Preservation Architect Spring 2011

UPCOMING CONFERENCES AND EVENTS

Voices in Preservation Education: An Interview with Hugh Miller, FAIA Wednesday March 23, 2011, 6:30 pm | Middleton-Pinckney House, Charleston, SC By Ashley Robbins, AIA, 2011 Chair, AIA-HRC Historic Preservation Education Subcommittee

The American Institute of Architects, Historic Resources Committee and Clemson/College of Charleston Graduate Program in Historic Preservation will introduce the inaugural lecture in a series entitled Voices in Preservation Education with an interview with Hugh Miller, FAIA, on Wednesday, March 23, 2011 at 6:30 pm in the Middleton-Pinckney House, piano nobile. The interview will be taped, recorded and archived at the College of Charleston & viewed online in the next issue of Preservation Architect. The Middleton-Pinckney House is located at 14 George Street, Charleston, South Carolina. Seating is limited. RSVP Allisyn Miller (843-937-9596) More Information.

Symposium on the Restoration of Cast and Wrought Iron March 19 - 20, 2011 | Wood Auditorium, Avery Hall, Columbia University, New York, New York From the Historic Preservation Education Foundation

Wrought and cast iron have long been among the most versatile building materials available to designers, craftsmen, and builders. Able to provide structural utility and decorative embellishment, iron can mimic delicate filigree or the solidity of a stone column. In the United States, especially during the late nineteenth and earlier twentieth centuries, hand-crafted wrought-iron and mass-produced cast-iron features were common in municipal buildings, churches, warehouses, factories, and commercial storefronts. Though extremely durable, cast and wrought iron, like all historic materials, require sensitive maintenance, repair, rehabilitation and, on occasion, replacement. Read full article.

Society of Architectural Historians 64th Annual Meeting April 13-17, 2011 | New Orleans, LA More Information and Paper Session Descriptions.

Why Does the Past Matter? US/ICOMOS Conference May 4-7, 2011 | UMass Center for Heritage and Society, Amherst MA By Neil Silberman- ICOMOS-ICIP and the UMass Amherst Center for Heritage and Society More Information.

AIA-HRC Pre-Convention Workshop at 2011 AIA Convention Wednesday May 11, 2011 | 8:30AM - 5:30PM | New Orleans, LA By H. Thomas McGrath Jr. FAIA – 2011 Chair, AIA Historic Resources Committee

WE110 Evolutionary or Revolutionary: The Role of Traditional Building and Lessons Learned in the Recovery of post-Katrina New Orleans Wednesday, 8:30AM - 5:30PM, $325 | 7.5 HSW/SD/LU Hours | Speaker(s): Robert J. Berkebile, FAIA, Steven B. Bingler, AIA, REFP, NCARB, Tom Darden III, Andres M. Duany, FAIA, Patricia Gay, Lindsay Jonker, Clem Labine, Ann M. Masson, Byron J. Mouton, AIA, Steve Mouzon, AIA, CNU, LEED, Casius Pealer Assoc. AIA, Daniela Rivero, Steven Semes

The recovery and rebuilding of residential neighborhoods in New Orleans offers a unique learning experience for those who preserve, rehabilitate, and build residential architecture. The extraordinary destruction from the Katrina event to the New Orleans housing stock was massive. Even today, thousands of homes continue to deteriorate and remain vacant as a result of economic conditions, lack of insurance, and other factors. This AIA pre-convention Workshop will focus on the application of design advocacy (design, practice, leadership, sustainability, technology, and collaboration) that has occurred when and where infill residential structures have been built or restored in New Orleans neighborhoods. Read full article.

AIA-HRC Luncheon at 2011 AIA Convention Friday May 13, 2011 | New Orleans, LA By H. Thomas McGrath Jr. FAIA - 2011 Chair, AIA Historic Resources Committee

EV306 AIA Historic Resources Committee Luncheon, Friday, 11:30AM - 1:30PM, $65 | Speaker: Scott Bernhard, AIA, Director of the Tulane City Center and Mintz Professor of Architecture at the Tulane School of Architecture

The AIA Historic Resources Committee Luncheon is an annual event for convention participants who work or are interested in the historic preservation and rehabilitation fields of practice. Experience James Beard Award-winning Chef Donald Link's cuisine in a new private event facility at the Higgins's Room at Calcasieu's in an original New Orleans warehouse. The 2011 HRC Luncheon is conveniently located just two blocks from the Convention Center above Cochon's Restaurant. This event promises both an excellent way to enjoy contemporary Louisiana cuisine and to network with your preservation colleagues. Following our meal, Scott Bernhard, AIA, Director of the Tulane City Center and Mintz Professor of Architecture at the Tulane School of Architecture will share his insights into the history of the development of New Orleans' unique architectural heritage and his analysis of the city's recovery and the future of its cultural legacy.

Leicester B. Holland Prize: Single Sheet Measured Drawing Competition May 31: Postmark deadline for submission of entry forms June 30: Postmark deadline for submission of completed entries More Information

Heritage on the Edge: Sustaining Buildings, Landscapes and Communities APT Victoria 2011 October 11-16, 2011 | Victoria, British Columbia, Canada More Information

Alternating Currents: 2011 National Preservation Conference October 19-22, 2011 | Buffalo, NY

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More Information

Southeast Chapter Society of Architectural Historians Annual Meeting October 26-30, 2011 | Clemson University, Charleston, SC By Ashley Wilson, AIA, Clemson/College of Charleston MSHP Program

(SESAH) will hold its 29th Annual Meeting in Charleston, SC, from October 26-29, 2011. The SESAH Host Committee invites abstracts for individual papers or proposals for session panels, consisting of three papers and a chair. As with all SESAH conferences, papers and sessions may address any aspect of the history of the built environment as well as any geographical region, historical period, or scale. Abstracts should be sent by May 1, 2011. More Information.

The Advisory Council's 2011 Section 106 Course Schedule By Advisory Council on Historic Preservation

The ACHP is offering the 106 Essentials and the Advanced Seminar in 12 locations across the country. All courses are taught by highly knowledgeable ACHP staff who are engaged both on a daily basis and have practical hands-on experience with Section 106 issues. More Information.

IN THE NEWS

Letter from the 2011 Chair By H. Thomas McGrath Jr., FAIA, 2011 Chair AIA Historic Resources Committee

Dear Historic Resources Committee Members:

This is my first letter as the Chair of the 2011 Advisory Group of the AIA Historic Resources Committee (HRC) and already I sense the year starting to accelerate past me. It was only a couple of weeks ago that next year's incoming 2012 Chair Jean Carroon and I attended the AIA Grassroots Leadership and Legislative Conference in Washington, DC. Jean and I used our time together at Grassroots to attend a meeting with the other AIA Knowledge Community Advisory Group Chairs at a leadership forum and discuss our plans for implementing several of the actions outlined in our 2011 HRC operating plan. Read letter.

Read NPS Preservation Briefs and Earn Continuing Education Credits By Harry Hunderman, FAIA, 2010 Chair, AIA Historic Resources Committee

The Historic Resource Committee has arranged, in collaboration with the Historic Preservation Education Foundation for AIA Learning Units to be available through a series of quizzes based on the National Park Service Preservation Briefs. The Preservation Briefs are an ongoing series of publications by the U.S. National Park Service that provides guidance on preserving, rehabilitating, and restoring historic buildings. The first two quizzes are now available. Read article.

AIA-HRC Historic Sites Advocacy Team By Sharon C. Park, FAIA

The Historic Sites Advocacy Team (HSAT) is a subcommittee of the AIA's Historic Resource Committee (HRC) and is charged with responding to requests for assistance on endangered historic properties. The team is committed to identifying, understanding and helping to preserve the architectural heritage in this country and internationally. The AIA Policy on Support for Threatened Historic Resources was adopted in September of 2008 and charges the HSAT with reporting to the Executive Committee of the AIA a recommendation for action. Learn more about the HSAT.

Carolyn Kiernat, AIA Appointed to AIA HRC Advisory Group By James J. Malanaphy, AIA

The AIA HRC Advisory Group is pleased to announce the appointment of Carolyn Kiernat, AIA, as the newest member of the HRC Advisory Group. Read article.

FEATURES

Historic Preservation Education in American Schools of Architecture By Ashley R Wilson, AIA, ASID, Clemson University/College of Charleston

Economic realities are causing the construction industry to shift from new construction to revitalization, creating an ever increasing demand for preservation architects. Since 1976, thirty-eight historic preservation degrees and eleven certificate programs have formed in both undergraduate and graduate schools. But preservation education is often viewed as supplemental to the training of an architect. As a possible result, three out of every four of these new programs have been created outside of architecture departments. While this reflects the multidisciplinary nature of the field and the trend to embrace cross-college degrees, it also reflects a lost opportunity to better position architectural education. Read editorial.

Preservation Education and Design Theory in Architectural Curriculum By David G. Woodcock, FAIA, FSA, FAPT, Texas A&M University

The underlying thesis behind the ACSA Teachers Workshop held at Cranbrook in June 2006 was that in all of architectural education "Time Matters,"that is, an understanding of the history of design and construction is an integral and critical part of becoming an architect. Implicit in this understanding is that architects must be prepared to make informed decisions about the treatment of existing, and in some cases historic buildings, since future projects will increasingly involve additions and re-use. The presenters at the workshop, all active in the AIA Historic Resources Committee, were recognized as educators and practitioners with a preservation focus, but each of them was committed to the belief that the precepts of architecture must include a deep recognition of the importance of context in the fullest sense. Specifically, the objective was to explore how 'preservation' could be introduced into the base curriculum for architectural education, an issue that had been debated by the Preservation Education Task Group of AIA HRC since 2004. Read article.

Preservation in Architectural Education/A Practitioner's Perspective By Jack Pyburn, FAIA

David Woodcock's summary of the past efforts of the Historic Resources Committee's preservation in architectural education initiative is excellent for understanding the origins, accomplishments and pedagogical parameters of the enterprise. The question that follows is what is the desired output of this initiative, what does success look like? There are at least two viewpoints from which to consider this question. Read article.

Historic Preservation for Architecture Students

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By Jeffrey Tilman, Ph.D., University of Cincinnati, College of Design, Architecture, Art and Planning

The conservation of our historic architectural heritage is of increasing interest to students in architecture programs across the nation. Students are drawn to historic preservation by a love of old buildings, of course, and they are still motivated by a sense of senseless loss when high-quality or historically significant buildings are demolished needlessly. But design students also believe urban conservation to be essential to their future practice of sustainable design; they believe, as is commonly stated, "the greenest building you can build is the one already built." Read article.

An Architecture Student's Perspective By Elizabeth Jackson, Clemson University, M. Arch

The streets of downtown Macon, GA are filled with some of the most beautiful historic buildings in the state. However, for most of my life, many of these buildings in my hometown have remained vacant. This conflict led me to enroll in a 3-year graduate architecture program after receiving an undergraduate degree in Interior Design, in hope of receiving training for creative solutions for small southern towns like Macon. Along the way, I also became interested in reuse and renewal as a means of sustaining communities in terms of their heritage as well as their economic and environmental needs. Read one student's perspective.

Evolution of Architectural Preservation in the United States Some Circumstances and Events That Have Shaped America’s Responses to Its Historic Architecture By Joseph K. Oppermann, FAIA, Cranbrook, 2006

Some of the major factors affecting the design and construction of early buildings in the United States included: 1.) available building materials and construction methods; 2.) traditions, theories and styles; 3.) environment, and; 4.) the pragmatic actions of assimilating into a new, evolving culture. Early settlers to the North American colonies generally followed the building traditions they knew best, those of their homelands. Thus, many of the buildings were close duplications of European precedents. The diversity of cultures resulted in diverse architectural expressions. While some were pure replicas of the former country's building culture as evidenced by the Moravian buildings of Old Salem, others were blends of the building traditions of multiple cultures. One such blend is the McGoffin House of El Paso, an adobe building of Native American lineage adorned with elements based on European precedents. Read article.

A Critical Analysis of Master's Programs in Historic Preservation By Jeremy C. Wells, Ph.D., Principal Planner, City and County of Denver Landmarks Preservation Program

Since Columbia University offered the first master’s degree in historic preservation in the United States, nearly thirty colleges and universities across the country have established additional master’s programs. While the National Council for Preservation Education (NCPE) has long played a leading role in the development of preservation curricula, the basic formula for offering a master’s program in historic preservation has not changed substantially since the early 1990s. View the analysis.

Historic Preservation and Architecture Education: A Dialogue November 19-21, 2004, AIA Headquarters, Washington, D.C. By David Woodcock, FAIA, From Preservation Architect, March 2005

Architects are devoting an increasing share of their practices to restoration, preservation and adaptation of existing buildings. In fact, most of the buildings architects will work on in the 21st century existed at the time of The American Institute of Architects predicted continuation of this trend in its Vision 2000 study. Today, more than 90 percent of construction already involves existing structures, many of which are historic, noted Kirk Cordell, executive director of the National Center for Preservation Technology and Training (NCPTT) of the National Park Service. Read article.

Historic Preservation & Architecture Education: International Dialogue Summary Report from the September 11-14, 2005 Symposium | University of Bath, UK By David Woodcock, FAIA, from Preservation Architect, March 2006

The international meeting of the AIA HRC—held September 11-14, 2005, in Bath, England—continued the Preservation Education Initiative begun with meetings in Washington, D.C., in November 2004 and January 2005. The program for the conference in Bath added an international perspective from which to examine educational practice in the United States. Several presentations from the September 11-14, 2005, HRC conference in Bath, England, are now available online as PDF documents. (See below). Read article.

Historic Preservation & Architecture Education: International Dialogue Presentations from the September 11-14, 2005 Symposium | University of Bath, UK By James Malanaphy, AIA, from Preservation Architect, March 2006

PRESERVATION KNOWLEDGE AND NETWORKS

Tuskegee University Robert R. Taylor School Of Architecture & Building Science Builds On Its Legacy By Dr. Richard K. Dozier, AIA, Tuskegee University Robert R. Taylor School of Architecture and Building Science

Just over 100 miles southeast of Atlanta and 30 miles northeast of Montgomery, Alabama Tuskegee University is in the historic city of Tuskegee, Alabama. A Native American city it gained its fame in the Ante-bellum era as a cotton center in what is known as the "Black belt."Booker T. Washington was called in 1881 to establish Tuskegee Institute which he built into one of our country's well known universities. Read article.

National Council for Preservation Education By James Malanaphy, AIA, from the National Council for Historic Preservation Education

The National Council for Preservation Education has over fifty member institutions located across the United States. These academic programs in historic preservation and allied fields have educated thousands of students, many of whom have developed professional careers as professional historic preservation leaders working for local, state, federal government agencies, non-governmental organizations and in the private sector in the US and elsewhere in the world.

The NCPE Guide to Academic Programs in Historic Preservation and Allied Fields is provided as a reference source to assist prospective students in identifying various historic preservation education degree programs in the United States. Further information may be obtained by contacting the particular institutions directly from links in the NCPE Guide.

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Norman M. Isham, FAIA, Norman W. Marble, and Philip D. Creer, FAIA From "Details on District Officers: (Educators) Who Launched HABS in Rhode Island" By Virginia B. Price, HABS Historian, National Park Service

The Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) is one of the largest architectural archives in the world - with documentation on around 40,000 buildings and sites located throughout the United States. Its partnership with the American Institute of Architects (AIA) has been integral to its success from its beginnings in 1933. This collaboration is recognized, in part, through the newly established Leicester B. Holland prize for a measured drawing. Holland's multi-faceted role in launching the HABS program in the 1930s - through his work at the Library of Congress and his role within the AIA - led to the involvement of many AIA members in the recording of America's historic places. Read article.

Report from NCPE Historic Preservation Education Panel Presentation 2010 National Preservation Conference | Austin, TX By Laura Beth Ingle, Clemson/College of Charleston

Last fall, as the annual conference for the National Trust for Historic Preservation came to a close, a crowd gathered to discuss an important topic in the future of the field. It focused on the future of preservation, and changing trends in preservation education as we move into the 21st Century. The presenters were Ann Thornton, Trent Margrif and Vince Michael. Ted Ligibel introduced the session and Michael Holleran from the University of Texas was the program moderator. Read presentation summary.

Preservation Advocacy during PA's 2011 Lobby Day March 7 - 8, 2011 | Washington, DC By Yolita E. Rausche, Assoc. AIA

Under the theme of Preservation Makes Cent$, almost 300 preservationists gathered in Washington DC under the leadership and guidance of Preservation Action and in partnership with the National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers, the National Trust for Historic Preservation, the National Alliance of Preservation Commissions, and National Association of Tribal Historic Preservation Officers, to ask legislators to keep preservation funding for the key programs as well as threatened programs like the Save America’s Treasures and Preserve America. It is an important event - especially when Congress is confronting a budget crisis and narrowly averted a shutdown of the government the Friday before. Read more about Preservation Lobby Day.

A Brief Overview of Sustainable Preservation Research in France Report from 2009 recipient of the Richard Morris Hunt Fellowship By Tina Roach, AIA, LEED AP

France has some of the most protective preservation laws in the world, arising out of the destruction wrought by the French Revolution in 1789. More than 40,000 buildings and gardens are protected under the title of historic monuments, and everything within a 500 meter radius of each is subject to historic design review. The ICOMOS Charter of Venice of 1964 is the design review standard. Historic sites, districts and heritage zones are also subject to rigorous historic design review; together these encompass a good portion of this country famous for its built heritage. And yet by the year 2007, France had reduced its GHG emissions by 5.3 percent, whereas the United States had increased its GHG emissions by 16 percent. View research results.

2011 Institute Honor Awards Recognize Preservation Projects By James Malanaphy, AIA from the American Institute of Architects

Excellent historic preservation and sensitive infill projects continue to find recognition in the Institute Honor Awards program. In each of the three award categories, projects paying careful attention to the conservation of existing historically significant buildings and neighborhoods were recognized with 2011 Institute’s Honor Awards. Take a moment and review some of this year's recipients. View Award Recipients.

Preservation Education Bibliography Compiled by Jossy Stiner and Kelly Ciociola, March 2011 Review Bibliography.

The Greenest Building By Ashley Robbins, AIA “The Greenest Building” will be broadcast across the nation on PBS starting April 2011. View Schedule.

HRC MEMBER COMPONENT NEWS

HRC Members Elevated to Fellowship From the American Institute of Architects

The following AIA Historic Resources Committee members will be elevated to the AIA College of Fellows during a ceremony at the 2011 annual convention in New Orleans, LA. Congratulations.

Joanne Aitken, FAIA Peyton Boyd, FAIA Clinton E. Brown, FAIA Donald Charles Brown, FAIA David C. Bucek, FAIA Scott F. Georgeson, FAIA Cheri Rodgers Gerou, FAIA Frank W. Grauman, FAIA Earl W. Henderson, FAIA Manuel Hinojosa, FAIA Charles D. Liddy, Jr., FAIA Tom Liebel, FAIA Thomas E. Luebke, FAIA Dale McKinney, FAIA Michael A. Nieminen, FAIA Francis Murdock Pitts, FAIA Steven D. Schuster, FAIA< Monroe Kirk Train, FAIA Andrew James Trivers, FAIA David Gilmore Wright

American Architectural Foundation and the French Heritage Society Announce 2011 Richard Morris Hunt Fellow From the

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American Architectural Foundation and the French Heritage Society

Robert J. Hotes, AIA, LEED AP, has been selected by the American Architectural Foundation and the French Heritage Society as the 2011 Richard Morris Hunt Fellow. The Richard Morris Hunt Fellowship, a program of the American Architectural Foundation and the French Heritage Society, is awarded to architects pursuing a career in historic preservation. Read announcement.

HRC Preservation Architect

Preservation Architect is prepared by the Communications Subcommittee of the AIA Historic Resources Committee. James Malanaphy, AIA, is the 2011 sub-committee chair and Carolyn Kiernat, AIA, is the 2011 Advisory Group liaison. The 2011 HRC communications subcommittee members are Peyton Hall, FAIA; Kwendeche, AIA; Wendy Hillis, AIA; Michael Mills, FAIA; Ashley Robbins Wilson, AIA; Don Swofford, FAIA; Mark Thaler, AIA; Amanda Gann, Assoc. AIA (AIAS liaison); and Joanna Beres, Assoc. AIA (AIA National Associates Committee liaison). New members, submittals and inquiries are welcome. Contact Preservation Architect.

The American Institute of Architects 1735 New York Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20006

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The American Institute of Architects, Historic Resources Committee And Clemson/College of Charleston Graduate Program in Historic Preservation Will introduce the inaugural lecture in a series entitled Voices in Preservation Education with Hugh Miller, FAIA

The interview will be taped, recorded and archived at the College of Charleston & viewed online in the next issue of Preservation Architect

Wednesday, March 23, 2011 6:30 pm The Middleton-Pinckney House, piano nobile 14 George Street Charleston, South Carolina

seating is limited. rsvp Allisyn Miller 843-937-9596

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Print Symposium on the Restoration of Cast and Wrought Iron March 19 and 20, 2011 - Wood Auditorium, Avery Hall, Columbia University, New York, New York From the Historic Preservation Education Foundation Read Reviews | Write a Review

Wrought and cast iron have long been among the most versatile building materials available to designers, craftsmen, and builders. Able to provide structural utility and 0 decorative embellishment, iron can mimic delicate filigree or the solidity of a stone column. In the United States, especially during the late nineteenth and earlier twentieth centuries, hand-crafted wrought-iron and mass-produced cast-iron 0 comments features were common in municipal buildings, churches, warehouses, factories, and commercial storefronts. Though extremely durable, cast and wrought iron, like all historic materials, require sensitive maintenance, repair, rehabilitation and, on Title: occasion, replacement. Symposium on the Restoration of Cast and Wrought Iron This one and one-half day symposium will give participants an understanding of the properties of historic cast and wrought iron and appropriate treatments for these 0 Location: materials in architectural applications. New York City, home to many surviving examples of cast- and wrought-iron architecture and the country's largest cast-iron historic district, is an ideal venue for this symposium. Symposium sessions will be Contributor: conducted at Avery Hall on the campus of Columbia University. James Malanaphy

The symposium will begin with a keynote lecture on Friday, March 18. On Saturday, Published: March 19, leading conservators, preservationists, and fabricators will present sessions 12/15/10 12:00 AM on topics including the basics of repair of historic cast and wrought iron; modes of failure; repair versus replacement decisions; survey and documentation methods; Posted Date: casting and coating; cleaning and abatement; and labor and logistics issues 12/14/10 10:22 AM encountered in the field. The symposium will conclude with a panel discussion followed by an evening reception at Low Memorial Library . A guided walking tour of Last Viewed: the SOHO-Cast Iron Historic District, will take place on Sunday morning.

The symposium is co-sponsored by the Historic Preservation Education Foundation; the AIA Historic Resources Committee; the Association for Preservation Technology 0 International Northeast Chapter (APTNE); and Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Historic Preservation. Participants will be eligible for Learning Units meeting the requirements of the AIA Continuing Education System.

Conference schedule, registration, and other information is available at www.hpef.us

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Annual Meeting Home Welcome

About New Orleans

Registration Learn more about the SAH Register Now for the Annual Benefit: a progressive reception Hotel/Transportation Meeting through three historic homes Special Events

Exhibitors

Sponsors and Partners Learn more about each paper Advertising Read updates about New Orleans session by reading the full paper architecture and related news. FAQs session descriptions.

Annual Meeting Program Now Available

This year, SAH is providing two online programs to bring the most up to date information and best viewing experience to meeting participants.

1. Online Version of Printed Brochure 2. Online Program with Abstracts

Click the cover image below to see the brochure in full This online-only program provides up to date information screen. about scheduled events, paper sessions and tours, as well as links to all paper abstracts. For the first time, abstracts may be viewed online for FREE (a printed book of all abstracts may be puchased for $15 on the Annual Meeting Registration Form). Check this program for up to date changes and corrections.

Need a budget in order to receive funds? A listing of all prices of activities at the Annual Meeting is available by clicking here.

New Orleans, LA

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All meeting participants will receive a printed copy of this brochure. To download a PDF, click here.

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Annual Meeting Home Paper Session Descriptions:

About New Orleans PS1 - Architectural Practice in Nineteenth-Century New Orleans Registration PS2 - Building in Conflict Hotel/Transportation PS3 - Museums Framing Monuments: Practices for Premodern Heritage Special Events PS4 - Streetscapes of the Bourgeois City Exhibitors PS5 - Open Session: Explorations of the Domestic (Click for abstracts) Sponsors and Partners PS6 - “Middle Eastern” Architecture in Context Advertising PS7 - Reconsidering the Late Modernist Urban Landscape FAQs PS8 - Renaissance Rome Revisited: Barons, Buildings, and the Papacy

PS9 - Capital Flows: Architecture, Geography, and Cultural Economy

PS10 - Gender, Sexuality, and Architecture: New Directions

PS11 - Open Session: Colonial and Postcolonial Passages (Click for abstracts)

PS12 - Space, Form, and Function in Medieval Architecture

PS14 - Beyond Liang Sicheng: Restructuring Chinese Architectural History

PS15 - Materials, Matter, Materiality, and Architecture

PS16 - Architecture in Mind

PS17 - Architecture and Race in the Southern City

PS18 - The Architecture of Spectacle: Antiquity through Early Modernity

PS19 - Reading the Architecture of the Underprivileged Classes

PS20 - The Cultural Aesthetics of the Well-Tended Garden

PS21 - Walls That Talk: Contextualizing Inscriptions in Architecture

PS22 - The Japanese City in an Age of Affluence, 1950s–1990s

PS23 - Architecture and Gastronomy

PS24 - Open Session: Urban Forms, Urban Visions (Click for abstracts)

PS25 - Revisiting La Transition: Romanesque and Gothic in the Twelfth Century

PS26 - Locating Architecture Within the Law

PS27 - Driving History: Cars In/As Architecture

PS28 - Open Session: Rethinking and Rediscovery (Click for abstracts)

PS29 - Historiographies of the Baroque, 1880s–1945

PS30 - Architecture in the Andes from Its Origins to Today

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BUILDING IN CONFLICT

In Hearts of the City (2009) Herbert Muschamp, late architecture critic of The New York Times, wrote that “conflict is the most important cultural product that a city puts out” (842). Muschamp briefly elaborated in terms of opportunities for people to communicate, expose, and even hide. Appropriately enough, Muschamp’s objectives are consistent with widely espoused goals of achieving diversity and complexity in the social and physical fabric of the city.

This session challenges the comparatively complacent understanding of “conflict” that Muschamp espouses—as processes through which differences can be acknowledged yet held in productive tension. Instead, the focus is on instances in which built space (architecture, landscapes, and cities) becomes the apparatus (or engine) of conflict in a different register: estrangement, repression, suppression, belligerence, or violence, where difference is neither tolerated nor erased, but rather explicitly delineated, imposed, and often aggravated. In contrast to Muschamp and many others, this session examines the role of built space as a differentially hazardous and alienating (yet still potentially productive) apparatus of social, economic, and political contestation.

The session encourages examples from all geographic areas and historical periods. Examples might include certain urban redevelopment schemes, high-rise public housing projects, or gated communities; the insertion of fortifications, roads, or politically charged walls through the urban fabric; segregation by means of ghettoization, apartheid, or redlining; squatting, graffiti, favelas, and other subaltern practices; post-9/11 security features; enclosures and land clearances; or “brutalist” and comparable architectural styles. Equally encouraged are papers that (also, or entirely) approach the subject from theoretical perspectives, such as heterotopia (Foucault), Marxist geography (Harvey et al.), gender and race (bell hooks, for example). Proposals for papers analyzing filmic and other representations of built structures and space also are welcome. John Archer, Professor and Chair, Department of Cultural Studies and Comparative Literature, 235 Nicholson Hall, University of Minnesota, 216 Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis MN 55455; 612-624-3830; [email protected]

Click here for this session's abstracts.

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Gender, Sexuality & Architecture: New Directions

It has been almost twenty years since the publication of Sexuality and Space, the first of a group of anthologies that seemed to signal a watershed moment in the study of architecture and gender. The subsequent publication of anthologies like Architecture and Feminism and The Sex of Architecture, seemed to herald the birth of a new field.

Twenty years on, how has the study of gender and sexuality been integrated into architectural history and its pedagogy? What methods and approaches have emerged in response to this new field? How—if at all—has the feminist critique of the history of architecture and its professional practice altered how scholars and practitioners approach their work? Mary McLeod argues that while feminist architectural history may appear quiescent, it is actually entering a post-polemical phase of reflection, diversification, and greater complexity, requiring closer historical contextualization. At a time when attention is increasingly paid to the ethical, political, and sustainable dimensions of our built and designed environments, what role can feminist and gender studies in architecture play? Where, in other words, do we go from here?

We invite papers that model contemporary approaches to the study of gender and sexuality in architectural history. Contributors might address questions of interdisciplinarity, collaboration and spousal teams, vernacular studies, landscape studies, gender and aesthetics, pedagogy, transnational and global approaches, environmentalism, the cross-hatching of race and gender, queer theory, or the historiography of women’s relationship to architecture and design. Wanda Bubriski, Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation, 2 Columbus Ave., Suite 3A, New York, NY, 10023; 212-577-1200; [email protected]; and Victoria Rosner, Visiting Professor of English, Columbia University, 602 Philosophy Hall, Mail Code 4927, 1150 Amsterdam Ave., New York, NY 10027; 212-854-6099; [email protected]

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STREETSCAPES OF THE BOURGEOIS CITY

By the middle of the nineteenth century, many European and North American cities had entered into processes of redefinition and rebuilding to serve new ends. Cities grew immensely in population, doubling and doubling again as they adopted new roles in industrializing economies.

This transformation was initially embodied more in patterns of commercial and residential building than in monumental civic architecture. Even before new structural technologies and grand planning interventions brought new scales to city centers later in the century, thousands of individual entrepreneurs were agents of smaller-scale development that aggregated to large effects, distending urban edges and repurposing the center.

Key central streetscapes were increasingly claimed by retail stores offering luxury goods manufactured in factories elsewhere, by financial and wholesale functions that propelled this new economy, and by destinations desired by a newly enriched class eager to exercise its mobility and means, as well as to demonstrate its new social position. In Continental cities especially, these preeminent streets also became sites for multi-unit bourgeois residential buildings with commercial uses below, while in Anglo-American cities, bourgeois residence tended to move “uptown” or outward to new enclaves, leaving a central district that was more exclusively dedicated to business. In both, streets at the heart of the city were recast as corridors of consumption, recreation, and visitation. The result was a dramatically reconfigured urban fabric built amid and around the older core, creating a bustling district of signs and crowds. That mid-19th century fabric has proven surprisingly ephemeral, but from a whole range of graphic

documents one can assemble detailed composite representations of this elusive, once-new city.

The session invites studies that explore this distinctive moment in the early modern city, especially studies that engage with its streetscapes and textures, distribution of functions and populations, building types and processes, and cultures of representation. Chair: Jeffrey A. Cohen, Senior Lecturer, Growth & Structure of Cities Department, Bryn Mawr College, 248 Thomas Hall, 101 N. Merion Ave., Bryn Mawr, PA, 19010-2899; 610-526-7916; [email protected]

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READING THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE UNDERPRIVILEGED CLASSES

The expansion of cities in the late nineteenth and middle part of the twentieth century in the developing and the emerging economies of the world has one major urban corollary: the proliferation of unplanned parts of the cities that are identified by a plethora of terminologies including, bidonville, favela, ghetto, informal settlement, and shantytown. Found in cities like Cairo, Cape Town, Caracas, Chennai, Bangkok, Kingston, Manila, Mumbai, Porte Au Prince, and Rio de Janeiro, such urban conurbations are characterized by a unique form of architecture. Often dismissed as shacks, the dwellings in such settlements might better be understood as resourceful products of people who are economically underprivileged—an architecture of necessity.

This architecture of necessity cannot be easily categorized as traditional, vernacular, or modern architecture. On the one hand, it is made of asbestos, aluminum panels, cement, ceramics, glass, plastic, plywood, timber, recycled empty oil-barrels, and several materials associated with modern construction methods. On the other hand, such dwellings are often very simple, incorporating materials and tectonics derived from methods of construction traditional to their locales.

We seek papers which explore new methodologies and paradigms for learning and placing the resourceful dwellings of the underprivileged inhabitants of the great cities beyond the popular categories and terminologies of shantytown, favela and shacks, in the discourses of architectural history and theory. Such paradigms should reflect on the construction methods and materials, and demonstrate thorough understanding of the experiences of everyday life in the habitations. Chair: Nnamdi Elleh, Associate Professor, University of Cincinnati, 4343 Schulte Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45205; 513-244-2454; [email protected]

Photo of Victoria Mxenge TT, Cape Town, South Africa by David Southwood, 2002.

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Driving History: CARS in/as Architecture

From the moment Karl Benz perfected the modern automobile, architecture has contended with this most ubiquitous of machines. This session is dedicated to the historical, cultural, and artistic intertwining of cars and buildings over a century.

Modernist interest in the car is well known, from Le Corbusier’s juxtaposition of car and temple to car factory designs by Albert Kahn and Matte Trucco that served as modernist typologies. Wright, Neutra, and Archigram embraced the car as a technology that would radically transform architecture, the Smithsons drew inspiration from the Jeep, Citroën and Cadillac, and GM turned to Saarinen to affirm brand identity. The Chevy “Suburban” meanwhile hailed an architecturally-determined lifestyle. The car was equally relevant to post-modernism: Venturi and Scott-Brown’s Learning from Las Vegas and Koolhaas’s team in Lagos relied on observations from moving vehicles, the latter example reminding us of the centrality of the car to the documentation of architecture in Asia, Latin America and Africa.

Yet the historical consideration of the relationship between cars and architecture is largely isolated (for instance, in the scholarship of Reyner Banham) and anecdotal (by regarding the car as a pop phenomenon). This session instead posits that the car is an inextricable part of architectural history that necessitates a reconsideration of the methodological distinction between architectural history and design history, environmental studies, and cultural studies. We seek papers that examine or reveal the ways cars have shaped architecture and the ways architecture has shaped cars—not accidentally, but intentionally, in all countries and time periods of the automotive era. Papers may also examine how history has explored or occluded an automotive dimension to architecture. Chair: Gabrielle Esperdy, Associate Professor of Architectural History, NJIT School of Architecture, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102; 973-596-3026; [email protected]; and Simon Sadler, Professor of Architectural and Urban History, University of California, Davis, Art Building, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616; 530-304-5722; [email protected]

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ARCHITECTURE IN MIND

A revolution in the understanding of human consciousness is underway: in the past decade, the new cognitive neurosciences, along with associated fields (environmental psychology, cognitive linguistics, and so on) have reconfigured our conception of how we, as people, perceive, think, analyze, and develop an awareness of ourselves as selves in the world. This scientific revolution, facilitated by new forms of data analysis, studies of brain-damaged patients, and new technologies in brain imaging, offers many new insights into how consciousness develops through sensory perception, human emotion, and memory.

This evolving picture of our perceptual apparatus and the nature of consciousness will reshape a variety of disciplines in the years to come. It has enormous implications for how we, as informed observers of the built environment, approach our topic of study, calling, for example, for a reconsideration of long-held beliefs about spatial perception and environmental response.

We seek submissions that place the human mind—and body—centrally in the study of modern architecture and urbanism. We welcome presentations that consider the methodology of architectural history and theory; that discuss specific theorists, practitioners, or firms; that analyze buildings or environments that pertain to or address the embodied mind. Also welcome are presentations on relevant themes, such as past theories of the human body and its relationship to the built environment (phenomenology, eugenics, phrenology), environmental response in specific building typologies (health care facilities, educational buildings), analyses of specific transcultural formal tropes or types. Chair: Sarah Williams Goldhagen, Editor, Positions: On Modern Architecture + Urbanism/Histories + Theories, 40 Newtonville Avenue, Newton, MA, 02458; 617-244-4532; [email protected]

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MUSEUMS FRAMING MONUMENTS: PRACTICES FOR PREMODERN HERITAGE

In recent decades, curators and exhibition designers have embraced psychologist Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences and sought to make their displays more interactive, multisensory, and memorable. At the same time, architects have sometimes been asked to grapple with incorporation of important architectural or archaeological sites within their designs, sites that by virtue of their scale and delicacy frequently defy norms of museum display. From older examples such as Sverre Fehn’s Hedmark Museum (1967-79) in Norway to more recent works such as Rafael Moneo’s National Museum of Roman Art (1980-85) in Spain, Richard Meier’s controversial Ara Pacis Museum (2006) in Rome, and Bernard Tschumi’s Acropolis Museum (2009) in Athens, preservation of architectural and archaeological remains and provision of public access to them have been prime opportunities for those seeking to make museum goers’ encounters with the past simultaneously more visceral and better informed. At their best, these museums stimulate both “wonder” and “resonance,” to use Stephen Greenblatt’s terms.

This session seeks to establish an inventory of best practices in the presentation of premodern sites, with an emphasis on architectural framing. Papers may take the perspective of the sites to be showcased or the architects who design for them; may provide critical reviews of particular museums, assessing their genesis and their success; may focus on the incorporation of new technologies; or may adopt a more theoretical approach, establishing a conceptual and ethical framework for display of architectural artifacts and archaeological fields. They may broach phenomena ranging from the conception and organization of open-air museums to the display of premodern technology to the communication of a sense of place. Ideally, the session will encourage a dialogue between architects, academic historians, and museum professionals. Chair: Laura Hollengreen, School of Architecture, Georgia Institute of Technology, 247 4th St., Atlanta, GA 30332-0155; [email protected]

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HISTORIOGRAPHIES OF THE BAROQUE, 1880s-1945

Baroque architecture bore two political stigmas—the absolute power of the Ancien Régime and internationalist Catholicism—before it became a discrete art historical concept. Because on both counts the Baroque era stood in opposition to the nineteenth-century project of nation-formation (in which art history was fully enlisted), the study of the period lagged decades behind ancient and Medieval art, with intensive study starting only in the late 1880s. For the next one hundred years especially Germanic art historians—whose investigations have been most enduring— found ways either to reconcile this problematic period of architectural production with the political values and needs of the day or to use it as a negative example.

This session aims to capture an astonishingly strong strain of research today (among North American, European, Latin American and Australian scholars) around the historiography of Baroque architecture. The primary though not exclusive interest in this session, which welcomes papers from historians of European or Colonial Latin American historiography, lies in the motivations for the emergence of the study of the Baroque in addition to measurable consequences of its study. In addition to the imbrication Baroque studies with the emerging nation-states, the nascent monument preservation movement brought specialists to contend with Baroque monuments as did the voracious march through historical styles in the contemporary decorative arts. In the 1890s and 1900s new analyses of the Baroque that emphasized space (Raum) also provided a stimulus to architects, some would say leading to the emergence of modern architecture as a spatial art. This session welcomes contributions from scholars in and about all countries that contended with their Baroque. Papers should deal with the stakes, practical, political or otherwise, in the study of the Baroque and the characterizations of it from the 1880s through WWII. Chair: Evonne Levy, Associate Professor, University of Toronto, 68 Salisbury Avenue, Toronto M4X1C4/ Ontario/Canada; 416-921-5822; [email protected]

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BEYOND LIANG SICHENG: RESTRUCTURING CHINESE ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY

The founding of the field, the history of traditional Chinese architecture, as a modern academic discipline has been chiefly credited to Liang Sicheng (1901-1972), who along with his colleagues conducted extensive fieldwork throughout the nation during the tumultuous 1930s and 1940s. Aided by an empirical approach and onsite investigation, Liang’s prolific writings over the period brought the field to a new level on both a national and international scale. Indeed, Liang’s contribution is hardly overstated, yet in retrospect, the formation of the field may have been far more complex than has been understood. Aside from issues (such as nationalism, modernity, tradition, etc.) that have been discussed as contributing to the search for a history and heritage of traditional architecture, what remains unexplored are contingent factors that tied the formation of the field to the historical context of twentieth-century China, in which Chinese architectural history as a disciplinary field was shaped and the content of the history structured.

This session proposes to explore the complexity and the various factors critical to the formation of the field in twentieth-century China by going beyond and outside of Liang Sicheng’s scholarship. We solicit papers that address interdisciplinary issues (e.g., with archaeology, art, or visual culture) or cultural practices (e.g., antiquarianism, preservation, or collection) related to the study and writing of architectural history. This proposed complexity can also be approached by investigating interrelations between academic and history writings and practicing architecture; between modern and premodern concepts of history; between different socio-cultural networks and institutions; or between Chinese and foreign scholars who were interested in China’s architectural past. Ultimately, this session seeks papers that identify previously unnoticed factors that will enable us to re-structure the history of traditional architecture as understood and contextualized in the larger cultural and intellectual environment where the field of research took shape. Chair: Wei-Cheng Lin, Assistant Professor, Department of Art, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3405; 919-962-1273; [email protected]; and to Delin Lai, Assistant Professor, Department of Fine Arts, 146 Lutz Hall, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292; 502-852-0445; [email protected]

Recent work: Dr. Delin Lai has studied Liang's writings in response to foreign counterparts and Chinese contemporaries, notably Liu Dunzhen (1897-1968) and Tong Jun (1900-1983); Dr. Wei-Cheng Lin's article, "Preserving China: Liang Sicheng's Survey Photos from 1930s and 1940s China," is forthcoming in June, 2011, in Visual Resource.

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MATERIALS, MATTER, MATERIALITY, AND ARCHITECTURE

Are the “bricks and mortar” of building merely the material base for ingenious invention or are they the determinate, eloquent thing itself? Titanium, copper, stainless steel; marble, granite, brownstone, travertine; white pine, mahogany, laminated birch ply; adobe brick, cobblestones, glass block—each of these materials summons a place, a name, a kind of design, or a vernacular tradition. It also bespeaks the conditions of construction, the training of craftsmen, and the reach of production and transportation systems.

This session will investigate how a focus on materials might change the assessment of a structure, a career, or a building tradition. Both theoretical and case-study work is sought, that looks closely at the points of intersection between material and design, between business networks, fabrication capabilities, and architectural ideas. Papers might consider the training of architects, but also the training of architectural historians in the understanding and use of common local or exceptional extra-local materials. Or they might consider the associative value of a material at a given moment. Is there meaning or just function, for instance, in the granite of nineteenth-century prisons? The glass walls of twentieth-century urban towers? And do those meanings incorporate and allude to the extraction industries, concentrations of capital, and global production systems which underlie their availability as well as their cost?

Papers are sought that range widely, geographically, chronologically, and methodologically, and that analyze critically and intently the material dimensions of architectural ideas. Chair: Margaretta M. Lovell, Professor, University of California, Berkeley, 416 Doe Library, U. C. Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-6020; 510-643-7290 (voice); 510-643- 2185 (fax); [email protected]

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CAPITAL FLOWS: ARCHITECTURE, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURAL ECONOMY

Throughout history one of the fundamental catalysts of change in the built environment has been the flow of capital along transportation routes. Even before the modern rise of capitalism, money—and the apparatus established to circulate, invest, and spend it—has been a potent conduit of cultural influence and a force for change on the landscape. The caravans of the Silk Road, the banking network of the Medici family, the merchant shipping routes of the Transatlantic and Indian Ocean worlds, and the railroad lines of the American West all produced architectural, geographical, and financial relationships between peoples and places. This session will explore the spatial dimensions of this “cultural economy” in their historical context by addressing the following questions: How, specifically, are ideas and influence transmitted and translated along these flows? How does the flow of capital

affect the dissemination of styles, typologies, technologies, and building materials? How do the business enterprises of particular individuals and companies contribute to the formation of a cultural economy? How do capital flows shape the careers and practices of architects and firms? How might a spatial reading of cultural economy go beyond architects and clients to include the migration of engineers, contractors, suppliers, and skilled and unskilled laborers? How have revolutions in transportation and communication technologies like the railroad, the airplane, the telephone, and the internet altered the relationship between capital flows and architectural culture? Through case studies this session will explore the historiographical and methodological implications of reading architectural activity through the lens of economic geography. Chair: Paula Lupkin, Washington University in St. Louis, 3830 Connecticut Street, St. Louis, MO 63116; [email protected]

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RECONSIDERING THE LATE MODERNIST URBAN LANDSCAPE

Designs for the Functional City famously created spaces for imagined and idealized citizens in the form of “towers in the park.” While the high-rise housing has received the majority of the scholarly and popular attention, the open spaces were an equally essential part of the paradigm. Widespread criticism of modernism has consistently disposed of these open spaces in negative terms—as uninteresting, generic, and even dangerous—while the productive discussions and innovations that modernist ideas about open space generated shortly after their inception have been largely ignored. In fact, during the 1960s and 70s, modernist landscapes often served as a foil for shifting ideas about “publics” and public spaces, as the arrival of new design ideas, unanticipated urban populations, and political turmoil during this period necessitated a reengagement with the design ideologies that created them.

In this session, we seek to address a gap in the histories of landscape architecture and urbanism, focusing specifically on the legacy of these “parks around the towers.” Specifically, we invite papers that investigate modernist landscapes as the generators of new conversations about the design, form, and meaning of public space. Such papers could include studies of the reassessment of the relationship between planner, designer, and user in the urban landscape; how new definitions of the “public”—in light of demographic shifts—led to such landscapes being redefined and reclaimed; new ideas about public and open space as part of emerging design discourses; or contestations of urban public spaces in light of political upheavals. Papers should focus on the broad range of projects developed during the 1960s and 1970s. As we hope to engender a dialogue about the global impact of modernist landscapes, we welcome submissions concerning any location. Chair: Jennifer Mack, [email protected] and Mariana Mogilevich, [email protected].

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THE CULTURAL AESTHETICS OF THE WELL-TENDED GARDEN

Vegetable gardens have met basic needs all over the world, from antiquity to the present, from Monticello to the plantation slave quarters, the cottage backyard to the railway-side allotment and from the reclaimed land of the Dutch Polders to the terraced cultures of mountainous terrains. The French Enlightenment philosopher Voltaire advocated cultivating one’s garden as a source of stability in a turbulent world. Access to land for individual cultivation has been woven into social legislation, settlement strategies and housing development. A poor parent of the landscape history tradition, the study of small-scale vegetable gardening is trans-disciplinary in its connections to architecture, land use, geography, agriculture, horticulture, leisure, and therapy. Domestic vegetable cultivation encompasses a wide gamut of practices and has encouraged individual agency, imagination, ingenuity and sometimes heroic struggle. Whether tilling the soil out of necessity or as a hobby, the vegetable gardener brings to the practice the values and sense of aesthetic that reflect personal, as well as cultural, or ethnic preferences, habits, and customs.

This session invites papers that examine any aspect of small-scale produce gardening such as modifications to the landscape to accommodate a garden plot, roof-top gardening, allotment, community or small market gardens, reclaiming front lawns for vegetable gardening or fighting against the forces of development to retain established community gardens. Prescriptive, descriptive, or narrative literature may also shed light on aspects of the practice, including social or historical developments. Case studies or broader investigations addressing the creation of a cultural landscape will be considered for this session that investigates the aesthetics of cultivating everyday produce in the landscape of everyday life. Chair: Micheline Nilsen, Assistant Professor of Art History, Indiana University South Bend, 1700 Mishawaka Avenue, South Bend, IN 46634-7111; 574-520-4277; [email protected]

Micheline Nilsen's description of the papers to be presented:

Diana Ramirez Jasso, Boston Architectural College [Harvard University]: Cultivating the Enlightened Child: Gardens and Gardening in German Pedagogy

Diana Ramirez Jasso considers the metaphor of the pedagogue as gardener for his young charges. A historical survey of the concept from the 17th to the 19th century culminates in the innovative contribution of Friedrich Froebel, the German educational theorist who conceived the Kindergarten as an intimate connection between children and nature. Jasso argues that Froebel’s formulation of specific gardening guidelines for children “reified and rendered programmatic crucial ideas about childhood development stemming from both Enlightenment rationalism and romantic idealism.”

James Schissel, [University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign]: Beyond Scarlett’s Radish: The Culture of Southern

Garden Manuals

James Schissel examines small-scale gardening in the south through the lens of two advice manuals (William Nathaniel White’s Gardening for the South [1856], and Thomas Affleck’s Southern Rural Almanac and Plantation and Garden Calendar [1848-1868]). He argues that rather than merely adjusting horticultural advice to weather conditions, these manuals also reflected southern gardens as social constructions with specific aesthetic and cultural values

Joseph S. Cialdella, [University of Michigan]: The Garden in the Machine: Urban Agriculture, Landscape, and Culture in Detroit

Joseph Cialdella presents the creation of urban gardens in Detroit as an alternative to the “theme parked” downtown development of casinos and sports stadiums. He argues for the political nature of these gardens as an extension of the Civil Rights Movement contributing to a form of urbanism that can shape a socially and environmentally just city.

Rod Northcutt, Assistant Professor of Sculpture, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio: From Need & For Protest: Motivations for Urban Gardening

A practicing artist, Rod Northcutt, categorizes the motivations that drive current urban gardening and food production into the two distinct forces of need and protest. He examines a selection of projects within this framework and presents a small number that successfully integrate the two approaches.

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WALLS THAT TALK: CONTEXTUALIZING INSCRIPTIONS IN ARCHITECTURE

The act of inscribing words on buildings has been a prominent means of communication from antiquity to the present. Inscriptions are sometimes memorial in character, while at other times they convey messages of desire, achievement, instruction, hardship, grief, etc. They are often incorporated in intriguing ways, and their presence urges us to investigate the interface between text, walls, space, and the human visitors who negotiate it.

Despite their poignancy and artistry, pre-modern building inscriptions have been studied as documentary evidence in isolation from the monuments they initially elucidated. We study them in abstracted form, their texts reproduced according to modern printing conventions and confined to the straitjacket of the page. In modernity, inscriptions have engaged in critical dialogue with architectural form. The architecture parlante of the Enlightenment, the typographic formalism of Modernism, and the ironic textuality of Postmodernism urge us to explore ways in which building-texts continue to sustain modern viewers.

The proposed session examines how the placement and accentuation of words add meaning and shape experience within architectural contexts. Case studies are welcome, as individual buildings typically have not been examined in terms of their inscribed components. These may serve to inform recent theoretical approaches, including the role of inscribed architecture in the arena of politics and propaganda; graffiti and its relationship to constructed boundaries; the use of inscription to manipulate and transform space; movement as dictated by the inscribed word; and the role of memory in determining form, content, placement, and appearance of inscriptions in context. These areas of emerging scholarship will benefit from fresh examples—from all periods—of building and text operating in tandem to produce significant messages and/or reactions from patrons and visitors. Chair: Amy Papalexandrou, 2808 Jorwoods Drive, Austin TX, 78745; 512-358-7805; [email protected]

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THE JAPANESE CITY IN AN AGE OF AFFLUENCE, 1950S-1990s

In the late 1950s, the Japanese economy entered into a phase of unprecedented growth that continued at a remarkable pace until the real estate bubble burst in 1991. This new wealth created both opportunities and challenges for Japanese architects and urban planners.

After a decade in which planners had been preoccupied with basic reconstruction after a devastating war, there was a burgeoning interest in more ambitious and speculative urban planning proposals. Undoubtedly, Tange’s plan for a city for 10,000,000 people in Tokyo Harbor and the megastructures imagined by the architects associated with the Metabolist Group are among the best-known expressions of this new phase of urban thinking. In the late 1960s, Maki, himself a former Metabolist, began to work through a smaller scale and far more context-sensitive approach to urban design with his Hillside Terrace Apartments. As money continued to pour into Japan in the 1980s, projects that would have been unthinkable only a few decades before began to rise in the middle of Tokyo and other major cities.

Although Japan’s wealth fuelled the planning ambitions of many, it has not always engendered optimism. The ghosts of the war have continued to haunt architects and others, as reflected in the pervasiveness of ruins in some designs by Isozaki and in the dark visions of the city that informed the animation film, Akira. Some have also critiqued the perceived superficiality and commercialism of Japanese urban culture.

This panel will explore the impact of this period of affluence on urban Japan. Proposals might address specific planning projects or the conceptualization of the city in more general terms. Papers might also compare Japanese

cities to urbanism elsewhere in the world. Chair: Jonathan Reynolds, Associate Professor, Barnard College/Columbia University; [email protected]

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ARCHITECTURE AND GASTRONOMY

Architecture and food have long held analogies. Both can be characterized by words such as “tasteful,” “bland,” and most prominently in recent years—“organic.” Their synergy is embodied by the Latin word colere (“to till, tend”), which is also the root of our modern term “to cultivate.” Importantly, cultivation can reference both pragmatic and symbolic phenomena. Cicero notably fused the concrete and figurative inflections of the term, proposing that the human mind must be cultivated in order “to fruit.” During the Enlightenment this analogy was widened into architectural theory when J.-F. Blondel defined “taste” as the “fruit of reasoning.” Just as chefs designed recipes for fine cuisine, architectural theorists began to devise rules for good architecture.

While both architecture and gastronomy are disciplines that espouse fundamental principles and standards, neither can be wholly controlled by absolute prescriptions or rigid formulae. They rely on a combination of intuition, inventiveness, and even wonder. This session aims to illuminate and clarify the reciprocity between building and eating, paying particular attention to the role of gastronomy in the expression and interpretation of architecture. Proposals can be from diverse approaches, and those that reassess the metaphorical relationship between taste and architecture are particularly welcome. Speakers may also wish to present case studies that address how the built environment, including landscape, participates in the experience of a meal. Possible questions to explore might include: What is the underlying significance of the terms like “setting” and “service” within architectural discourse? How do food markets contribute to the character of a city? In what ways does architecture structure certain forms of dining, such as ritual meals and communal feasts? How can tastes and smells help define the memory of particular places? The session is also open to presentations that examine emerging dialogues between building and eating, such as how vernacular architecture and regionalism have been aligned with contemporary movements like Slow Food and Edible Schoolyards. Chair: Samantha Martin-McAuliffe, University College Dublin School of Architecture, Richview, Clonskeagh, Dublin 14, Republic of Ireland; [email protected] +353.1.716.2757.

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THE ARCHITECTURE OF SPECTACLE: ANTIQUITY THROUGH EARLY MODERNITY

While many recent period-specific studies address the ways that buildings and cities serve spectacle, from the perspective of visuality (Jay 1988) it may be useful to analyze how architecture for spectacle may condition visual experience itself and how it is theorized within cultural contexts. In turn, we might also ask how the requirements of facilitating or enhancing spectacle impacted the institution of architecture and its design processes, or how theaters or similar buildings adapted to new practical uses or even as models for envisioning the design and structure of the world.

This session seeks papers focused on any period from antiquity to 1800, addressing how historical places for spectacle of all sorts shaped or reflected other architectural forms, how they adapted to other purposes, or how they influenced knowledge. How did forms in the theater resonate with public buildings, institutions, houses, or cities? How might columnar stage backdrops with pavilions, niches, and aediculas have both influenced and evoked urban forms? In what ways did later periods adapt monumental theaters or amphitheaters like those of the Roman world for domestic, commercial, or political purposes? Similarly, how might designers have adapted the architecture of theaters to different visual concerns in the manner Jeremy Bentham’s Panopticon, for example? What role did theaters serve in the development or construction of institutionalized knowledge in contexts like the anatomical theater or planetarium, or more generally in terms of the nature of spectacle and how visual experience itself works? Chair: John Senseney, Assistant Professor, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, School of Architecture, 117 Temple Buell Hall, MC-621, 611 Lorado Taft Drive, Champaign, Illinois 61820; 217-244-5137; [email protected]

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REVISITING LA TRANSITION: ROMANESQUE AND GOTHIC IN THE TWELFTH CENTURY

When the study of medieval architecture emerged as a university discipline over a century ago, scholars enthusiastically debated what Anthyme Saint-Paul labeled “la Transition” between Romanesque and Gothic. Architectural historians identified “essential elements” of Gothic within Romanesque structures, linking pointed arches and rib vaults from site to site in elaborate genealogies. More recently, scholars addressing this question of transformation have increasingly recognized problems inherent in the methodology and definitions of earlier historians of medieval architecture. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the neat categorization of Romanesque and Gothic provided the concept of transition from one style to the other with clearly delineated parameters. At the beginning of this century, our ideas of medieval style have become more plural and less hierarchical; we no longer take as given the concept of a unified Gothic style emerging from regional variations of Romanesque. However, we can readily observe new forms and methods that came into use at many sites during the course of the twelfth century. The concept of transition from Romanesque to Gothic may be problematic, but the issue underlying Saint-Paul’s “Transition” remains relevant: how can we best comprehend these significant changes in architectural structure, construction, and style?

The purpose of this session is the reevaluation of architectural change in twelfth-century Europe. How can we frame the concept of change? Can we convincingly link change to particular contextual phenomena? What relationships can we establish between human agency and architectural difference? Participants might consider methodological approaches to the problem, discuss change in relation to site studies, or critically evaluate the terminology or historiography of change within twelfth-century architecture. Chair: Sarah Thompson, Assistant Professor of Art History, College of Imaging Arts and Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, 73 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester NY 14623; 585-506-9747; [email protected]

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LOCATING ARCHITECTURE WITHIN THE LAW

A shared vocabulary of norm and measure, precedent and proportionality, has long signaled an affiliation between the disciplines of architecture and law. In the modern period, as the law came increasingly to signify the construction of society itself and was therefore understood to be a practice and object of design, it readily adopted the metaphors of edifice and building. Currents of legal thought presented new ramifications within architectural production as natural law, positive law, legal realism, and the contrasting structures of common law and statutory codes delineated distinctive social configurations in which architecture participated as agent and consequence.

A number of significant historical studies have already examined the symbolic expression of law through architecture (in courthouses, for example) or have construed law as a determinant of architecture (through building codes and zoning regulations). This session will aim to supplement such studies with new and different inquiries into architecture’s interaction with law as a political and social medium. It seeks papers set in the modern period that reveal how prerogatives and intentions conveyed in one discipline shaped and were shaped by the effects and capacities of the other. Possible topics might include: the development of architecture in extra-territorial or legally contested spaces; the evolution of sumptuary laws in relation to built forms; the problematic applications of copyright law to architectural production; the participation of architecture in the formation of juridical regimes; the analysis of regulatory structures as preconditions or rationalizations for design; the mutuality of theories of architectural development and theories of natural law. Papers may employ case studies or comparative analysis as well as theoretical extrapolation to expand historical perspectives on architecture’s relation to the law. Chair: Timothy Hyde, Assistant Professor, Harvard University Graduate School of Design, 48 Quincy Street Cambridge MA 02138; 617- 495-2074; [email protected]

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RENAISSANCE ROME REVISITED: BARONS, BUILDINGS, AND THE PAPACY

Although the vast historiography on Renaissance Rome includes a wide range of works on the architecture and urbanism, the literature of this field is overwhelmingly dominated by studies of papal and curial patronage. This focus on papal and curial commissions has traditionally marginalized the patronage of Rome’s resident ruling class, composed of the city's ancient nobility and the powerful barones urbis, whose wealth derived from extensive feudal landholdings in the Roman countryside and beyond. As Rome's de facto rulers throughout most of the later Middle Ages and well into the fifteenth century, ancient feudal clans—often referred to as Rome's feudal nobility and including families such as the Orsini, Colonna, Conti, and Savelli—established the physical, social, and political contexts against which emerging curial families positioned themselves from the fifteenth century onward, and were thus instrumental in shaping Rome's early modern palace culture. Emerging studies on these and other families suggest that they established architectural precedents that were directly influential on the patronage of their curial counterparts in Rome during the Renaissance. At the same time, alternative architectural strategies may be detected in the response of some of Rome's secular builders to what contemporary Marcantonio Altieri called the "sumptuous and excessive" building associated with the curial court. Collectively, these sites illustrate the profound changes that occurred in Roman society beginning with the return of the papal court to Rome in 1420, and the decline of Rome's feudal nobility over the following century.

This session seeks to expand the boundaries of discussion beyond its current focus on papal and curial patronage, and papers that explore architectural and urban issues related to the city's feudal nobility are particularly welcome. Chair: Kristin Triff, Associate Professor of Fine Arts, Trinity College, 300 Summit St., Hartford, CT 06106; 860-297- 2506; [email protected]

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ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICE IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY NEW ORLEANS

This session explores architectural practice in New Orleans beginning, after 1805, with the arrival in the former French colony of academically-trained French architects. New Orleans’ ascendency as a commercial port, and as one of the nation’s fastest growing cities, in the 1820s and 1830s attracted architects from the Northern United States, the British Isles, and continental Europe. During the decades before the Civil War, architects trained outside New Orleans—notably James Gallier, James Dakin, Henry Howard, George Purves and Lewis E. Reynolds— established new design models, and new models of professional practice, for local architects, who in turn influenced the European- and New York-trained architects to adopt local forms and building methods. New Orleans at this time was also a major testing ground for new Federal architecture, and the Custom House, Marine Hospital, Mint and other government projects for New Orleans before the Civil War brought experimentation in new building technology

and materials. After the war, when New Orleans struggled to regain its antebellum commercial supremacy, architects such as James Freret—born in New Orleans but trained in Paris, and active in the national professional fraternity— successfully melded new architectural ideas with traditional forms. In the last two decades of the nineteenth century, corporate architectural practice in New Orleans—for example, the office of Thomas Sully, the city’s most successful architect at the end of the 1800s—became largely indistinguishable from commercial practice elsewhere.

Because bedrock scholarship on architectural practice in New Orleans is lacking for much of the nineteenth century, especially from mid-century, monographic studies of individual architects are not discouraged, but participants are invited to investigate correspondences with other architectural centers and between émigré-architects and local building practice. Examination of building technology as it intersects design practice is also encouraged, as is use of the rich legacy of graphic documentation represented in New Orleans collections. James F. O’Gorman (Wellesley College, Emeritus) and Gary Van Zante (MIT), co-chairs [email protected].

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ARCHITECTURE AND RACE IN THE SOUTHERN CITY

The role of race as a defining factor of southern architecture is well known in the context of plantation culture. Its impact on architecture in urban contexts has received comparatively less attention, particularly following the end of slavery. With the rise of Jim Crow laws at the end of the nineteenth century, architecture played an important part in segregation. From the well-known creation of duplicate facilities within individual buildings to the use of covenants to restrict new residential suburbs to whites only, race served as a powerful force in the shaping of the southern city. This session invites papers that investigate less well-known manifestations of racially divisive design strategies and other urban or architectural practices. Relevant issues could include, but are not limited to, the eradication of traces of black settlement—neighborhoods, cemeteries, farms—to make way for the suburban expansion of southern cities following the Civil War; the defining of urban space racially and its impact on urban or architectural projects; and the impact of economic strategies, such as red-lining, on new development or property ownership by minorities. More recent issues could include the architectural impact of desegregation on urban planning; the effect of civil rights struggles on subsequent architectural or urban developments; the preservation challenges facing the architectural heritage of African-Americans and other racial minorities; and the degree to which cultural tourism has altered, edited or otherwise sanitized the image of race in southern cities. Chair: Robin B. Williams, Chairman, Department of Architectural History, Savannah College of Art and Design, P.O. Box 3146, Savannah, GA, 31402; 912-525-6058; [email protected]

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SPACE, FORM, AND FUNCTION IN MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE

In the last thirty years, analysis of medieval architecture has moved from largely formalist considerations to embrace a wide range of methodological and theoretical approaches. Much commentary is, however, still divorced from the day-to-day, functional requirements of religious buildings. Yet these concerns were of paramount importance to the patrons and fund-raisers of every monument in the Middle Ages. Liturgy, relics, and pastoral care determined a church’s final appearance as much as artistic fashion and advancements in technology. Many of the decisions made by medieval architects were, in fact, neither aesthetic nor even voluntary, but were forced upon them by their buildings’ occupants.

This session will investigate how the daily needs of the Church—both practical and celestial—dictated architectural practice. How did celebration of the mass and daily offices (every church’s raison d’être) circumscribe an architect’s creative process? In what ways did a cathedral’s sacred topography stipulate its ground plan and/or elevation? How did designers make concessions for preaching, burial, and the competing needs of religious and lay communities?

Topics to be considered could include: the need to provide (or retain) claustral precincts, service structures, or liturgical furnishings; entrances, exits, and “traffic control” for various users; screens, grills, and other security measures; façade or portal design as a function of iconography; provision for baptism, processions, or pilgrimage; site-specific mandates such as coronation or defense; upper-level chapels or watching chambers; changes in pier design, ornament, or tracery to denote spatial function; the role of donors and patrons in predetermining the built environment, and architects’ concessions to their decisions; and changing attitudes to any of the above throughout the Carolingian, Romanesque, or Gothic periods. Chair: Matthew Woodworth, Ph.D. candidate, Duke University, Flat 1, Telegraph House, Trinity Lane, Beverley, HU17 0DZ, UNITED KINGDOM; +44 (0) 7910 292741; [email protected]

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“MIDDLE EASTERN” ARCHITECTURE IN CONTEXT

Unlike other studies, which are anchored in well defined geographic territories, the “Middle East” has remained amorphous, often expanding or contracting based on political events. This fact coupled with the genesis of area studies all together (“middle of what and east of where?”) requires that the study of the material culture of “Middle Eastern” societies be attentive to issues of encounter, hybridity, and “third space.” The “Middle East” is not a static bounded entity, but rather a fluid space that is being shaped—even today—materially and discursively by elsewhere

or in relationship to elsewhere. What is at stake here is not whether the architecture and urbanism of the “Middle East” is comparatively different, but instead how this difference has been articulated, invented or reworked in the crucibles of different historical periods and contexts. This session invites papers that challenge the definition of Middle Eastern architecture, expand its boundaries and/or deal with entities at its peripheries. Invited also are papers that present colonial and after-colonial case studies that explore the reconfiguration of identity and power relations that shape the geography of what has come to be accepted as the “Middle East.” Professor Nezar AlSayyad, Center for Environmental Design Research (CEDR), University of California, Berkeley, 390 Wurster Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-1839; 510-642-8208; [email protected]; and Dr. Mrinalini Rajagopalan, Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture, MIT; [email protected]

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Architecture in the Andes from its Origins to Today

Caral, a city and ceremonial center about 200 km north of Lima, Peru, with its large platform mounds, pyramids and amphitheater-like temple, dates back to about 5000 years ago. In other words, the emergence of cities and monumental architecture in the Andean realm is contemporaneous with that in Mesopotamia, India, Egypt and China. Yet, the architectural and urban history of the Andes is generally much less well known than that of these other corners of the world. It is the aim of this session to bring to the forefront the rich architectural, technical and urban heritage of the Andes from pre-Columbian times to the colonial period and into the modern era.

This session solicits papers that critically review the architectural contributions of the many civilizations that occupied the Andes over time. For this session, “architecture” is interpreted in its broadest sense. As Dell Upton puts it, the word architecture here is used "to stand for the entire cultural landscape, including so-called designed landscapes, urban spaces, and human modification of natural spaces." Chair: Adam Herring, Southern Methodist University

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Print Why Does the Past Matter? US/ICOMOS and UMass Center for Heritage and Society Conference, May 4-7, 2011, Amherst MA By Neil Silberman- ICOMOS-ICIP and The UMass Amherst Center for Heritage and Society Read Reviews | Write a Review The UMass Center for Heritage and Society, with the cooperation of the ICOMOS International Scientific Committee on Interpretation and Presentation (ICIP), is 0 organizing an International Conference: Why Does the Past Matter? to be held at the University of Massachusetts Amherst May 4-7, 2011.

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We hope that you will join us for what promises to be a provocative and memorable Location: event. Please feel free to circulate this announcement to interested colleagues and 0 students.

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Published: With Thanks and Best Regards. 0 12/15/10 12:00 AM Neil Silberman Posted Date: ICOMOS-ICIP and The UMass Amherst Center for Heritage and Society 0 12/14/10 10:58 AM

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Print AIA-HRC Pre-Convention Workshop at 2011 AIA Convention Wednesday May 11, 2011 | New Orleans, LA By H. Thomas McGrath Jr. FAIA – 2011 Chair, AIA Historic Resources Committee Read Reviews | Write a Review WE110 Evolutionary or Revolutionary: The Role of Traditional Building and Lessons Learned in the Recovery of post-Katrina New Orleans Wednesday, 8:30AM - 5:30PM, $325 | 7.5 HSW/SD/LU Hours | Speaker(s): Robert J. Berkebile, FAIA, Steven B. Bingler, AIA, REFP, NCARB, Tom Darden III, Andres M. Duany, FAIA, Patricia Gay, Lindsay Jonker, Clem Labine, Ann M. Masson, Byron J. Mouton, AIA, Steve Mouzon, AIA, CNU, LEED, Casius Pealer Assoc. AIA, Daniela Rivero, Steven Semes 0 comments

The recovery and rebuilding of residential neighborhoods in New Orleans offers a unique learning experience for those who preserve, rehabilitate, and build residential 0 Title: architecture. The extraordinary destruction from the Katrina event to the New Orleans AIA-HRC Pre-Convention Workshop at housing stock was massive. Even today, thousands of homes continue to deteriorate 2011 AIA Convention and remain vacant as a result of economic conditions, lack of insurance, and other factors. Location:

This AIA pre-convention Workshop will focus on the application of design advocacy (design, practice, leadership, sustainability, technology, and collaboration) that has 0 Contributor: occurred when and where infill residential structures have been built or restored in James Malanaphy New Orleans neighborhoods.

Published: Workshop presenters shall examine how preservation, new residential construction, 3/16/11 12:00 AM and the relocation of housing units have responded to the conditions of place and 0 restored neighborhood vitality. Posted Date: 3/17/11 1:50 PM Residential projects demonstrating traditional housing designs have been built based upon an evolutionary local vocabulary of established forms, at the same time, new 0 Last Viewed: revolutionary and innovative residential design solutions have been constructed since Katrina. Issues concerning the successes of an evolutionary or revolutionary typology of infill residential architecture in responding to storm durability, affordability and sustainable practice without sacrificing either innovation or a connection to heritage shall be presented. Speakers and panelists will learn of completed and ongoing project work in New Orleans neighborhoods to discover lessons learned and learn from project outcomes in the recovering residential neighborhoods. A closing panel of architectural critics, authors, and educators will lead a session designed to provoke and inform participants who will have an opportunity to discuss success and failure at the intersections of urban design, sustainability, storm durability, and sense of community in New Orleans neighborhoods.

By H. Thomas McGrath Jr. FAIA 2011 Chair, AIA Historic Resources Committee 0

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http://www.aia.org/akr/Resources/Documents/AIAB088385?dvid=&recspec=AIAB088385[3/25/2011 3:54:07 PM] Holland Prize, How to Participate: Heritage Documentation Programs--HABS, HAER, HALS, CRGIS--of the National Park Service

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ABOUT US Holland Prize: How to Participate COLLECTIONS SAMPLE PROJECTS STANDARDS & GUIDELINES Eligibility

JOBS No particular professional credentials are required; anyone is eligible to compete in the Holland DRAWINGS Prize competition. Only present employees of the Heritage Documentation Programs (HDP) are COMPETITIONS ineligible. The prize entry may be undertaken by students in conjunction with required courses, Peterson Prize electives, independent study and summer institutes. There is no entry fee. Holland Prize Judging & Rating Scale Project Rules The site selected for documentation must be appropriate for inclusion in the HABS/HAER/HALS Anderson Prize Collection and can include buildings, structures, engineering and industrial sites, and landscapes.

MITIGATION (Note that the HDP does not adhere to the fifty-year rule required by the National Register of Historic Places, and also welcomes the documentation of vernacular sites and structures.) The EXHIBITS drawing must be of a site that has not been previously recorded by HABS, HAER or HALS through Site Index measured drawings, unless as an addendum to an existing set of drawings it makes a new and Contact Information substantial contribution to the understanding of the site. Applicants should contact the Holland Prize Coordinator with any questions.

Drawing Regulations

The documentation is to consist of a single, well-composed sheet of drawings that best conveys the significance of the building, site, structure, or landscape. The measured drawing must conform to the HABS, HAER (including the Guidelines for Recording Historic Ships), or HALS Guidelines and Standards, and to the Holland Prize Rules and Recommendations. Guidelines can be downloaded via the HDP website. Participants are encouraged to consult the Built in America website at the Library of Congress, or the HDP website, for examples of measured drawings that meet the standards.

Entry Instructions

The individual or faculty sponsor must submit the Holland Prize Entry Form (PDF) by the required deadline. The entry form must be received at least two weeks prior to the receipt of the completed drawings. Upon receipt of the entry form, individuals or project teams will be provided with the requested number of blank sheets of mylar for hand-drawn projects, or the AutoCAD title block for CAD projects. There is no charge for these materials.

Schedule

31 May: Postmark deadline for submission of entry forms

http://www.nps.gov/history/hdp/competitions/holland_participate.htm[3/25/2011 3:55:53 PM] Holland Prize, How to Participate: Heritage Documentation Programs--HABS, HAER, HALS, CRGIS--of the National Park Service

30 June: Postmark deadline for submission of completed entries

Late summer: Holland Prize Jury

Fall [TBA]: Holland Prize awards ceremony

For Further Information Contact:

Robert Arzola Holland Prize Coordinator Historic Documentation Programs National Park Service

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http://www.nps.gov/history/hdp/competitions/holland_participate.htm[3/25/2011 3:55:53 PM] Current Conference

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APT Victoria 2011

Heritage on the Edge: Sustaining Buildings, Landscapes and Communities October 11-16, 2011 The Fairmont Empress Victoria, British Columbia, Canada

APT Victoria 2011 features everything you've come to expect from APT conferences:

Networking with delegates and speakers from around the globe 20 Sessions featuring 60+ papers A wide range of field sessions that explore Victoria and beyond Hands-on, in-depth workshops Suppliers showcasing their wares in the exhibit hall Special access to the International National Trusts Organisation Conference, which is partnering with the Heritage Canada Foundation Conference and co-located with APT at the Victoria Conference Centre Deadlines: Conference Paper Abstract deadline: February 21, 2011 Student Abstract deadline: March 31, 2011

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http://www.preservationnation.org/resources/training/npc/[3/25/2011 3:57:57 PM] 2011 SESAH Annual Meeting Charleston, SC October 26‐30, 2011

he Southeast Chapter of the Society of Architectural Historians (SESAH) will hold its 29th Annual Meeting in Charleston, SC, from October 26-29, 2011. The SESAH Host Committee Tinvites abstracts for individual papers or proposals for session panels, consisting of three papers and a chair. As with all SESAH conferences, papers and sessions may address any aspect of the history of the built environment as well as any geographical region, historical period, or scale. We anticipate sessions will revolve around such themes as Green Architecture in the South, Buildings of TVA, Postmodernism in the New South, Mid-Twentieth Century Modernism in Dixie, Period Revivalism, African and Caribbean Influence in American Architecture, and Southern Women as Architects and Patrons of Architecture. We also expect sessions on subjects related to European, Historic, Medieval, and Minority Architecture.

Abstracts should be sent by May 1, 2011, to Ashley Wilson, Clemson/College of Charleston MSHP Program, 292 Meeting Street, Charleston, SC 29401 or email [email protected].

Abstracts of no more than 300 words should be clearly labeled with the applicant’s name, professional affiliation, contact information, a brief C.V., and the title of the proposed paper. Proposals for session panels should include the title of the session; the names, affiliations, contact information, and C.V.s of all participants; and abstracts of each paper. Please send all materials as PDF or MS Word attachments. Digital presentations only, please. Submission of an abstract is considered a commitment to attend the meeting.

Applicants will be notified of their acceptance by June 1, 2011. Authors of accepted proposals must submit the complete text of their papers to their session chair by September 30, 2011; SESAH reserves the right to drop presenters who do not fulfill this requirement. All participants must be current members of SESAH by the meeting date and must register for the conference; there are discounts for students and for those that pre-register by October 12, 2011.

SESAH offers a limited number of travel grants to help graduate students attend the meeting to deliver papers. If you are a graduate student, identify yourself as such in your submission; you will be sent a travel grant application if your paper is selected.

The 2011 SESAH Annual Meeting will consist of paper sessions, a plenary session, a walking tour and a study tour. On Thursday morning, longtime mayor of Charleston and urban visionary, Joseph P. Riley, will deliver the welcome remarks on Charleston urbanism at the Charleston Museum. A reception will be held Thursday evening and a business lunch meeting and awards ceremony will take place Friday afternoon. On Friday evening, Witold Rybczynski, Martin and Margy Meyerson Professor of Urbanism, Professor of Real Estate and author of Makeshift Metropolis will speak about cities and urban life. Tours of the city, museum properties, and plantation landscape will also be held on Saturday.

SESAH Newsletter: Spring 2011 2

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Print The Advisory Council’s 2011 Section 106 Course Schedule By the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation

The ACHP is pleased to announce our popular Section 106 training schedule for 2011. Read Reviews | Write a Review We are offering the 106 Essentials and the Advanced Seminar in 12 locations across 0 the country. All courses are taught by highly knowledgeable ACHP staff who are engaged both on a daily basis and have practical hands-on experience with Section 106 issues. Attendees taking our courses receive an added benefit from the expertise that our instructors bring to the course. 0 comments See the attached flyer which details course objectives and logistics or visit www.achp.gov/106 for registration and pricing. Special registration rates are offered 0 for individuals and groups who register for the Essentials Course and pay prior to Title: December 15, 2010. We invite you to pass this flyer on to colleagues and associates Advisory Council?s 2011 Section 106 who would benefit from attending the course. You may contact Cindy Bienvenue at Course Schedule [email protected] if you have any questions.

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Print Letter from the 2011 HRC Chair By H. Thomas McGrath Jr., FAIA, 2011 Chair AIA Historic Resources Committee

Dear Historic Resources Committee Members: Read Reviews | Write a Review 0 This is my first letter as the Chair of the 2011 Advisory Group of the AIA Historic Resources Committee (HRC) and already I sense the year starting to accelerate past 0 me. It was only a couple of weeks ago that next year’s incoming 2012 Chair Jean Carroon and I attended the AIA Grassroots Leadership and Legislative Conference in Washington, DC. Jean and I used our time together at Grassroots to attend a meeting 0 comments with the other AIA Knowledge Community Advisory Group Chairs at a leadership forum and discuss our plans for implementing several of the actions outlined in our 2011 HRC operating plan. Title: Letter from the 2011 HRC Chair The good news for the AIA Knowledge Committees in 2011 is that all will continue to receive staff support from the Institute this year. I am pleased to also report that the 0 Location: new staff contact for our HRC is the very capable D. Bruce Bland. The bad news we received from our meeting with the Board Knowledge Community Chair was that none of the HRC operating plan project proposals we submitted for funding in 2011 were Contributor: successful. The impact of the recession on AIA income will now for a second year James Malanaphy force the Knowledge Community AG’s to look for outside support and partnerships to fund programs. Published: 3/20/11 12:00 AM Fortunately, a small surplus from last year in our account is allowing us to fund a meeting of the HRC-HABS Coordinating Committee the first week of March in 0 Posted Date: Washington DC. This is the committee, chaired by HRC member Jonathan Spodek that 3/21/11 3:52 PM administers the annual Peterson Prize process. The HRC along with the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) of the National Park Service and The Athenaeum of Last Viewed: Philadelphia annually award prizes for the best set of measured drawings prepared to HABS standards and donated to HABS by students. The prize honors Charles E. Peterson, FAIA, founder of the HABS program, and is intended to increase awareness, knowledge, and appreciation of historic buildings throughout the United States while adding to the permanent HABS collection of measured drawings at the Library of Congress. I am pleased to report that our Peterson award sponsors Marvin Windows, the UNICO Company, and the Athenaeum are all onboard to fully support the Peterson Prize program in 2011.

Unfortunately, there is no Institute funding available for a third Preservation as Provocation International Student Design Competition in 2011. This competition had 0 been offered by a partnership developed between the HRC and the Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture (ACSA). Our partnership with ACSA resulted in creating and producing a student design competition in 2007 and again in 2009 that was both national and international in scope. The previous design competitions offered architectural students the opportunity to investigate, develop, and challenge systematic approaches to design in the context of historic sites and buildings. The response of your AG to the lack of funds for our education initiative has been to organize a new Preservation in Architectural Education subcommittee as a sub- component of the HRC. As Chair of the HRC I asked Ashley Robbins Wilson AIA to serve as subcommittee Chair; we also asked Peyton Hall FAIA; Carolyn Kiernat AIA; Jean Carroon FAIA; Michael Mills FAIA; Joseph Oppermann FAIA; Jack Pyburn FAIA; Amanda Gann Assoc. AIA, AIAS Liaison; Wendy Hills AIA, and James Malanaphy AIA to serve on the subcommittee. Any other AIA HRC members interested in serving on this subcommittee should contact me at [email protected] with an expression of interest.

The mission of the Preservation in Architectural Education Committee shall be to promote historic preservation education in American schools of architecture. The 0

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Task Force will work with the AIA HRC AG to coordinate with allied organizations such as AIAS, ASCA, NCPE, NAAB, NCARB, NPS, LOC and others as requested by the HRC AG to support historic preservation and rehabilitation education in architectural degree programs, including: - Initiate Historic Architecture Educators Oral History program. - To raise funds and provide program support to continue the ACSA/AIA HRC biennial “Preservation as Provocation” Student Design Competition. - Monitor development of NAAB Student Performance Criteria. - Monitor implementation of NCARB Intern Development Program. The Task Force shall meet monthly by teleconference at a date and time to be announced.

Finally, AIA members and non-members can register for attendance at an HRC developed pre-convention Workshop with the title, “Evolutionary or Revolutionary: 0 The Role of a Traditional Sense of Place and Lesson Learned in the Recovery of Post- Katrina New Orleans Neighborhoods”. I urge you consider travelling to Convention this year and by all means attending our dynamic workshop! Check out the workshop speakers and the program and then register at: http://connect.aia.org/connect/public/SessionDetails.aspx? SessionID=6161&maxSessions=22

I hope to see many of you this May in New Orleans! 0 Sincerely, 0 H. Thomas McGrath Jr. FAIA 2011 Chair AIA Historic Resources Committee 0

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Preservation Briefs

The Preservation Briefs are an ongoing series of publications by the U.S. National Park Service that provides guidance on preserving, rehabilitating, and restoring historic buildings. The first two quizzes in the series are now available: Preservation Brief No. 43 – The Preparation and Use of Historic Structure Reports Read Brief Preservation Brief No. 43 - Take Quiz

Preservation Brief No. 44 – The Use of Awnings on Historic Buildings: Repair, Replacement and New Design Read Brief Preservation Brief No. 44 – Take Quiz Take Quiz

There are currently 47 Preservation Briefs in publication. Download a list of the briefs (pdf) or visit the National Park Service website for the online version of the briefs. Additional quizzes for many of the remaining Preservation Briefs will be available soon. The NPS Preservation Briefs are available in print copy for a nominal fee from the U.S. Government Printing Office online bookstore, and online free of charge in a slightly simplified version at the National Park Service web site. The quizzes can be taken after reading either the print or online version of each brief.

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Print AIA-HRC Historic Sites Advocacy Team By Sharon C.Park,FAIA

The Historic Sites Advocacy Team (HSAT) is a subcommittee of the AIA’s Historic Read Reviews | Write a Review Resource Committee (HRC) and is charged with responding to requests for assistance 0 on endangered historic properties. The team is committed to identifying, understanding and helping to preserve the architectural heritage in this country and internationally. The AIA Policy on Support for Threatened Historic Resources was adopted in September of 2008 and charges the HSAT with reporting to the Executive Committee of the AIA a recommendation for action. Actions may be in the form of 0 comments support letters, requests for design assistance or further communication through AIA components or other organizations. The ultimate goal of the HSAT and the AIA is to encourage local involvement in finding solutions that work for communities. With Title: scarce financial resources, it is difficult for the AIA to fund studies, but it can AIA-HRC Historic Sites Advocacy Team encourage local design efforts to consider incorporating endangered buildings into new complexes. Location:

The process for requesting support should come in a written form to the Historic Resource Committee or to the Executive Committee of the AIA outlining the issues. 0 Contributor: The information will be transmitted to the HSAT which is generally made up of the James Malanaphy past five chairs of the HRC who rely on local chapters and components to provide more detailed information on the issues. The HSAT does not act without consultation Published: to the local chapters as it is critical that support come locally. If there is disagreement 3/13/11 12:00 AM within the local chapter, the HSAT will inform the Executive Committee so that they are aware of the complexity of the issues. Posted Date: 3/14/11 2:54 PM Based on its investigation, the HSAT will prepare and submit through the HRC a briefing paper for the Executive Committee on its findings and recommendations. 0 Last Viewed: Critical to the investigation is the nature of the historic resource, whether or not is has been designated historic, and the appropriateness of any rehabilitation treatments. In most cases, the concern is demolition when there are not adequate local protections in place for the resource. Letters of support from the AIA can be instrumental in bringing to light the importance of the historic resource and opportunities for protection.

In each case where demolition was or is planned, AIA support for grants, further study of National Register of Historic Places eligibility, or design charrettes is 0 recommended. In some cases, the HSAT will recommend no action if the buildings do not appear eligible for the National Register due to lost integrity of design from previous alterations or if the resource cannot meet the threshold for listing. Each case is given in-depth assessment and the HSAT draws on experts in the field to assist with analysis. The HSAT has discretion to consider other sources, as appropriate, in determining significance which helps with buildings less than 50 years old which may not have gained much support for their architectural contributions to heritage.

Requests for assistance may be sent to AIA HRC HSAT 0

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Print Carolyn Kiernat, AIA Appointed to AIA HRC Advisory Group

By James J. Malanaphy, AIA 0 Read Reviews | Write a Review The AIA HRC Advisory Group is pleased to announce the appointment of Carolyn Kiernat, AIA, as the newest member of the HRC Advisory Group. 0

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Title: Carolyn Kiernat, AIA Appointed to AIA HRC Advisory Group

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Contributor: James Malanaphy Carolyn Kiernat, AIA is principal at Page & Turnbull in San Francisco, an architecture 0 firm committed to the reuse and renewal of historic structures. Carolyn focuses on Published: the entitlements process for historic structures and strives to balance complex 3/13/11 12:00 AM regulatory requirements with the goals of sustainable design. Most recently, she managed the design of the Walt Disney Family Museum in the Presidio of San Posted Date: Francisco, which involved the conversion of an 1897 army barracks into a state-of- 3/14/11 2:59 PM the art museum for the Disney family. Prior to joining Page & Turnbull, Carolyn worked briefly with the National Park Service, Ellerbe Beckett in Minneapolis, and Last Viewed: Behnish & Partner in Stuttgart, Germany. She maintains a high level of community involvement, serving on the Board of Directors for San Francisco Heritage, as a member of the Sausalito Historic Landmarks Board, and as president-elect of the AIA San Francisco chapter.

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Print Historic Preservation Education in American Schools of Architecture By Ashley R Wilson, AIA, ASID, Clemson University/College of Charleston

Economic realities are causing the construction industry to shift from new Read Reviews | Write a Review construction to revitalization, creating an ever increasing demand for preservation 0 architects. Since 1976, thirty-eight historic preservation degrees and eleven certificate programs have formed in both undergraduate and graduate schools. But preservation education is often viewed as supplemental to the training of an architect. As a possible result, three out of every four of these new programs have been created outside of architecture departments. While this reflects the multidisciplinary nature of 0 comments the field and the trend to embrace cross-college degrees, it also reflects a lost opportunity to better position architectural education.

Title: As an architect teaching in a Master of Science in Historic Preservation program, we Historic Preservation Education in just reviewed applications for next year’s class and like every year, around 20% are 0 American Schools of Architecture from frustrated architecture students. The following excerpt from an admissions essay is common: Location:

“I had struggled with how I might incorporate my interest in history with a career in architecture. Historic architecture intrigued me, yet the study of architecture itself seemed 0 Contributor: to turn its back on my basic desire to connect to what was built by past generations…” James Malanaphy

“At this moment, preservation courses don’t fit comfortably with architecture Published: programs that maintain a design-led ethos”, explained Loughlan Kealy at a 2005 0 3/13/11 12:00 AM Historic Preservation and Architecture Education conference. Design is avant-garde; art on the creative edge while preservation’s place in society is one of curatorship and Posted Date: management. While preservation practice may not be considered cutting-edge, there 3/14/11 3:17 PM are many ways to practice architecture and extending the cultural usefulness of our environment, buildings, landscapes, and communities is fast becoming the next new Last Viewed: thing. A design-led curriculum can start with an existing building as well as a blank page.

Historic Buildings are typically the ‘gateway drug’ for architecture schools. Many young people say they first developed an interest in the built world through heritage 0 tourism. Others are attracted to architecture through an affinity towards craftsmanship, technique or construction. Certainly most architecture students’ desire ‘hands-on’ educational experiences. Preservation architecture marries all of these interests. As sustainability takes root, repurposing buildings is becoming the most typical commission. The preservation architect takes into account the original intent of the designer while upgrading existing systems and creating new additions. Thanks to their preservation education (which wasn’t formally obtained since architecture schools don’t teach preservation methodology), these architects understand materials, how they perform and how they fail. They also are the group that is repairing and protecting our mid-century modern heritage illustrating that preservation methodology is as important to the future as it is to the past.

As the preservation field shifted from the revolutionary/reactionary (the establishment saving ancestral homes) to an integrated component of the planning 0 process, the Historic Resources Committee of the AIA took note. Between 2004 and 2006 a task force on preservation education was created and held three pivotal events, a meeting in Washington DC, a Symposium in Bath, United Kingdom and a workshop at Cranbrook Academy of Art. The result of these efforts was the Preservation as Provocation design competition sponsored by the ACSA and alliances with NCPPT, NAAB, NCARB, and AIAS. Subsequently, the Historic Resources Committee has established the Task Group as the Historic Preservation Education subcommittee.

The Historic Preservation Education subcommittee will advocate for preservation 0

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education in American schools of architecture. The surging number of successful preservation programs indicates that there is student demand and the fact that, according to March 2011Architect magazine, 90% of architecture projects deal with existing buildings shows practical demand.

During this coming year, the Historic Preservation Education subcommittee will: - Initiate Historic Architecture Educators Oral History program. 0 - Raise funds and provide program support to continue the ACSA/AIA HRC biennial “Preservation as Provocation” Student Design Competition. - Monitor evolution for NAAB’s conditions and procedures for accreditation for architecture programs. - Monitor implementation of NCARB Intern Development Program and the ARE, which includes preservation related questions in most sections.

The first inaugural event in the Preservation Educators Oral History program will be on March 23 with Hugh Miller, FAIA in Charleston, South Carolina at the Middleton 0 Pinckney House at 6:30. Co-sponsored by the Clemson/College of Charleston Graduate Program in Historic Preservation and the HRC committee of the AIA, the series will be an annual event celebrating the careers of preservation architects and educators. The interviews will be archived and published in Preservation Architect.

The Preservation as Provocation competition is planned for 2012. Ideas for the competition program or site are welcomed. The last efforts featured sites at 0 Saarinen’s Cranbrook Academy and Kahn’s Salk Institute.

The Historic Resources Committee will work with the accrediting bodies and the Intern Development Program to better support preservation education. We are 0 compiling a list of preservation architects that instruct preservation education (in any department, adjunct or tenure/tenure track) so we can create a broad community conversation. If you qualify, know of others that do or want to help in any manner, please contact Ashley Wilson at [email protected] .

This edition of Preservation Architect is dedicated to Preservation Education. Articles that summarize past conferences, new conferences and new conversations are 0 included as well as profiles of current architecture students, professors and practitioners. The preservation field has matured to assume a prominent role in the management of the built environment and it is time to ensure that architectural education meets the demands of our society.

By Ashley R Wilson, AIA, ASID, Assistant Professor Clemson University/College of Charleston 0 Graduate Program in Historic Preservation

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Print Preservation Education and Design Theory in Architectural Curriculum By David G. Woodcock, FAIA, FSA, FAPT, Texas A&M University

The underlying thesis behind the ACSA Teachers Workshop held at Cranbrook in June Read Reviews | Write a Review 2006 was that in all of architectural education “Time Matters,” that is, an 0 understanding of the history of design and construction is an integral and critical part of becoming an architect. Implicit in this understanding is that architects must be prepared to make informed decisions about the treatment of existing, and in some cases historic buildings, since future projects will increasingly involve additions and re-use. The presenters at the workshop, all active in the AIA Historic Resources 0 comments Committee, were recognized as educators and practitioners with a preservation focus, but each of them was committed to the belief that the precepts of architecture must include a deep recognition of the importance of context in the fullest sense. Title: Specifically, the objective was to explore how ‘preservation’ could be introduced into Preservation Education and Design Theory the base curriculum for architectural education, an issue that had been debated by the in Architectural Curriculum Preservation Education Task Group of AIA HRC since 2004.

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Contributor: James Malanaphy

Published: 3/13/11 12:00 AM

Posted Date: Cranbrook, 1927 arched gateway, by Eero Saarinen, with motto “A life without beauty is 3/14/11 3:22 PM only half lived.” Sketch by David Woodcock, June 2006 Last Viewed:

The committee had been successful in persuading NAAB to address issues of ‘context’ and ‘history’ in five of the Student Performance Criteria adopted in 2005, either 0 specifically or by implication. In the two areas of Western Traditions, and National and Regional Traditions the criteria anticipated that students would gain an understanding of traditional materials and construction technology in the shaping of architecture, particularly vernacular buildings. Under the criteria on Sustainable Design it was intended that students would recognize the importance of site-specific factors in developing a design solution. Issues of micro-climate, orientation, shading and internal arrangement of spaces, and the use of the building section to assist in air flow and light infiltration and protection from heat gain, issues that can be demonstrated effectively using historic precedents. The consideration of Building Materials and Assemblies can also use an examination of existing buildings to examine the principles of good weather-tight details, and appropriate use of materials to maximize quantitative and qualitative objectives. These are, of course, well- established ideas, and were brilliantly explicated in the two volumes, “American Architecture: The Historical Forces that Shaped It,” and “American Architecture: The Environmental Forces that Shaped It,” by James Marston Fitch, coincidentally the founder of formal university-based preservation education in 1964. The last criterion to expand into preservation practice was Legal Responsibilities. That specifically called for an understanding of Historic Preservation Law, especially the 1966 National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) and the subsequent Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Preservation, Rehabilitation, Restoration and Reconstruction.

At a time when economic and societal pressures are placing increasing focus on the re-use and rehabilitation of our built heritage, the changes to the criteria seemed 0 appropriate and timely. However, the AIA HRC group recognized that curricula could not absorb additional courses, and that these criteria would need to be integrated into

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existing lecture and studio classes.

The concern for the protection of historical fabric goes back at least to the Romans. Emperor Theodosius (309 CE) enacted a law forbidding the disfigurement of external 0 decorations on private buildings through modern additions. The great debates of the nineteenth century began with the French archeologist, Auguste N. Didron, who stated, “It is better to preserve than to restore, and better to restore than to reconstruct.” This emphasis on the authentic original was at the heart of the dialogue whose opposing positions can be identified with Eugene Viollet-le-Duc, a prodigious scholar and accomplished French engineer/architect, who approached existing buildings with a view to creating them as idealized examples of what they might have been expected to be, and wrought significant make-overs from individual buildings like Notre Dame in Paris to the entire town of Carcassonne in the south of France. This approach to ‘preservation’ as re-creation drew the ire of John Ruskin, the British social reformer and artist, who flatly announced “restoration is the most total destruction a building can suffer,” in his The Stones of Venice written in 1853.

The basic argument is between the roles of the new designer versus the original designer or builder, and the relative emphasis that should be placed on the 0 significance of original built fabric and new construction required to meet changed needs. The British Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings established in 1877 was partially a reaction against the negative impact the Industrial Revolution had on craftsmanship and society, but its insistence on the value of the whole building, un- altered and celebrated as embodying responses to human needs and aspirations over time, led to it being widely-known as the “Anti-Scrape Society,” that is, dedicated to keeping the changes and patinas of time.

The adherents to a Didron position gained ascendancy in the international meetings in Italy in 1964 that led to the Venice Charter, a statement that also favored 0 consideration of the building as a reflection of its entire history, and therefore in sharp contrast to le Duc’s approach. Since many of the American participants in Venice were also shaping national legislation, it was not surprising the 1966 NHPA followed these same precepts.

Other debates and conferences have expanded the perspective from individual buildings (monuments) to whole communities. The Australian Burra Charter led the 0 way to an inclusive consideration of native and tribal cultures with their own perspectives on retention and use of physical heritage, and an approach to preservation driven by wise use and inclusive management processes, an approach that Kate Clark has termed “Informed Conservation.” Similarly, the international preservation conference held in Nara, Japan, refined the cultural and non-physical aspects of ‘authenticity,’ as well as restating the importance of the buildings and places as ‘documents’ that should reveal the histories and cultures of their builders and users over time.

Since the Cranbrook Teachers’ Workshop was focused on teachers not familiar with preservation it was important to establish the vocabulary used in the field, using the 0 Secretary of the Interior’s Standards as a starting point. Preservation was defined as retaining the maximum historic fabric, and undertaking work only to maintain and protect it. Perhaps the best-known example is Drayton Hall in South Carolina, which is virtually unchanged since its construction in 1742, and is maintained as a house museum by the National Trust for Historic Preservation. Rehabilitation retains the maximum original fabric as possible while bringing the building up to codes and standards, ensuring that the building can remain in service as an effective and attractive structure. The U.S. General Services Administration is a classic example of an organization that brings historic structures up to contemporary standards while maintaining the integrity of the original building. Their record and approach is significant as they must make the properties they operate attractive to federal agencies in a very competitive market while maintaining stringent cost and leasing limitations. Rehabilitation is the most common approach to using existing buildings, and where the structures are on, or eligible for, the National Register of Historic Places there may be significant tax credits available to a developer who plans on using the building for income-producing purposes. Restoration is a special process that brings a property back to its appearance at a particular point in time, based on careful research. This is usually done for interpretive purposes, and the selected period depends on the most significant period in the building’s history, at Mount Vernon that was George Washington’s death, and the Ladies Association of Mount Vernon faithfully retains the house, and has added reconstructions of supporting structures as they existed, at that date. Reconstruction is a rarely-used approach that requires exhaustive documentary and physical evidence to re-create an historic

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structure where its absence significantly inhibits public understanding of a larger historic context. The Governor’s Palace in the Commonwealth of Virginia has been named as one of the most important buildings in Colonial America. Occupied at one time by Virginia Governor (and later President) Thomas Jefferson, it burned to the ground and was forgotten, but deemed to be an essential element in Colonial Williamsburg when it was being re-interpreted and rebuilt in the 1920s. Visitors to the Palace are advised that they are experiencing a historically accurate replica, but the research was thorough and the workmanship and materials are faithful to the original to greatest extent possible.

While a classroom rehearsal of preservation theory and an exploration of the lessons to be learned from older construction and design are interesting, the design studio 0 remains the focus of architectural education. The studio represents the point of synthesis between the practical and the pragmatic, and the heady realms of creation and invention, the opportunity to follow the Piagetian model of ‘learning by doing.’

Perhaps the greatest misrepresentation of preservation practice is that it is hidebound in the past, concerned only with protecting what exists, and un-interested 0 in adapting to new and future uses. Certainly it is axiomatic that the preservation architect has a bias toward that which exists, but the opportunity to respect the past while responding to current needs and to add a layer that reflects contemporary thinking and aspirations is the epitome of Ruskin’s thesis that buildings must reflect their whole and evolving history. There is more than a semantic purpose in favoring the term Heritage (encompassing cultural as well as physical components) Conservation (meaning the wise use of resources) over the common U. S. term ‘Historic Preservation.’

English Heritage, the government agency responsible for thousands of structures in England, has developed a number of publications that offers stimulating perspectives 0 on design approaches through its agency the Council on Architecture and the Built Environment (CABE).

The Cranbrook presentation suggested four different philosophies for design in and with historic contexts. Repent and Return, a reintroduction of the styles and values of 0 classical architecture. Exemplified by the Neo-Classicists in Europe and the United States, for which Quinlan Terry’s Library for Downing College (2004) serves as a model. Strictly Renaissance in appearance, it draws its form from extant and historical buildings, and its materials and details are similarly based. The objective is to create a timeless building that is respectful of its location and comfortable to its users and passersby.

Quinlan Terry’s Library for Downing College

Artistic Arrogance and Denial, is the apparent antithesis to the previous approach. The existing buildings and context are treated simply as elements to be subsumed, and in 0

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some extreme cases overwhelmed, by the new work. The Royal Ontario Museum existed in a series of buildings constructed over time, and Daniel Libeskind was asked to create some new spaces, improve interconnection and raise the image of the whole museum. His response has been deemed successful by the museum, but the angular forms and slashed windows found in much of Libeskind’s work create a Pac- Man-like image of the new consuming the old that some find disturbing.

The Royal Ontario Museum, Daniel Libeskind

Contrast and Illuminate, can be identified with I. M. Pei’s dramatic insertion of a series of glass pyramids into the courtyard at the Louvre in Paris. Decried by many when it 0 was built in 1993, just as Libeskind’s work was some twelve years later, the glass elements are clearly separated from the historic fabric, they allow some transparency through which the old can be viewed, and the connecting elements and the new visitor spaces were created below grade.

Glass Pyramids in the Courtyard at the Louvre in Paris, I. M. Pei

Understand and respect, an objective that maintains form, scale, color and material connections to the existing context is deemed by some to be a denial of the present 0 and the future. It certainly assumes a certain modesty on the part of the designers, and while the professional avant gard may mistake modesty for timidity, the outcomes are often appreciated by the general public! Jane Darbyshire and David Kendall’s 2004 insertion of new housing into the historic Bars area in Chester, England is a good example.

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New Housing in the Historic Bars Area in Chester, England, Jane Darbyshire and David Kendall

While the AIA HRC may appreciate the ‘repent and return’ curriculum at Notre Dame’s School of Architecture that is devoted to the Classical and Beaux Arts tradition, 0 interestingly the training received by the founders of The Modern Movement, it does not advocate that approach as a universal model! Realistically, the exploration of design will reflect new trends, and use new tools and materials. The intention for the Cranbrook experience was to model the broad integration of historical precedent in architectural education, and a respect for historic buildings based on a deep understanding of both their materiality and their meaning. The hope is that this will lead to creative as well as sensitive additions and insertions into our built heritage.

One outcome of the “Time Matters” workshop was the new student competition organized in collaboration between the Association of Collegiate Schools of 0 Architecture and the AIA/HRC. Titled “Preservation as Provocation,” the initial 2007 competition brief called for an expansion of Saarinen’s Library and Museum on the Cranbrook campus. The program was developed from the real needs identified by the Cranbrook administration, and challenged the students to find a balance between new work and Saarinen’s iconic complex. The wording of the brief might have over-played the ‘sacred’ nature of Saarinen’s buildings, and many solutions focused on sub-grade solutions, even less visible than Pei’s Louvre pyramids, but the competition attracted international attention and showed that students, and even more importantly, faculty see these projects as viable exercises. The second competition held in 2009 also required major programmatic additions to an internationally known iconic assembly of buildings, this time Louis Kahn’s Salk Institute. The steeply-sided ravine over which the Institute views the Pacific Ocean, and the demanding programmatic needs, made this a particularly exciting challenge. The responses were varied, but again suggested the usefulness of such projects to the educational experience of future architects. There have been some funding issues associated with organizing a third “Preservation as Provocation” competition, but it is hoped to announce one for 2012.

While there will always be unique situations where strict preservation or restoration are the treatments of choice, the increasing role of rehabilitation, and the need to 0 make additions to existing buildings, demand that architectural education provide opportunities for students to explore the challenge of combining the curatorship of the old as well as being creators of the new.

David Woodcock, FAIA, FSA, FAPT Professor of Architecture 0 Director Emeritus, Center for Heritage Conservation

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REFERENCES: 0 NTHP, Old and New Architectural Design Relationship, Washington DC, Preservation Press, 1980

Brent C. Brolin, Design In Context: fitting new buildings with old, New York, Van Nostrand, 1980

Wim Denslagen, Architectural Restoration in Western Europe: controversy and continuity, Amsterdam, Architectura and Natura Press, 1994

Paul S. Byard, The Architecture of Additions: Design and Regulation, New York, W.W. Norton, 1998

Francis Golding, Building in Context: New Development in Historic Areas, London, English Heritage and CABE, 2001

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Print Preservation In Architectural Education/ A Practitioner’s Perspective By Jack Pyburn, FAIA

David Woodcock’s summary of the past efforts of the Historic Resources Committee’s Read Reviews | Write a Review preservation in architectural education initiative is excellent for understanding the 0 origins, accomplishments and pedagogical parameters of the enterprise. The question that follows is what is the desired output of this initiative, what does success look like?

There are at least two viewpoints from which to consider this question. The first says 0 comments there is a dire need to train future preservation architects. There is no program or 0 curriculum in the U.S. specifically dedicated to do so. While there are a number of preservation programs, Certificate or Masters of Science, under the larger umbrella of Title: architecture colleges or schools, there are none that have a dedicated preservation Preservation in Architectural Education/ A architecture curriculum. Only recently have a few architecture programs attempted to Practitioner?s Perspective integrate preservation into the architectural curriculum in the format of a preservation focused design studio. This represents progress and for that we should Location: be encouraged; however, it does not address this larger issue and opportunity as of yet.

Contributor: The second perspective proffers that the stewardship of the built environment James Malanaphy (existing and new) is integral to architecture and thus the academy and profession 0 should have a balanced investment in the stewardship of the built environment and Published: “quality” design in new construction. It follows that graduates of professional 3/13/11 12:00 AM programs should possess an understanding and ability to make balanced decisions based on a broad set of physical, cultural, social and economic values and a capacity Posted Date: to understand the context (historical and otherwise) of the built environment 3/14/11 3:38 PM sufficient to integrate the meaningful substance of that context into each design. This perspective should not be confused with architectural historicism but rather Last Viewed: advocates for the deepest most informed position from which to produce quality design in the present for the future. Such a position embraces the preservation of historic significance as a component of quality design.

Exposing all graduate architecture students to preservation theory, methodologies and practice can accomplish the following. All graduates will be imbibed with the 0 understanding that our society holds the built environment as a collection of physical, social, economic and cultural resources with meaning and value - all of which should be taken seriously and considered deeply in each project. Graduates should connect with the concept that the value of a structure extends well beyond architectural “style or aesthetic to include social and cultural values. Students should be sensitized that their academic and later professional designs carry a responsibility for quality that can endure time. Longevity is a word not commonly used in the sustainability movement to date but in fact is a fundamental quality of both preservation and sustainability.

Through exposure to preservation in early architectural education, some number of students will become aware of it and attracted to it as a professional focus. The 0 academy has a responsibility to provide the widest exposure to professional options for students. Once discovered, students will find a path to their desired professional track and the academic marketplace will respond to the demand. I have personally had students, interns and licensed professionals who discovered preservation outside the academy express disappointment that their architecture school curriculum did not include exposure to historic preservation architecture as a professional option.

Defining an appropriate threshold level of exposure to preservation in architectural education is a complex task and should in fact be shaped to the culture of each 0 architecture program. However, I have taken the following stab at preservation

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related content that can contribute to a well-prepared architect as to start a discussion around the appropriate content. My suggestions are based on the goal that this content be in preparation for or integrated into the current curriculum to minimize the need for additional coursework in an already stressed spectrum of learning requirements in architectural education.

Liberal Arts: Professional specialization has diminished the contribution of liberal arts to architectural education. The solid and diverse liberal arts content in the pre- professional degrees of graduate architecture students provides a wider and deeper foundation from which to understand, explore and embrace the role of social and cultural values as context in the built environment. The objective should be to instill an understanding of the relationship of time, culture, economics and society in architecture that links intellectual concepts with physical design decision making.

Architectural History: Architectural history is a core component of architectural education. The academy and profession embrace “precedent” as a meaningful method of inquiry in the design process. Making architectural history a living breathing subject is vital to fully appreciating the relationship of time to culture, society and architecture.

Exposure To Historic Buildings And Experience Connecting An In-Depth Understanding Of Building’s History With Its Physical Attributes: Hands on field experience with existing and historic buildings is invaluable for appreciating materials, details and construction qualities in relation to a corresponding social, cultural and economic context. However, this is not enough to adequately appreciate the value of the tangible. The experience of discovery and gleaning from the historical record (however old or recent) enlivens and enlightens understanding of the tangible and is a critical learning experience.

Understanding Of The Basic Framework Of Preservation Theory And Practice: Generally the goal of the AIA/HRC education initiative has been to accomplish our objectives for integrating preservation in architectural education without adding courses. This body of information can be in part be integrated into the professional practice course where NAAB encourages programs to address historic preservation law along with environmental law and codes. The scope of appropriate content to address this subject can certainly support a separate course.

Preservation Focused Studio Project: In his article for this newsletter, David Woodcock discussed the experience and success of the preservation-oriented ACSA student competitions. These were preservation-focused studio projects that exposed a large number of students to the issues and creative opportunities within an iconic historic context requiring both preservation of building fabric and the thoughtful design of interventions. Such an experience for all graduate students led by informed faculty can have profound positive value for future generations of architects and our built environment.

Returning to the need to educate preservation architects, I believe there is such a need and an academic market for such a curriculum. The threshold preservation 0 understanding and ability for all graduate architects suggested above, elevates the capacity and effectiveness of the profession as a whole to steward our nation’s historic resources but are not of sufficient depth to produce fully educated and prepared graduates for a focus in preservation architecture. If through the progressive integration of preservation values into the prevailing graduate architecture curriculum results in a deeper appreciation across the academy for the social and cultural values embedded in the existing and historic built environment a focused preservation architecture degree option cannot be far behind.

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Print Historic Preservation & Architecture Education: International Dialogue Presentations from the September 11-14, 2005 Symposium | University of Bath, UK By James Malanaphy, AIA, from Preservation Architect, March 2006 Read Reviews | Write a Review The international meeting of the AIA HRC—held September 11-14, 2005, in Bath, England—continued the Preservation Education Initiative begun with meetings in 0 Washington, D.C., in November 2004 and January 2005. The program for the conference in Bath added an international perspective from which to examine educational practice in the United States. Several presentations from the September 11-14, 2005, HRC conference in Bath, England, are now available online as PDF 0 comments documents. The following presentations supplement the conference report prepared by David Woodcock, FAIA. Review Conference Report and Presentations.

Title: "Preservation Education in European Architecture Programmes" by Jukka Jokilehto, Historic Preservation & Architecture PhD 0 Education: International Dialogue, Presentations from the September 11-14, "Preservation Education in the UK: A Strategic Overview" by John Fidler, RIBA 0 2005 Symposium | University of Bath, UK "International Collaboration: Preservation & Architectural Education" by Jonathan C. Location: Spodek, AIA, and Fabrizio Sacchi 0

"Preservation Education in Academia Today: Challenges and Opportunities" by Contributor: Koenraad Van Balen 0 James Malanaphy

"Historic Preservation in a Practice Setting" by James W. Rhodes, FAIA 0 Published: 3/17/11 12:00 AM "Conservation Studies in Professional Architecture Education" by Loughlan Kealy 0 Posted Date:

3/18/11 4:36 PM

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Print Evolution of Architectural Preservation in the United States: Some Circumstances and Events That Have Shaped America’s Responses to Its Historic Architecture By Joseph K. Oppermann, FAIA, Cranbrook, 2006 Read Reviews | Write a Review

Some of the major factors affecting the design and construction of early buildings in the United States included: 1.) available building materials and construction methods; 0 2.) traditions, theories and styles; 3.) environment, and; 4.) the pragmatic actions of assimilating into a new, evolving culture. 0 comments Early settlers to the North American colonies generally followed the building traditions they knew best, those of their homelands. Thus, many of the buildings were 0 close duplications of European precedents. The diversity of cultures resulted in Title: diverse architectural expressions. While some were pure replicas of the former Evolution of Architectural Preservation in country’s building culture as evidenced by the Moravian buildings of Old Salem, the United States others were blends of the building traditions of multiple cultures. One such blend is the McGoffin House of El Paso, an adobe building of Native American lineage adorned Location: with elements based on European precedents.

0 Contributor: James Malanaphy

Published: 3/13/11 12:00 AM

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1. Moravian buildings of traditional half-timber construction in Old Salem.

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2. The McGoffin House of adobe construction and Victorian wood trim.

The settlers’ new homeland had an abundance of energy sources, raw materials, and labor. From the earliest days, the need to conserve raw materials and energy was 0 often not particularly strong, though the recycling of finished features was common as a practical matter at least into the twentieth century.

Sometimes, the adaptation of building type to the peculiarities of place produced distinctive new building designs as evidenced by the multi-tiered ironwork-galleried 0 buildings in the French Quarter of New Orleans and the side-galleried (piazza) “Single Houses” of Charleston.

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3. The ornate cast-iron galleries of the French Quarter of New Orleans.

4. Charleston’s side-galleried Single House.

And there long has been a persistent desire by successive waves of immigrants to be “American.” This widespread effort towards assimilation manifests itself in many 0 forms, from language, to the preponderance of common given names and modifications of surnames to sound and read more “American,” to the commonality of attire, and to the preferred designs of buildings or modification to “Americanize” traditional design. All these adaptations played a part in the process of becoming one people.

5. Sometimes, as in the case of the Simon Pytlovany family of Fayette County, Texas, immigrant families resisted the urge to build in the tradition they knew. Only when their “American house” was destroyed by a storm did they build a Ukrainian house of mud and manure, temporary quarters until another American house could be built by American carpenters.

6. A.J. Davis’ capital of corncob and wheat sheaf, Playmakers Theater, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

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The factors affecting the choice of what to retain of the old building stock have in some instances remained fairly constant while in others have evolved dramatically. To 0 be sure, economics has been a major factor in these decisions, not only in recent years but apparently from the earliest days of the nation. Yet some early communities also put a greater premium on their identity of place and continue to do so.

The political events of the late-eighteenth century sparked a revolution of many dimensions including self perception. Americans were emboldened with the military 0 success of their Revolution and the international recognition, even emulation, of their emergent country and its new form of government. This communal pride was soon tested when one of the buildings most closely associated with the formation of the new nation was threatened with demolition for redevelopment of the site. Citizens rallied to its defense and Independence Hall was spared. The year was 1816.

7. Independence Hall – spared in 1816.

8. Mount Vernon – saved in 1858.

A few decades later, in 1858, Ann Pamela Cunningham organized the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association to purchase another historic landmark associated with the 0 formation of the country. The Association became a model for other women’s service organizations wanting to do their part in saving for posterity landmarks important to the history of the country. Collectively, they were the principal agents of organized preservation activities in the last half of the nineteenth century.

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The Civil War at mid-century created a Southern perspective of honoring the past with separate iconic representations. It was expressed in one form as the seemingly 0 ubiquitous gray granite monuments to Confederate War dead subsequently erected on most county courthouse squares of the Old South; their placement is a more accurate delineation of the geographic boundaries of sympathy for the Southern Cause than state boundaries. The sentiment of a separate past was also expressed in the acquisition and preservation of buildings associated with the Confederacy and Confederate leaders. The White House of the Confederacy in Richmond was acquired and connected to a museum in 1896. Stratford Hall, ancestral home of the revered Confederate General Robert E. Lee, became a museum in 1929. Treatment of the Confederate White House during “restoration” illustrates the priority placed on appearance and permanence of the ideal over conservation of the building as an artifact. The building was stripped of wood framing and trim that would be susceptible to catching fire and replaced with concrete vaulting, clay tile, and iron- replica castings.

9. Monuments to Confederate War dead.

10. The White House of the Confederacy.

In the late nineteenth century the federal government began protecting large tracts of land for the public good. Yellowstone, established in 1872, was the first of these new 0 public parks. The primary objective of the parks program initially was the preservation of natural resources and open spaces, which soon included battlefields as well. Historic buildings and other structures associated with the natural setting benefitted only incidentally. The first federal funding specifically for the preservation of an historic building as a cultural resource occurred in 1889. In that year, Congress appropriated $2,000 to stabilize Casa Grande, the Native American ruin in Arizona.

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11. Casa Grande.

Even so, Congress shied away from acquiring historic buildings. For example, when a private group made up of both Union and Confederate veterans brought forth the 0 opportunity to acquire both the rural Vicksburg Battlefield and the Confederate General’s urban headquarters, Congress acquired the battlefield but passed on the house, offering a commemorative plaque instead.

12. Vicksburg Battlefield.

13. General Pemberton’s Vicksburg Headquarters.

The loss of another exceptionally well-designed public building prompted to action the relatively new association of professional architects. In 1890, a founding member 0 and past president, Richard M. Upjohn, lamented to his colleagues at the annual convention of the American Institute of Architects that the Treasury Building on Wall Street in New York was destined for demolition for redevelopment. He argued,

“The history of civilization and the world is traced by the character of its buildings and its architecture, and the degree of civilization of peoples is determined by the monuments 0

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they have left.”

The Institute thereupon established the Committee on Conservation of Public Architecture, with Upjohn the first chair. The AIA’s current-day Historic Resources 0 Committee is the successor to that committee and as such is the longest standing committee of that organization. The initial charge to Upjohn’s committee was to promote a better appreciation of architecture among the general public. Indeed, one of the early formal tasks the committee took on was to promote the Octagon Series, a published series of books that documented in measured drawings notable examples of American architecture. The Institute also took to heart President Upjohn’s comments; in 1898 the group acquired the noted Octagon House as its first permanent headquarters. Designed by architect, William Thornton, the 1798 Washington, D.C. landmark most notably served as President and Dolley Madison’s residence after the White House was burned by the British in 1814.

It is noteworthy that the early decades of committee correspondence was largely from other architects asking for help for their communities around the country. Citizens 0 who liked the character of their cities turned to local architects for help in preventing still more demolition and redevelopment. The architects in turn turned to the national committee. Unfortunately, committee records do not document the responses.

14. The historic Octagon House – first headquarters of the American Institute of Architects.

The Federal Role in the 20th Century

The Federal government became a major player in the preservation of America’s historic buildings and other cultural resources in 1906. That year, in response to the 0 looting of Mesa Verde, the Antiquities Act gave the president authority to designate “…historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and other objects of historic or scientific interest” situated on federal land.

15. Mesa Verde.

In the 1920s, the effort to preserve historic architecture expanded from a focus on

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individual buildings, the monuments, to a new emphasis on whole communities. A 0 task reserved for only the very wealthy, it was initiated in 1926 by industrialist John D. Rockefeller who began his “restoration” of Williamsburg, Virginia, albeit an idealized version of colonial life, to promote patriotism and good citizenship. His effort was followed by automobile tycoon Henry Ford at Greenfield Village in Dearborn, Michigan, beginning in 1929.

16. Colonial Williamsburg in Virginia.

17. Greenfield Village in Michigan.

The 1920s and 1930s were a period of standardization and codification, whether the subject was individual building materials, whole buildings, or whole communities. 0 Residents who actually liked their cities jumped at the chance to prevent unwanted change by invoking the concept of historic zoning to protect desired areas. Charleston was the first in 1931. Others quickly followed including New Orleans in 1936, San Antonio in 1939, and Alexandria, Virginia in 1946.

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18. Charleston - 1931.

19. New Orleans – 1936.

20. San Antonio - 1939.

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21. Alexandria – 1946.

The Great Depression that put so many Americans in soup lines also was an incubator for ideas. When the new president, Franklin D. Roosevelt, challenged federal 0 staffs to put people back to work, a young landscape architect at the National Park Service had a novel idea. Architects and engineers, those who design buildings, could also record existing buildings. Hire them to travel the country to draw and photograph the country’s best buildings. Thus was born in 1933 what became the Historic American Buildings Survey or simply HABS. It later was expanded to include engineering projects under the auspices of the Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) and historic landscapes with the Historic American Landscapes Survey (HALS). The effort was interrupted by World War II but was regenerated after the war and remains active today with work conducted primarily by college students.

22. Soup Line of the unemployed during the Great Depression.

Post-War

The National Trust for Historic Preservation was chartered by Congress in 1949 to promote preservation of the built environment beyond the scope of the Federal 0 Government. Its first headquarters was in the Decatur House in Lafayette Square across from the White House. It now has in addition to its main office in Washington, five regional offices and a field office. It is a popular membership organization that promotes preservation primarily by way of the written word, museum properties, and conferences and workshops.

With the ending of World War II, the Korean War and the extended Cold War, massive

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social and community change occurred. The G.I. Bill reversed the percentages of white 0 males attending college after the war as opposed to before. Home ownership became a reality for a far greater number of families. Suburbanization accelerated. An enormous Interstate Highway Program was implemented to connect communities spread across the country (and to provide landing strips for military aircraft in times of national emergency.) The federally-funded Urban Renewal program was available to even the most modest-sized community to restore its vitality by fighting urban blight, generally defined by underutilized older buildings; the widespread demolition brought the nickname “Urban Removal.”

23. Post-World War II Suburbia.

24. Urban removal as urban renewal.

In contrast, the private sector was developing a tool to revitalize communities by encouraging the reuse of existing buildings. The Historic Charleston Foundation 0 enlisted the help of the community’s bankers to create a Revolving Fund to quietly purchase derelict houses in the city’s eighteenth-century Ansonborough neighborhood. When a significant number had been acquired, the Foundation sold the houses at a loss to eager buyers who agreed to both restore and occupy them as their homes. The model was a huge success. The year was 1957 and the program was soon imitated by other cities including Savannah and Galveston with similarly impressive success.

25. Revitalization of the Ansonborough neighborhood in Charleston – product of the first Revolving Fund.

The popularly opposed demolition of Penn Station in New York City in 1963 brought national attention to endangered historic resources. The Supreme Court decision in 0

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1978 upholding the landmark designation of the city’s Grand Central Station prevented its demolition. Coincidentally, Columbia University established the country’s first preservation program in 1964.

26. Penn Station Pre Demolition.

27. Penn Station Post Demolition.

A 1964 study of the HABS program, funded by the Ford Foundation, confirmed what had long been suspected but not quantified. The study determined that of the 0 12,000-plus buildings recorded by the HABS program since its inception in the 1930s, more than half no longer existed. Further, almost without exception these buildings had not succumbed to storm or fire or insect. They had been deliberately torn down. The HABS selections had been considered the best of the best among America’s most important buildings and structures.

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28a. HABS Documentation.

28 b. HABS Documentation.

The news was sobering and mobilized the National Conference of Mayors among others to seek change in national priorities. The Conference formed the Special 0 Committee on Historic Preservation to consider the broad city fabric as opposed to individual buildings, to evaluate the success of other countries, and to recommend remedial actions that could be implemented in America. Most of the resultant recommendations were incorporated into the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, a watershed event for historic preservation efforts in the United States. The recommendations incorporated into the Act include: - The creation of a unique national and state partnership. The national government represented by the National Park Service. Each state or territory represented by a State Historic Preservation Office. - Federal funding of surveys of each state to identify the extent of cultural resources.

- Establishment of the National Register of Historic Places to recognize important resources. - Grants for registered properties. - Review of the effect on registered properties by federally-assisted projects. - Provision for technical assistance to the public. - Also recommended but not included until later legislation were tax benefits and the formal participation of local governments with the state and national representatives.

The celebration of the nation’s Bicentennial Birthday in 1976 brought a wave of patriotism often enthusiastically expressed in the “restoration” of many community 0 landmarks. These efforts often produced less than satisfactory results, primarily the result of introducing incompatible modern materials to early building systems.

To provide guidance with design principles for the treatment of historic buildings, The Secretary of Interior’s Standards for Historic Preservation Projects was published in 0 1977. With it began a series of Preservation Briefs focused on specific technical topics.

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29. Preservation Briefs on technical subjects.

The energy crisis of the late 1970s forced Americans to rethink their consumption of fossil fuels in particular but energy needs in general. Among the topics of popular 0 discussion was the concept of embodied energy in existing buildings.

30. (Gas Can) Existing building poses embodied energy lost if demolished.

In 1981 the National Trust launched the very successful Main Street Program, a training program for small communities to promote the reuse of its existing building 0 stock. The same year, the federal government created an incentive program of Rehabilitation Tax Credits for income-producing designated historic properties, one of the recommended actions that had been omitted from the 1966 National Historic Preservation Act. Many states followed with their own tax credit programs that could be paired with the national program.

Also in the 1980s, a Smithsonian Institution engineering study questioned long- standing environmental standards for historic buildings and museum collections. A 0

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collaborative effort of the Association of Preservation Technology International (APTI) and the American Institute for the Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (AIC) led to the adoption of the New Orleans Charter in 1991, a new set of principles guiding the treatment of historic buildings as artifacts themselves. The Charter has since been adopted by other professional organizations including AIA.

About the same time, in 1990, new civil rights legislation titled the Americans with Disabilities Act was enacted by Congress. This legislation provides space measures to 0 encourage access by the handicapped to both new and existing buildings.

Also in 1990, the National Conference of Mayors endorsed the Charleston Principles for all American communities. The Principles endorse a process of preserving the 0 historic places, both architectural and natural, that give each community its special character. Beginning with Seattle, other cities have formally adopted the Principles.

Designers and city planners had long questioned building codes as they have applied to existing buildings. In 1998 the New Jersey Code was the first to set a more flexible 0 approach to gain compliance for existing buildings.

With the formation of the U. S. Green Building Council and its Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification for architects and engineers, designing 0 for greater energy efficiency has acquired new stature not only for new construction but existing buildings as well.

Of importance to all building designers, architectural firm surveys in the past decade have indicated that architectural billings for work on existing buildings has been 0 steadily approaching the level of billings for new construction, and now are close to equal. Undoubtedly many of the existing buildings are designated as historic or are eligible for designation. The implication is that it would behoove current architects and students of architecture to prepare for the growing market. It is with this changing market in mind that the AIA Historic Resources Committee founded the Preservation Education Task Group.

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http://www.aia.org/akr/Resources/Documents/AIAB088173?dvid=&recspec=AIAB088173[3/25/2011 4:25:26 PM] A Critical Analysis of Master’s Programs in Historic Preservation

Jeremy C. Wells, Ph.D. (final version for publication)

Introduction Since 1973, when Columbia University offered the first master’s degree in historic preservation in the United States, nearly thirty colleges and universities across the country have established additional master’s programs. While the National Council for Preservation Education (NCPE) has long played a leading role in the development of preservation curricula, the basic formula for offering a master’s program in historic preservation has not changed substantially since the early 1990s. The basic triumvirate of courses that address the history of the designed environment, the history and theory of historic preservation, and documentation/recording remain the core of all preservation programs with additional course offerings added to this core that offering varying degrees of specialization. Many programs have chosen to take a generalist approach in their curriculum, attempting to give broad exposure to all aspects of preservation, such as design, law, technology, planning, and economics, while others have chosen to create more focused specializations. An important question, however, is what drives the development of preservation curricula, or more specifically what should drive the development of preservation curricula and how might this impact the capabilities of graduates? This article will therefore focus on two questions: 1) how should a master’s program in historic preservation be structured and 2) how and to what extent should these programs produce graduates capable of contributing back to the theoretical and practical growth of the field.

Defining the field through RCIS: Regulators, Conservators, Interpreters, and Stewards Historic preservation is widely regarded as a multidisciplinary field, and rightly so—it incorporates aspects of a variety of disciplines from architecture to archaeology. A challenge, however, has been in how to concisely define these aspects of the field in a way that can drive the design of a curriculum. While many authors create these definitions using traditional, disciplinary boundaries, such as the introductory texts that many students read by Tyler, Ligibel, and Tyler1 and Murtagh,2 which define preservation through the activities of the architect, the planner, or historian, there is evidence to consider that the field has created its own, unique divisions as expressed through the actual jobs preservationists do. This change has taken place many times previously in other fields, such as architecture. Before the twentieth century, the architect was a jack-of-all- trades—part designer, part contractor, and part craftsperson. In the last century, the architect’s work became just a part of a larger picture of the professional specializations of the built environment. In a similar sense, students who obtain historic preservation degrees do not become “preservationists,” but rather end up in a specialization—perhaps a preservation architect, or an environmental planner, or a Main Street manager. As with how architecture spawned sub-disciplines, these specializations are in part what help to define the field of historic preservation. Over the past ten years, I have attempted to break down, define, and categorize the major specializations in historic preservation in a meaningful way that expresses the meta view of the field. One way of accomplishing this goal is to articulate the inherent tension in historic preservation values as expressed through their practice. In particular, there are two dichotomies that

1 Norman Tyler, Ted Ligibel, Ilene R. Tyler, Historic Preservation: An Introduction to Its History, Principles, and Practice (New York: W.W. Norton Company, 2009). 2 William J. Murtagh, Keeping Time: The History and Theory of Preservation in America (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2006). Wells – A Critical Analysis of Master’s Programs in Historic Preservation are most salient: a tension between community and expert values and a tension between age and design value. These values are graphically represented in figure 1. The dichotomy between community or sociocultural values vs. expert values is perhaps best represented through Laurajane Smith’s work on the “Authorized Heritage Discourse” (AHD) in which “the proper care of heritage, and its associated values, lies with the experts, as it is only they who have the abilities, knowledge and understanding to identify the innate value and knowledge contained at and within historically important sites and places.”3 Other work by Mason, Green, and Waterton, Smith, and Campbell,4 reinforces the idea that what may be valuable to a community is not necessarily valuable to a preservation expert who, through preservation doctrine, is obligated to privilege objective art/historical values in the assessment of significance. The other dichotomy that contrasts age value with design value derives from the nineteenth century arguments between preservation and restoration epitomized by John Ruskin and Viollet-le-Duc5 that are still with us today.

Community values

Age value Design value

Expert values

Figure 1. Defining the field through dichotomous values Do these dichotomies work? A thought experiment is warranted to answer this question. In the former case, imagine a discussion on saving an historic building between a statewide preservation advocacy director and a preservation architect. Would they agree on all aspects of an intervention? Where would their values lie? Inevitably, the advocate would likely argue for greater retention of historic fabric while the architect would stress the programmatic requirements of the client in balance with preservation needs. Both perspectives have equal value, but the point is the difference in the perspectives. In the second case, imagine a discussion between a city preservation planner and an architectural historian on the value of a proposed historic district. The historian would point out the high style buildings and possibly certain vernacular features while the planner would be likely to focus on why this place has value to a community for shopping, recreating, or

3 Laurajane Smith, The Uses of Heritage (London: Taylor & Francis, 2006). 4 Randall Mason, “Fixing Historic Preservation: A Constructive Critique of ‘Significance’,” Places 16, no. 1 (2003): 64-71; Howard L. Green, “The Social Construction of Historical Significance," in Preservation of What, for Whom? A Critical Look at Historical Significance, ed. by Michael A. Tomlan (Ithaca, NY: National Council for Preservation Education, 1998); Emma Waterton, Laurajane Smith and Gary Campbell, “The Utility of Discourse Analysis to Heritage Studies: The Burra Charter and Social Inclusion,” International Journal of Heritage Studies 12, no. 4 (2006): 339–355. 5 Ruskin, John. The Seven Lamps of Architecture. London: Smith, Elder, and Co., 1849; Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le- Duc, The Foundations of Architecture (New York: George Braziller, 1990). - 2 - Wells – A Critical Analysis of Master’s Programs in Historic Preservation living—i.e., its sense of place. Again, there is no ethical position on whether or not one set of values are more important than another; it simply exposes that there are often opposed values in preservation practice. The proof as to whether this values framework is functional becomes evident when placing the various types of preservation jobs that are in the field in areas that consider the interaction of these four, individual values. For instance, an executive director at a statewide preservation trust is driven by the need to preserve the age value of places, but is much more likely to be influenced by community values than expert values. A Main Street manager is even more likely to be driven by community values. A cultural resource manager (CRM), specializing in environmental review, is more likely to acknowledge design and political value within a regulatory framework, moving this position closer to expert and design values. An architectural materials conservator will be more likely to recognize expert values than community values, to consider the role of design intent in interventions and seek a balance between interventions and the retention of age value. Lastly, an historic site administrator would be the least likely to alter the historic fabric of buildings in recognition of art/historical and informational values. When plotting these jobs on the values framework, a pattern emerges where half of the positions are inclined to value interventions while the other half of the jobs would be more inclined to value the retention of historic fabric, or of the status quo. When drawn across the values framework, a neat forty-five degree bisection is created to represent this idea. In looking at the way the jobs are arrayed across the framework, the last pattern to emerge is that each side of the rotated square that is created begs a label to describe the jobs that fall along a particular side. From the northeast quadrant, these labels are regulators, conservators, interpreters, and stewards based on the nature of the work performed. A list of these job titles, which is not meant to be all-inclusive, organized by these four specializations, is in table 1. The final values framework, referred to by the acronym of “RCIS”, for specializations in historic preservation is in figure 2.

Figure 2. The RCIS diagram. - 3 - Wells – A Critical Analysis of Master’s Programs in Historic Preservation

Table 1. Preservation jobs by RCIS specialization category. Regulators Conservators Environmental Planner Preservation Architect Cultural Resources Specialist Landscape Architect Compliance Manager Historic Preservation Associate Compliance Specialist Historic Architect NEPA and Historic Preservation Specialist Architectural Materials Conservator Architectural Historian Exhibit Specialist Historic Preservation Specialist Environmental Protection Specialist Historic Preservation Planner Cultural Resources Group Leader Environmental Protection Specialist Environmental Resources Specialist Senior Scientist Historic Preservation Officer Tribal Historic Preservation Officer Interpreters Stewards Cultural Resources Program Manager Community Development Specialist Natural and Historical Resources Instructor Downtown Manager History/Museum Program Coordinator Main Street Director/Manager Historic Site Director Executive Director (of non-profit) Project Director Program Manager Tour Director Field Advocate Heritage Tourism Specialist

Measuring the field through job postings With a model for how the field of historic preservation can be divided into the specializations of regulators, conservators, interpreters, and stewards, it now becomes possible to analyze which of these specializations are most in demand from employers. In the past ten years, Internet job sites, in particular Cornell’s PreserveNet site and the relatively recent Indeed.com job aggregator, have made it easy to collect and analyze the jobs that preservation employers are seeking to fill. Figure 3 shows the results of using the Indeed.com job site to search for the phrase “historic preservation,” thereby representing approximately the past three to four months (approximately November 2010 through March 2011) of the vast majority of job postings with this phrase that have been posted to any portion of the Internet. Indeed’s proprietary algorithm captures, in my experience, all jobs that I have seen posted on other sites, such as Monster.com, PreserveNet, Yahoo Jobs, and elsewhere. Unfortunately, I am not aware of any studies that give empirical evidence for its effectiveness, but Indeed.com’s self reported figure of one billion job searches a month give some indication of both its effectiveness and popularity. This search pulled up 70 relevant matches which were manually analyzed, one at a time, against the four RCIS categories that were most relevant. Jobs that did not apply to historic preservation were not counted as were jobs, such as archaeologists, that most preservationists, with their specialization in the above ground built environment, were not likely to be qualified to perform. Figure 4 shows the results of manually going through each job posted to the PreserveNet web site from June 2009 to March 2011. The same methodology described for the Indeed.com job site was applied. For chronological reference, figure 5 shows the same methodology conducted in 2004 for all job postings from January 2004 to July 2004 from PreserveNet, USAjobs, Hot Jobs, Career Builder, America’s Job Bank, and Flip Dog.

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Figure 3. RCIS matches for the Indeed.com job site. Interpreters 11%

Conservators 6% Stewards 17%

Regulators 66%

Figure 4. RCIS matches for the PreserveNet web site. Interpreters 10%

Conservators 11% Stewards 24%

Regulators 55%

Figure 5. RCIS matches performed in 2004.

Interpreters 16%

Stewards Conservators 31% 12%

Regulators 41%

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In looking at these results, there is general consistency through time as well as job search engines. The vast majority of jobs being advertised are in the area of regulators with stewards in second place. Interpreters and conservators are in the third in fourth positions respectively for the Indeed.com and 2004 data, and swap positions for the PreserveNet site. Regardless, these last two categories are very close. Somewhat surprisingly, less than one percent of all jobs advertised fit under more than one of the RCIS categories.

How do master’s programs stack up? The same RCIS methodology can be applied to master’s programs in historic preservation, using the subject matter taught to categorize each course as applying to regulation, conservation, interpretation, or stewardship. Courses that form the traditional core of historic preservation, which are defined by NCPE as relating to a basic history of the designed environment (e.g., history of American architecture), the history and theory of historic preservation, and documentation/recording, were not included in this analysis. Courses in sustainability were also not assigned to a RCIS category, as sustainability, while important, is broad enough to span all areas of preservation and the built environment in general. A list of representative courses in various RCIS categories is in table 2.

Table 2. Courses in master’s programs in historic preservation by RCIS specialization category. Regulation Conservation Preservation studio (with planning focus) Historic preservation technology Design and presentation techniques Building conservation Preservation law Architectural materials conservation Preservation planning Conservation of specific materials Heritage management Materials and methods of historic construction Historic preservation design studio Adaptive use Interpretation Stewardship Historic architectural interiors Economics of historic preservation Vernacular architecture Heritage tourism Regional architectural traditions Main Street Material culture Revitalization Historic site management Fundraising Landscape preservation Non-profit management Cultural landscapes Preservation advocacy

The RCIS method was then applied to the curricula of all twenty-five master’s programs in historic preservation listed on the NCPE web site (see table 3). It should be noted that I only used information that was available on each program’s web site, which may have not been complete, especially in regard to the additional data collected on the number of tenured or tenure-track faculty. While not surprising, the general trend of many programs was a relatively equal emphasis on many of the RCIS specializations, while a few exhibited very clear emphases that aligned with the particular department or school in which the program was situated. (For instance, an emphasis on interpretation for programs in history departments and an emphasis on conservation for the programs in schools of architecture.) By tabulating the number of courses in each RCIS column, an aggregate picture of the overall emphases of all twenty-five programs emerged. Figure 6 represents this percentage breakdown of these emphases.

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Table 3. RCIS method applied to number of courses in master’s programs in historic preservation, number of tenured/tenure track faculty, and disciplinary position within the institution. Largest number of courses in a specialization has been placed in bold.

No. of courses

No. of tenured or No. of non- tenure track tenure track Association with school or faculty faculty department Stewards Regulators Conservators Interpreters Ball State U 1 2 3 2 2 ? Design/planning Boston University 1 2 2 3 2 5 History/American studies Clemson University 2 1 5 2 6 6 Design/planning Columbia University 1 3 12 0 4 18 Design/planning Cornell University 1 2 2 1 3 ? Design/planning Delaware State U. 3 1 0 3 2 3 History/American studies Eastern Michigan U. 3 2 4 7 7 3 Geography Georgia State U. 3 2 1 7 6 10 History/American studies Goucher College 2 2 1 1 0 17 Graduate studies Middle TN State U. 1 0 0 12 5 0 History/American studies Pratt Institute 3 1 5 2 0 10 Design/planning Roger Williams U. 1 3 2 0 3 6 Design/planning Savannah College of Art & Design 6 3 10 4 0 10 Design/planning School of the Art Institute of Chicago 2 3 6 0 3 10 Design/planning Tulane University 0 2 2 1 1 4 Design/planning U. of Florida 0 1 2 3 4 0 Design/planning U. of Georgia 3 3 4 5 7 1 Design/planning U. of Kentucky 0 1 4 5 1 3 Design/planning U. of Maryland 1 3 1 5 4 7 Design/planning U. of Oregon 1 1 4 6 8 12 Design/planning U. of Pennsylvania 1 3 10 7 7 21 Design/planning U. of Southern CA 0 1 1 2 0 3 Design/planning U. of Texas 0 3 3 2 2 8 Design/planning U. of Vermont 1 4 2 1 2 ? History/American studies Ursuline College 0 2 2 6 3 4 Graduate studies Totals 37 51 88 87 (Data taken from each program’s web site and therefore may not be complete in some cases.)

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Figure 6. RCIS method applied to master's programs in preservation.

Stewards 14%

Interpreters 33% Regulators 19%

Conservators 34%

Design of existing master’s programs, how they align with the preservation job market, and some recommendations Anecdotally, as there have been no studies on the subject, a quick glance at the twenty-five master’s programs in preservation with membership in NCPE indicate that, more than anything, curricula design seems to be driven by disciplinary boundaries. As mentioned previously, if a master’s program is in a school of design, it will feature more courses in the conservation specialization while history departments often have more courses in interpretation. As most preservation programs are in design schools or history departments, their particular emphases tend to dominate preservation curricula. Overall, the lowest number of specializations is in the stewardship category. This result is not surprising as there are no historic preservation programs in schools that specialize in non-profit administration, for example; if there were, then this category may be better implemented. The second lowest category is that of regulation, which is somewhat surprising, as this area should align well with design schools that have planning programs and should therefore be larger. If one examines the master’s programs in design schools, however, they are mostly allied with architecture, and not planning, which helps explain the situation. Clearly, based on the information that has been presented, most jobs in historic preservation require specializations in stewardship and regulation, yet the majority of master’s programs in historic preservation are relatively weak in these areas compared to interpretation and conservation. It has always been assumed that students in historic preservation should be versed in a wide range of subjects rather than to specialize, with the emphasis on breadth rather than depth. As evinced by the specific skill sets requested by the job market, however, this broad approach of many historic preservation programs may be detrimental to the field in the long term by not serving students’ needs as they become employed in the field. The question, therefore, is if historic preservation programs should put a greater emphasis on specialization within one or more of the four areas represented by regulators, conservators, interpreters, and stewards. Moreover, should this specialization take the form of recognized new degrees in the field, such as an “M.S. in built environment conservation,” or should it focus on the refinement and standardization of specialties within existing master’s of science or arts degrees? Both approaches have merit, but a specialized degree has the advantage of allowing the practitioner a better chance of explicitly communicating his/her capabilities to prospective employers or clients. Such an approach would also tend to standardize curricula within the field, just as it has for other - 8 - Wells – A Critical Analysis of Master’s Programs in Historic Preservation fields. The current state of the general historic preservation degree is akin to having a degree program called “Design” and lumping architects, landscape architects, interior designers, and graphic artists into the same category. Each of these specialties has critical, unique capabilities that are not shared across the board—a parallel that is certainly true of practitioners of historic preservation. If preservation education is to move toward specialization in graduate-level education, following the trend in most other fields, then an undergraduate degree in historic preservation could focus on the core elements of design history, the historic of the preservation movement and essential theory, and basic recording and documentation techniques. The specialized master’s degree in preservation could then build upon this platform. Taking this approach, which moves from generalization at the undergraduate level to specialization at the graduate level, could solve some issues with how undergraduate and graduate programs in historic preservation have tried to differentiate themselves, especially when their curricula appear to be quite similar. Table 4 presents some areas of specific course foci in designing these specializations with some recommendations as to the desired undergraduate background of the student.

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Table 4. Suggested curricula specialization within master’s programs in historic preservation. Core skill set as an entering graduate student (ideally obtained as an undergraduate, perhaps in a B.S. in Historic Preservation degree) • Historical research methods (local history techniques) • Intro to HP (survey course) • Preservation & public policy • American architectural history • Cultural landscape survey • Basic drafting/sketching/photography recording skills Regulation specialization Conservation specialization Require undergraduate courses in planning, policy Require undergraduate courses in chemistry and and/or political science geology/earth sciences • Advanced preservation theory • Advanced preservation theory • Political theory • Conservation science I (materials) • Preservation law • Conservation science II (analytical methods) • Preservation economics • Advanced physical survey methods (e.g., • Preservation planning with a focus on the photogrammetry, metric survey) regulatory environment • Microscopy I (introduction) • Social science research methodologies applied • Microscopy II (petrography & materials to planning practice identification) • Creating and interpreting design guidelines • Building pathology • Historical construction methods • Historical construction methods • Rehabilitation of structures • History of architectural materials • Electives • Applied conservation of masonry, metals, wood, and surface finishes • Construction management • Electives Interpretation specialization Stewardship specialization Require undergraduate courses in history/American Require undergraduate courses in studies marketing/communications and/or non-profit • Advanced preservation theory administration • Non profit administration • Advanced preservation theory • Historic site administration • Non-profit administration • History of historic preservation • History of historic preservation • Historiography & advanced research methods • Strategies for resource protection • Museum studies • Social science research methodologies applied • Site interpretation to understanding the interaction between • Archaeological methods people and place • Material culture • Main Street Program • Archives management • Preservation economics • Electives • Preservation planning • Marketing, communications, and advocacy • Electives

Contributing back to the field: pushing boundaries and advancing practice While one goal of preservation education should be applied, in order to provide students with the skills to compete successfully in the job market, the other primary goal should focus on how preservation education can produce graduates with the capability of growing and changing the field as it adapts to new needs and challenges. Clearly, this latter skill set should be based on more theoretical approaches in order to help students understand questions as to why things are done a certain way and how they could change; for instance, simply pointing to preservation doctrine to justify decisions without being able to articulate and defend certain positions does little to contribute to the intellectual growth of the field and its ability to tackle twenty-first century challenges. This last goal, therefore, comes down to the ability of master’s programs in - 10 - Wells – A Critical Analysis of Master’s Programs in Historic Preservation preservation to create thinkers as well as doers. Ideally, such an interaction between practice and theory should inform each perspective in a bi-directional fashion. Higher education as a whole has been moving away from having tenured or tenure-track faculty teach and mentor students to a model that is increasingly reliant on adjuncts and visiting professorships. Studies have consistently shown that students achieve better academic success and are more prepared for the job market when taught by tenured or tenure-track faculty rather than adjuncts.6 Theories as to why this may be the case usually indicate that tenured and tenure-track faculty have more time to spend with students and are more available. The natural conclusion from these studies is that programs that rely heavily on contingent faculty may not be maximizing learning opportunities for students. In addition, typically tenured and tenure-track faculty push theoretical envelopes of practice, because of the emphasis on research and “publish or perish,” and can therefore open students eyes to new perspectives that may not come from contingent instructors. So what is the balance between tenurable and contingent faculty in master’s programs in preservation? Table 3 lists the number of these faculty in each program. From these numbers, it is clear that historic preservation programs rely in large part on contingent faculty, with some relying on contingent faculty for all of their instruction.7 Some programs are more balanced than others, in this respect, however. According to the American Association of University Professors (AAUP), across the academy, 70% of all instructors are contingent. Omitting programs for which data on contingent faculty were not available (see table 3), approximately 70% of the instructors in master’s programs in preservation are contingent, which is consistent with the AAUP figure. This picture, however, is incomplete and may leave the impression that contingent faculty are not desirable in a preservation program. This is certainly not the case, as contingent faculty, who are often successful practitioners, bring the kind of real-world perspective to preservation practice that is essential for students’ learning. The larger question is what is the acceptable balance between tenurable and contingent faculty in preservation programs, its effect on student learning, and the ability of graduates to contribute back to the growth of the preservation field. Such an impact, if it exists, is surely important to consider, especially in light of the recent growth in new master’s programs in historic preservation that rely entirely on contingent faculty. The goal of many graduate programs with a strong theoretical basis, such as history or anthropology, is ostensibly to produce students who can push the theoretical envelopes of their fields and thereby eventually improve practice. One could also argue that in some cases, the over- emphasis on theory and increasing levels of education has resulted in an over-supply of Ph.D.s in some of these fields, with little coming back to influence practice. Regardless, because of their applied focus, many built environment programs, including historic preservation, have very clear goals to produce students who can work in specific fields, without an explicit emphasis on producing graduates who have sufficient theoretical depth to grow and push a field’s boundaries toward pragmatic outcomes. This task is usually left to academics and to students who chose the path to doctoral degrees and the world of ideas. But does this happen in historic preservation? The majority of faculty who teach in historic preservation programs do not have a doctoral degree, nor do they have a bachelor’s or master’s level degree in historic preservation.8 Those who obtain a Ph.D. often choose the affiliated specialties of urban planning, architecture, American studies, or history as there are very few Ph.D. programs in historic preservation. While many of these Ph.D.

6 For instance see Scott E. Carrell and James E. West, "Does Professor Quality Matter? Evidence from Random Assignment of Students to Professors," Journal of Political Economy 118, no. 3 (2010): 409-432. 7 It is important to note that the data on tenurable vs. contingent faculty is based on what each program presented on its web site and therefore may not represent complete data. 8 Information based on a survey of graduate historic preservation departments listed by NCPE. - 11 - Wells – A Critical Analysis of Master’s Programs in Historic Preservation programs are excellent in their respective fields, they tend to offer little opportunity to learn about preservation theory or preservation technology due to a dearth of available faculty with preservation expertise in many of these programs. The result is that the kind of theoretical research that can advance the field of preservation is not coming from preservationists—i.e., graduates of historic preservation programs—but usually from academics outside of the field, such as planners, sociologists, anthropologists, and material scientists. Unfortunately, this research can be difficult to move toward applied areas because these researchers often lack the practice or educational experience in preservation that can provide this necessary, pragmatic understanding. What appears to be missing, therefore, are preservationists trained in historic preservation with a practice background that also have a relevant doctoral degree. One way to address this deficit is through the new concept of a Ph.D. in historic preservation. This is an area of growth with six new Ph.D. programs in historic preservation being created within the past ten years (see table 5).

Table 5. Ph.D. programs in historic preservation in the United States. Institution Degree Specializations Notes University of Ph.D. in Preservation Preservation planning, Started in 2006 based on the Delaware Studies preservation now defunct Ph.D. program in technologies, Art Conservation Research. conservation research and technical studies University of Ph.D. in Historic Public history, planning Program begun about 2002. Texas, Austin Preservation; Ph.D. in Planning degree was created Historic Preservation in past year. Planning Cornell University Ph.D. in Preservation Planning Oldest historic preservation Planning Ph.D. program; about 15 years old. Tulane University Ph.D. in Historic Public history Program does not fund its Preservation students. Started about 2002. Middle Tennessee Ph.D. in Public History Public history Students can choose an State University emphasis in historic preservation or public history. (Doctor of Arts program appears to be in process of being phased out.) Arkansas State Ph.D. in Heritage Public history Takes an “applied and University Studies practical” approach to doctoral studies; the goal is to produce graduates who can work outside the university.

With the exception of Cornell’s program, all of these Ph.D. programs are new and have yet to graduate a significant number of students. It is not known to what extent students of these Ph.D. programs will be placed in tenure-track faculty positions or as research specialists in higher education, government, or non-profit organizations. Assuming that the main reason a student would wish to obtain a Ph.D. in historic preservation is to teach and research in the academy, placement becomes an important issue. This is a classic case of the chicken or egg syndrome, with a need to have people with Ph.D.s in historic preservation, but few opportunities to which this education can be put. As of 2011, there are eight bachelor’s preservation programs and twenty-five master’s - 12 - Wells – A Critical Analysis of Master’s Programs in Historic Preservation preservation programs in the United States (according to NCPE). On average, only about two or three tenure-track faculty positions become available each year in these programs. With so few tenure-track positions available, an important question to ask is if a graduate of a Ph.D. program in historic preservation may find his or her career options overly limited when a Ph.D. in architecture or planning would likely offer greater placement possibilities. The market for a Ph.D. in historic preservation is therefore highly dependent on the current trends in preservation scholarship and the number of historic preservation programs in colleges and universities across the country. Few architecture, landscape architecture, planning, and real estate development programs specifically advertise for full-time faculty with expertise in historic preservation9, although this situation is likely to change as greater awareness of the links between preservation and sustainability is more widely acknowledged. While accrediting boards (such as NAAB) encourage training in historic preservation within professional degree programs that address the built environment, none require such training. If historic preservation were to be a requirement of every architecture, landscape architecture, and planning program, for instance, the number of needed faculty with a preservation expertise would likely increase.

Conclusion Historic preservation is a well-established field, having existed in some fashion in the United States as a professional avocation for the past fifty years. The relationship between master’s programs in historic preservation and the growth of the field has been important since the first such degree came online in the 1970s. More time, however, ought to be spent analyzing the role of master’s programs in preservation in driving the development of the field through their graduates. One way of accomplishing this goal is to begin to look at preservation education through the multidimensional lens of specializations. While recognizing that all historic preservation degrees should have a common foundation in the history of the built environment, preservation theory, and recording and documentation, the job market demands specializations in areas of regulation, conservation, interpretation, and stewardship that could be served better through incorporating specializations within graduate preservation curricula.

Author bio Jeremy Wells is currently a principal city planner where he leads the City and County of Denver’s Landmark Preservation program. He received his Ph.D. in 2009 from Clemson University and also holds an M.S. in Historic Preservation from the University of Pennsylvania and a B.S. in Historic Preservation from Southeast Missouri State University. His research has been published in the APT Bulletin, the International Journal of Heritage Studies, the Journal of the American Institute for Conservation, and City and Time.

9 Many of these programs do offer certificates in historic preservation, but may have no tenured or tenure-track faculty with research or professional expertise in preservation. In this situation, most or all courses tend to be taught by adjuncts. - 13 - ShareThis Segmenter

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Print Historic Preservation and Architecture Education: A Dialogue November 19-21, 2004, AIA Headquarters, Washington, DC By David Woodcock, FAIA, from Preservation Architect, March 2005 Read Reviews | Write a Review Architects are devoting an increasing share of their practices to restoration, preservation and adaptation of existing buildings. In fact, most of the buildings 0 architects will work on in the 21st century existed at the time of The American Institute of Architects predicted continuation of this trend in its Vision 2000 study. Today, more than 90 percent of construction already involves existing structures, many of which are historic, noted Kirk Cordell, executive director of the National 0 comments Center for Preservation Technology and Training (NCPTT) of the National Park Service.

This clear trend, expected to accelerate, drives the AIA Preservation Education Title: Initiative—a campaign to integrate preservation-related values, knowledge, and skills 0 Historic Preservation and Architecture into first professional architecture degree programs. Simply put, the architecture Education: A Dialogue | November 19-21, profession will need more practitioners who can handle the growing magnitude of 2004, AIA Headquarters, Washington, D.C. preservation work. Therefore, more architecture graduates must enter the profession prepared to tackle these projects as well. “It’s part of the basic toolkit they need to Location: come in with as much as they need to learn CAD,” said T. “Gunny” Harboe, AIA, vice president of the preservation group at McClier in Chicago, a large A/E firm specializing in design-build projects. Contributor: James Malanaphy Or as the 2004 AIA president, Eugene C. Hopkins, FAIA, put it: “We’re not talking about making every architect a preservationist; we’re talking about expanding the 0 Published: palette of decision making in the design process. It is imperative that we teach the 3/17/11 12:00 AM core competencies of historic architecture to architects.”

Posted Date: On November 19-21, 2004, more than 100 architecture professors and deans, 3/18/11 4:31 PM students, practicing preservation architects, and representatives of partner 0 organizations such as NCPTT convened for the first symposium to define issues, Last Viewed: present approaches, and consider strategies to meet the goal of the Preservation Education Initiative: “to enable every graduating architecture student to develop fundamental skills and values needed to contribute positively to the stewardship of this nation’s historic resources.”

The two-day dialogue between academicians and preservation practitioners— presented by the AIA Historic Resources Committee (HRC)—was a wide-ranging 0 exchange not only about the “why” of preservation education but, more important, about the “how.”

One step in this direction has been the incorporation of preservation-related concerns into the 2004 Student Performance Criteria issued by the National 0 Architectural Accrediting Board (NAAB). Several criteria now include language about the need for architecture students to understand traditions, resources, site characteristics, performance and reuse of building materials, and laws relating to existing buildings and built sites, in the contexts of both sustainable design and cultural or historic importance.

“Dialogue will be the primary vehicle,” however, for meeting the objectives of the HRC’s Education Task Group, which is spearheading the education initiative, said task 0 group chair Jack Pyburn, AIA. The November symposium “will provide a valuable foundation for our future work.”

A precedent exists for the kind of dialogue and collaboration needed to achieve the initiative’s goal. One of the AIA’s major partners in this endeavor, the NCPTT, began 0 work on an Engineering Preservation Education Initiative four years ago, Cordell said. A core group of partners, including leading preservation engineers, devised a 10-part

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continuing education program, and four of the courses have already been presented, albeit not through engineering schools but through NCPTT and the Association for Preservation Technology.

NCPTT favors a different approach with the architecture community, Cordell said. “We envision architects as stewards of the built environment. Our interest is on a 0 threshold level of preservation knowledge for all architecture students.”

The symposium on preservation education began as many dialogues about effecting change do—by identifying needs and challenges, including the following: 0

- Agreement on commonly understood terms, including definition or redefinition of terms such as “historic preservation,” will be necessary, particularly to better reach 0 architecture students. Discussion centered on the language of green design (e.g., “conservation,” “sustainability,” and “adaptive reuse”) to supplant the outworn “historic preservation,” which is now burdened by connotations of the archaic or arcane.

- Data are needed concerning who is practicing preservation architecture and how the market for it is developing. If collegiate programs are to move away from “blank- 0 slate” sites for design studios and incorporate more projects involving preservation or reuse, knowledge of where the preservation-related jobs are will be an important impetus.

Advocates of preservation education must be willing to get political, not solely in the sense of government advocacy but to develop alliances that can shift hearts and 0 minds to act.

- The symposium generated many questions and issues, but the building of a network and the beginning of consensus had begun. Next steps will include continued 0 tracking of the NAAB Student Performance Criteria and preparation of data to support future changes; a 2006 seminar for educators in architecture preservation at the Cranbrook Academy of Art; continued work with NCPTT and other partners on curriculum proposals and ways to engage faculty and practitioners in the process of change; and a future HRC symposium to further advance work on the Preservation Education Initiative.

“The relationships we have been establishing the past 18 months (with the NCPPT, NAAB, NCARB, ACSA, AIAS, and other AIA knowledge communities) present us with 0 some tremendous opportunities,” said Joseph K. Oppermann, FAIA, chair of the HRC Advisory Group. “What we’re doing right now can have a very dramatic effect on the architecture profession.”

Cordell of NCPPT agreed, saying in his concluding remarks, “This is the right time to make significant progress on the issues that have seemed out of reach to the 0 preservation community for so many years.”

David Woodcock, FAIA 0 Note: David Woodcock, FAIA acted as "provocateur" for a discussion of themes during the symposium, and summarized the consensus that emerged from several breakout groups. 0

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Print Historic Preservation & Architecture Education: International Dialogue September 11-14, 2005 Symposium: University of Bath, United Kingdom By David Woodcock, FAIA Read Reviews | Write a Review Editor’s Note: This article was originally featured in Preservation Architect, January 2006 0 The international meeting—held September 11-14, 2005, in Bath, England—continued the Preservation Education Initiative begun with meetings in Washington, D.C., in 0 November 2004 and January 2005. The program for the conference in Bath added an international perspective from which to examine educational practice in the United 0 comments States. The meeting was held with the support of the Conservation of Historic Buildings Program at the University of Bath, headed by Michael Forsyth, PhD, RIBA.

Title: In his keynote address, Jukka Jokilehto, PhD—an architect and city planner from Rome Historic Preservation & Architecture and formerly with the International Centre for the Study of Preservation and Education: International Dialogue Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM)—presented a time line on preservation education and noted an increased acknowledgment that heritage must include both Location: intangible and tangible components and that education is a mix of knowledge, skills, and attitude.

Contributor: Along with Forsyth, John Fidler, RIBA, of English Heritage, and John Ashurst, an James Malanaphy architect and director of Ingram Conservation Consultancy, described current 0 preservation education in the UK. They noted that English Heritage was in a position Published: to demand that only qualified professionals work on grant-aided projects and that 3/15/11 12:00 AM the craft skills, long separated from professional education, were essential to good conservation practice. Posted Date: 2/16/11 2:16 PM Donna Robertson, AIA, dean of the College of Architecture at the Illinois Institute of Technology, introduced George Ferguson, RIBA, Hon. AIA (immediate past president of 0 Last Viewed: the Royal Institute of British Architects [RIBA]), who stressed the need to see conservation as part of sustainable design with a life-cycle perspective, a belief in crafts, and insisted that integrity was the essential value in design. “Our job is to make better places, not iconic objects,” Ferguson said. Architect Gionata Rizzi of Milan, Italy, noted that Italian conservation architects had separate training with extensive internship experience. “Conservation is an intellectual adventure, theoretical, philosophical and scientific in nature,” Rizzi said. James W. Rhodes, FAIA (Preservation Design, Croton-on-Hudson, N.Y.) called for education that is a “fusion of the design process, technical knowledge, and an understanding of crafts and skills.” He stressed the value of judgment, not just a reliance on science. In a discussion session these speakers called for a common early training for all designers and noted that “conservation is a problem of balancing culture and creativity.”

Gustavo F. Araoz, AIA, executive director of the U.S. Committee of the International Council on Monuments and Sites (US/ICOMOS), moderated a session on programs in 0 Spain, Belgium, and France and explained the European intention set out in the Bologna Declaration that identifies the intent of degree programs in architecture. Conservation should be integrated into architecture. It was noted that in France, as in Italy, the privilege of working on significant heritage buildings is limited to a select group of architects with special qualifications.

Theodore C. Landsmark, PhD, Assoc. AIA (president of the Boston Architectural Center and president-elect of the Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture [ACSA]) 0 made an impassioned plea for “better understanding of politics, not see[ing] conservation as depending on the passions of individual personnel on a faculty, avoiding the cult of personality and hero designers, and developing a perspective on architects as custodians of the built environment.”

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Jonathan C. Spodek, AIA, of Ball State University described collaboration with the school in Milan. Loughlan Kealy (Dublin) discussed a comprehensive educational 0 program and called for “conservationists to be embedded in, and reinforcing, community tradition.” He supported the belief of Bernard Tschumi, AIA that “architects must go beyond the provision of shelter, and challenge society’s perceptions and ways of thinking.” Kecia Fong and Jeffrey W. Cody, Assoc. AIA, discussed international work by the Getty Conservation Institute, and Tom Sheehan described the nature of The American School at Fontainebleau, the successor to the Ecole de Beaux Arts, Paris.

Summary Observations

In his summary session, David Woodcock, FAIA, of Texas A&M University reviewed the content of the previous sessions and identified six questions that had emerged as 0 central to the integration of conservation and preservation into architecture education:

1. How would you raise the level of understanding of the building process—materials, construction, crafts, and trades—in a first professional degree program? 0

2. What is the relation between “regeneration” and invention? “Making a better place, not iconic objects”? How can we address this in schools? To the power structures? To 0 the public?

3. “Conservation is an intellectual adventure—theoretical, philosophical, scientific…” Is this true of architecture education and practice today? If so, how can we advocate, 0 encourage, and support this “adventure” in schools and practice through the AIA Historic Resources Committee?

4. Is conservation a specific discipline warranting two kinds of architects? If so, what should we insist is common to the preparation of all architects? 0

5. Is it inevitable that students (and perhaps the public) are attracted to “heroic” architects who make “iconic objects”? What could schools (we) do to make broader, 0 more inclusive perspectives about the nature of architecture as being “the making (and managing) of better places"?

6. What will be the major drivers of change in our field in the next five years? How can schools (and we) be proactive in making the major drivers to shape the 0 “intellectual adventure” of architecture education for all students?

The 50-plus participants in this session were divided into four groups, self-selected so that each included group professionals and educators from AIA/HRC, international 0 speakers, and student scholarship winners. The groups—moderated by Jokilehto; Sue Ann Pemberton, AIA; Elizabeth Corbin Murphy, FAIA; and Joseph K. Oppermann, FAIA— had 45 minutes to use the questions as the basis for discussion on the basic issue of preservation education within architecture education.

The moderators then formed a panel to report the major points developed during the discussions. The broad responses have been developed as a group of suggestions 0 and observations rather than specific answers to the questions.

Discussion Group Reports

1. How can we raise the level of understanding of the building process in a first professional degree program in architecture? 0 a. Integrate the missions of construction, materials, and building failures into history of architecture courses—including modern architecture. b. Make technology exciting by using materials, physical contact, making and testing, materials labs. c. Introduce old texts on building construction, historical details, and so on in courses on building technology. d. Visit building sites, manufacturing plants (note growing problems for legal liability and other issues for fieldwork generally). e. Bring in professionals (including crafts and trades) to talk about case studies that might parallel a design studio project. f. Introduce heritage and conservation issues to 12- to 18-year-old students (note that this generation is conscious of need to recycle materials). g. Keep pressure on NAAB.

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2. How can we address “making a better place, not iconic objects” in schools? a. Emphasize the significance of context, including social, physical, and cultural issues 0 of intangible heritage. b. Faculty interest and good programs are essential. c. Develop a broader appreciation for history. d. Send “professional hit squads” to schools to bring case studies that demonstrate conservation and intervention as creative and challenging practice experiences. (Noted reluctance of schools to make time for, and financially support, such visitations—the schools promulgate the “architect as hero” by their selection of highly published architects.) e. Note that, in conservation, the building becomes the hero!

3. Should there be two professions—creators and curators? What is common to both? a. This idea was resoundingly rejected, particularly as it relates to a first professional 0 degree training, though specialized instruction at a graduate level was deemed appropriate. b. “Architects are specialists at generalization”; conservation is a part of architecture. “Architects manage change.” c. Educational standards on materials and construction (seeing these issues as integral to design) must be raised. d. “Preservation design” is often the weakest link in preservation education. e. Introduce conservation issues into the curriculum from the beginning. f. Change is part of a continuum.

4. How can we make students, faculty, policy makers, and the public more aware of conservation as an exciting “intellectual adventure” with creative overtones? 0 a. Use the media—start with the friendly ones! (Note HGTV in the U.S. and its support of the National Trust by grant programs.) b. Highlight “Buildings as Heroes.” c. Work with campus awareness to upper administration and student body generally— visibility for the "value added" by architects and architecture.

5. Major drivers of change? a. Inspiring the teacher. 0 b. Climate, resource scarcity, failing modern materials (e.g., 1960s), heritage tourism. c. Market-driven preservation. d. Sustainability as central to a dynamic design field—learning from the past. e. Culture identity and intangible heritage.

The international dialogue continued in informal sessions and field visits during the two days. The AIA HRC Education Task Group held a Washington, D.C., meeting in 0 January 2006 and is excited to be collaborating with ACSA for the 2006 Teachers Seminar to be held at Cranbrook, Mich., June 15-18, 2006, for which Donna Robertson of IIT and Jack Pyburn of AIA/HRC are co-chairs.

David Woodcock, FAIA 0 Note: David Woodcock, FAIA acted as "provocateur" for a discussion of themes during the symposium, and summarized the consensus that emerged from several breakout groups. 0

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Print Tuskegee University Robert R. Taylor School Of Architecture & Building Science Builds On Its Legacy By Dr. Richard K. Dozier, AIA, Tuskegee University Robert R. Taylor School of Architecture and Building Science Read Reviews | Write a Review

Just over 100 miles southeast of Atlanta and 30 miles northeast of Montgomery, Alabama Tuskegee University is in the historic city of Tuskegee, Alabama. A Native American city it gained its fame in the Ante-bellum era as a cotton center in what is known as the “Black belt.” Booker T. Washington was called in 1881 to establish Tuskegee Institute which he built to one our country’s well known universities. 0 comments

0 Title: Tuskegee University Robert R. Taylor School Of Architecture & Building Science Builds On Its Legacy

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Contributor: James Malanaphy

Published: 3/14/11 12:00 AM

Posted Date: 3/15/11 11:55 AM

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Robert R. Taylor (1868 – 1942 ) Booker T. Washington lured Taylor, a Wilmington, NC native, to Tuskegee following his earning his architecture degree from MIT in 1892. Over the next 42 years Taylor would develop the early Tuskegee Architecture Program and educate many of the country’s pioneer African American architects. Photos with permission Tuskegee Archives.

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Under Taylor’s Direction and from his designs students made the brick, felled the trees and constructed the early Tuskegee Buildings .

The city’s rich architectural character includes anti-bellum homes, a federal road, and the work of several of the country’s pioneer African American architects. Hand fired and molded brick lend rich contrast and texture to hand hewn wood members all of which mark the unique flavor and architectural emphasis to buildings of both eras. A survey of the online HABS database yields, given its size, a disproportion number of Tuskegee entries. Among the ante-bellum Greek-Revival homes documented is the Alexander-Harris home ca: 1853. With the designation of the Tuskegee Institute historic site in 1965, in conjunction with the National Park Service (NPS), and HABS, Tuskegee’s architecture program, then a Department within the College of Engineering, played an active role in placing interns, participating on HABS teams documenting the historic campus. Under its agreement with the University, then Institute, the NPS restored 3 buildings in the 100 acre NHL site, the Carver Museum, Booker T. Washington’s Home, “ The Oaks” ca 1899 was restored to 1926 and Grey Columns (the Alexander-Varner House ca: 1854) the current University’s President’s Home. During the eight year planning and restoration phase Tuskegee architecture and others students interned, learned and gained first hand experience on these projects. Paul Hackett, current Chief Architect for the Southeast Region was among the NPS architecture student interns.

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The Oaks Booker T. Washington’s home ca: 1899 designed by Taylor and constructed by students. Restored and now part of the Tuskegee Institute NPS Historic Site, Photo R K Dozier

Thompkins Dining Hall, ca: 1910 Designed by Taylor, constructed in part by students bricks made on campus. Last major building constructed under Booker T. Washington’s administration, serves today as the primary dinning facility and student center. Historic 1934 HABS photo HABS Website

In 1998 the 89 acre Tuskegee Airmen’s historic site was established and planning began for the development of the Tuskegee airmen’s Museum at historic Moton field. Named for, Robert Moton Tuskegee’s second president, the airfield was constructed by Tuskegee Institute students in the pre-World-War II era. By 2007 architects had begun the restoration of the original Moton Field Hanger and reconstruction of a second. Don Brown architects for the original hanger restoration won a National Trust award

The Atlanta based architects hired Tuskegee construction faculty to document the construction process of the new hanger. The complete project includes several aspects of preservation from reconstruction, renovation, interpretive representation of missing buildings.. Exhibit development for the new hanger museum which will house artifacts including a Tuskegee Airmen plane… Administratively the Park Service has added the Selma to Montgomery historic Trail to the Tuskegee site. So now the Director administrates three sites. Providing additional resources to an already rich historic project, site context.

What became known as the Rosenwald School of course originated in Tuskegee with Washington’s efforts to get people out of one room shacks and improve education. 0 The first efforts designed by the architecture faculty were constructed in nearby

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communities. Two local Rosenwald schools are nearby and the school has played a key role both indirectly and directly in restoration and funding. Two have received Lowes grants

In his 1901 autobiography, Up From Slavery Washington credits his observation of the one room cabin, inadequate schools often taught churches only 3 – 5 months year and the churches as the cabin in poor shape as a driving force for his school and building program … and descriptions of the black belt.

Students restoring windows Shiloh Rosenwald School

The Robert R. Taylor Center for Excellence in Design & Preservation

Without a formal Preservation Program, Tuskegee University’s newly restructured Robert R. Taylor School of Architecture and Building Science begins to capitalize on 0 its unique heritage and environment. Its campus and environment provides a uniquely rich and perhaps unmatched “preservation learning environment.”

Its alumni are well known and highly placed in the preservation field. Among its alumni is Paul Hackett, Chief Architect for the SE NPS region. The University, is a 0 National Historic Landmark within which the National Park Service (NPS) operates the 100 acre Tuskegee Institute Historic Site. Within the site are Booker T. Washington’s historic home, “the Oaks”, the George Washington Carver Museum. The NPS recently opened the Tuskegee Airmen’s Museum at historic Moton Field.

Recently elevated and restructured from a Department within the College of Engineering to a School, named for pioneer MIT graduate and Tuskegee architect, 0 Robert R. Taylor. The new school will add a formal preservation course among its electives in the five year accredited Bachelor of Architecture Degree.

Goals/ Increase awareness and appreciation for Historic Preservation - Utilizing the Tuskegee Campus and its environment, as a base take advantage of the unique range of historic preservation resources and challenging context to both explore and seek innovative approaches to document, design and preserve.

Objectives - Develop introductory courses in Historic Preservation which incorporate both architecture and related disciplines majors such as history, anthropology, hospitality management, marketing and sustainability. - Develop out reach preservation studio with focus on the small rural towns within the Alabama Black Belt. - Development and expansion of the research and archival collection of African American Architecture & Architects. - Design Excellence. Aan overall objective is excellence in design increased research - Heritage Tourism and economic development

Links to Robert R. Taylor http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/mithistory/blacks-at-mit/taylor.html

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Robinson_Taylor

Link to Up From Slavery

http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/washington/cover.html 0 Up From Slavery dedicated to, “This volume is dedicated to my Wife, MARGARET JAMES WASHINGTON, And to my Brother, JOHN H. WASHINGTON, Whose patience, fidelity and hard work have gone far to make the work at Tuskegee successful.”

Link to Tuskegee Institute http://www.cr.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/tuskegee/index.htm 0 http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/habs_haer/

C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\My Documents\00 Research Writing\Tuskegee Writtings Research\AIA Historic Resources Feb March 2011\Final Draft.doc Page of 5 0

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http://www.aia.org/akr/Resources/Documents/AIAB088202?dvid=&recspec=AIAB088202[3/25/2011 4:32:49 PM] National Council for Preservation Education --NCPE Guide to Academic Programs in Historic Preservation

About NCPE Guide to Academic Programs PER Journal Standards | Reports Internships | Jobs PreserveNet Membership | Shop Contact NCPE Guide to Academic Programs in Historic Preservation

Undergraduate historic preservation programs

Undergraduate programs with certificates or emphasis in historic preservation

Graduate historic preservation programs

Graduate programs with certificates or emphasis in historic preservation

Non-degree certificate programs

Undergraduate Historic Preservation Programs

Institution & web link Contact Areas of emphasis or specialties Degrees offered Students enrolled American College of the Simeon Warren building craft training, design, building Associate of Applied Building Arts (843) 577-5245 technology & materials, internships, Science in Building Arts 50-80 Old City Jail, 21 Magazine office.of.the.dean@ fieldwork, architectural history, preservation Bachelor of Applied Science Street, Charleston, SC buildingartscollege.us philosophy in Building Arts 29401 Belmont Technical College David R. Mertz building analysis, building crafts training, AAS Building Preservation 80-100 Building Preservation (740) 695-9500 community-based projects, fieldwork, Technology Technology [email protected] preservation philosophy, preservation 120 Fox-Shannon Place technology St. Clairsville, OH 43950 College of Charleston Robert Russell architectural history, built environment, BA HP 135-150 Department of Art History (843) 953-6352 community-based projects, design, hands- 66 George Street [email protected] on techniques, preservation planning Charleston, SC 29424

Colorado Mountain College Townsend Anderson building crafts training, hands-on AAS: Historic Preservation 50 Historic Preservation (719) 486-4230 Ext. 4230 techniques, building technology & materials, Certificate of Occupational Program [email protected] architectural conservation, sustainable Proficiency: Historic 901 S. Highway 24 economic development Preservation Leadville, CO 80461 Lamar Community College Robert W. Ogle NCPE membership pending review AAS: Historic Preservation 45 Historic Preservation (719) 336-1526 Certificate: Historic Programs [email protected] Preservation 2401 South Main Street Lamar, CO 81052 Roger Williams University Philip Marshall architectural conservation, architectural 50 School of Architecture, Art & (401) 254-3061 history, architecture, community-based BS HP. BS/MS HP (4 + 1 Historic Preservation [email protected] projects, documentation, internships, year dual degree,Grad listing One Old Ferry Road planning, research, study abroad below) Bristol, RI 02809 Salve Regina University James C. Garman archeology, architectural history, BA CHP 10-15 Cultural and Historic (401) 341-3127 documentation, local history, preservation Preservation Programs [email protected] planning, study abroad, summer program, 100 Ochre Point Rd. surveys Newport, RI 02840

http://www.uvm.edu/histpres/ncpe/chart.html[3/25/2011 4:34:29 PM] National Council for Preservation Education --NCPE Guide to Academic Programs in Historic Preservation

Savannah College of Art & Jeanne Lambin architectural conservation, building analysis, BFA HP 105 Design 912.525.6852 building technology & materials, cultural Grad listing below Clarence Thomas Center for [email protected] landscapes, community-based projects, Historic Preservation economic development P.O. Box 3146 Savannah, GA 31402 S.E. Missouri State Steven J. Hoffman archives, built environment, fieldwork, BS HP 70 University (573) 651-2808 historic preservation, history, internship, Historic Preservation [email protected] local history, museum curatorship & mgt., MA Hist 12 Program site management Dept. of History MS2960 Cape Girardeau, MO 63701 University of Mary Douglas W. Sanford architectural conservation, archeology, BA HP 120 Washington (540) 654-1041 documentation, folk studies & folklore, Dept. of Historic Preservation [email protected] fieldwork, material culture, museum curatorship & management 1301 College Avenue Fredericksburg, VA 22401 Ursuline College Bari Oyler Stith architectural history, design, documentation, BA HP 12 Historic Preservation (440) 646 8135 historic preservation, internship, interiors, Program [email protected] measured drawings, preservation law, MA HP 2550 Lander Rd. planning Pepper Pike, Ohio 44124

Undergraduate programs with certificates or emphasis in historic preservation

Institution & web link Contact Areas of emphasis or specialties Degrees offered Students enrolled Bucks County Community Patricia J. Fisher-Olsen architectural history, documentation, HP Certificate College (215) 968-8286 measured drawings, building technology, HP Online Certificate 60-70 Historic Preservation Pgm. [email protected] hands on techniques, material culture, Newtown, PA 18940 preservation funding College of the Redwoods Bill Hole building analysis, sustainable building A.S., Certificate of 65 Historic Preservation and (707) 476-4353 technology, architectural conservation, Achievement - Historic Restoration Technology [email protected] documentation, field school, preservation Preservation & Restoration 7351 Tompkins Hill Rd. philosophy & hands-on Eureka, CA 95503 Graduate historic preservation degree programs

Institution & web link Contact Areas of emphasis or specialties Degrees offered Students enrolled Ball State University Duncan Campbell documentation, economic development & MS HP 24 Graduate Program in Historic (765) 285-1920 adaptive reuse, internship/thesis, Preservation [email protected] neighborhoods, preservation law, Dept. of Architecture [email protected] preservation technology, planning Muncie, IN 47306-0350 Boston University Claire W. Dempsey architectural conservation, architectural MA HP 24 Preservation Studies (617) 353-2948 history, documentation, preservation Program [email protected] administration & management, research MA JD 226 Bay State Road Boston, MA 02215 Clemson University/ Ashley R. Wilson building materials and analysis, MS HP 24 College of Charleston (202) 262-3544 conservation science, documentation, Graduate Program in Historic [email protected] building treatment, preservation policy, Preservation cultural significance 292 Meeting Street Charleston SC 29401 Columbia University Andrew Dolkart or architectural conservation, design, MSc HP 55 Historic Preservation Janet W. Foster history/theory, preservation planning, HP/ MArch HP/UP Program (212) 854 3080 building analysis, recent past, preservation HP certificate 413 Avery Hall law New York, NY 10027

http://www.uvm.edu/histpres/ncpe/chart.html[3/25/2011 4:34:29 PM] National Council for Preservation Education --NCPE Guide to Academic Programs in Historic Preservation

Cornell University Michael Tomlan advocacy, building technology & materials, MA, PhD 20 Graduate Program in (607) 255-7261 documentation, fieldwork, history, Historic Preservation [email protected] preservation law, preservation planning, HP Planning Planning research, theory 106 W. Sibley Hall Ithaca, NY 14853 Delaware State University Samuel B. Hoff architectural history, preservation law and MA HP 10 Graduate Program in Historic (302) 857-6633 policy, research methods, curatorship, Preservation [email protected] museum management 1200 North DuPont Hwy. Dover, DE 19901 Eastern Michigan Ted J. Ligibel preservation planning; cultural landscapes; MS HP 85 University (734) 487-0232 settlement geography; vernacular Historic Preservation [email protected] architecture; community-based Pres. Certificate Program documentation; interpretation, tourism, 235 Strong Hall administration Ypsilanti, MI 48197 Georgia State University Richard Laub architectural history, archives, building 60 Heritage Preservation (404) 413-6365 technology & materials, community-based MHP Program [email protected] projects, cultural resource management, Historic Preservation and Dept. of History museum curatorship Public History tracks PO Box 4117 certificates Atlanta, GA 30302 Goucher College Richard Wagner 45 Historic Preservation (410) 337-6200 distant education, limited residency, MA HP Program [email protected] nationally recognized faculty, self-directed 1021 Dulaney Valley Road program Baltimore, MD 21204 Middle Tennessee State Rebecca Conard MA Public History/HP 50 University (615) 898-2423 architectural history, cultural landscapes, PhD Public History Public History/ Preservation [email protected] cultural resource management, Dept. of History environmental history & conservation, Box 23 fieldwork, heritage education Murfreesboro, TN 37132 Pratt Institute Eric W. Allison public policy, heritage, preservation planning MS HP 36 Historic Preservation (212) 647-7532 and sustainable development 144 West 14th Street [email protected] New York, NY 10011-2700 Roger Williams University NCPE membership pending review 8 School of Architecture, Art & Philip Marshall MS HP (one year with Historic Preservation (401) 254-3061 BA/BS HP), MS HP (two One Old Ferry Road [email protected] year), BS/MS HP (4 + 1 Bristol, RI 02809 year dual degree) Jamie Grenon (401) 254-4847 [email protected]

Savannah College of Art & Jeanne Lambin architectural conservation, building analysis, MA HP, MFA HP, Online MA 55 Design (912) 525.6852 building technology & materials, cultural HP, Online Grad Certificate, Clarence Thomas Center for [email protected] landscapes, community-based projects, MA International Historic Preservation economic development Preservation P.O. Box 3146 Undergrad listing above Savannah, GA 31402 School of the Art Institute Anne Sullivan documentation, interiors, study abroad, MS HP 30 of Chicago (312) 629-6680 landscape, community-based projects Certificate with MArch Historic Preservation [email protected] Program 37 S. Wabash Ave. Chicago, IL 60603 Tulane University Eugene D. Cizek architectural conservation, community- Certificate in HP 20 School of Architecture (504) 865-5389 based projects, fieldwork, historic MPS New Orleans, [email protected] preservation, neighborhoods, preservation PhD HP LA 70118-5671 [email protected] planning, study abroad

http://www.uvm.edu/histpres/ncpe/chart.html[3/25/2011 4:34:29 PM] National Council for Preservation Education --NCPE Guide to Academic Programs in Historic Preservation

University of Florida Kay Williams MHP College of Design, Planning, (352) 392-6098 ext. 326 and Construction [email protected] 331 ARCH P.O. Box 115701 Gainesville, Florida 32611- 5701 University of Georgia John C. Waters advocacy, building technology & materials, MHP, architectural 40 Graduate Studies in Historic (706) 542-4706 documentation, economic development & conservation accelerated Preservation [email protected] adaptive reuse, environmental history & MHP, JD/MHP, Certificate 609 Caldwell Hall conservation, landscapes Athens, GA 30602 University of Kentucky Clyde Carpenter cultural landscapes, design, history, MHP Department of Historic (859) 257-3651 conservation Preservation [email protected] College of Design Lexington, KY 40506-0041 University of Maryland Donald Linebaugh economic development & adaptive reuse, MHP 30 Graduate Program in Historic (301) 405-6309 preservation philosophy, preservation law, Preservation [email protected] preservation planning, recent past Graduate Certificate School of Architecture College Park, MD 20742 University of Oregon Kingston Wm. Heath hands-on, summer program, architectural MS HP 25 Historic Preservation (541) 346-2115 histor, preservation law, building Program [email protected] documentation, building technology 5233 University of Oregon Eugene, OR 97403-5233 University of Pennsylvania Randy Mason architectural conservation, cultural MS HP, Cert HP, Adv Cert 50 Graduate Program in Historic (215) 898-3169 landscapes, design, site management, Arch. Conservation, Joint Preservation [email protected] preservation planning, study abroad certificates & masters with 115 Meyerson Hall summer program Architecture, Landscape Philadelphia, PA 19104-6311 Architecture, City & Regional Planning University of Southern Kenneth Breisch architectural history, building technology & 25 California (213) 740-4575 materials, preservation law, landscapes, MHP Historic Preservation [email protected] research, building documentation, summer Program program Cert HP School of Architecture 204 Watt Hall Los Angeles, CA 90089- 0291 University of Texas Michael Holleran architectural conservation, architectural MS HP, 30 Historic Preservation (512) 471-3792 history, architecture, interior design, PhD, MS CRP, MArch, Cert Program [email protected] documentation, preservation planning, HP 1 University Station, B7500 preservation law, landscapes Goldsmith Hall Austin, TX 78712-1160 University of Vermont Thomas Visser sustainability, architectural conservation, MS HP 24 Historic Preservation (802) 656-3180 building analysis, digital technologies, Program [email protected] landscapes, preservation law, community- Wheeler House based projects 133 S. Prospect St. Burlington, VT 05405 Ursuline College Bari Oyler Stith architectural history, design, documentation, Masters in HP 20 Historic Preservation (440) 646 8135 historic preservation, interiors, measured BA HP Program [email protected] drawings, preservation law, preservation 2550 Lander Road planning Pepper Pike, Ohio 44124

Graduate Programs with certificates or emphasis in Historic Preservation

Institution & web link Contact Areas of emphasis or specialties Degrees offered Students enrolled

http://www.uvm.edu/histpres/ncpe/chart.html[3/25/2011 4:34:29 PM] National Council for Preservation Education --NCPE Guide to Academic Programs in Historic Preservation

California State Lauren Weiss Bricker design, architectural conservation, MArch 10 Polytechnic University, (909) 869-2704 history/theory, preservation planning, Pomona [email protected] building analysis, recent past 3801 W. Temple Avenue Pomona, CA 91768 Colorado State University Janet Ore archives, building technology & materials, MA Pub History 15 Dept. of History (970) 491-6087 environmental history & conservation, B357 Clark Hall [email protected] historic preservation, museum curatorship Fort Collins, CO 80523 & management George Washington Richard Longstreth architectural history, documentation, folk University studies & folklore, material culture, MA/PhD 15 Graduate Program in Historic preservation administration & management, Preservation urban studies Hist/Am Civ American Studies Pgm. Washington, DC 20052 Pratt Institute Eric W. Allison architecture, community-based projects, MS CRP 8 Graduate Center for (212) 647-7532 economic development & adaptive reuse, Pres Planning certificate Planning and the [email protected] preservation planning, urban studies/urban MArch certificate Environment planning 200 Willoughby Avenue Brooklyn, NY 11205 School of the Art Institute 30 of Chicago Vincent Michael documentation, interiors, study abroad, MS HP Historic Preservation (312) 629-6680 landscape, community-based projects Certificate with MArch Program [email protected] 37 S. Wabash Ave. Chicago, IL 60603 Texas A&M University Robert Warden anthropology, architecture, cultural MArch, MLA, MUP, MS, 25 College of Architecture [email protected] landscapes, documentation, economic MSLD, MS Anth, MS College Station, TX 77843- development & adaptive reuse, RPTS, MS CVEN, PhD HP 3137 preservation philosophy, preservation certificate technology University of Arizona R. Brooks Jeffery cultural landscapes, community-based MArch, 5-10 College of Arch & Landscape (520) 621-6751 projects, design, vernacular architecture, MLA PO Box 210075 [email protected] SW culture, internship/thesis HP certificate Tucson, AZ 85721-0075 University of California Clifford Trafzer archives, fieldwork, local history, historic MA Hist 12 Public History Program [email protected] preservation, history, museum curatorship History Department & management, preservation administration HP specialization Riverside, CA 92521 &management University of Cincinnati Jeff Tilman archaeology, architectural conservation, School of Architecture and [email protected] architectural history, architecture, BA, MA, PhD 20-25 Interior Design geography, history, interiors, preservation HP certificate PO Box 210016 planning, urban studies Cincinnati, OH 45221 University of Colorado, Christopher Koziol architecture, cultural landscapes, MA Pub Hist, MArch, MLA, 15-20 Denver [email protected] preservation planning, public history, MURP, MUD, PhD, HP Historic Preservation building technology, project management certificate Certificate Program College of Architecture and Planning Campus Box 126 Denver, Colorado 80217 University of Delaware David L. Ames documentation, preservation planning, MA, PhD 20, 1 Center for Historic (302) 831-1050 cultural landscapes, historic roads, material New programs under Architecture & Design www.udel.edu/CHAD/ culture, vernacular architecture, museum NCPE review: HP 307 Alison Hall studies certificate, HP masters Newark, DE 19716 University of Florida Morris Hyton, III Multi-disciplinary Program: Architecture, MA HP, Interdisciplinary 50 Graduate Program in Historic (352) 392-0252 ext 457 Building Construction, Interiors, Landscape Cert. in HP (ICHP) at Preservation [email protected] Architecture, Urban and Regional Planning, Master's level, MS ARS, Center for Wold Heritage hands-on field schools in Nantucket, MA MS in Architecture, Conc. Research & Stewardship and St. Augustine, FL in HP, Joint degree with http://www.uvm.edu/histpres/ncpe/chart.html[3/25/2011 4:34:29 PM] National Council for Preservation Education --NCPE Guide to Academic Programs in Historic Preservation

PO Box 115701 Law /HP College of DCP, Gainesville, FL 32611 PhD in HP University of Hawai'i, Manoa William Chapman documentation, material culture, MA PhD 25 Historic Preservation (808) 956-8826 preservation administration & management, Program/Department of [email protected] surveys HP certificate American Studies Moore 324, 1890 East West Rd. Honolulu, HI 96822 University of Illinois Paul Hardin Kapp Architecture, Architectural History, MARCH with Preservation 12 at Urbana - Champaign (217) 244-3531 Documentation, Preservation Philosophy, Option Preservation Option [email protected] Preservation Planning School of Architecture 608 Lorado Taft Drive MC- 624 Champaign, Illinois 61820 University of Nevada Donald Hardesty anthropology, documentation, surveys BA, MA Historic Preservation [email protected] 15 Program [email protected] HP Spec Reno, NV 89557 University of New Mexico Chris Wilson cultural landscapes, design, local history, GCert HPR, MArch, MLA, 15 Graduate Certificate in (505) 277-2903 preservation planning, public history, MCRP Historic Preservation and [email protected] summer program, vernacular architecture Regionalism MSC04 2530, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131- 0001 University of North Jo Leimenstoll architectural conservation, design, historic MS Ir Des, MA Hs, Cert 15 Carolina at Greensboro (336) 334-5320 preservation, material culture, public policy HP/Mu Preservation Concentration [email protected] P.O. Box 26170 Greensboro, NC 27402 University of South Robert Weyeneth anthropology, community-based projects, MA Pub Hist, 35-40 Carolina (803) 777-6398 environmental history & conservation, MA Hist, PhD Hist Public History Program [email protected] history, museum curatorship, public policy, Dept. of History recent past Columbia, SC 29208 University of Utah Robert A. Young advocacy, building technology & materials, M. Arch 20 College of Architecture + (801) 581-8254 community-based projects, documentation, M. CMP Planning [email protected] sustainability, community revitalization MRED 375 South 1530 East, Rm HP Cert 235 AAC Salt Lake City, UT 84112 University of Virginia Daniel Bluestone architectural history, architecture, cultural M Arch, M LArch, M ArHist, 30 Historic Preservation 434-924-6458 landscapes, community-based projects, M Ur&EnvPl w/ Cert in HP Program [email protected] landscapes, study abroad, theory, urban Campbell Hall studies PO Box 400122 Charlottesville, VA 22904- 4122 University of Washington Manish Chalana architectural history, architecture, MArch, MLA, MUP, PhD 15 Historic Preservation (206) 616-6051 community-based projects, design, HP Cert Program [email protected] landscapes, preservation planning, Box 355740 international preservation Seattle, WA 98195-5740 Associated Programs

Institution & web link Contact Areas of emphasis or specialties Degrees offered Students enrolled Boston Architectural Jane Toland architecture, building technology & Certificate

http://www.uvm.edu/histpres/ncpe/chart.html[3/25/2011 4:34:29 PM] National Council for Preservation Education --NCPE Guide to Academic Programs in Historic Preservation

College (617) 585-0216 materials, interiors, preservation law, Continuing Education [email protected] design, history, landscapes, Department documentation, historic preservation 320 Newbury St. Boston, MA 02115 National Center for Kirk Cordell Progressive technology-based Preservation (318) 356-7444 research and training for preservation Technology and [email protected] professionals Training 645 University Parkway Natchitoches, LA 71457 RESTORE Jan C. K. Anderson, President Material science based courses/ Certificate 45-50 10 East 40th Street, 40th (212) 749- workshops on architectural AIA Continuing Education Floor [email protected] conservation technology for building Learning Units New York, NY 10016 industry professionals

Please contact Paul Kapp to update information or to make corrections to this chart of NCPE member institutions. By resolution of the membership, areas of emphasis in this chart are limited to thirteen words. Last update: March 10, 2011 © National Council for Preservation Education

http://www.uvm.edu/histpres/ncpe/chart.html[3/25/2011 4:34:29 PM] National Council for Preservation Education --NCPE Guide to Academic Programs in Historic Preservation

About NCPE Guide to Academic Programs PER Journal Standards | Reports Internships | Jobs PreserveNet Membership | Shop Contact NCPE Guide to Academic Programs in Historic Preservation

Undergraduate historic preservation programs

Undergraduate programs with certificates or emphasis in historic preservation

Graduate historic preservation programs

Graduate programs with certificates or emphasis in historic preservation

Non-degree certificate programs

Undergraduate Historic Preservation Programs

http://www.ncpe.us/chart.html[3/25/2011 4:35:19 PM] National Council for Preservation Education --NCPE Guide to Academic Programs in Historic Preservation

Undergraduate programs with certificates or emphasis in historic preservation

http://www.ncpe.us/chart.html[3/25/2011 4:35:19 PM] National Council for Preservation Education --NCPE Guide to Academic Programs in Historic Preservation

Graduate Programs with certificates or emphasis in Historic Preservation

Institution & web link Contact Areas of emphasis or specialties Degrees offered Students enrolled

http://www.ncpe.us/chart.html[3/25/2011 4:35:19 PM] National Council for Preservation Education --NCPE Guide to Academic Programs in Historic Preservation

California State Lauren Weiss Bricker design, architectural conservation, MArch 10 Polytechnic University, (909) 869-2704 history/theory, preservation planning, Pomona [email protected] building analysis, recent past 3801 W. Temple Avenue Pomona, CA 91768 Colorado State University Janet Ore archives, building technology & materials, MA Pub History 15 Dept. of History (970) 491-6087 environmental history & conservation, B357 Clark Hall [email protected] historic preservation, museum curatorship Fort Collins, CO 80523 & management George Washington Richard Longstreth architectural history, documentation, folk University studies & folklore, material culture, MA/PhD 15 Graduate Program in Historic preservation administration & management, Preservation urban studies Hist/Am Civ American Studies Pgm. Washington, DC 20052 Pratt Institute Eric W. Allison architecture, community-based projects, MS CRP 8 Graduate Center for (212) 647-7532 economic development & adaptive reuse, Pres Planning certificate Planning and the [email protected] preservation planning, urban studies/urban MArch certificate Environment planning 200 Willoughby Avenue Brooklyn, NY 11205 School of the Art Institute 30 of Chicago Vincent Michael documentation, interiors, study abroad, MS HP Historic Preservation (312) 629-6680 landscape, community-based projects Certificate with MArch Program [email protected] 37 S. Wabash Ave. Chicago, IL 60603 Texas A&M University Robert Warden anthropology, architecture, cultural MArch, MLA, MUP, MS, 25 College of Architecture [email protected] landscapes, documentation, economic MSLD, MS Anth, MS College Station, TX 77843- development & adaptive reuse, RPTS, MS CVEN, PhD HP 3137 preservation philosophy, preservation certificate technology University of Arizona R. Brooks Jeffery cultural landscapes, community-based MArch, 5-10 College of Arch & Landscape (520) 621-6751 projects, design, vernacular architecture, MLA PO Box 210075 [email protected] SW culture, internship/thesis HP certificate Tucson, AZ 85721-0075 University of California Clifford Trafzer archives, fieldwork, local history, historic MA Hist 12 Public History Program [email protected] preservation, history, museum curatorship History Department & management, preservation administration HP specialization Riverside, CA 92521 &management University of Cincinnati Jeff Tilman archaeology, architectural conservation, School of Architecture and [email protected] architectural history, architecture, BA, MA, PhD 20-25 Interior Design geography, history, interiors, preservation HP certificate PO Box 210016 planning, urban studies Cincinnati, OH 45221 University of Colorado, Christopher Koziol architecture, cultural landscapes, MA Pub Hist, MArch, MLA, 15-20 Denver [email protected] preservation planning, public history, MURP, MUD, PhD, HP Historic Preservation building technology, project management certificate Certificate Program College of Architecture and Planning Campus Box 126 Denver, Colorado 80217 University of Delaware David L. Ames documentation, preservation planning, MA, PhD 20, 1 Center for Historic (302) 831-1050 cultural landscapes, historic roads, material New programs under Architecture & Design www.udel.edu/CHAD/ culture, vernacular architecture, museum NCPE review: HP 307 Alison Hall studies certificate, HP masters Newark, DE 19716 University of Florida Morris Hyton, III Multi-disciplinary Program: Architecture, MA HP, Interdisciplinary 50 Graduate Program in Historic (352) 392-0252 ext 457 Building Construction, Interiors, Landscape Cert. in HP (ICHP) at Preservation [email protected] Architecture, Urban and Regional Planning, Master's level, MS ARS, Center for Wold Heritage hands-on field schools in Nantucket, MA MS in Architecture, Conc. Research & Stewardship and St. Augustine, FL in HP, Joint degree with http://www.ncpe.us/chart.html[3/25/2011 4:35:19 PM] National Council for Preservation Education --NCPE Guide to Academic Programs in Historic Preservation

Institution & web link Contact Areas of emphasis or specialties Degrees offered Students enrolled Boston Architectural Jane Toland architecture, building technology & Certificate

http://www.ncpe.us/chart.html[3/25/2011 4:35:19 PM] National Council for Preservation Education --NCPE Guide to Academic Programs in Historic Preservation

http://www.ncpe.us/chart.html[3/25/2011 4:35:19 PM] Mitigation: Heritage Documentation Programs--HABS, HAER, HALS, CRGIS--of the National Park Service

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ABOUT US Leicester B. Holland Prize COLLECTIONS

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DRAWING COMPETITIONS The Leicester B. Holland Prize is an annual competition that Peterson Prize recognizes the best single-sheet measured drawing of an historic Holland Prize building, site, or structure prepared by an individual(s) to the How to Participate standards of the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS), Historic Judging & Rating Scale American Engineering Record (HAER), or the Historic American Rules Anderson Prize Landscapes Survey (HALS). The prize is supported by the Paul Rudolph Trust, Architectural Record, a magazine of the American MITIGATION Institute of Architects (AIA); and the Center for Architecture, EXHIBITS Design & Engineering in the Library of Congress, and Site Index administered by the Heritage Documentation Programs of the Contact Information National Park Service (HABS/HAER/HALS/CRGIS). The prize honors Leicester B. Holland (1882-1952), FAIA, chairman of the AIA’s Committee on Historic Buildings, head of the Fine Arts Division of the Library of Congress and first curator of the HABS collection, a

co-founder of the HABS program in the 1930s, and the first chair of the HABS Advisory Board.

The prize is intended to increase awareness, knowledge, and appreciation of historic sites, structures, and landscapes throughout the United States while adding to the permanent HABS, HAER and HALS collection at the Library of Congress, and to encourage the submission of drawings among professionals and students. The prize is also intended to reinvigorate the art of architectural delineation and composition in the tradition established by the Ecole des Beaux Arts. Beaux Arts methodology embraced the study and drawing of historic buildings as a crucial component of architectural education, providing an opportunity for young architects to gain an understanding of the principles of design and construction. Additionally, it was a means through which architects mined historic buildings for architectural motifs to be used in their restoration and new design projects. By requiring only a single sheet, the competition challenges the delineator to capture the essence of the site through the presentation of key features that reflect its historic and its architectural, landscape architectural or engineering significance. The Holland Prize competition is

http://www.cr.nps.gov/hdp/competitions/holland.htm[3/25/2011 4:35:58 PM] Mitigation: Heritage Documentation Programs--HABS, HAER, HALS, CRGIS--of the National Park Service

open to all those interested, regardless of experience or professional background.

Architectural Record magazine will publish the winning drawing, and the winner will receive a $1000 cash prize and a certificate of recognition. Merit awards will also be given.

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Print Norman M. Isham, FAIA, Norman W. Marble, and Philip D. Creer, FAIA Details on District Officers: Who Launched HABS in Rhode Island By Virginia B. Price, HABS Historian, National Park Service Read Reviews | Write a Review The Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) is one of the largest architectural archives in the world with documentation on around 40,000 buildings and sites 0 located throughout the United States, and its partnership with the American Institute of Architects (AIA) has been integral to its success from its beginnings in 1933. This collaboration is recognized, in part, through the newly established Leicester B. Holland prize for a measured drawing.1 Holland’s multi-faceted role in launching the 0 comments HABS program in the 1930s – through his work at the Library of Congress and his role within the AIA – led to the involvement of many AIA members in the recording of America’s historic places. Responsible for a state or HABS district, some of the Title: district officers are well-known figures, while others are less so as the stories of the Norman M. Isham, FAIA, Norman W. Marble, three district officers for Rhode Island illustrate. and Philip D. Creer, FAIA

The first chosen was Norman Morrison Isham. He was already a presence on the Location: academic landscape through his seminal text with Albert Brown, Early Rhode Island 0 Houses, published in 1895.2 Isham continued his recording efforts, producing the architectural monograph on Providence for the White Pine series and crafting a Contributor: glossary of architectural terms (fig. 1). He taught at Brown University and chaired the James Malanaphy architectural department at the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD), thereby encouraging the next generation of architects in their studies of past technologies Published: and structural innovations. His classes attracted architectural historians, including 3/17/11 12:00 AM Antoinette Downing, who quickly became a compatriot in the field.3

Posted Date: 0 3/18/11 4:45 PM

Last Viewed:

Figure 1. Work by HABS informed Isham’s restoration of at least two of Rhode Island’s early buildings, including the Thomas Clemence House (HABS No. RI-6) and the Wanton- Lyman-Hazard House (HABS No. RI-13) shown here. (J.J. Leray, delineator, 1938, HABS, Library of Congress).

Due to his many commitments, Isham recruited Norman W. Marble to succeed him as district officer in 1935. Marble served, awaiting confirmation of his appointment. By 0 the next year it was obvious it was not forthcoming. Marble had been the

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superintendent at the State House in the years 1931 to 1935. He also worked for the City of Providence as the chief draftsman for a myriad of municipal buildings and for private firms, including Jackson, Robertson and Adams, with the architect John Hutchins Cady, and as an instructor at RISD. He needed the position with HABS, but had fallen into disfavor politically.4

Again looking to the architectural program at RISD, HABS asked the department chairman Philip D. Creer to take charge of the recording effort in 1936. 5 Creer came 0 to Rhode Island from the University of Pennsylvania, and in 1956 he left RISD to direct the architectural school at the University of Texas at Austin. In Providence he practiced architecture with the firm Creer, Kent, Cruise and Aldrich (1946-56), and in Texas as a partner in Creer and Roessner (1957-64). From 1964 he worked independently as an architect and, for a number of years, served on the landmarks board in Austin.6 The majority of his papers are held in the Alexander Architectural Archive, University of Texas Libraries, University of Texas at Austin, although items relating to Rhode Island were transferred to RISD.7

As district officer, Creer worked under the New England Division Chief, Frank Chouteau Brown, in administering the Survey.8 Creer also worked closely with John 0 Hutchins Cady, thereby ensuring that the priority list for HABS documentation was in alignment with those properties recognized by local experts as important to preserve.9 In Rhode Island, the early structures targeted for the Survey dated to the Colonial period and dovetailed with Isham’s expertise. Isham himself remained integral to HABS throughout the 1930s, serving on the Advisory Committee alongside Antoinette Downing, John Nichols Brown, J. Peter Geddes, and Howard M. Chapin.10

Figure 2. Illustration of how the Rhode Island house plan was understood to have developed. (Rhode Island, State Organizational Files, 1933-50, HABS, RG 515, NACP)

As the documentation progressed, Creer noted specific architectural elements and building materials discovered in the field. He heralded the arrival of the central 0 chimney, followed by the multi-room, central passage floor plan in Rhode Island’s domestic architecture (fig. 2). He devoted time to the varied framing found in the buildings and how best to draw what the teams encountered. Evidence of his part in the Survey is congruent with his vocation; when he first came to teach at RISD he

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promoted short courses in architecture, with experience in the field, the very same experience that HABS offered to eligible architects in the 1930s.11 For Creer, then, the Survey represented an opportunity for professional development and training from which his later students could benefit. And so they have. The University of Texas at Austin has encouraged student participation in HABS documentation, as illustrated through the program’s award-winning submissions to the annual Peterson Prize drawing competition (fig. 3).12

Figure 3. An example of one of the drawing sheets done for the Peterson Prize competition by students from the architectural program at the University of Texas at Austin. (Kathryn A. St. Clair, delineator, 2002, HABS, Library of Congress).

Note: Images from the HABS collection at the Library of Congress, and in the HABS archival collection at the National Archives, are in the public domain. 0

Footnotes.

1 See www.cr.nps.gov/hdp/competitions/holland.htm. 0 2 HABS records, Mss. 502, Series 1, Box 1, Folders 1-2, Rhode Island Historical Society. 0 3 Antoinette Forrester Downing, Early Homes of Rhode Island, with drawings by Helen Mason Grose and photographs by Arthur W. LeBoeuf (Richmond: Garrett and Massie, 0

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1937); Antoinette Forrester Downing and Vincent J. Scully, Jr., The Architectural Heritage of Newport, Rhode Island, 1640-1915 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1952). For a tribute to Downing, see Richard Longstreth, “Antoinette Forrester Downing, 14 July 1904-9 May 2001,” JSAH 61, no. 2 (June 2002): 260-62. The author thanks Wm. McKenzie Woodward, Rhode Island Historical Preservation & Heritage Commission, for his time and for sharing his insights into Downing as well as stories of her and of her accomplishments over the years.

4 Norman Morrison Isham, Wickford, to John P. O’Neill, January 8, 1936, and O’Neill to Isham, January 9, 1936, in the HABS records, Mss. 502, Series 1, Box 1, Folder 2, Rhode 0 Island Historical Society. See also, HABS records, Mss. 502, Series 1, Box 1, Folder 3, Rhode Island Historical Society; Richard B. Watrous to Arno B. Cammerer, March 14, 1936, RG 515 Historic American Buildings Survey, State Organizational Files, National Archives at College Park (NACP).

5 Thomas Tileston Waterman to Philip D. Creer, May 1, 1936, in the HABS records, Series 1, Box 1, Folder 4, Rhode Island Historical Society. 0

6 Biographical data summarized from Creer’s AIA membership files (see http://communities.aia.org/sites/hdoaa/wiki/AIA%20scans?C-E/CreerPhilipD.pdf). 0

7 Nancy Sparrow, Curatorial Assistant, The Alexander Architectural Archive, University of Texas Libraries, University of Texas at Austin, to Virginia B. Price, electronic 0 communication, June 15, 2010, and personal communication, July 13-14, 2010. (www.library.utexas.edu/apl/aaa/index.html).

8 In Rhode Island, under both Isham and Creer, several recording teams were formed to measure buildings in different parts of the state. In 1934 Kenneth M. Young led the 0 squad in Providence and with William G. Dyer and D. Thomas Russillo worked on the Art Club. In Bristol, Albert Thelig led the documentation effort; he was assisted by Richard Kinnicutt and William O’Rourke whereas Gordon Henshaw, George Benvie, and C. Reuben Moburg addressed the Gardiner House in Wickford. List, January 12, 1934, and Albert Harkness to Kenneth M. Young, November 7, 1935, in the HABS records, Mss. 502, Series 1, Box 1, Folder 1, Rhode Island Historical Society. Creer had a Newport-based effort, as his 1936 correspondence with Christopher D. Dutra attests. See HABS records, Mss. 502, Series 1, Box 1, Folder 12, Rhode Island Historical Society. Some personnel records for HABS, including Edward W. Husband’s application in 1934 (who worked previously for Isham and who remained an integral part of the program through 1941-42) and the resume of the interim, but never approved, district officer Norman Winfred Marble, can be found in the HABS records, Mss. 502, Series II, Box 1, Folder 10, Rhode Island Historical Society. In January 1938, the HABS team consisted of Creer and Husband, as well as Raymond Gleason and William J. White in Providence; Walter R. Colvin (supervisor) and Joseph L. Leray in West Warwick; Woodrow Rivard in Cranston; Cheslie [sic] Carpenter in East Greenwich; Edmond P. Gendron and Lucien Lamoureux in Woonsocket; and the secretary, Luella Bergin.

9 Cady to Jury of Fellows, AIA, Washington, DC, January 26, 1957. HABS archival material suggests how Isham’s restoration work in 1938 impacted the documentation 0 of several buildings, such as the Thomas Clemence House and the Wanton-Lyman- Hazard House, because what was discovered in the field differed from previous understandings of those structures. [Creer] to T.C. Vint, October 31, 1941 and [Creer] to T.C. Vint, November 14, 1941, RG 515, HABS, State files, NACP.

10 F. Ellis Jackson to Frank Chouteau Brown, March 23, 1936, RG 515, HABS, State files, NACP. 0

11 Regarding Creer’s reference to short courses in architecture, see correspondence with Royal B. Farnum, 1932-33, box 4, folder 6, Philip Creer Papers, the Alexander 0 Architectural Archive, University of Texas Libraries, University of Texas at Austin.

12 Entries from the University of Texas at Austin placed in 1992, 1993, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2010. See 0 www.cr.nps.gov/hdp/jobs/Peterson_winners.htm.

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Print Report from Historic Preservation Education Panel Presentation 2010 National Preservation Conference | Austin, TX By Laura Beth Ingle, Clemson/College of Charleston Read Reviews | Write a Review Last fall, as the annual conference for the National Trust for Historic Preservation came to a close, a crowd gathered to discuss an important topic in the future of the 0 field. It focused on the future of preservation, and changing trends in preservation education as we move into the 21st Century. The presenters were Ann Thornton, Trent Margrif and Vince Michael. Ted Ligibel introduced the session and Michael Holleran from the University of Texas program moderated. 0 comments

Ann Thornton, Associate Director for Foundation and Corporate Philanthropy for the National Trust, spoke on the importance of a business background in the world of 0 Title: preservation. She stressed that students must understand real estate, finance and Report from NCPE Historic Preservation management techniques to be successful in the field. According to Thornton, the keys Education Panel Presentation to successful leaders in preservation include: vision, innovation, collaborative relationships in the public and private sector, economics backgrounds and basic Location: finance capacity. She explained that it is extremely rare to attract investors in a preservation project because it is the “right thing to do;” preservationists need to show the economic impact of their product. According to Thornton, preservation Contributor: programs are on the right track with courses in research, documentation, James Malanaphy interpretation, planning, and law, and are improving their integration with city planning, architecture and other built environment disciplines. What programs lack, Published: and need, the most is additional coursework in business and management skills and 3/13/11 12:00 AM cross-disciplinary fieldwork. She ended her presentation by emphasizing the importance of all business-related skills to the future preservationist, stating that Posted Date: finance, marketing, and project management should be necessities, not electives. 3/14/11 3:51 PM

Trent Margrif from Appalachian State University took a number-oriented approach to Last Viewed: the topic, dissecting preservation jobsites, programs, and course offerings across the 0 nation. He looked into jobs available in different sectors of the workforce and how young preservationists were filling them, and found that nearly half of the positions advertised requested applicants holding a master’s degree. Margrif explained that the job focus is strong in the majority of programs because they want students who will utilize their degrees.

Margrif also reported on the number and types of courses available at all levels of education from high schools to community colleges and universities and the types of 0 students who enter these courses. He found that relatively few programs are recognized by the National Council for Preservation Education (NCPE) compared to number of schools that offer preservation courses, with only 80-85% of “official” programs receiving this recognition. He pointed to North Carolina as an example. Seventeen schools in this mid-size state offer preservation classes, yet only one is a NCPE school. After a review of NCPE core courses, Margrif relayed that advocacy, archival studies, community revitalization, fundraising, heritage education, heritage tourism, AutoCAD and oral history were the least offered preservation classes, while cultural landscapes and sustainability were “rising courses.” Also, in stark contrast to Thornton’s call for business courses, Margrif found that few programs offer any classes with a business focus. As for recruiting and the student population, he discovered that 70-80% of graduate students are female and programs are increasingly using technology to attract new students, since over 95% of students look at a website first when choosing a program.

Vince Michael, from the School of the Art Institute Chicago and the National Trust, looked at the variety of specialized curricula and the trends in preservation education 0 today and how these relate to the standard NCPE curriculum. Michael stated the current trends are the recent past, non-degree certificates, authenticity and integrity

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of heritage, and sustainability. Curriculum components he found relevant to the field, and required by NCPE, are architectural history, history & theory of preservation, documentation & recording, and an internship. He also discovered many additional courses, not required by NCPE, were prominent in curricula lists, such as design, building material technology, law, planning, economics, and field schools. Interdisciplinary education is key according to Michael. He said it would be good to have other programs with a preservation lens rather than merely preservation programs with classes in other fields.

During the question and answer portion of the session several other points were addressed. When asked about the most important job in preservation. Thornton 0 answered, the mayor of a large city, followed by economists, planners and developers. She went on to say that preservationists need to be trained to do these jobs so the message of preservation can spread. Other panelists added that more diversity is necessary in the preservation field to reach the wider population, and that integration of preservation education into K-12 curricula is crucial so that all ages become involved in preservation. The panelists closed with the idea that preservation is more than buildings, heritage and how people use spaces, it is managing change wisely. They explained that it is a political arena that relies on people skills, business goals and out-of-the-box ideas, all of which students must have in their arsenal to be competitive and effective in the preservation world.

By Laura Beth Ingle, Graduate Student Clemson University/College of Charleston 0

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Print Preservation Advocacy during PA’s 2011 Lobby Day March 7 & 8, 2011 | Washington DC

By Yolita E. Rausche, Assoc. AIA Read Reviews | Write a Review 0 Under the theme of Preservation Makes Cent$, almost 300 preservationists gathered in Washington DC under the leadership and guidance of Preservation Action and in partnership with the National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers, the National Trust for Historic Preservation, the National Alliance of Preservation Commissions, and National Association of Tribal Historic Preservation Officers, to ask 0 comments legislators to keep preservation funding for the key programs as well as threatened programs like the Save America’s Treasures and Preserve America. It is an important event - especially when Congress is confronting a budget crisis and narrowly averted Title: a shutdown of the government the Friday before. Preservation Advocacy during PA?s 2011 Lobby Day On Monday, March 7, the lobbying organizations met at luncheon where lectures were presented on issues to be discussed with legislators of the new Congress on Capitol 0 Location: Hill. Representatives of Preservation Action, NCSHPO, the National Trust, and former Senate National Parks subcommittee staff director Tom Lillie provided tips and suggestions for an effective delivery of the historic preservation message. Contributor: James Malanaphy Representative Rob Bishop (R-Utah), Chair of the National Parks Forests and Public Lands subcommittee of the House Natural Resources Committee, presented a lively 0 Published: and depressing forecast for historic preservation funding in Congress. Representative 3/13/11 12:00 AM Bishop will oversee all legislation dealing the National Parks, which includes historic preservation. The only applause he received was when he strongly endorsed and gave Posted Date: hope to the success of passing historic tax rehabilitation credit legislation he was 3/14/11 4:08 PM anxiously waiting to be introduced.

Last Viewed: On Tuesday, March 8, the early morning blue sky predicted a wonderful early spring day in Washington DC. With an emerging sun in the distance the lobbyists marched to 0 Capitol Hill to begin a very difficult job. This year Preservation Action recommended that we address a few focused issues, in consideration of the new majority in Congress.

The first request on the agenda was to ask for $50 million in funding for State Historic Preservation Officer’s to carry out the requirements of the National Historic Preservation Act.

The second request was for $11 million in funding for the Tribal Historic Preservation Officers to carry out the requirements of the National Historic Preservation Act, and to support the Tribal Competitive Grant Program.

The third request was for $9 million for the Save America’s Treasures and Preserve America federal grant programs. These important grant programs are targeted for elimination in the administration’s budget proposal.

All the monies requested to fund these programs come from the historic preservation fund. The total request is $70 million, a 10% reduction below the 2008 funding, in 0 consideration of the budget difficulties facing the nation.

The fifth request was to ask for support of the improvements and additions to tax incentives for historic preservation for commercial buildings especially to deepen the tax cut for smaller, projects, like the Mainstreet communities, and tax credits for owner occupied homes. This last request was the most widely accepted by every legislator visited. They asked for the bill number and information on when it will be introduced in the House and Senate. Some legislators offered to introduce the bills. Preservation

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Action will work towards that goal with the selected legislators.

In addition to support the consideration of these issues, a Dear Colleague letter was sent to the Chairman and ranking member of the House Appropriations subcommittee on Interior, asking for support of economic development, job creation and our national heritage by appropriating the above mentioned $70 million, and support of the improvements and additions to tax incentives for historic preservation for commercial buildings. The Dear Colleague letter is being circulated by the Historic Preservation caucus co-chaired by Representatives Michael Turner (R-Ohio) and Russ Carnahan (D-Missouri). Every legislators visited during Lobby Day was also asked to join the historic preservation caucus, which at the moment has 118 members.

In summary, Congress is ready for expanding and improving the historic tax rehabilitation credit, because they see it as a great tool and engine to move the 0 economy forward. It became evident during our visit to Capitol Hill that this is the most important issue that legislators want to talk about. All of them want to know the number of the bills as soon as they are introduced.

Taking into account the severity of these difficult times, it is suggested that every member of the HRC and the AIA contact their legislators in support of these 0 important issues. It means jobs not only for historic preservationists, but for all architects. It means economic development, job creation and protection of our national heritage

For additional information on Lobby Day and to access copies of legislative talking points to use when meeting with your Congressional delegation, go to 0 www.preservationaction.org.

To support Preservation Action and to receive weekly updates on legislative issues of vital interest to all architects and historic preservation become a member. 0

By Yolita E. Rausche, Assoc. AIA Preservation Action Board Member Ohio State Coordinator 0

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Print A Brief Overview of Sustainable Preservation Research in France Report from 2009 recipient of the Richard Morris Hunt Fellowship Tina Roach, AIA, LEED AP Read Reviews | Write a Review France has some of the most protective preservation laws in the world, arising out of the destruction wrought by the French Revolution in 1789. More than 40,000 0 buildings and gardens are protected under the title of historic monuments, and everything within a 500 meter radius of each is subject to historic design review. The ICOMOS Charter of Venice of 1964 is the design review standard. Historic sites, districts and heritage zones are also subject to rigorous historic design review; 0 comments together these encompass a good portion of this country famous for its built heritage.

Title: Flash forward to the climate change discussions of the past 15 to 20 years. With the A Brief Overview of Sustainable 1997 Kyoto Protocol, France together with its European Union partners pledged to 0 Preservation Research in France freeze their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions collectively by 8% over 1990 levels and individually to stabilize its emissions by 2012 at the level of 1990. In France, Location: buildings account for 40% of France’s energy use and only 25% of GHG emissions, largely due to the country’s strong reliance on nuclear power to generate electricity. But it is not as clear how historic buildings and traditional materials contribute to Contributor: these consumption statistics. James Malanaphy

In 2006, the French government required the use of a simple benchmarking and Published: awareness tool called the Diagnostique Performance Energetique (DPE) – in public 0 3/13/11 12:00 AM buildings and when a property was sold or leased. The DPE crated a rating system for buildings based on their annual energy consumption and GHG emissions, on a Posted Date: scale of A to G. A rating of “A” corresponds with less than 50 kwh/m2/year (16 3/14/11 4:15 PM kBTU/sf/year), the maximum energy usage intensity required for new construction in 2005. The average performance of an existing building was found to be around 240 Last Viewed: kwh/m2/year (a borderline “D” or “E” rating) – and all pre-1975 housing was found to average 364 kwh/m2/year (heating and hot water production).

French thermal regulations require that the energy efficiency of buildings be improved during renovation. Immediate potential threats to heritage architecture 0 included the “usual suspects”: window replacements, interior and exterior wall insulation, and tight building envelopes without the introduction of supplemental ventilation. Those who work with traditional housing were concerned that the DPE calculators and the average performance scores did not accurately represent the thermal performance of ancient construction assemblies, such as rubble masonry walls, or half-timbered walls infilled with a wide variety of earthen-straw “bricks” or assemblies. The DPE rating might trigger renovations harmful to historic and character-defining fabric and lower the fiscal value of traditional buildings, encouraging their neglect and demolition.

Project BATAN (Bâtiment Ancien)

Between 2004 and 2007, a partnership of four organizations set out to determine the actual consumption of three groups of buildings: pre-1948, called “bâtiment ancient”; 0 1948 to pre-1975 or the post-war building boom; and after 1975 when the first energy regulations were instituted. Roughly a third of the French housing stock dates to each of these periods. The research found that the DPE calculator could not accurately predict the energy performance of traditional buildings. The study further found that, in fact, the pre-1948 buildings (200 kwh/m2/year) were comparable in energy performance to the post-1975 buildings (170 kwh/m2/year). The building stock that was by far the greater energy consumers was the post-World War II construction, with an average consumption of 400 kwh/m2/year. This finding led to a change in the DPE regulation so that DPE calculations for existing buildings are now

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based on actual utility bills rather than a computer simulation.

Typical 15th-18th century buildings that characterize the historic city center of Bayonne, France.

Project BATAN (“bati ancient”) was conducted by the Centre d’Etudes Techniques et de l’Equipment (CETE de l’Est), Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Habitat (DGCB-LASH), and 0 Maisons Paysannes de France (MPF) for the DGUHC.

http://www.maisons-paysannes.org/economies-d-energie/batan.html 0 Project ATHEBA (“Amélioration THErmiques du Bâti Ancien” or Thermal Improvements of the Ancient Building).

A criticism of the BATAN study was that its data pool was limited to only twelve buildings – even though each was carefully selected to represent different climates 0 and residential typologies. A second three year study (2008 to 2010) added more than 70 buildings and set out to model the thermal performance of traditional buildings: Project ATHEBA.

Like BATAN, collected data included actual utility consumption and costs, occupancy surveys, infrared thermography of the building envelope, the development of 0 measured drawings for each building, and temperature and humidity measures. ATHEBA additionally measured temperature and humidity within exterior walls. One question is whether funding and interest will remain to continue the analysis of this rare, but much needed body of data.

A limestone house in Saintes is one of the buildings studied by Project BATAN & ATHEBA

An important outgrowth of the study are practical briefs targeted at the general public that present the regulatory requirements for traditional buildings, better 0 recommendations for how to improve the energy performance of traditional buildings without jeopardizing the physical health of the building, and case studies. To date, four briefs have been published and they are available on the Maisons Paysannes de France website (http://www.maisons-paysannes.org/fiches-atheba/fiches- atheba.html ). A training course for building industry professionals, particularly craftsmen, is also in the process of being developed.

This study is managed by the Minister of Sustainable Development (Ministère du Développement Durable) and the CETE de l’Est. Partners include Maisons Paysannes de 0 France and CAPEB.

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A second limestone house in Saintes that is one of the buildings studied by Project BATAN & ATHEBA

Thermography

L’Atelier parisien d’urbanisme (A.P.U.R.) was commissioned by the Urban Ecology Department of Paris, primary author of the Climate Plan of Paris, to conduct several 0 studies related to the energy footprint and GHG emissions of the Parisian building stock. In particular, two thermography studies were commissioned as part of a public awareness campaign: aerial thermography of the entire city and thermography of the facades of 500 representative buildings. Thermography is not a great scientific tool, as there is no absolute measurement scale for comparison between images. However, thermography is excellent for showing the relative temperature differences in surfaces at a particular moment in time – and the images are easily understood by the general public.

The thermography studies of Paris found similar results to BATAN. The biggest thermal losses are seen in buildings constructed after World War II and before the 0 first energy codes in 1975. One difference is that this represents only 8 percent of Parisian buildings. Almost 75 percent of Parisian buildings were constructed before 1914.

Details on the study can be found on APUR’s website. 0 http://www.apur.org/etude/thermographie-immeubles-parisiens-0 0 A public exhibit of the façade study can be found on APUR’s website. 0 http://www.apur.org/sites/default/files/documents/thermo_historique_expo.pdf 0

Extensive renovations of this early 20th century public apartment building at the edge of Lyon’s historic district included the addition of exterior insulation and window replacement. 288 rue de Vendôme, architects: Matthieu Valette and Jean-Baptiste Fleurent

French Sustainable Stewardship Networks

Individual cities are conducting site-specific studies and developing guidelines for their climates and building typologies. These include the cities of Poitiers and Nantes 0 in the west, Grenoble in the alpine southeast, and Bayonne in the southwest. Two networks are playing a key role in the cross pollination of research methods, data collection, renovation guidelines, and dissemination to the public: ICOMOS France and the L’Association Nationale des Villes et Pays d’art et d’histoire et des Villes à

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secteurs sauvegardés et protégés (ANVPAH & VSSP) http://www.an-patrimoine.org/ . Those responsible for historic design review – ABF and AUE – are also engaged.

Conclusions

What can we learn from this? Laws and regulations work. By the year 2007, France had reduced its GHG emissions by 5.3 percent, whereas the United States had 0 increased its GHG emissions by 16 percent. However, good tools and a good understanding of traditional buildings are essential to developing sensitive renovations of culturally significant properties that also improve energy performance.

By Tina Roach, AIA, LEED AP 0 Author Bio: Tina Roach, AIA, LEED AP, is an associate at Quinn Evans Architects in Washington DC. In 2009-2010, she spent six months investigating Sustainability & 0 Preservation in France as the 2009 recipient of the Richard Morris Hunt Fellowship, a Franco-American professional exchange program for historic preservation architects co- sponsored by the French Heritage Society and the American Architectural Foundation.

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Print 2011 Institute Honor Awards Recognize Preservation Projects By James Malanaphy, AIA, from the American Institute of Architects

Excellent historic preservation and sensitive infill projects continue to find Read Reviews | Write a Review recognition in the Institute Honor Awards program. In each of the three award 0 categories, projects paying careful attention to the conservation of existing historically significant buildings and neighborhoods were recognized with 2011 Institute’s Honor Awards. Take a moment and review some of this year's recipients.

2011 Institute Honor Awards for Architecture 0 comments

Ford Assembly Building; San Francisco, CA Architect: Marcy Wong Donn Logan Architects 0 Title: 2011 Institute Honor Awards Recognize New Acropolis Museum; Athens, Greece Preservation Projects Architect: Bernard Tschumi Architects 0

Location: University of Michigan Museum of Art; Ann Arbor, MI Architect: Allied Works Architecture 0

Contributor: 2011 Institute Honor Awards for Regional & Urban Design James Malanaphy

Chicago Central Area DeCarbonization Plan; Chicago, IL Published: Architect: Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture 0 3/13/11 12:00 AM

Community | City: Between Building and Landscape Affordable Sustainable Infill for Posted Date: Smoketown, Kentucky 0 3/14/11 4:12 PM Architect: Marilys R. Nepomechie Architect and Marta Canaves Interior Design

Last Viewed: Gowanus Canal Sponge Park: New York City, NY Architect: Marilys R. Nepomechie Architect and Marta Canaves Interior Design 0

Note: At time of publication the 2011 Institute Honor Awards for Interior Architecture were not accessible for viewing. 0

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Print Preservation Education Bibliography Compiled by Jossy Stiner and Kelly Ciociola, March 2011

AIA Historic Resources Committee. “Historic Preservation in Professional Architecture Read Reviews | Write a Review Education: An International Dialogue.” An Invitation for the AIA symposium in Bath, 0 England September 12-14, 2005. Accessed June 1, 2005, http://aia- timssnet.uapps.net/AIAProducts/timssnet/meetings/tnt_meetings.cfm.

Barrett, Charlotte K. “The Preservation Institute for the Building Crafts.” APT Bulletin 0 21, no. 3/4 (1989): 10-11. 0 comments

Bluestone, Daniel. “Academics in Tennis Shoes: Historic Preservation and the Academy.” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 58, no. 3 (September 1999): 0 Title: 300-307. Preservation Education Bibliography

Fitch, James Marston. “Program III: Columbia University.” Journal of Architectural Location: Education 30, no.2 Preservation and Conservation: Perspectives, Programs, Projects 0 (November 1976): 14-15.

Contributor: Follett, Ken. “A Contractor’s View of Craft Training.” Cultural Resource Management no. James Malanaphy 12 (1997): 35-36. 0

Published: Guilfoil, Joanne K. “Historic Preservation in Art Education.” Art Education 57, no. 4 (July 3/14/11 12:00 AM 2004): 48-54. 0

Posted Date: MacDonald, Marylee, Diana Jarvis, Lee H. Nelson, Walter Jamieson, Martin Weaver, and 3/15/11 10:49 AM Ann Faulkner. “The Association for Preservation Technology: 20 Years in Historic 0 Preservation. APT Bulletin 20, no.3 (1988): 40-60. Last Viewed:

Miller, Hugh C. “Preservation Technology Comes of Age in North America: Part 1.” APT Bulletin 37, no. 1 (2006): 55-59. 0

Peterson, Charles E. 1976. The role of the architect in historical restorations. In Preservation and conservation: Principles and practices; Proceedings of the North American 0 international regional conference Williamsburg, Virginia, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, September 10-16, 1972 (1-11), Sharon Timmons, ed. Washington, DC: The Preservation Press.

Pyburn, Jack. “The AIA Historic Resources Committee Initiative on Historical Preservation Education.” Presentation to ACSA Administrator’s Conference, Houston, 0 TX, November 6, 2004.

Tomlan, Michael. “Historic Preservation Education: Alongside Architecture in Academia.” Journal of Architectural Education 47, no.4 (May 1994): 187-196. 0

Waite, Diana S., David G. Woodcock, Margot Gayle, Adele Chatfield-Taylor, Charles E. Peterson, E. Blaine Cliver, John G. Waite, John H. Stubbs, Theodore H. M. Purdon. “A 0 Tribute to James Marston Fitch (1909-2000).” APT Bulletin 31, no. 2/3 (2000): 3-5.

Wells, Jeremy C. “A Critical Analysis of Preservation Education.” Unpublished manuscript. Development draft 8-8-07. 0

Wells, Jeremy C. “The Methodology Deficit: A Case for Multidisciplinary Qualitative and Quantitative Research Design in Historic Preservation Education.” Unpublished 0 manuscript. Clemson University.

Woodcock, David. “Historic Preservation and Architecture: A Dialogue.” Presentation to 0

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the American Institute of Architects, Washington, DC, November 19-21, 2004. AIA Preservation Architect. Accessed June 10, 2005, http://www.aia.org/hrc_a_20050214_edconf

Woodcock, David G. “Academic Preparation for Preservation Practice.” APT Bulletin 40, no. 3/4 (2009): 43-49. 0

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Print AAF & French Heritage Society Announce 2011 Fellow From the American Architectural Foundation and the French Heritage Society

Robert J. Hotes, AIA, LEED AP, has been selected by the American Architectural Read Reviews | Write a Review Foundation and the French Heritage Society as the 2011 Richard Morris Hunt Fellow. 0 The Richard Morris Hunt Fellowship, a program of the American Architectural Foundation and the French Heritage Society, is awarded to architects pursuing a career in historic preservation.

“I am extremely excited and honored by this opportunity to broaden my horizons. As 0 comments the world has grown seemingly smaller, it becomes only truer that study abroad is 0 important for all professions,” says Hotes. A senior associate at John Milner Architects, Inc., Hotes focuses on the restoration and rehabilitation of historic Title: buildings for institutional, governmental, and other non-profit clients. Prior to joining American Architectural Foundation and the his current firm, he worked for the Philadelphia office of RMJM Hillier as Senior French Heritage Society Announce 2011 Preservation Architect in the Preservation Architecture Practice Group. Richard Morris Hunt Fellow

0 Location:

Contributor: James Malanaphy

Published: 3/13/11 12:00 AM Robert J. Hotes, AIA, LEED AP

Posted Date: The six-month Hunt Fellowship is named for Richard Morris Hunt, the first American 3/14/11 4:19 PM architect to study at the École des Beaux-Arts and one of the most renowned 0 American architects of the 19th century. The Hunt Fellowship alternates each year Last Viewed: between a French architect and an American architect and carries a stipend of $25,000. The program is supported in part through a generous gift from the Lafarge Corporation.

As this year’s Hunt Fellow, Hotes intends to study the approaches to “compatibility” and “differentiation” as adopted by French architects and historic preservation 0 professionals when dealing with new design in historic contexts.

“Throughout the development and implementation of theories and standards for historic preservation, architects have faced the issue of how to insert new design into 0 a historic context, whether that means modifications or additions to a historic building or a new building in a historic context or historic district.” The U.S. Secretary of the Interior’s Standards, says Hotes, state that any new design “shall be differentiated from the old and shall be compatible with the massing, size, scale, and architectural features” of the existing historic structure or context. He wants to explore this standard as it is defined and put into practice in France.

“I want to understand how government agencies, architects, preservationists, and others responsible for historic patrimony view this question in France, in hopes of 0 giving greater focus to the issue back in America,” says Hotes.

Incorporating his other professional interests in building technology, environmental sustainability, and architectural conservation, Hotes will also focus on the innovative 0 construction materials and conservation techniques being developed for use in historic contexts. His study will explore the range of viewpoints in France on the design of additions and new construction and the variety of attitudes toward the pre- existing context, from stylistic continuity to striking contrast.

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“When designing these new elements,” he asks, “what are the cutting-edge, 21st- century building technologies being used in France?” He will also explore the various 0 approaches and degrees to which architects and preservation professionals either conform to or challenge the issue of compatibility versus differentiation.

“The Hunt Fellowship is very much a two-way exchange, so I hope to give as much as I receive, sharing what I’ve learned in my twenty years of work,” says Hotes. “It’s easy 0 for any architecture professional in the U.S. to become focused solely on what we do here at home. We see international projects in magazines, for example, but the ability to interact directly with the leading preservation architects of France and to investigate their projects in a deeper, more comprehensive way, and then using that experience to inform my own practice back here based on that wider knowledge— that’s what’s important and so unique about the opportunities provided by the Hunt Fellowship.”

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Is a new building the most sustainable choice?

NEWS FLASH !

“CONSERVING OUR FUTURE” IS NOW “THE GREENEST BUILDING” http://www.conservingourfuture.org/Conserving_Our_Future/Home.html[3/25/2011 4:48:07 PM] Home

That’s right - a new title and a completed film!

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Help us launch the world premiere at Portland Oregon’s Gerding Theater at the Armory Resources on January 31, 2011

To order tickets, visit www.thegreenestbuildingmovie.eventbrite.com

HELP SPREAD THE WORD - DONATE HERE

Do you believe that creating the greenest building starts with the reuse of the building that is already there?

Generous financial support from The Richard H. Driehaus Foundation, The Kinsman Foundation and The National Trust for Historic Preservation allowed us to make this film. Now we’re ready to take it on the road. To do that, we need help - financial help. Your contribution will help us take “The Greenest Building” to universities, conferences and workshops for policymakers all across America. Through our partnership with The Natural Step Network, a 501 (c) (3) nonprofit, all contributions are 100% tax deductible.

Please support this important work by donating online or sending in a donation by check to THE GREENEST BUILDING c/o The Natural Step Network, 133 SW 2nd Ave, Ste. 302, Portland, Or 97204.

YOUR CONTRIBUTION WILL MAKE IT POSSIBLE FOR THIS FILM TO BE SEEN BY THOUSANDS OF AMERICANS. PLEASE MAKE A CONTRIBUTION TODAY.

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