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3/5/2013 Bring on the Bugs….Beneficial ones that is! What is a Benificial “Bug”? Any arthropod that is advantageous to a gardener or a farmer. 1 3/5/2013 What is an Arthropod? Animal with segmented bodies, exoskeletons and jointed appendages. Trilobites Crustaceans Spiders Millipedes Centipedes Insects 2 3/5/2013 Identification Easy Spider Identification 3 3/5/2013 Easy Millipede Identification Easy Centipede Identification 4 3/5/2013 Easy Insect Identification 5 3/5/2013 Insect Diversity • Over 1 million described species (>65% animal diversity) • 5-80 million species total • Well over 16,000 species in NY State • Of the million described ~1000 are considered serious pests (about 1/10 of 1%) Calligrapha rowena Incomplete Metamorphosis 6 3/5/2013 Complete Metamorphosis Insect Feeding Habits: • Predators • Parasites / Parasitoids • Herbivores • Fungivores / detritivores Important to know in order to provide food source/habitat 7 3/5/2013 Attracting Beneficials: Generally Speaking… Change Our Thinking/Behavior Invite Them In “….we are part of an integrated ecosystem, with a set of principles that are nature’s not man’s.” 8 3/5/2013 Ecosystem Gardening “When one tugs at a single thing in nature, he finds it attached to the rest of the world.” ~John Muir 9 3/5/2013 Eliminate/Reduce Pesticides Invite “Bugs” In!? • Provide Food, Shelter, Water & a Place to Reproduce • Create Diverse Habitats Interplant veggies & flowers Underplant Trees & shrubs Vary plant heights REDUCE LAWN/Monocultures 10 3/5/2013 Plant Selection Factors: Bloom period for entire growing season Perennials or reseeding annuals NATIVES or NON-invasive Mixed plant forms and heights Plants not host to insect pests Plants in Parsley (Umbilliferae ) & the Sunflower/Daisy (Compositae) Family 11 3/5/2013 12 3/5/2013 13 3/5/2013 Native Plant Sources: We Flag Natives Program -LOCAL GREENHOUSES & NURSERIES ! • Please add Harvestview Greenhouse 4936 West Main Rd Fredonia, NY 14063 716.672.4822 Ernst Conservation Seeds- Meadville PA Plantsmen Nursery – Ithaca, NY Amanda’s Garden – Springwater, NY Lockwood’s Gardens – Hamburg, NY Meet the Beneficials 14 3/5/2013 Spiders Feeding Habit & Keys for ID Ronald F. Billings Texas Forest Service www.forestryimages.org • Predatory • 8 legs • 2 body segments Left: Yellow garden spider (Argiope aurantia) (Araneidae) 15 3/5/2013 James O. Howell, The University of Georgia, www.forestryimages.org The vast majority of spiders are harmless to humans. Above and right: Wolf Spiders (Lycosidae) actively hunt for prey rather that catch prey in webs. Centipedes Feeding Habit & Keys for ID: • active NOCTURNAL predators • one pair of legs per body segment • fast moving, can give painful bite • common in soils and rotting wood Tree of Life http://tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html Scolopendra cingulata Scutigera coleoptrata Lithobius forficatu 16 3/5/2013 Millipedes Feeding Habit & Keys for ID: • mostly scavengers or fungivores • two pairs of legs per body segment • slow moving, some produce cyanide • common in soils and rotting wood Narceus americanus Insects • 3 main body parts • 6 jointed legs • 1 pair of antennae • compound eyes • usually some sort of metamorphosis 17 3/5/2013 Insects: Butterflies Feeding Habit & Keys for ID: • Nectar Feeders • Scaly Wings • Smooth Antennae How to Attract: Benefits: • Species Dependent • Pollinators • Need both Nectar & Host Plants • Puddles • Sunshine • Windbreaks-shelter 18 3/5/2013 Insects: Bees Feeding Habit & Keys for ID: • Nectar Feeders • Fuzzy bodies Benefits: How to Attract: • Pollinators • General plants • Create Honey, include: peas, Beeswax borage, aster family & milkweeds • Cover crops (clover & vetch) 19 3/5/2013 Dragonflies & Damselflies Feeding Habit & Keys for ID • Predatory • Aquatic nymphs • Dragonflies wings lay flat, damsels-”upright” Celithemis eponia Benefits (aka pests How to Attract: they manage): • Nearby Water Source • Flying Insects: (nymph stage is midges, gnats & AQUATIC) mosquitos • Nymphs live underwater and eat aquatic insects & even small fish Calopteryx maculata Enallagma ebrium 20 3/5/2013 Mantids Feeding Habit & Keys for ID • Predatory, cannibalistic • Modified raptorial forelegs • Leathery forewings • EGG SACS Tenodera sp. Mantis religiosa Benefits (aka pests How to Attract: they manage): • Don’t squish egg • Variety of insects sacs! • Grasses/shrubs for adults to lay eggs on. 21 3/5/2013 Minute Pirate Bugs Feeding Habit & Keys for ID: • Predatory • Oval shaped with black & white wings • Nymphs – yellow tear-drop shaped Anthocoris melanocerus Benefits (aka pests How to Attract: they manage): • Plants in Carrot & • Spider Mites Aster Family • Thrips • Yarrow • Leafhoppers • Sunflowers • Corn Earworms • Goldenrod • Small Catepillars • Boneset • Other insects 22 3/5/2013 Assassin Bugs Feeding Habit & Keys for ID • Predatory - feed by piercing prey with their beaks to suck out juices. Benefits (aka pests How to Attract: they manage): • Permanent Plantings • Caterpillars for shelter • Small flying insects (windbreaks) • Aphids • If there’s prey, they’ll • Leafhoppers. be there! 23 3/5/2013 Lacewings Feeding Habit & Keys for ID: • predatory as adults and larvae • larvae with modified hollow mandibles • Eggs laid in single row on stalks of plants Chrysoperla sp. Benefits (aka pests How to Attract: they manage): • Plants in Carrot & • Mites Aster Family • Aphids • Coreopsis • Mealybugs • Sunflowers • Scales • Goldenrod • Whiteflies • Boneset • Other soft-bodied arthropods • Adults feed on honeydew & pollen 24 3/5/2013 Green or brown, the lacewing, or aphid lion, is known to eat as many as 600 aphids during the larval stage. Lady Beetles Feeding Habit & Keys for ID: • predatory as adults and larvae • LARVA ARE APHID PREDATORS! 25 3/5/2013 Benefits (aka pests How to Attract: they manage): • Plants in Carrot & • Aphids Aster Family • Scale insects • Butterfly weed • Giant Hyssop • Mealybugs • Yarrow • Whiteflies • Black Locust • Spider mites • Insect eggs Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle • Introduced • Invades homes in fall • Attracted to light colored surfaces John Davidson Prey: Aphids and scales. John John Davidson Davidson 26 3/5/2013 Ground Beetles Feeding Habit & Keys for ID: • Nocturnal predators • In or on soil • Large, dark, and sometimes metallic • Some live up to four years Vera Krischik Benefits (aka pests How to Attract: they manage): • Diversity of plants • Slugs • Bunch grasses • Snails • Permanent plantings for shelter • Cutworms • Hiding Places • Colorado Potato Beetles (rocks/boards) for • Gypsy Moth daytime • Catepillars • Asparagus Beetles • Squash Vine Borers 27 3/5/2013 Brachinus sp. Agonum sp. Cicindela longilabris Rove Beetles Feeding Habit & Keys for ID: • Nocturnal predators • In or on soil 28 3/5/2013 Benefits (aka pests How to Attract: they manage): • Native Grasses • Soil dwelling insects • Permanent Plantings • Aphids for Shelter • Nematodes • Flies Ichneumonid Wasps Feeding Habit & Keys for ID: • Larvae are internal or external parasitoids. • Some have long ovipositors 29 3/5/2013 Benefits (aka pests How to Attract: they manage): • Pollen & nectar • Larvae and pupae of plants beetles, wasps, and • Wild Carrot caterpillars • Armyworms • Yarrow • Cabbage looper • Fall webworm • Oakworms • Tent caterpillars • Tussock moths • European corn borer Ophion sp. Theronia atalantae 30 3/5/2013 Braconid Wasps Feeding Habit & Keys for ID: • Larvae are internal parasitoids. • Most pupate outside the host Benefits (aka pests How to Attract: they manage): • Nectar Plants with • Aphids Small flowers • Larvae of beetles, flies, • Yarrow sawflies, & caterpillars • Sunflowers • Tomato hornworm • Cowparsnip • Imported cabbageworm • Gypsy moth • Armyworm • European Corn Borer 31 3/5/2013 Braconid Wasps John Davidson Aphid mummies with braconid emergence holes Syrphid or Hover Flies Feeding Habit & Keys for ID: • Adults feed on nectar & pollen. • Larvae are predaceous. • Bee Mimic but has a flat abdomen 32 3/5/2013 Benefits (aka pests How to Attract: they manage): • Nectar & Pollen • Aphids Plants • Scales • Carrot & Aster • Cabbage worms Family • other insects • Goldenrod • Sunflowers • Boneset Tachinid Flies Feeding Habit & Keys for ID: • Parasitoids • Adults lay eggs on plants or hosts. • “Bristle-Butt” Flies 33 3/5/2013 Wasps & Hornets Though often considered pests, these insects feed heavily on caterpillars, flies and other soft-bodied insects. 34 3/5/2013 Identifying Samples Collecting Samples for Identification at MG Helpdesk Put specimen(s) inside a small crush-proof container! Collect and send 1 or more whole individuals. If the insects are abundant, collect 5 to 10 of the same kind of insect, if possible. If insects are alive, please put in a container and place in the freezer overnight to kill them before bringing them into the office. 35 3/5/2013 Master Gardener Helpline Wednesdays 1-3 PM April – September (716) 664-9502 x 224 Neighbors Teaching Neighbors Insect Diagnostic Lab • >350 samples last year • >18 000 IDs for NY Ag. & Markets • occasionally IDs can be made from a photo • mostly local, but some submissions worldwide • $25 fee • http://entomology.cornell.edu/IDL 36 3/5/2013 Cornell U. Insect Collection • > 7 million specimens • ~200 000 species • worldwide coverage • http://cuic.entomology.cornell.edu/ • on facebook Resources: in addition to the Master Gardeners that is…. Handouts: Natural Enemy Field Guide –Ohio State University Attracting Beneficial Insects with Native Flowering Plants – Michigan State Native Shrubs & Perennials Brochures – Chaut. Co. Master Gardeners Websites: http://blogs.cornell.edu/horticulture/insects/ http://Bugguide.net Books: Good Bug, Bad Bug by Jessica Walliser 37 3/5/2013 38 .
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  • Viewed As the Optimal Group for Biological Control in All Systems

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    CAN SPIDERS (ARGIOPE AURANTIA) INDIRECTLY AFFECT THE FITNESS OF ORANGE CONEFLOWERS (RUDBECKIA FULGIDA) BY LIMITING POLLINATOR VISITATION? A Thesis Presented to The Graduate Faculty of The University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree Master of Science Andrew Wu August, 2012 CAN SPIDERS (ARGIOPE AURANTIA) INDIRECTLY AFFECT THE FITNESS OF ORANGE CONEFLOWERS (RUDBECKIA FULGIDA) BY LIMITING POLLINATOR VISITATION? Andrew Wu Thesis Approved: Accepted: _______________________________ _______________________________ Advisor Dean of the College Dr. Todd Blackledge Dr. Chand Midha _______________________________ _______________________________ Committee Member Dean of the Graduate School Dr. Randall Mitchell Dr. George Newkome _______________________________ _______________________________ Committee Member Date Dr. Greg Smith _______________________________ Department Chair Dr. Monte Turner ii ABSTRACT The purpose of this research was to test for potential antagonist-mediated effects of orb-web building spiders (Argiope aurantia) on the pollinator visitation rate due to the presence of an orb-web building spider on the visitation time of pollinating insects to the Orange Coneflower (Rudbeckia fulgida). Orb-web building spiders have not been thoroughly studied in predator-pollinator-plant systems, and understanding their role may shed some light on the ecology of multi-species interactions. To test for indirect effects of orb-web building spiders on insect visitation to plants, a small-scale manipulative experiment was conducted at a 6x6m, off-road, grassy patch during August of 2007 about 30 meters northeast of the University of Akron Field Station at the Bath Nature Preserve (41° 10’53” N; 81° 39’05” W) in Bath, OH. Pollinator visitation to evenly spaced R. fulgida plants was recorded on 11 weather-permitting days during the hours of 0900 and 1600.
  • Status and Conservation of an Imperiled Tiger Beetle Fauna in New York State, USA

    Status and Conservation of an Imperiled Tiger Beetle Fauna in New York State, USA

    J Insect Conserv (2011) 15:839–852 DOI 10.1007/s10841-011-9382-y ORIGINAL PAPER Status and conservation of an imperiled tiger beetle fauna in New York State, USA Matthew D. Schlesinger • Paul G. Novak Received: 29 October 2010 / Accepted: 17 January 2011 / Published online: 15 February 2011 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 Abstract New York has 22 documented species of tiger Introduction beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae). Over half of these species are considered rare, at risk, or potentially extirpated Tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) are strikingly from the state. These rare species specialize on three sandy patterned, predatory insects that have captured the attention habitat types under threat from human disturbance: bea- of entomologists and collectors for centuries. Beyond their ches, pine barrens, and riparian cobble bars. In 2005, we intrinsic interest, tiger beetles can serve as model organ- began a status assessment of eight of New York’s rarest isms or indicator species to enable broad conclusions about tiger beetles, examining museum records, searching the a region or ecosystem’s biodiversity (Pearson and Cassola literature, and conducting over 130 field surveys of his- 1992; Pearson and Vogler 2001). Tiger beetles are threa- torical and new locations. Significant findings included (1) tened by habitat destruction and modification, alteration of no detections of four of the eight taxa; (2) no vehicle-free natural processes like fire and flooding, and overcollection; beach habitat suitable for reintroducing Cicindela dorsalis across the United States, approximately 15% of taxa are dorsalis; (3) C. hirticollis at only 4 of 26 historical loca- threatened with extinction (Pearson et al.