HAMITTON

Hubert that he sustainedhis interestin Arabicuntii his death.Particularly in the letterswritten to his friendsafter the turn of the centuryScaliger ex- presseda view of the studyof Arabicwhich seemsremarkably modern. He pointed out the dangersof studyingit exclusivelyin associationwith He- brewand stressed, rather, the useof Turkishin improvingthe knowledgeof Arabic.\Vhy? ProbablyQ*iog to his interestin Turkishas a languageuseful for a chro- nologist- this emergescleady fiom his marginaliato Leunclayius'Anna/es SultanorurnOthmanidarunz whichwaspublishe d in I 58864 - Scaligerstar- ted collectingOttoman manuscripts,albeit on a small scale. He lamented that his own knowledgeof Turkishwas far too limited for him to be ableto put them to any use6)but he could neverthelessperceive certain features. His manuscripts,as we haveseen, included various bilingual Islamicprayer- books,in Arabicand Turkish,which he lent to Rapheiengius.More impor- tant still, they includedan Arabic-Turkishdictionaryoo and a Persian-Tur- kishdictiona ry67 andit wasthe se works, recently compiled and easiiy availa- ble in the Ottoman Empire, which fully revealedto Scaliger,just asthey had perhapsdone to GuillaumePostei some fifty yearsearlier,68 the utility

63For a full list of his sourcessee his letter to Etienne Huben of 12 March 1608(Ep. CCCIXI), Epi:tolae(n 2), p. 646-3.Judgingfromthe mannscripto{hisThesaurus LinguaeArabicae the additions were of no great signficance: perhapsthe most signi{i- 'Grammaticarum cant is the sourceadded in later ink to his preface(fo. 1v.): perceptio- num appendixin qua vocabulariumArabopersicum et Araboturcicum.' On the .impor- tanceof theselattet soutcessee infra, When giving his sourcesScaliger never seems ro in- clude Raphelengius' Lericon Arabico-Latinurn, uo The copyis in the BritishLibrary, Or. 70. b.12.+ rhank ProfessorAnrhony Graf- ton for drawingmy attenrionto ir. 6t 'Utinam nanciscipossem, qui Turciceintelligat, et scribat,' he wrote to Casaubon inJanuary1602 (Epistolae (n.2), p. 190). 66Leid. Cod. Or.237 . Seeinfra. 61Leid. Cod. Or. 227. That this and the previousmanuscripr were acquired after Raphelengius'death is confirmed by the addition to the sourceslisted in Scaliger'sTbe- saurasLinguae Arabicae (see supra n.63). 68In 15t1 Postelwrote to Masius:'De LexicoArabico fere nil solidiorisspei concrpere debes.Nam necJerosolymis,nec Damasci,nec Antiochiae, nec Constantinopolilicuit, praeterquaedam Elgeuhari compendia, reperire, unde coactusquidem sum adferre,sed Arabico-Turchicumet nondum conversum,aut Arabicealiave lingua praeterTurchicam aut Persicamexplicatum, hoc autem estignotum per ignotius.' $.G. ni Cs,u,ryppn,Nozz- aeauDictionnaire Histoique et Critique, III, Amsterdam 1713, p. 221). MPHEMNGIUS, LEXI C ON ARABI CO- LANI\,UM t79 of Turkishlexicographical material for the studyof Arabic.Frequently com- posedof extractsfrom the huge monolingualdictionaries produced by the Arabsthemselves, the Arabic-Turkishdictionaries, compiled for Turkish- speakingstudents of Arabic and thus for readersstudying Arabic as a fo- reignlanguage, were a reliableguide to vocalization,to meaning,and often to grafirmar.These were instruments inaccessible to Raphelengiuswho, des- pite his useof Scaliger'sbilingual prayerbooksand his own legalcompendi- um with a Turkishparaphrase, does not seemto haveknown any Turklsh or to havepossessed a single Arabic-Turkish dictionary, let alonea monolin- gualArabic lexicon. if Raphelengius'dictionary remained in manuscriptfor somany years af- ter his deaththis mustto someextent have been owing to Scaligerand to his own reservationsabout what Raphelengiushad accomplished.It wasonly after Scaliger'sdeath in 1609that the idea of publishing Raphelengius' work again gainedmomentum. The men immediatelyresponsible were Raphelengius'two survivingsons, Frans andJoost. Both werecompetent Arabists.Joost, a botanistand a physician,had travelledextensively in the Ottoman Empireand when he returnedto the Low Countriesin 1602he brought with him manuscriptswhich included one of the mote popular Arabic-Turkishdictionaries, the Mirqat al-lugha. Overten years later, in the autumnof i6t3, he wentto the troubleof co- pying out his father'ssurviving writings on Arabic grammar.69Ftans was a classicistby training.T0As we saw,he had alreadyacquired Arabic manu- scriptsfor his fatherin the 1190s,and the rwo brotherswere probably res- ponsiblefor the frequentlyexpert descriptions of Franciscusthe Elder'sAra- bic materialin the 1626sale catalogue . It is possiblethat, in preparingtheir father'slexicon for the press,Frans andJoostwere assisted by anotherArabist - Raphelengiusthe Elder'spu-

6e OnJoostRaphelengius se e I. TetnrtNct<,Joost van Ravelingen,botanist en dichter' , Wrs/agen en Mededelingen der KoninAlijAe VlaarnscheAcademie wn Taal- en Letter- Aunde, 1911, p. 87 0-92. His copy of the Mirqdt al'lugha catneinto the hands of Jacob Golius and is now at the Bodleian Library, Oxford, Ms.Marsh466. I owethis informa- tion to DrJJ. Witkam who discussedthe fate of Golius'private collection of manu- scriptsin hisJacob Golim (1J96-1667)en zijn handschifien, Leiden i980. onJoost and his father's grammarseesupra n. 37. His attachment to Arabic is confirmed by Fransthe Younger'sletter to BalthasarMoretus ofTJune 1618.It containsa descriptionofJoost's 'bismilla'. death. The lastword he enteredin his journal was (MPM, Arch. 92,fo. 221)' 70On Fransthe Youngerse e Vorr, GC I, London-Amsterdam1969, p - 172-7 . t80 A. HAMILTON

pilJan Theunisz.Theunisz wasa Mennonitewho had actedar varouspe- riodsin his life asan innkeeper,an interpreter,a bookselrer,and a printer, and who was to teach Arabic at tle r-ririrrersityof Leiden from 1612 to 1613'71 shortly after Raphelengius ' deathrhe uniszhad beengiven pe rmis- sionby his eldestson, christoffel, to copyour his entirelexicon - and the transcription,made beforechristoffel's death in 1600,shows iow fbithful FransandJoosr were ro the versionleft by their father.7tr", t.rr.6rical than scaligerTheunisz seems to havefollowed its fortuner.r"r.rf ""i ..rtt rrri"r- tically,and his combined competenceas a printer and asan Arabicscholar whowas to have hiswork in that domainprlfirh.d by the offi.in" ptantini- anain Leidensuggests j an involvementin the prodr.iion of the book.T TheLexicon Arabico-Latinunzwasin the piessby the aurumnof 161r. In OctoberThomas Erpenius, who also,."-, ,o hru. k.pt "br."ri of the pu_ blicationfrom the outser, paris wrotefrom to isaaccasaubon thar the youn- gerRaphelengius, probably Frans,had shownhim a setp"g" of ri; leicon containingpart of the retter ba'.ta Thework, he told casa'ubon,.orrd b. improvedby |#eatly addingto it an appendixby someoneeise: he obviously had in mind the Arabic grammar ir. f,Ar.,' nu", pr.p"ri.rg ""i *iri.l, would havesuited the original purposeof publishin! trr. ar.lionaryroge- ther with Raphelengius' own grammar.Juiging frori what n"pi.i.ngi.rr' sonssay in the introduction theyat firrt rgr..d tJ this propo*,;o'.r,but ,h.r, decidedto publish Erpenius' grammarleparat.ly.Tr'Th;; il; lr_, ,"_

" on Theunisz see H.F. \flryNrvrarv, Jan Theunisz aliasJoannesAntonides (1)69- 1637.),-boekverkooperen_waard in het 'D'os Muziekhuis in de Bruyroftr-r. a..,rr.r_ dam',JaarboeA Amstelodarn.unz, 2.5_, ,De 1928,p. zS_1)Z;Io,, H.l.#urJ"r, t.,rUrr. BarbarossiusaliasJohannes Antonides atr t..toii., heuArabischaan de Leidseuniversi- teit.(1612-1613).Een hoof_d;1ukAmsterdamse geleerden-gesclrnJonir',-slu'aionouo- tbaliano, 2, t968, p. 1-29, 149-77. "AmsterdamUniversityLibrary, ,De Ms. IIIE2j. Cf. H.F. lVr.p,rraiv, HebraitusJan The_unisz.'(n. 71),p. 9-10. " ,De H.F. $7ryNr,raN, HebraicusJanTheunisz., 7a'Raphelengius (n. 71), p. 10. Leydaepatris sui Dictionarium Arabicut excudit: quod sicsatis bo- num et copios"rmfururum.:,' parum :* elegantibusrypis. vidii"#;;L iiii. .on- tlnenspaftem literae ,_, : si scivissemid eum-inanimo habuiss",p";;;;i;;ge copio_ siuset infinite accuratiusedi: si quidem aiteriusrruor.''.rr^ prrir r,rr.onl..rngipr.r,,, esset'Fonassis absoluto Dictionario non-invite opusculum nostrum proverbiorum, et Grammaticammeam Arabicam excudet. Nisi graveest, poterisid ei per amicosLeyden- sessrgnificare ; nam a me id non ita .o.ro.ni".ri.r , fi"t. iC^sauno_, ip;;;i;;G. 60), p MPFIEITNGruS' INAf CO N ARABIC O - LANNUM tB1 'with ther, to appendnotes which certainobscurities wouid be elucidated, problemsexplained, and errorscorrected'. The sixty-eightpages of obser- ua_tiones,written by aman not yerthircy years old, turned o,rtio b" amajor advancein EuropeanArabic lexicography, and to the ed.ucation,qualifica- tions,and sources of this youngman weshould now turn. ThomasEqpeniusT6 had graduatedin 1609at rhe universityof Leiden where,encouraged by Scaliger,he had studiedHebrew besides theology, classicalliterature , and philosophy.with a letterfrom scaligerhe madehis wayto Englandand, in December160g, took Arabiclessons from wiiliam Bedwellin the hope, he admitted, of improving his Hebrew.InJanuary 1609he left Englandfor Francewhere he spentmost of the yearin the com- pany of scaliger'sfriend casaubon.In parisErpenius received further tui- tion in Arabic,first from the Egyptiancopt yusuf ibn Abu Daqan (Jose- phus Abudacnusor Barbatus)and then from the learnedMoroccan diplo- mat of Andalusianorigin Ahmed ibn easim. In the astonishingly,hort time of lessthan threeyears he ali but compretedthe work that wasto re- main the bestArabic grammar in Europeuntil the nineteenthcentury, his Granzmatz)caArabica published by Raphelengius'sons immediately after their father'sdictionary. Late in 1611Erpenius left Francefor venicefrom wherehe hopedto makehis way to consiantinople.In this he failed. what 'As he did do, with scaliger'sadvice in mind, wasto learnTurkish. I once startedto learnArabic in orderto improvemy understandingof Hebrew,, 'now he wroteto casaubonon 15 May 1512, I studyTurkish in orderto knowbetter Arabic'.77 And in venicehe found, "*iist variousArabic ma- nuscripts,the Arabic-Turkishdictionaty which wasgoing to be the main

]t **2r.: 'Lexicon Lex , sig. hoc sine Grammaticaecomrtatu emittere coactifuisse- mus, nisi ]v{.THOMAS ERPENIUSpro suo erga defunctum amore, et studia Arabica promovendi ardore, una cum praesranrissimissuis in hoc opus Annotationibus, Gram- maticam suam Arabicam, brevem quidem, sed absolutamtamen er accuratam,nobis obtulisset;quam propediem in lucem edereconstituimus, separatim quidem, sed ea- dem tamen qua hoc Lexiconprodit forma, ut cum eo compingi, uicequ. .ius quam Auc- tor adiicerestatuerat, fungi possit.' Erpenius'grammar, p"utirl.a in th" sameformat as the dictionary, could be, and sometimeswas, neatly b-und together with it. see, for example, the copybelonging ro the EnglishArabist Edward poclcke , BodleianLibrary, Ms.?oc. 407 andthecopyinAmsrerdamUniversityLibrary, i06) C 15. '" Cf. \7.M.C.JuyNBoLL,Zeuentiende-eeuwscAe Beoefenaars (n. 23),p. 77'ut 19_1I8. linguam Hebraeamsotidius intelligerem, coepiorim Arabicamdiscere; ut Ara- _ ' bicam melius, nunc Turcicam. British Library, Ms Burney 364, fo . 24r. r zmmosrgrare- ful to Dr RobertJonesfor supplyingme with a transcriptionof this letter. t82 A. HAMILTON

sourceof his correctionsto Raphelengius'lexicon:78 the dictionaryknown as al-AAbtan, compiled in 1)45 by the Turkish lexicographerMustafa ben 7e Shamsaddmal- Qarahisarr. A/-AAhurr wasone of the most popular and most widely disseminated worksof its kind and, for a EuropeanArabist with no first-handknowle dge of the Arabic,lexicographers,it could serveas a convenientby-path to the bestof their #ork. For al-AAhtazis basedon the veryfinest monolingual Arabiclexicons - on the greatworks of the tenth cenrury,the sa/taa by al- Jauharl and the Mujrnalby ibn Faris;on the slightly later Mugltrib by al- Mutarrizl and the completion of al-Jauharl, al-Taanzil4 by the thirteenth- centurylexicographer from Lahore,al-saghant; and on oneofthe bestAra- bic-Persiandictionaries, al-Natanzr's Dustur a/-/ugha.A/-AAhtan, more- over,is convenientlyarranged according to the first radicaiof the Arabic words,and aithough it is not generallyvoc alized, it describesthe pluialsand inflections,provides Arabic synonyms, and givesdefinitions partly in Ara- bic and partly in Turkish. In Erpenius'manuscript, the last pageof which he excitedlyripped out to sendto casaubon,the Arabicwords are overiined in blue.so In the middle of t6tz Erpeniusjourneyed back to Leidenwhere he ho- ped to oustTheunisz and to be appointedprofessor of Arabic.81on hisway

78 'Item lbid.,; dictionarium Arabico-Turcicumelegantissimum et optimae notae, in quo quatuordecimmillia vocum difilciliorum (nam faciliorapleraque, q.,".q.,. " po- sitis_facilederivari possunt, omittuntur) panim Arabicepartim Turcice.*pii.^.r,rr..., 7e The sourcesof the dictionary are enumeratedin the introduction *ritten rn Ara- bic. The work is described in Gusrav Fvucrl, Die arabischen,pernschen und tilrAisclten Handschriftender aaiser/ichenHoJbibliothea zu lyien, )Vien 1861, I, Ms. 114. For al- Qaral.rigarlse e C. Bnocr

8I The episodeis described,and Theunisz'scase argued forcefully, in H.F. Wuxtur.tN, 'De HebraicusJanTheunisz.' (n. 71),p. 155-B. 82 He refersto it onp. rc

rure ofEuropeanArabic lexicographylay in the discoveryand useof the mo- nolingualArabic lexicons.sTErpenius himself, who toyed with, but later abandoned,the ideaof producingan Arabicdictionary,88later acquired co- pies of both the Qamasand the sahah, He bought rJ,,eeamas through an agentin constantinoplein 16188eand the Sahahin the following yi^r,e' andthese works were to be the main sourcesof the first truly extensiveEuro- peanArabic dictionaries, Antonio Giggei'sdictionary of 1632and aboveall JacobGolius' Lexicon Arabico-Latinurrz of 16)3, which, like the Gramrnatz- caArabica of Erpenius,Golius' teacherand predecessoras Arabic professor at Leiden,was to remainunsurpassed until the nineteenthcentury. rn 1612 Erpeniuscould only accedeto rhoseArabic works indirectiy, throughrur- kishexce rpts, but by sodoing he possesse d a meansof improvinghis know- ledgeof Arabicinaccessible to Raphelengius.Raphelengius' rexicon Arabi- co-Latinum,as it waspublished in thefirst months of 16i.3,is a uniquetes- timonyof this development.

87 On theseworks see Jonu A. Havrvooo, Arabic Lericograp Leiden I)65 . 88 fu, Cf. his lerrer to Casaubonof z7 May 1614, British Library, lvls. Burney 164, fo. 2lr.-v. After expressinghis desireto producea dictionary he continues(fo 27v.): 'Dic- tionarium malim ab aliis quam a me edi qui tamen rum ex pluribus ipsorum Arabum Dictionariis,tum ex quotidiana lectione,vim immensamvocum Arabicarum accuratissi- me vocalibussuis ornarurum congessi,et in ordinem redegi,.'Evidence of Erpenius'plan to compile a dictionaryhimself is to be found in the Leid-enUniversity library, cod. or. 1649,a manuscriptto which much has bee n added by later hands and which is of disap- pointingly little lexicographicalinterest, and in the BodieianLibrary, Ms. Bodl. or. 34j , Erpenius' interleavedcopy ofRaphelengius' dictionarywhich later belongedto Golius and which containsnumerous manuscript notes bv both men. 8e Cambridge University Library, Ms.Gg.:.i4. The information in Env,rno G. Bnomc, A Hand-List of the Muhammadan Manuscipts, ,. in the Library of trte [Jniuersi- ty of Canzbidge, Cambridge 1900,p. 138, is misieading. Browne givesthe year of ac- quisition as1609, basing himself on an entrywritten on the inside of rhe binding, which he then mixeswith the wordson the title-pageof the manuscript. The statementon the 'Dictionarium title-pageis unequivocal: Arabicumomnium que exranrpraestanrissi- mum KAMUS nuncuparum et constantinopoli mihi emprum Asperis10000, id estDu- carisaureis 7p, et asperis10. Anno christi 161g.Thomas Erpenius., e0 CambridgeUniversity Library, Ms. Dd. 2. 38. RAPI]ELENGIUS' LEX] CO N ARA.BICO. LANNUM t8t

MPFMLENGIUS' Afu{BIC MANUSCRIPTS

The lastpoint I wishto discussin this articleis the fate of Raphelengius' Arabicmanuscripts, a collectionwhich, by the standardsof the time, wasre- markable.Some, if not all, of thesemanuscripts were lent to Scaliger.Scali- ger studiedthem exhaustively,occasionally he evenwrote marginaliain them (theMozarabic glossary is an example), but he nevero.wned them. Af- ter Raphelengius'death they remainedthe propertyof his sonsand heirs, Christoffel,who died in 1600,Frans the Younger,andJoost. Scaligetdied in 160! leavingsome forty Arabicmanuscripts to the Lei- den library.These are listed by Daniel Heinsiusas the only Arabic manus- criptsin thelibrary's possession in the catalogueof 1612.Theyare again lis- ted by Heinsius,but with a more detaileddescription, in the catalogueof 1623.The verysame description is includedin the foliowing cataloguesof 1636and ft4A - and this is wherewe encountera problem.For on 1 Octo- ber 1626the firm of Elzevierin Leidenheld a public auctionof booksbelon- ging to the elderRaphelengius and hissons, and the materialput up for sale includedRaphelengius' entire collectionof Arabicmanuscripts as we now know it.91Unfortunately there are no recordsof how much moneythe uni- versityspent at that saleor of what the library bought, but it is verylikeiy that the curatorsdid buy at it.92So why doesR-a;ohelengius' collection of Arabicmanuscripts not appearin the cataloguesof 1536and 1640?To this I cangive no ceftainanswef . Therewould seemto be two possibilities:either the manuscriptswere bought by a third party who soldthem to the library on a subsequentoccasion, or they wereindeed bought by the library,were placedin the samebookcase as the manuscriptsScaliger bequeathed, and Heinsius,the compilerof the 7636 and 1640catalogues, ever more negli- gentin his officeas librarian and ignorantof Arabic,simply failed to inclu- dethem. That the latterhypothesis may be correctis suggestedby a notestuck on- to the flyleafof Cod. Or . 222, the manuscriptdiscovered amongst the spoils

e\ Cf . supran. 1. 'The et ErrrurnrHurssorr Por, Library', tnLeiden Uniuersityin tbe SeuenteenthCen- lury: An Exclange of Learning, ed. Tir.H. LuNslNcuScrnunrrrn & G.H.M. Posrsulutus 'The Mrqrs, p. 430: Curatorspossibly gave their permissionfor purchaseat the Raphe- lengiusauction...' The hypothesisis funher strengthenedby the presencein the library of somany of the booksput up for sde. t86 A. HAMITON 'Heinsio of Lepanto.on it is scribbledin a contemporaryhand uyte de cassa vanD.Scaligero Extra catalogum'. And that the manuscriptswere lodged at a relativelyearly stage in the Scaligercase is confirmedby their subsequent fate: they are all included in the catalogueof 1674compiled by Frederik 'Manuscripti spanheimand appearthere under legari scaligeriani'.From that time on po distinctionwas made betwe€nrhe manuscriptsthat had oncebelongedto Raphelengius and thosethat had oncebelonged to scali- ger, and in ll41 , in the threemonths in which he actedas librarian, David vanRoyen stuck into all the manuscripts,indiscriminately, the slip of paper 'Ex they now bearwith the words legatoillustris viriJosephi scaligeri'.er True, thereare oniy nine of Raphelengius'Arabic manuscripts, but theyin- cludesome very remarkable items of asgreat, if not greater,interest than thosecollected by scaligerhimself, and are an enduring tribute ro the authorof the first Arabic-Latindictionary ever ro be pubLished.9a

APPENDIX

RAPHETINGIUS' AR-{BIC MANUSCR]PTSIN THE LEIDEN LINNTRSITY LIBRARY

(Each entry is accompanied by the appropriate referencein the Lexicon Arabico-Latinum [Lex.], the 1626 salecatalogu e fcat. Raprt.l, and the six-

e3 P.c. Moruw sxl, Geschiedenis der UniteniteiN:'-Bibliorbeek te Leiden, Letd,en 190t,p. 37. ea The samemay alsoapply to Raphelengius'Hebrew manuscriptswhich I have not dealt with in this anicle. He would seemto haveowned ar leastrwo of the more impor- 'Scaliger tant Hebrew manuscriptsnow forming part of the collection': Leid. cod. 'volumen or. 4732 (cat, Raph. , st'g.I2v. : chataceum in parvo fol. continensvarios tracta- tus medicosHebraice') and the great Leid. Cod. Or. 4719, known asScaliger2 'volumen (Cat. Rapb., sig. I2v.: magnum in pergameno, in fol. majore, contiiens varios TractatusMedicos Averrhois, vel Rhasise r Avicennae;item excerptaAIi et Rhazi ex Ga- leno et Hippocrate, etc. omnia Hebraice. Item Galeni commentarius in Aphonsmos Hippocratis,Arabice, sed charactereHebraeo.') on this manuscriprsee M. srtnrscrnu_ ozx, catalogus codicum Hebraeorunz Bibliothecae Lugduno-Baiuae, Ldden 1gtg, p. 3r1-4r. MPF]EI.ENG]US' LEXI CO N ARAB I CO -LANNU M 187 volume Cata/ogusC o dicunz Oienta/iunz Biblioth ecae Acaclemiae Lugc/uno BatauaeICCOI (cf. n. 1).The (approximate)date of the manuscriptis given togetherwith the titlesof worksin whichit is describedor discussed).

Cod.Or.214 26 chaptersfrom the Gospeiof St Matthewand 9 chaptersfrom the Gos- pel of St Mark. Latesixteenth century (?). Lex., sig*3v.,nos. 7 and 8; Cat.Raph.,sig. I3r., no.7; CCO,V,p.80, no.2371;C.R. Gpscoxv,Text- AntiAcles Neuen Testaments,Leipzig 1900, p. 186,no. 45.

Cod.Or. 218 Gospelof St Mark. Latesixteenth century (?). Samereferences as Cod. Or.274,except for CCO,V, p. S0,no. 2372; Gruconv, TextAntiA, p. t86, no.4/.

Cod.Or.222 Wiqayatal-iwayafi rna:a'ila/-lticlaya by BurhanaddtnSadr al-shari'a al- Auwal al-Mahbnbl. Sixteenthcentury (?). Ms. discoveredamongst the spoilsof the battleof Lepanto.Lex., sig. 4*r., no. 13; Cat,Raph,,sig. 13r., no. 11 ; CCO, IV,p. 120,no. 1801; RonrnrJoms,'Piracy, \Var, and the ac- quisitionof Arabicmanuscripts' , Manuscipts of the Middle East,2,1987, p.100-101.

Cod.Or. 228 Quranwith fragmentsfrom suras21 , 22, 23,24, 21 and25. Twelfth cen- tury.Lex,,sig. 4xr., no. 12;Cat.Rapb.,sig. I3r., no. 13;CCO, lY,p. l, no. 1609;T.Norneru, Gesc/ticltte des Qorlns, Gcittingen 1860,p.346.

Cod.Or. 230 Pentateuchwith Patristiccommentaries. Karshuni. 1128. Lex., sig. 3*v., nos.2 and3; Cat.Raph,, sig. I2v., no. 6; CCO,V,p.76,no.2364.

Cod.Or. 231 MozarabicLatin-Arabic glossary. c. 1171.Lex,, sig.3*v. no. 9; Cat. Rapb.,sig. I3r., no. 9; CCO,\ p. 94, no. 170;C.F. Spveorn,Glossanzrnz Latino-Arabicum,Berlin 1900;P.S;. vAN KoNINGs:,'nro, The Latin-Arabic Glossaryof the Leiden UniuersityLibrary , Leiden i 977. t88 A. HAMiTTON

Cod.Or.235 'l-Hassan 1)al-Muqaddima a/-Aafiya al-nzuhsiba fi'l-nafrw by Abu Jahir b. Ahmed b. Idrts ibn Babashadh.31 January1119. Copied for Egidio da Viterbo;2) al-A1urrumtyabyAbu'Ali b. Da'ud al-sanhajribn Ajurrum. 12 December1 5 18. Copiedfor Egidioda Viterbo; 3) the first pagesof t). Lex., sig.4*v.,no. 1/; Cat.Raph,, sig. I3r., no. 10;CCO,I, p.28, nos.47 and 48;p.4i,no.73.

Cod.Or.246 'Alr 'Ali Sbarfi ta5rtfal-Zanjan by b. Muhammad b. al-Afzarl. Six- teenthcentury (?). Lex., sig. 4xv., no. 16; Cat.Raph., sig. Ilr., no. g; CCO,l,p. 50,no. 808.

Cod.Or.2l1 Quran.Two fragmentsin differenthands from suras28,29, ?'0,3I ,32, 33and39. Twelfthorearlythirteenthcentury. Lex., sig.4*r., no. 12;Cat, Raph.,sig. I3r.,no. 1.2;CCO,lY,p. l,no. 1608;T.Norntrr, Geschicltte 'Raphelengius's clesQorhns, p. 346,E. Bnacuns, Naschiand Maghribi.So- me reflectionson the origin of Arabictypography in the Low Countries',in QuaestionesLeidenses, Leiden I971, p. 29.

TheologischInstituut Universiteit van Amsterdam RAPMLENGIUS' LEXICO N AMBIC O-L,4NAITJM ,89

SUMMARY

FranciscusRaphelengius' Leicon Arabico-Latinunz was the lust Arabic-Latin dictio- nary everto be printed. Completed in 1597and published in 1613with correctionsby ThomasErpenius, it illustratesa rurning point in the history of Arabic studies.This ani cie analyzesRaphelengius' sources for his dictionary and identifies the Arabic manu- scriptshe collectedand which werelong thought to havebelonged toJosephJustus Scali- ger (the manuscriptsare alsolisted in an appendix). It assessesRaphelengius' achieve- ments asan Arabist and the mannef in which Erpeniusmanaged to colrecthis mistakes and thus contributeto the further development of the study of Arabic in Europe. EX CFFICINIAPLAI{TII{IA}.IA

STUDIAIN MEMORIAMCHRISTOPHORI PLANTIN] (ca.1)20-1189)

ediderunt

MARCUS DE SCHEPPER& FRANICINIEDE NA\'E

ANT\GRPIAE dTR-EENIGINGDER ANT\TERPSCHE BIBLIOPHIELEN> IvICMDCCilX