For students and parents/guardians Table of Contents This skillbuilder handbook helps you Skillbuilder Handbook sharpen your problem-solving skills so you can get the most out of reading and understanding Problem-Solving Skills scientific writing and data. Improving skills Make Comparisons ...... 1105 such as making comparisons, analyzing infor- Analyze Information ...... 1106 mation, reading time lines, and using graphic organizers also can help you boost your test Synthesize Information ...... 1107 scores. In addition, you’ll find useful instruc- Take Notes and Outline ...... 1108 tions on how to hold a debate and a review of Understand Cause and Effect ...... 1109 math skills. Read a Time Line ...... 1110 The reference handbook is another tool that will assist you. The classification tables, Analyze Media Sources ...... 1111 word origins, and the periodic table of the Use Graphic Organizers ...... 1112 elements are resources that will help increase Debate Skills ...... 1113 your comprehension. Math Skills SI Base Units and Unit Conversions ...... 1114 Temperature Conversion ...... 1114 Make and Use Tables ...... 1115 Make and Use Graphs ...... 1115 Slope of a Linear Graph ...... 1116 Linear and Exponential Trends ..... 1117 Bar Graphs ...... 1117 Circle Graphs ...... 1118 Reference Handbook Six-Kingdom Classification ...... 1119 Three-Domain Classification ...... 1123 Scientific Word Origins ...... 1124 The Periodic Table of the Elements ...... 1126 English/Spanish Glossary ...... 1127 Index ...... 1173 Credits ...... 1204

1104 Skillbuilder Handbook

CORBIS Problem-Solving Skills

Make Comparisons

Why learn this skill? Practice the Skill Suppose you want to buy portable MP3 music Create a table with the heading Animal and Plant player, and you must choose between three models. Cells. Make three columns. Label the first column You would probably compare the characteristics of Cell Structures. Label the second column Animal Cells. the three models, such as price, amount of mem- Label the third column Plant Cells. List all the cell ory, sound quality, and size to determine which structures in the first column. Place a check mark model is best for you. In the study of biology, you under either Animal Cell or Plant Cell or both if that often make comparisons between the structures structure is shown in the illustration. When you have and functions of organisms. You will also compare finished the table, answer these questions. scientific discoveries or events from one time 1. What items are being compared? How are they period with those from another period. being compared? 2. What structures do animal and plant cells have in Learn the Skill common? When making comparisons, you examine two or 3. What structures are unique to animal cells? What more items, groups, situations, events, or theories. structures are unique to plant cells? You must first decide what will be compared and which characteristics you will use to compare them. Then identify any similarities and differences. Apply the Skill For example, comparisons can be made between Make Comparisons On pages 708 and 712 respec- the two illustrations on this page. The different struc- tively, you will find illustrations for a sponge’s life tures of the animal cell can be compared to the differ- cycle and a jellyfish’s life cycle. Compare the two ent structures of the plant cell. By reading the labels, illustrations carefully. Then, identify the similarities you can see that both types of cells have a nucleus. and the differences between the two cycles.

Plant cell

Source: Chapter 7, Section 3, p. 192 Animal cell Skillbuilder Handbook 1105 Problem-Solving Skills

Analyze Information

Why learn this skill? Analyzing, or looking at separate parts of something to understand the entire piece, is a way to think critically about written work. The ability to analyze information is important when determining which ideas are the most important.

Learn the Skill To analyze information, use the following steps: • identify the topic being discussed • examine how the information is organized— identify the main points • summarize the information in your own words, and then make a statement based on your understanding of the topic and what you already know

Practice the Skill Read the following excerpt from National Giant squid on a fishing line Geographic. Use the steps listed above to analyze the information and answer the questions that follow. Like something straight out of a Jules Verne novel, Squid expert Martin Collins of the British Antarctic an enormous tentacled creature looms out of the inky Survey based in Cambridge, England is especially interested in clues the images might provide to the way blackness of the deep Pacific waters. But this isn’t sci- giant squid swim and hunt in the deep ocean. ence fiction. A set of extraordinary images captured by Collins says there were two competing schools of Japanese scientists marks the first-ever record of a live thought among giant squid experts. “One was the idea giant squid (Architeuthis) in the wild. that [giant squid] were fairly inactive and just drifted The animal—which measures roughly 8 meters around, dangling their tentacles below them like fish- long—was photographed 900 meters beneath the ing lures to catch what came by,” he said. North Pacific Ocean. Japanese scientists attracted the “The other theory was that they were actually quite squid toward cameras attached to a baited fishing line. active. This new evidence supports this, suggesting they The scientists say they snapped more than 500 images are active predators which can move reasonably of the massive cephalopod before it broke free after quickly. The efforts the squid went to untangle itself snagging itself on a hook. They also recovered one of [from the baited fishing line] also shows they are capa- the giant squid’s two longest tentacles, which severed ble of quite strong and rapid movement,” he added. during its struggle. The photo sequence, taken off Japan’s Ogasawara 1 What topic is being discussed? Islands in September 2004, shows the squid homing in 2. What are the main points of the article? on the baited line and enveloping it in “a ball of tenta- 3. Summarize the information in this article, and cles.” Tsunemi Kubodera of the National Science then provide your analysis based on this infor- Museum in Tokyo and Kyoichi Mori of the Ogasawara mation and your own knowledge. Whale Watching Association report their observations in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Apply the Skill “Architeuthis appears to be a much more active pred- Analyze Information Analyze a short, informative ator than previously suspected, using its elongated feeding article on a new scientific discovery or new science tentacles to strike and tangle prey,” the researchers write. technology, such as the hybrid car. Summarize the They add that the squid was found feeding at depths information and make a statement of your own. where no light penetrates even during the day. 1106 Skillbuilder Handbook

National Science Museum/HO/epa/Corbis Problem-Solving Skills

Synthesize Information

Why learn this skill? Then you could select a passage about endan- The skill of synthesizing involves combining gered species like the sample below, which is adapted and analyzing information gathered from separate from Chapter 5. sources or at different times to make logical connections. Being able to synthesize information can be a Stable ecosystems can be changed by the activity of useful skill for you as a student when you need to other organisms, climate, or natural disasters. This gather data from several sources for a report or a natural process of extinctions is not what scientists are presentation. worried about. Many worry about a recent increase in the rate of extinction. Learn the Skill One of the factors that is increasing the current rate Follow these steps to synthesize information: of extinction is the overexploitation, or excessive use, of • select important and relevant information species that have economic values. Historically, overex- • analyze the information and build connections ploitation was the primary cause of species extinction. • reinforce or modify the connections as you However, the number one cause of species extinction acquire new information today is the loss or destruction of habitat. There are several ways that species can lose their Suppose you need to write a research paper on habitats. If a habitat is destroyed or disrupted, the endangered species. You would need to synthesize native species might have to relocate or die. For exam- what you learn to inform others. You could begin by ple, humans are clearing areas of tropical rain forests detailing the ideas and information you already have and are replacing the native plants with agricultural about endangered species. A table such as the one crops or grazing lands. below could help you categorize the facts. Practice the Skill Endangered Species Use the table and the passage on this page to Table SH.1 Statistics answer these questions. 1. What information is presented in the table? Group October 2000 October 2005 2. What is the main idea of the passage? What U.S. Foreign U.S. Foreign information does the passage add to your knowledge about the topic? Mammals 63 251 68 251 3. By synthesizing the two sources and using your own knowledge, what conclusions can you draw Birds 78 175 77 175 about habitat conservation practices for endangered species? Reptiles 14 64 14 64 4. Using what you learned in your studies and from Amphibians 10 8 12 8 this activity, contrast two types of habitat changes and their effects on the ecosystem. Fishes 69 11 71 11

Clams 61 2 62 2 Apply the Skill Synthesize Information Find two sources of infor- Snails 20 1 24 1 mation on the same topic and write a short report. In your report, answer the following questions: What Insects 30 4 35 4 are the main ideas of each source? How does each source add to your understanding of the topic? Do Arachnids 6 0 12 0 the sources support or contradict each other? What Crustaceans 18 0 19 0 conclusions can you draw from the sources?

Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Skillbuilder Handbook 1107 Problem-Solving Skills

Take Notes and Outline

Why learn this skill? Practice the Skill One of the best ways to remember something is Read the following excerpt from National to write it down. Taking notes—writing down infor- Geographic. Use the steps you just read about to take mation in a brief and orderly format—not only notes or create an outline. Then answer the ques- helps you remember, but also makes studying easier. tions that follow. Mapping the three billion letters of the human Learn the Skill genome has helped researchers better understand the There are several styles of note taking, but all 99.9 percent of DNA that is identical in all humans. explain and put information in a logical order. As Now a new project aims to map the 0.1 percent of you read, identify and summarize the main ideas DNA where differences occur. The International and details that support them and write them in HapMap Project will look at variations that dictate your notes. Paraphrase, that is, state in your own susceptibility to genetic influences, such as environ- words, the information rather then copying it mental toxins and inherited diseases. directly from the text. Using note cards or develop- Researchers “read” DNA code by its structural units ing a personal “shorthand”—using symbols to rep- called nucleotides. These chemical building blocks resent words—can help. are designated by the letters A (adenine), C (cytosine), You might also find it helpful to create an outline G (guanine), and T (thymine). Single-letter variations when taking notes. When outlining material, first in genes—called single nucleotide polymorphisms, or read the material to identify the main ideas. In text- SNPs (pronounced “snips”)—are often the culprits books, section headings provide clues to main topics. behind a wide range of genetic diseases. For example, Identify the subheadings. Place supporting details changing an A to a T in the gene for the blood mol- under the appropriate heading. The basic pattern for ecule hemoglobin causes sickle cell anemia. outlines is as follows: But most diseases and disorders are not caused by a single gene. Instead they are caused by a complex combination of linked genetic variations at multiple sites on different chromosomes. Haplotypes are sets of adjacent SNPs that are closely associated and are inherited as a group. Certain haplotypes are known to have a role in diseases, including Alzheimer’s, deep vein thrombosis, type 2 diabetes, and age-related macular degeneration, a leading cause of blindness.

1. What is the main topic of the article? 2. What are the first, second, and third ideas? 3. Name one detail for each of the ideas. 4. Name one subdetail for each of the details.

Apply the Skill Take Notes and Outline Go to Section 2.1 and take notes by paraphrasing and using shorthand or by creating an outline. Use the section title and headings to help you create your outline. Summarize the section using only your notes.

1108 Skillbuilder Handbook

Glencoe Problem-Solving Skills

Understand Cause and Effect Why learn this skill? In order to understand an event, you should look for how that event or chain of events came about. When scientists are unsure of the cause for an event, they often design experiments. Although there might be an explanation, an experiment should be performed to be certain the cause created the event you observed. This process examines the causes and effects of events.

Learn the Skill Every human body regulates its own temperature to maintain conditions suitable for survival. Exercise causes a body to heat up. The stimulated nerves in the skin are the effect, or result, of exercise. The fig- ure below shows how one event—the cause—led to another—the effect.

Practice the Skill You can also identify cause-and-effect relation- Make a chart, like the one above, showing which ships in sentences from clue words such as: events are causes and which are effects using these sentences. Use Chapter 33 to help you. because thus 1. The hair cells respond by generating nerve that is why due to impulses in the auditory nerve and transmitting led to for this reason them to the brain. so that produced 2. As the stapes vibrates, it causes the oval window consequently therefore to move back and forth. as a result in order to 3. Sound waves enter the auditory canal and cause Read the sample sentences below. the eardrum to vibrate. “A message is sent to sweat glands. As a result, 4. Vibrations cause the fluid inside the cochlea to perspiration occurs.” move like a wave against the hair cells. In the example above, the cause is a message 5. Vibrations travel through the malleus, the incus, being sent. The cause-and-effect clue words “as a and the stapes. result” tell you that the perspiration is the effect of the message. Apply the Skill In a chain of events, an effect often becomes the Understand Cause and Effect Read an account of a cause of other events. The next chart shows the recent scientific event or discovery in a science article. complete chain of events that occur when exercise Determine the causes and effects that lead to the event raises body temperature and the body returns to or discovery. Show the chain of events in a chart. homeostasis. Skillbuilder Handbook 1109 Problem-Solving Skills

Read a Time Line

The invention of microscopes, improvements to the instruments, and new microscope tech- 1830–1855 niques have led to the development of the cell theory and a better understanding 1665 1939 of cells. 1981

1590 1683 1880–1890 1970

To learn more about these discoveries and others, visit .

Source: Chapter 7, Section 1 pp. 182–183

Why learn this skill? Practice the Skill When you read a time line such as the one above, Study the time line above and then answer these you see not only when an event took place, but also questions. what events took place before and after it. A time line 1. What time span and intervals appear on this can help you develop the skill of chronological think- time line? ing. Devel oping a strong sense of chronology—when 2. Which scientist was the first to observe cells with and in what order events took place—will help you a microscope? examine relationships among the events. It will also 3. How many years after Robert Hooke observed help you understand the causes or effects of events. cork did Ernest Everett Just write Biology of the Cell Surface? Learn the Skill 4. What was the time span between the creation of A time line is a linear chart that list events that the first microscope and the use of the scanning occurred on specific dates. The number of years tunneling microscope to see individual atoms. between dates at the begining and end of the time line is the time span. A time line that begins in 1910 Apply the Skill and ends in 1920 has a ten-year time span. Some Read a Time Line Sometimes a time line shows time lines span centuries. Examine the time lines events that occurred during the same period, but below. What time spans do they cover? related to two different subjects. The time line above Time lines are usually divided into smaller shows events related to cells between 1500 and 2000. parts called time intervals. On the two time lines Copy the time line and events onto a piece of paper. below, the first time line has a 300-year time span Then use a different color to add events related to divided into 100-year time intervals. The second genetics during this same time span. Use the chap- time line has a six-year time span divided into ters in Unit 3 to help you. two-year time intervals.

1110 Skillbuilder Handbook

(tl) Bridgeman Art Library, (tc) SPL/Photo Researchers, (tr) LBNL/SPL/Photo Researchers, (b) Karen Kuehn Photography Problem-Solving Skills

Analyze Media Sources Why learn this skill? To stay informed, people use a variety of media sources, including print media, broadcast media, and electronic media. The Internet has become an especially valuable research tool. It is convenient to use, and the information contained on the Internet is plentiful. Whichever media source you use to gather information, it is important to analyze the source to determine its accuracy and reliability.

Learn the Skill There are a number of issues to consider when analyzing a media source. Most important is to check the accuracy of the source and content. The author and publisher or sponsors should be credible and clearly indicated. To analyze print media or broadcast media, ask yourself the following questions: • Is the information current? • Are the resources revealed? • Is more than one resource used? • Is the information biased? • Does the information represent both sides of 3. Was the information reported firsthand or sec- an issue? ondhand? Do the articles seem to represent both • Is the information reported firsthand or sides fairly? secondhand? 4. How many resources can you identify in the arti- For electronic media, ask yourself these questions in cles? List them. addition to the ones above. To analyze electronic media, visit biologygmh.com • Is the author credible and clearly identified? Web and select Web Links. Choose one link from the list, site addresses that end in .edu, .gov, and .org tend read the information on that Web site, and then to be credible and contain reliable information. answer these questions. • Are the facts on the Web site documented? 1. Who is the author or sponsor of the Web site? • Are the links within the Web site appropriate and 2. What links does the Web site contain? How are current? they appropriate to the topic? • Does the Web site contain links to other useful 3. What resources were used for the information on resources? the Web site?

Practice the Skill Apply the Skill To analyze print media, choose two articles, one Analyze Sources of Information Think of an issue from a newspaper and the other from a newsmaga- in the nation on which public opinion is divided. zine, on an issue on which public opinion is divided. Use a variety of media resources to read about this Then, answer these questions. issue. Which news source more fairly represents the 1. What points are the articles trying to make? Were issue? Which news source has the most reliable the articles successful? Can the facts be verified? information? Can you identify any biases? Can you 2. Did either article reflect a bias toward one view- verify the credibility of the news source? point or another? List any unsupported statements.

Skillbuilder Handbook 1111

Tim Fuller Problem-Solving Skills

Use Graphic Organizers

Why learn this skill? A network tree concept map shows the relation- While you read this textbook, you will be looking ship among concepts, which are written in order for important ideas or concepts. One way to arrange from general to specific. The words written on the these ideas is to create a graphic organizer. In addi- lines between the circles, called linking words, tion to FoldablesTM, you will find various other describe the relationships among the concepts; the graphic organizers throughout your book. Some concepts and the linking words can form a sentence. organizers show a sequence, or flow, of events. Other organizers emphasize the relationship between concepts. Develop your own organizers to help you better understand and remember what you read.

Learn the Skill An events chain concept map describes a sequence of events, such as stages of a process or procedure. When making an events-chain map, first identify the event that starts the sequence and add events in chronological order until you reach an outcome.

Practice the Skill 1. Create an events chain concept map that describes the process of hearing the ring of a bell. Begin with sound waves entering the outer ear. End with hearing the bell ring. Use Chapter 33 to help you. 2. Create a cycle concept map of human respiration. Make sure that the cycle is complete with the event that appears to be the final event relat- ing back to the event that appears to be the start- ing event. Go to Chapter 34 for help. 3. Create a network tree concept map with these words: Biomes, aquatic biomes, terrestrial biomes, In a cycle concept map, the series of events do not marine biomes, estuary biomes, freshwater biomes, produce a final outcome. The event that appears to be desert, grasslands, temperate forest, salt water, the final event relates back to the event that appears to mixed waters, freshwater, sparse plant life, grasses, be the initiating event. Therefore, the cycle repeats itself. and broad-leaved trees. Add linking words to describe the relationships between concepts. Refer to Chapter 3 for help.

Apply the Skill Use Graphic Organizers Create an events chain concept map of succession using information from Chapter 3. Create a cycle concept map of the water cycle using information from Chapter 2. Create a network tree concept map of animals that includes invertebrates and vertebrates, characteristics of each type, and examples. Use Chapters 24–30 to help you. 1112 Skillbuilder Handbook Problem-Solving Skills

Debate Skills

New research leads to new scientific information. Hold the Debate There are often opposing points of view on how this You will have a specific amount of time, deter- research is conducted, how it is interpreted, and how mined by your teacher, in which to present your it is communicated. The Biology and Society features argument. Organize your speech to fit within the in your book offer a chance to debate a current time limit: explain the viewpoint that you will be controversial topic. Here is an overview on how to arguing, present an analysis of your evidence, and conduct a debate. conclude by summing up your most important points. Try to vary the elements of your argument. Your speech should not be a list of facts, a reading of Choose a Position and Research a newspaper article, or a statement of your personal First, choose a scientific issue that has at least two opinion, but an analysis of your evidence in an opposing viewpoints. The issue can come from cur- organized manner. It is also important to remember rent events, your textbook, or your teacher. These that you must never make personal attacks against topics could include human cloning or environ- your opponent. Argue the issue. You will be evalu- mental issues. Topics are stated as affirmative decla- ated on your overall presentation, organization and rations, such as “Cloning human beings is beneficial development of ideas, and strength of support for to society.” your argument. One speaker will argue the viewpoint that agrees with the statement, called the positive position, and Additional Roles There are other roles that you or another speaker will argue the viewpoint that dis- your classmates can play in a debate. You can act as the agrees with the statement, called the negative posi- timekeeper. The timekeeper times the length of the tion. Either individually or with a group, choose the debaters’ speeches and gives quiet signals to the speaker position for which you will argue. The viewpoint when time is almost up (usually a hand signal). that you choose does not have to reflect your per- You can also act as a judge. There are important sonal belief. The purpose of debate is to create a elements to look for when judging a speech: an strong argument supported by scientific evidence. introduction that tells the audience what position After choosing your position, conduct research the speaker will be arguing, strong evidence that to support your viewpoint. Use resources in your supports the speaker’s position, and organization. media center or library to find articles, or use your The speaker also must speak clearly and loudly textbook to gather evidence to support your argu- enough for everyone to hear. It is helpful to take ment. A strong argument is supported by scientific notes during the debate to summarize the main evidence, expert opinions, and your own analysis points of each side’s argument. Then, decide which of the issue. Research the opposing position also. debater presented the strongest argument for his or Becoming aware of what points the other side might her position. You can have a class discussion about argue will help you to strengthen the evidence for the strengths and weaknesses of the debate and other your position. viewpoints on this issue that could be argued.

Skillbuilder Handbook 1113

Tim Fuller Math Skills

Experimental data is often quantitative and is To convert one unit to another factor of ten, expressed using numbers and units. The following choose the conversion factor that has the unit you sections provide an overview of the common system are converting from in the denominator. For exam- of units and some calculations involving units. ple, to convert one kilometer to meters, use the following equation. Measure in SI 1000 m 1 km × = 1000 m The International System of Measurement, 1 km abbreviated SI, is accepted as the standard for mea- A unit can be multiplied by several conversion surement throughout most of the world. The SI sys- factors to obtain the desired unit. tem contains seven base units. All other units of measurement can be derived from these base units. Table SH.3 Common SI Prefixes Table SH.2 SI Base Units Prefix Symbol Equivalents Measurement Unit Symbol mega M 1 × 106 base units Length Meter m kilo k 1 × 103 base units Mass Kilogram kg hecto h 1 × 102 base units Time Second s deka da 1 × 101 base units Electric current Ampere A deci d 1 × 10‒1 base units Temperature Kelvin K centi c 1 × 10‒2 base units Amount of substance Mole mol milli m × ‒3 Intensity of light Candela cd 1 10 base units

micro μ 1 × 10‒6 base units

‒ Some units are derived by combining base units. nano n 1 × 10 9 base units For example, units for volume are derived from pico p 1 × 10‒12 base units units of length. A liter (L) is a cubic decimeter (dm3 = dm × dm × dm). Units of density (g/L) are derived from units of mass (g) and units of Practice Problem 1 How would you change 1000 volume (L). micrometers to kilometers? When units are multiplied by factors of ten, new units are created. For example, if a base unit is multi- Convert Temperature plied by 1000, the new unit has the prefix kilo-. The following formulas can be used to convert Prefixes for some units are shown in Table SH.3. between Fahrenheit and Celsius temperatures. To convert a given unit to a unit with a different Notice that each equation can be obtained by alge- factor of ten, multiply the unit by a conversion factor. braically rearranging the other. Therefore, you only A conversion factor is a ratio equal to one. The equiv- need to remember one of the equations. alents in Table SH.3 can be used to make such a Conversion of Fahrenheit to Celsius ratio. For example, 1 km = 1000 m. Two conversion °C = (°F) – 32 factors can be made from this equivalent. 1.8 1000 m 1 km Conversion of Celsius to Fahrenheit = 1 and = 1 1 km 1000 m °F = 1.8(°C) + 32 1114 Skillbuilder Handbook Math Skills

Make and Use Tables Tables help organize data so that it can be inter- Suppose a school started a bird-watching group preted more easily. Tables are composed of several to observe the number of birds in the school court- components—a title describing the contents of the yard. The number of birds in the courtyard was table, columns and rows that separate and organize recorded each day for four months. The average information, and headings that describe the infor- number of birds per month was calculated. A table mation in each column or row. of the birds’ visitations is shown below.

Effects of Exercise Average Number of Table SH.4 Table SH.5 on Heart Rate Birds Viewed

Individual Time (days) Average Number of Birds per Day Class average Pulse taken heart rate (Beats per min) 30 24 (Beats per min) 60 27 At rest 73 72 90 30 After exercise 110 112 120 32 1 minute after 94 90 exercise

5 minutes after To make a graph of the average number of birds 76 75 exercise over a period of time, start by determining the dependent and independent variables. The average number of birds after each period of time is the dependent vari- Looking at this table, you should not only be able able and is plotted on the y-axis. The independent vari- to pick out specific information, such as the class able, or the number of days, is plotted on the x-axis. average heart rate after five minutes of exercise, but Plain or graph paper can be used to construct you should also notice trends. graphs. Draw a grid on your paper or a box around the squares that you intend to use on your graph paper. Practice Problem 2 Did the exercise have an effect Give your graph a title and label each axis with a title on the heart rate one minute after exercise? How can and units. In this example, label the number of days on you tell? What can you conclude about the effects of the x-axis. Because the lowest average of birds viewed exercise on heart rate during and after exercise? was 24 and the highest was 32, you know that you will have to start numbers on the y-axis at least 24 and Make and Use Graphs number to at least 32. You could decide to number After scientists organize data in tables, they often 20–40 by intervals of two spaced at equal distances. display the data in graphs. A graph is a diagram that shows relationships among variables. Graphs make interpretation and analysis of data easier. The three basic types of graphs used in science are the line graph, the bar graph, and the circle graph.

Line Graphs A line graph is used to show the relationship between two variables. The independent variable is plotted on the horizontal axis, called the x-axis. The dependent variable is plotted on the ver- tical axis, called the y-axis. The dependent variable (y) changes as a result of a change in the independent variable (x). Skillbuilder Handbook 1115 Math Skills

Begin plotting points by locating 30 days on the Practice Problem 3 Between 30 days and 120 days, x-axis and 24 on the y-axis. Where an imaginary ver- what is the change in the average number of birds tical line from the x-axis and an imaginary horizon- viewed? tal line from the y-axis meet, place the first data point. Place other data points using the same process. Practice Problem 4 For the 120 days how did the After all the points are plotted, draw a “best fit” average number of brown-feathered birds change as straight line through all the points. the average number of birds changed?

Slope of a Linear Graph The slope of a line is a num- Average Number of Birds Viewed in Courtyard ber determined by any two points on the line. This number describes how steep the line is. The greater the 40 absolute value of the slope, the steeper the line. Slope is 36 the ratio of the change in the y-coordinates (rise) to the

32 change in the x-coordinates (run) as you move from one point to the other. 28 The graph below shows a line that passes through 24 (5, 4) and (9, 6). Average Number of Birds Average 20 0 30 60 90 120 150 Time (days)

The bird-watching group also recorded the average number of brown-feathered birds they observed in the school courtyard. In the first month they averaged 21 brown-feathered birds per day. In the second month they averaged 24 brown-feathered birds. An average of 28 brown-feathered birds per day was observed in the third month. In the final month an average of 30 brown-feathered birds was observed. rise What if you want to compare the average number Slope = run of birds viewed with the average number of brown- feathered birds? The average brown-feathered bird = change in y-coordinates data can be plotted on the same graph. Include a key change in x-coordinates with different lines indicating different sets of data. – = 6 4 9–5 Average Number of Birds v. Average Number of Brown-Feathered Birds = 2 or 1 4 2 40 Birds 1 So, the slope of the line is 36 Brown-feathered birds 2. 32 A linear relationship can be translated into equation

28 form. The equation for a straight line is y = mx + b 24 where y represents the dependent variable, m is the Average Number of Birds Average 20 slope of the line, x represents the independent vari- 0 30 60 90 120 150 able, and b is the y-intercept, which is the point Time (days) where the line crosses the y-axis. 1116 Skillbuilder Handbook Math Skills

Linear and Exponential Trends Two types of trends Bar Graphs A bar graph displays a comparison of you are likely to see when you graph data in biology different categories of data by representing each cat- are linear trends and exponential trends. A linear egory with a bar. The length of the bar is related to trend has a constant increase or decrease in data val- the category’s frequency. To make a bar graph, set up ues. In an exponential trend the values are increasing the x-axis and y-axis as you did for the line graph. or decreasing more and more rapidly. The graphs Plot the data by drawing thick bars from the x-axis below are examples of these two common trends. up to the y-axis point. In the graph below, there are two lines describing two frog species. Both lines show an increasing linear trend. As the temperature increases, so does the call pulse rates of the frogs. The rate of increase is constant.

Effect of Temperature on Call Pulse Rates of Frogs

60 Frog Species A 50

40 Frog 30 Species B

10 Look at the graph above. The independent vari- 0 121620 24 28 able is the type of insect. The dependent variable is Temperature (ºC) the number of wing vibrations per second. Source: Chapter 28, Section 3, p. 837 Bar graphs can also be used to display multiple The example below shows how a mouse popula- sets of data in different categories at the same time. tion would grow if the mice were allowed to repro- A bar graph that displays two sets of data is a called duce unhindered. At first the population would grow double bar graph. Double bar graphs have a legend slowly. The population growth rate soon accelerates to denote which bars represent each set of data. The because the total number of mice that are able to graph below is an example of a double bar graph. reproduce has increased. Notice that the portion of the graph where the population is increasing more and more rapidly is J-shaped. A J-shaped curve generally indicates exponential growth.

Exponential Population Growth

3.5 3.0 2.5 Exponential growth 2.0 1.5 Source: Chapter 11, Section 2, p. 310 1.0 0.5

Mice population (millions) Practice Problem 5 Which type of insect has the 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 highest number of wing vibrations per second? Is Months this more than twice as fast as the housefly? Explain. Source: Chapter 4, Section 1, p. 97

Skillbuilder Handbook 1117 Math Skills

Circle Graphs A circle graph consists of a circle Next, determine the percentages for each part of divided into sections that represent parts of a whole. the whole. Calculate percentages by dividing the part When all the sections are placed together, they equal by the total and multiplying by 100. Repeat this cal- 100 percent of the whole. culation for each part. Suppose you want to make a circle graph to show Percent of seeds Seeds that germinated the number of seeds that germinate in a package. = that germinate Total number of seeds You would first determine the total number of seeds and the numbers of seeds that germinate out of the = 129 total. You plant 143 seeds. Therefore, the whole circle 143 represents this amount. You find that 129 seeds ger- Multiply by 100 = × minate. The seeds that germinate make up one sec- and add the % 0.902 100 tion of the circle graph and the seeds that do not = 0.902 germinate make up another section. To find out how much of the circle each section = 90.2% should cover, divide the number of seeds that germi- = – nate by the total number seeds. Then multiply the Percent of seeds that 100% 90.2% = answer by 360, the number of degrees in a circle. do not germinate 9.8% Round your answer to the nearest whole number. The sum of all the segments of the circle graph Complete the graph by labeling the sections of should add up to 360°. the graph with percentages and giving the graph a title. Your completed graph should look similar to Segment of circle for = Seeds that germinated the one below. seeds that germinated Total number of seeds If your circle graph has more than two sections, 129 you will need to construct a segment for each entry. Divide = 143 Place your protractor on the last line segment that Multiply by number of you have drawn and mark off the appropriate angle. = × degrees in a circle 0.902 360° Draw a line segment from the center of the circle to the new mark on the circle. Continue this process = 324.72° until all of the segments have been drawn. Round to nearest = whole number 325° Percentage of Germinating and Non-Germinating Seeds Segment of circle for = – seeds that did not 360° 325° Non-germinating 9.8% germinate = 35° To draw your circle graph, you will need a compass and a protractor. First, use the compass to draw Germinating a circle. 90.2% Then, draw a straight line from the center to the edge of the circle. Place your protractor on this line, and mark the point on the circle where 35° angle will intersect the circle. Draw a straight line from the center Practice Problem 6 There are 25 varieties of flower- of the circle to the intersection point. This is the section ing plants growing around the high school. Construct for the seeds that did not germinate. The other section a circle graph showing the percentage of each flowers’ represents the group of seeds that did germinate. color. Two varieties have yellow blooms, five varieties have blue-purple blooms, eight varieties have white blooms, and ten varieties have red blooms.

1118 Skillbuilder Handbook Reference Handbook

Six-Kingdom Classification The classification used in this text combines information gathered from the systems of many different fields of biology. For example, phycologists—biologists who study algae—have developed their own system of classification, as have mycologists—biologists who study fungi. The naming of animals and plants is controlled by two completely different sets of rules. The six-kingdom system, although not ideal for reflecting the phylogeny of all life, is useful for showing relationships. Taxonomy is an area of biology that evolves just the like species it studies. In Table RH.1, only the major phyla are listed, and one genus is named as an example. For more information about each taxon, refer to the chapter in the text in which the group is described.

Interactive Table To explore Table RH.1 Six-Kingdom Classification more about classification, visit biologygmh.com. Phylum/Division* Typical Example Kingdom Characteristics (Common Name) (Common Name) Bacteria Actinobacteria Mycobacterium • unicellular • most absorb food from surroundings Omnibaceria Salmonella • some are photosynthetic (salmonella) • some are chemosynthetic • many are parasites Spirochaetae Treponema • many are round, spiral, or rod-shaped (spirochetes) • some form colonies Chloroxybacteria Prochloron

Salmonella Cyanobacteria Nostoc Source: Chapter 18, Section 1, p. 519 (blue green algae) (nostoc) Archaea Aphragmabacteria Mycoplasma • unicellular • some absorb food from surroundings • some are photosynthetic • some are chemosynthetic Halobacteria Halobacerium • many are found in extremely harsh environments including salt ponds, hot springs, swamps, and deep-sea Methanocreatrices Methanobacillus hydrothermal vents

Methanococcus jannaschii Source: Chapter 18, Section 1, p. 516 Protista Sarcodina Amoeba • unicellular (amoeba) (amoeba) • take in food • free-living or parasitic • move by means of pseudopods Ciliophora Paramecium • unicellular (ciliates) (paramecium) • take in food • have large numbers of cilia

Apicomplexa Plasmodium • unicellular (apicomplexan) (plasmodium) • take in food Amoeba • no means of movement Source: Chapter 19, Section 1, p. 543 • are parasites in animals

*In the Kingdom Plantae the major phyla are referred to as “divisions.”

Reference Handbook 1119

(t) Hans Pfletschinger/Peter Arnold, Inc., (c) B. Boonyaratanakornkit & D.S. Clark, G. Vrdoljak/EM Lab, University of California at Berkley/Visuals Unlimited, (b) Dr. Gopal Murti/Photo Researchers Reference Handbook

Phylum/Division* Typical Example Kingdom Characteristics (Common Name) (Common Name) Protista (continued) Zoomastigina Trypanosoma • unicellular (zooflagellates) • take in food • free-living or parasitic • have one or more flagella Euglenophyta Euglena • unicellular (euglenoids) (euglena) • photosynthetic or take in food • most have one flagellum Bacillariophyta Navicula • unicellular (diatoms) • photosynthetic • have unique double shells made Diatom of silica Source: Chapter 19, Section 3, p. 554 Pyrrophyta Gonyaulax • unicellular (dinoflagellates) • photosynthetic • contain red pigments • have two flagella Rhodophyta Chondrus • most are multicellular (red algae) • photosynthetic • contain red pigments • most live in deep, salt water Phaeophyta Laminaria • most are multicellular (brown algae) • photosynthetic • contain brown pigments • most live in salt water Red algae Chlorophyta Ulva • unicellular, multicellular, or Source: Chapter 19, Section 3, p. 559 (green algae) colonies • photosynthetic • contain chlorophyll • live on land, in freshwater, or salt water Acrasiomycota Dictyostelium • unicellular or multicellular (cellular slime mold) • absorb food • change form during life cycle Myxomycota Physarum • cellular and plasmodial slime (acellular slime mold) molds

Oomycota Phytophthora • multicellular (water mold/ • are either parasites or Slime mold Source: Chapter 19, Section 4, p. 561 downy mildew decomposers • live in freshwater or salt water

*In the Kingdom Plantae the major phyla are referred to as “divisions.”

1120 Reference Handbook

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Phylum/Division* Typical Example Kingdom Characteristics (Common Name) (Common Name) Fungi Zygomycota Rhizopus • multicellular (common mold) (bread mold) • absorb food • spores are produced in sporangia Ascomycota Saccharomyces •unicellular and multicellular (sac fungi) (yeast) • absorb food • spores produced in asci Basidiomycota Crucibulum • multicellular (club fungi) (bird’s nest fungus) • absorb food • spores produced in basidia Bread mold Source: Chapter 20, Section 2, p. 583 Deuteromycota Penicillium • members with unknown repro- (imperfect fungi) (penicillum) ductive structures • imperfect fungi Chytridiomycota Chytridium • some are saprobes (chrytid) • some parasitize protists, plants, and animals Plantae Hepaticophyta Pellia • multicellular nonvascular plants (liverworts) • reproduce by spores produced Anthocerophyta Anthoceros in capsules (hornworts) • green • grow in moist, land Bryophyta Polytrichum environments (moss) (haircap moss) Lycophyta Lycopodium • multicellular vascular plants (club moss) (wolf’s claw) • spores are produced in cone-like structures

Liverwort • live on land Source: Chapter 21, Section 2, p. 612 • photosynthetic Arthrophyta Equisetum • vascular plants (horsetails) • ribbed and jointed stems • scale-like leaves • spores produced in cone-like structures Pterophyta Polypodium • vascular plants (ferns) (ferns) • leaves called fronds • spores produce in clusters or sporangia called sori • live on land or in water Ginkgophyta Ginkgo • deciduous trees (ginko) (ginko) • only one living species • have fan-shaped leaves with Wood fern Source: Chapter 21, Section 3, p. 614 branching veins and fleshy cones with seeds

*In the Kingdom Plantae the major phyla are referred to as “divisions.”

Reference Handbook 1121

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Phylum/Division* Typical Example Kingdom Characteristics (Common Name) (Common Name) Plantae (continued) Cycadophyta Cyas • palm-like plants (cycad) (palm tree) • have large, feather-like leaves • produce seeds in cones Coniferophyta Pinus • deciduous or evergreen (conifer) (pine tree) • trees or shrubs • needle-like or scale-like leaves • seeds produced in cones Gnetophyta Welwitschia • shrubs or woody vines (gnetophyte) (welwitschia) • seeds produced in cones • division contains only three Welwitschia Source: Chapter 21, Section 4, p. 618 genera Anthophyta Rhododendron • dominant group of plants (flowering plant) (rhododendron) • flowering plants • have fruit with seeds Animalia Porifera Spongilla • aquatic organisms that lack true (sponges) (sponge) tissues and organs • asymmetrical and sessile Cnidaria Hydra • radially symmetrical (cnidarians) (hydra) • digestive cavity with one opening • most have tentacles armed with stinging cells • live in aquatic environments singly or in colonies Sponge Source: Chapter 24, Section 3, p. 707 Platyhelminthes Dugesia • unsegmented, bilaterally (flatworms) (planaria) symmetrical • no body cavity • digestive cavity, if present, has only one opening • parasitic and free-living species Nematoda Trichinella • pseudocoelomate, unseg- (roundworms) (trichinella) mented, bilaterally symmetrical • tubular digestive tract • without cilia • live in great numbers in soil and aquatic sediments Mollusca Nautilus • soft-bodied coelomates (mollusks) (nautilus) • bodies are divided into three parts: head-foot, visceral mass, and mantle Abalone • many have shells Source: Chapter 25, Section 3, p. 742 • almost all have a radula • aquatic and terrestrial species

*In the Kingdom Plantae the major phyla are referred to as “divisions.”

1122 Reference Handbook

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Phylum/Division* Typical Example Kingdom Characteristics (Common Name) (Common Name) Animalia (continued) Annelida Hirudo • coelomate, serially segmented, (segmented worms) (leech) bilaterally symmetrical • complete digestive tract • most have setae on each segment that anchor them during crawling • terrestrial and aquatic species Arthropoda Colias • chitinous exoskeleton covering (arthopods) (butterflies) segmented bodies • paired, jointed appendages • many have wings Sand dollar • land and aquatic species Source: Chapter 27, Section 1, p. 798 Echinodermata Cucumaria • marine organisms (echinoderm) (sea cucumber) • have spiny or leathery skin and a water-vascular system with tube feet • radially symmetrical Chordata • segmented coelomates with a (chordates) notochord • possess a dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a tail at some stage of life • most have paired appendages Chordata Polycarpa • young have all of the main Subphylum: (sea squirt) chordate features; adults have Urochordata only pharyngeal gill slits Chordata Branchiostoma • adults have all of the main fea- Subphylum: (amphioxus) tures of chordates Cephalochordata Chordata Panthera • the hallmark feature of all Sea otter Subphylum: (panther) vertebrates is a spinal column Source: Chapter 30, Section 1, p. 880 Vertebrata

*In the Kingdom Plantae the major phyla are referred to as “divisions.”

Three-Domain Classification Increasingly, biologists are classifying organisms into categories larger than kingdoms called domains. The three domains are: Domain Bacteria, Domain Archaea, and Domain Eukarya. With future discoveries, this classification system might change to incorporate new information.

DOMAIN Bacteria Archaea Eukarya KINGDOM Bacteria Archaea Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Reference Handbook 1123

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Scientific Word Origins This list of prefixes, suffixes, and roots is provided to help you understand science terms used throughout this biology textbook. The list identifies whether the prefix, suffix, or root is of Greek (G) or Latin (L) origin. Also listed is the meaning of the prefix, suffix, or root and a science word in which it is used.

Origin Meaning Example Origin Meaning Example A E ad (L) to, toward adaxial echino (G) spiny echinoderm aero (G) air aerobic ec (G) outer ecosystem an (G) without anaerobic ella(e) (L) small organelle ana (G) up anaphase endo (G) within endosperm andro (G) male androceium epi (G) upon epidermis angio (G) of seed angiosperm eu (G) true eukaryote anth/o (G) flower anthophyte exo (G) outside exoskeleton anti (G) against antibody aqu/a (L) of water aquatic F archae (G) ancient archaeologist fer (L) to carry conifer arthro, artio (G) jointed arthropod askos (G) bag ascospore G aster (G) star Asteroidea gastro (G) stomach gastropod autos (G) self autoimmune genesis (G) to originate oogenesis gen/(e)(o) (G) kind genotype B gon (G) reproductive archegonium bi (L) two bipedal gravi (L) heavy gravitropism bio (G) life biosphere gymn/o (G) naked gymnosperm gyn/e (G) female gynecium C carn (L) flesh carnivore H ceph (G) head cephalopod hal(o) (G) salt halophyte chloros (G) light green chlorophyll hapl(o) (G) single haploid chroma (G) pigmented chromosome hemi (G) half hemisphere cide (L) to kill insecticide hem(o) (G) blood hemoglobin circ (L) circular circadian herb/a(i) (L) vegetation herbivore cocc/coccus (G) small and round streptococcus heter/o (G) different heterotrophic con (L) together convergent hom(e)/o (G) same homeostasis cyte (G) cell cytoplasm hom (L) human hominid hydr/o (G) water hydrolysis D de (L) remove decompose I dendron (G) tree dendrite inter (L) between internode dent (L) tooth edentate intra (L) within intracellular derm (G) skin epidermis is/o (G) equal isotonic di (G) two disaccharide J dia (G) apart diaphragm jug (L) to join jugular dorm (L) sleep dormancy

1124 Reference Handbook Reference Handbook

Origin Meaning Example Origin Meaning Example K P (continued) kary (G) nucleus eukaryote plasm/o (G) to form plasmodium kera (G) hornlike keratin pod (G) foot gastropod poly (G) many polymer L post (L) after posterior leuc/o (G) white leukocyte pro (G) (L) before prokaryote logy (G) study of biology prot/o (G) first protocells lymph/o (L) water lymphocyte pseud/o (G) false pseudopodium lysis (G) break up dialysis R M re (L) back to original reproduce macr/o (G) large macromolecule rhiz/o (L) root rhizoid meg/a (G) great megaspore meso (L) in the middle mesophyll S meta (G) after metaphase scope (G) to look microscope micr/o (G) small microscope some (G) body lysome mon/o (G) only one monocotyledon sperm (G) seed gymnosperm morph/o (G) form morphology stasis (G) remain constant homeostasis stom (G) mouthlike opening stomata N syn (G) together synapse nema (G) a thread nematode neuro (G) nerve neuron T nod (L) knot nodule tel/o (G) end telophase nomy(e) (G) system of laws taxonomy terr (L) of Earth terrestrial therm (G) heat endotherm O thylak (G) sack thylakoid olig/o (G) small, few oligochaete trans (L) across transpiration omn (L) all omnivore trich (G) hair trichome orni(s) (G) bird ornithology trop/o (G) a change gravitropism oste/o (G) bone formation osteocyte trophic (G) nourishment heterotrophic ov (L) an egg oviduct U P uni (L) one unicellular pal(a)e/o (G) ancient paleontology V para (G) beside parathyroid vacc/a (L) cow vaccine path/o (G) suffering pathogen vore (L) eat greedily omnivore ped (L) foot centipede per (L) through permeable X peri (G) around, about peristalsis xer/o (G) dry xerophye phag/o (G) eating phagocyte phot/o (G) light photosynthesis Z phyl (G) race, class phylogeny zo/o (G) living being zoology phyll (G) leaf chlorophyll zygous (G) two joined homozygous phyte (G) plant epiphyte pinna (L) feather pinnate

Reference Handbook 1125 Reference Handbook ** * * * * The names and symbols for elements 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 118 are temporary. Final will be selected when the elements’ discoveries are veriﬁed. * The number in parentheses is the mass of longest lived isotope for that element.

1126 Reference Handbook A multilingual science glossary at biologygmh.com includes Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, English, Haitian Creole, Hmong, Korean, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Tagalog, Urdu, and Vietnamese.

Pronunciation Key Use the following key to help you sound out words in the glossary. a ...... back (BAK) ew ...... food (FEWD) ay ...... day (DAY) yoo ...... pure (PYOOR) ah ...... father (FAH thur) yew ...... few (FYEW) ow ...... flower (FLOW ur) uh ...... comma (CAHM uh) ar ...... car (CAR) u (+ con) ...... rub (RUB) e ...... less (LES) sh ...... shelf (SHELF) ee ...... leaf (LEEF) ch ...... nature (NAY chur) ih ...... trip (TRIHP) g ...... gift (GIHFT) i (i + con + e). . . . idea, life (i DEE uh, life) j ...... gem (JEM) oh ...... go (GOH) ing ...... sing (SING) aw ...... soft (SAWFT) zh ...... vision (VIHZH un) or ...... orbit (OR but) k ...... cake (KAYK) oy ...... coin (COYN) s ...... seed, cent (SEED, SENT) oo ...... foot (FOOT) z ...... zone, raise (ZOHN, RAYZ)

Cómo usar el glosario en español: 1. Busca el término en inglés que desees encontrar. 2. El término en español, junto con la defi nición, A se encuentran en la columna de la derecha. English Español abdomen: (p. 763) in arthropods, posterior body region of an abdomen: (pág. 763) región posterior del cuerpo de un arthropod that contains fused segments, digestive structures, artrópodo, la que contiene segmentos fusionados, estructu- reproductive organs, and bears additional legs; in humans, ras digestivas, los órganos reproductores y que sostiene part of body that is between the diaphragm and pelvis. patas adicionales. abiotic (ay bi AH tihk) factor: (p. 35) any nonliving factor factor abiótico: (pág. 35) todo factor inanimado en el in an organism’s environment, such as soil, water tempera- am biente de un organismo, como el suelo, el agua, la tem- ture, and light availability. peratura del agua y la disponibilidad de luz. abyssal zone: (p. 81) deepest, very cold region of the open zona abisal: (pág. 81) la zona más profunda y más fría del ocean. océano. acid: (p. 164) substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) ácido: (pág. 164) sustancia que libera iones hidrógeno (H+) when dissolved in water; an acidic solution has a pH less cuando se halla disuelta en agua; una solución ácida con- than 7. tiene un pH menor que 7. acoelomate (ay SEE lum ayt): (p. 701) animal with a solid acelomado: (pág. 701) animal de cuerpo sólido que carece body that lacks a fluid-filled body cavity between the gut de una cavidad corporal llena de fluido entre las órganos and the body wall. internos y las paredes del cuerpo. acrasin (uh KRA sun): (p. 563) chemical given off by starv- acrasina: (pág. 563) sustancia química que liberan ciertas ing amoeba-like cells that serves as a signal to the cells to células ameboides, cuando tienen hambre, y que sirve de form a sluglike colony. señal para que estas células formen una colonia viscosa. actin: (p. 948) protein filament in muscle cells that functions actina: (pág. 948) filamento proteico de las células muscula- with myosin in contraction. res que, junto con la miosina, participan en la contracción muscular. action potential: (p. 964) nerve impulse. potencial de acción: (pág. 964) un impulso nervioso.

GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO 1127 Glossary/Glosario

activation energy/energía de activación allopatric speciation/especiación alopátrica

activation energy: (p. 158) minimum amount of energy energía de activación: (pág. 158) cantidad mínima de needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction. energía que requieren los reactivos para formar productos durante una reacción química. active site: (p. 160) specific place where a substrate binds on sitio activo: (pág. 160) lugar específico donde un sustrato se an enzyme. une a una enzima. active transport: (p. 205) energy-requiring process by which transporte activo: (pág. 205) proceso que requiere energía y substances move across the plasma membrane against a que le permite a una sustancia atravesar la membrana concentration gradient. plasmática contra un gradiente de concentración. adaptation (a dap TAY shun): (p. 10) inherited characteris- adaptación: (pág. 10) característica heredada de una especie; tic of a species that develops over time in response to an esta característica evoluciona a lo largo del tiempo en environmental factor, enabling the species to survive. respuesta a un factor ambiental y le ayuda a la especie a sobrevivir. adaptive radiation: (p. 439) diversification of a species into a radiación adaptativa: (pág. 439) diversificación de una espe- number of different species, often over a relatively short cie en diferentes especies, a menudo en un período relati- time span. vamente corto. addiction: (p. 981) psychological and/or physiological depen- adicción: (pág. 981) dependencia psicológica o fisiológica a dence on a drug. una droga. adenosine triphosphate (uh DEN uh seen • tri FAHS trifosfato de adenosina (ATP): (pág. 221) molécula biológica fayt) (ATP): (p. 221) energy-carrying biological molecule, que transporta energía, y que al desdoblarse, hace funcio- which, when broken down, drives cellular activities. nar las actividades celulares. adolescence (a dul ES unts): (p. 1063) developmental adolescencia: (pág. 1063) fase del desarrollo que se inicia en la phase that begins with puberty and ends at adulthood. pubertad y termina al comenzar la edad adulta. adulthood: (p. 1064) developmental phase that occurs at the edad adulta: (pág. 1064) fase del desarrollo que empieza al end of adolescence, when physical growth is complete. terminar la adolescencia, cuando se completa el crecimiento físico. aerobic process: (p. 228) a metabolic process that requires proceso aeróbico: (pág. 228) proceso metabólico que oxygen. re quie re oxígeno. aerobic respiration: (p. 228) metabolic process in which respiración aeróbica: (pág. 228) proceso metabólico en que pyruvate is broken down and electron-carrier molecules se desdobla el piruvato y las moléculas transportadoras de are used to produce ATP through electron transport. electrones ayudan a producir ATP mediante el transporte de electrones. age structure: (p. 104) in any population, the number of estructura etaria: (pág. 104) el número de individuos en individuals in their pre-reproductive, reproductive, and edad prereproductora, reproductora y postreproductora en post-reproductive years. una población. agonistic (ag oh NIHS tihk) behavior: (p. 917) threatening comportamiento agonístico: (pág. 917) comportamiento or combative behavior between two members of the same amenazador o combativo entre dos miembros de la misma species that usually does not result in injury or death. especie y que normalmente no produce heridas o muerte. air sac: (p. 863) in birds, the posterior and anterior structure sacos aéreos: (pág. 863) estructuras anteriores y posteriores used in respiration, resulting in only oxygenated air mov- de las aves que participan en la respiración celular y per- ing through the lungs. miten sólo el paso de sangre oxigenada por los pulmones. aldosterone (al DAWS tuh rohn): (p. 1035) steroid hor- aldosterona: (pág. 1035) hormona esteroide producida por mone produced by the adrenal cortex that acts on the kid- la corteza adrenal, la cual actúa sobre los riñones y es neys and is important for sodium reabsorption. importante para la reabsorción de sodio. allele: (p. 278) alternative form that a single gene may have alelo: (pág. 278) forma alternativa de un gene determinado for a particular trait. para un rasgo dado. allergy: (p. 1094) overactive immune response to environ- alergia: (pág. 1094) acentuada respuesta inmune a un mental antigens. antígeno del ambiente. allopatric speciation: (p. 438) occurs when a population especiación alopátrica: (pág. 438) sucede cuando una pob la ción divided by a geographic barrier evolves into two or more separada en dos por una ba rrera geográfica, evoluciona populations unable to interbreed. y se convierte en dos pobla ciones incapaces de entrecruzarse. 1128 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO Glossary/Glosario alternation of generations/alternancia de generaciones antibiotic/antibiótico alternation of generations: (p. 560) reproductive life cycle alternancia de generaciones: (pág. 560) ciclo de vida repro- that alternates between a diploid (2n) sporophyte genera- ductor que se alterna entre una generación esporofita tion and a haploid (n) gametophyte generation. diploide (2n) y una generación gametofita haploide (n). altruistic behavior: (p. 922) self-sacrificing behavior that comportamiento altruista: (pág. 922) comportamiento de benefits another individual. autosacrificio que beneficia a otro individuo. alveolus: (p. 1001) in the lung, a thin-walled air sac sur- alvéolo: (pág. 1001) saco aéreo de paredes delgadas, localizado rounded by capillaries. dentro de los pulmones, y que está rodeado por capilares. amino acid: (p. 170) carbon compound joined by peptide aminoácido: (pág. 170) compuestos de carbono con enlaces bonds; building block of proteins. peptídicos; son la unidad básica de las proteínas. amnion (AM nee ahn): (p. 852) fluid-filled membrane that amnios: (pág. 852) membrana llena de fluido que rodea y surrounds and protects a developing embryo. protege al embrión en desarrollo. amniotic egg: (p. 853) egg that provides a complete envi- huevo amniótico: (pág. 853) huevo que provee un ambiente ronment for the developing embryo with a yolk sac for completo para un embrión en desarrollo. Tiene un saco nutrition, protective internal membranes and fluid, and vitelino para la nutrición, membranas internas y fluidos a protective outer shell. protectores, y una cubierta protectora externa. amniotic fluid (am nee AH tihk • FLU id): (p. 1056) fluido amniótico: (pág. 1056) fluido del saco amniótico que amniotic sac fluid that cushions, insulates, and protects the acojina, aísla y protege al embrión. embryo. ampulla (AM pyew luh): (p. 795) in echinoderms, the mus- ampolla: (pág. 795) saco muscular de los equinodermos que cular sac that contracts to force water into the tube foot, se contrae para impulsar el agua hacia las patas ambula- allowing it to extend. crales y provocar su extensión. amylase: (p. 1020) digestive enzyme in saliva that begins the amilasa: (pág. 1020) enzima digestiva de la saliva que inicia process of chemical digestion in the mouth by breaking el proceso de digestión química en la boca, al desdoblar down starches into sugars. almidones en azúcares. anaerobic process: (p. 228) metabolic process that does not aproceso anaeróbico: (pág. 228) proceso metabólico que no require oxygen. requiere oxígeno. analogous structure: (p. 426) structure that has the same estructura análoga: (pág. 426) estructura que tiene la misma function but different construction and was not inherited función, pero diferente construcción y que no se originó a from a common ancestor. partir de un antepasado común. anaphase: (p. 251) third stage of mitosis in which sister chro- anafase: (pág. 251) tercera fase de la mitosis. En ella, las matids are pulled apart and microtubules, along with cromátides hermanas se separan y los microtúbulos, junto motor proteins, move the chromosomes to opposite poles con proteínas motoras, mueven los cromosomas hacia of the cell. polos opuestos de la célula. anaphylactic (an uh fuh LAK tik) shock: (p. 1095) severe choque anafiláctico: (pág. 1095) grave hipersensibilidad a hypersensitivity to a specific antigen, causing a massive his- un antígeno específico que causa una liberación masiva tamine release. de histamina. ancestral character: (p. 495) morphological or biochemical carácter ancestral: (pág. 495) característica morfológica o feature present in various groups within the line of descent. bioquímica presente en varios grupos dentro de un linaje. ancestral trait: (p. 424) more-primitive characteristic that rasgo ancestral: (pág. 424) característica más primitiva que appeared in common ancestors. aparecían en antepasados comunes. annual: (p. 620) plant that completes its life span in one anual: (pág. 620) planta que completa su ciclo vital en una growing season or less. temporada de crecimiento o menos. anterior: (p. 700) head end of an animal with bilateral anterior: (pág. 700) extremo delantero de un animal con symmetry. simetría bilateral. anthropoid: (p. 455) part of haplorhines; humanlike primates antropoide: (pág. 455) parte de los haplorrinos; primates that include New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, and parecidos a humanos. hominoids. antibiotic (an ti bi AH tihk): (p. 1082) substance that is antibiótico: (pág. 1082) sustancia que destruye algunos able to kill or inhibit the growth of some microorganisms. microorganismos o que inhibe su crecimiento.

GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO 1129 Glossary/Glosario

antibody/anticuerpo autonomic nervous system/sistema nervioso autónomo

antibody: (p. 1086) protein produced by B lymphocytes that anticuerpo: (pág. 1086) proteína producida por los linfocitos specifically reacts with a foreign antigen. B que reacciona específicamente con un antígeno extraño. antidiuretic (an ti di yuh REH tic) hormone: (p. 1037) hormona antidiurética: (pág. 1037) hormona que ayuda en functions in homeostasis by regulating water balance. la homeostasis al regular el equilibrio del agua. antigen: (p. 1086) a substance foreign to the body that causes antígeno: (pág. 1086) sustancia foránea al cuerpo que causa an immune response; it can bind to an antibody or T cell. una reacción inmunológica; se puede enlazar a un anticuerpo o a una célula T. aphotic zone: (p. 80) open-ocean zone through which sun- zona afótica: (pág. 80) zona del mar abierto a la que no llega light cannot penetrate. la luz solar. apoptosis (a pup TOH sus): (p. 256) programmed cell apoptosis: (pág. 256) muerte celular programada. death. appendage (uh PEN dihj): (p. 764) in arthropods, a struc- apéndice: (pág. 764) estructura de los artrópodos, como las ture such as a leg or an antenna that grows and extends patas o las antenas, que crece y se extiende desde la cubi- from the outside body covering. erta exterior del cuerpo. appendicular skeleton: (p. 941) one of the two divisions of esqueleto apendicular: (pág. 941) una de las dos divisiones the human skeleton; includes the bones of the arms, legs, del esqueleto humano; incluye los huesos de brazos, pier- feet, hands, hips, and shoulders. nas, manos, pies, caderas y hombros. arboreal: (p. 455) tree dwelling—it is a characteristic of many arborícola: (pág. 455) que vive en los árboles: es una carac- primates. terística de muchos primates. archaebacteria: (p. 500) prokaryotes whose cell walls do not arquebacterias: (pág. 500) procariotas cuyas paredes celula- contain peptidoglycan. res no contienen peptidoglucanos. artery: (p. 993) elastic, thick-walled blood vessel that carries arteria: (pág. 993) vaso sanguíneo de paredes gruesas y oxygenated blood away from the heart. elásticas que transporta sangre oxigenada desde el corazón hacia el resto del cuerpo. artificial selection: (p. 419) Darwin’s term for the selective selección artificial: (pág. 419) término empleado por breeding of organisms selected for certain traits in order to Darwin para referirse a la cría de selección de organismos, produce offspring having those traits. la cual se efectúa para seleccionar y obtener una progenie con ciertos rasgos. ascocarp: (p. 585) in sac fungi, the reproductive structure in ascocarpo: (pág. 585) estructura reproductora de los ascomi- which haploid nuclei fuse to form a zygote. cetos; la estructura reproductora en que núcleos haploides se fusionan para formar un cigoto. ascospore: (p. 585) spore produced by an ascus. ascospora: (pág. 585) espora producida por un asco. ascus: (p. 585) spore-producing saclike structure of sac fungi. asco: (pág. 585) estructura en forma de saco que produce esporas en los ascomicetos. atherosclerosis (a thuh roh skluh ROH sus): (p. 999) aterosclerosis: (pág. 999) trastorno del sistema circulatorio en circulatory system disorder in which arteries are blocked, que las arterias se bloquean y restringen el flujo de sangre. restricting blood flow. atom: (p. 148) building block of matter; contains subatomic átomo: (pág. 148) unidad básica de la materia; contiene las particles—neutrons, protons, and electrons. siguientes partículas subatómicas: neutrones, protones y electrones. atrium: (p. 824) heart chamber that receives blood from aurícula: (pág. 824) cavidad del corazón que recibe la sangre the body. proveniente del cuerpo. australopithecine: (p. 465) genus that lived in the east-central australopitecinos: (pág. 465) género que vivió en la parte and southern part of Africa between 4.2 and 1 mya. centro oriental y meridional de África entre hace 4.2 y 1 millón de años. autonomic nervous system: (p. 971) part of the peripheral sistema nervioso autónomo: (pág. 971) parte del sistema nervous system that transmits impulses from the central nervioso periférico que transmite impulsos desde el sistema nervous system to internal organs. nervioso central hacia los órganos internos.

1130 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO Glossary/Glosario autosome/autosoma binocular vision/visión binocular autosome: (p. 305) chromosome that is not a sex chro mosome. autosoma: (pág. 305) cromosoma que no es un cromosoma sexual. autotroph (AW tuh trohf): (p. 41) organism that captures autótrofo: (pág. 41) organismo que captura energía del sol o energy from sunlight or inorganic substances to produce its de sustancias inorgánicas para producir sus propios ali- own food; provides the foundation of the food supply for mentos; es la base para la alimentación de otros organis- other organisms; also called a producer. mos; también llamado productor. auxin: (p. 648) plant hormone that moves in only one direc- auxina: (pág. 648) hormona vegetal que es transportada en tion away from the site where it was produced and can una sola dirección, alejándose del sitio donde fue produ- stimulate the elongation of cells. cida, y que estimula la elongación celular. axial skeleton: (p. 941) one of the two divisions of the esqueleto axial: (pág. 941) una de las dos divisiones del human skeleton; includes the bones of the vetebral column, esqueleto humano e incluye los huesos de la columna ver- ribs, skull, and sternum. tebral, las costillas, el cráneo y el esternón. axon: (p. 962) neuron structure that transmits nerve impulses axón: (pág. 962) estructura de la neurona que transmite from the cell body to other neurons and muscles. impulsos nerviosos desde el cuerpo de la célula hacia los músculos y otras neuronas. B B B

B cell: (p. 1086) antibody-producing B lymphocyte. célula B: (pág. 1086) linfocito B productor de antígenos. background extinction: (p. 122) gradual process of a species extinción tradicional o natural: (pág. 122) proceso paulatino becoming extinct. de extinción de una especie. bacteria: (p. 516) microscopic prokaryotes most are bene- bacterias: (pág. 516) procariota microscópico; la mayoría ficial to humans and to the environment, but a small son benéficos a los humanos y al ambiente; sólo un percentage can cause disease. pequeño porcentaje puede causar enfermedades. base: (p. 164) substance that releases hydroxide ions (OH−) base: (pág. 164) sustancia que libera iones hidróxido (OH−) when dissolved in water; a basic solution has a pH greater al disolverse en agua; una solución básica tiene un pH than 7. mayor que 7. basidiocarp (buh SIH dee oh karp): (p. 586) fruiting body basidiocarpo: (pág. 586) órgano productor de esporas en los of basidiomycetes. basidiomicetos. basidiospore: (p. 586) haploid spore released by a basidium basidiospora: (pág. 586) espora haploide liberada por un during reproduction. basidio durante la reproducción . basidium: (p. 586) club-shaped, spore-producing hypha of basidio: (pág. 586) hifa productora de esporas de los basi- basidiomycetes. diomicetos; tiene forma de maza. behavior: (p. 908) the way in which an animal responds to an comportamiento: (pág. 908) manera en que un animal external or internal stimulus. responde a un estímulo externo o interno. benthic zone: (p. 80) ocean-floor area consisting of sand, silt, zona béntica: (pág. 80) zona del fondo marino formada por and dead organisms. arena, limo y organismos muertos. biennial: (p. 621) plant with a two-year life span. bienal: (pág. 621) planta con un ciclo de vida de dos años. bilateral (bi LA tuh rul) symmetry: (p. 700) body plan that simetría bilateral: (pág. 700) plan corporal que se puede can be divided into mirror images along only one plane dividir en imágenes especulares, a lo largo de un solo plano through the central axis. a través del eje central. binary fission: (p. 520) asexual form of reproduction used by fisión binaria: (pág. 520) forma de reproducción asexual de some prokaryotes in which a cell divides into two geneti- algunos procariotas, en la cual la célula se divide en dos cally identical cells. células genéticamente idénticas. binocular vision: (p. 452) overlapping fields of vision as a visión binocular: (pág. 452) campos de visión sobrepuestos result of eyes located on the front of the face—a character- como resultado de ojos ubicados enfrente de la cara: una istic of primates. característica de los primates.

GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO 1131 Glossary/Glosario

binomial nomenclature/nomenclatura binaria blastula/blástula

binomial nomenclature (bi NOH mee ul • NOH mun nomenclatura binaria: (pág. 485) sistema desarrollado por klay chur): (p. 485) Linnaeus’s system of naming organ- Linneo para nombrar los organismos, en que se otorga un isms, which gives a scientific two-word Latin name to each nombre científico de dos palabras a cada especie, la pri- species—the first part is the genus name and the second is mera palabra es el género y la segunda es la especie. the specific epithet. biodiversity: (p. 116) number of different species living in a biodiversidad: (pág. 116) número de especies diferentes que specific area. viven en un área determinada. biogeochemical cycle: (p. 45) exchange of matter through the ciclo biogeoquímico: (pág. 45) intercambio de material a biosphere involving living organisms, chemical processes, través de la biosfera en que participan seres vivos, procesos and geological processes. químicos y proceso geológicos. biogeography: (p. 428) study of the distribution of plants biogeografía: (pág. 428) estudio de la distribución de plan- and animals on Earth. tas y animales en la Tierra. bioindicator: (p. 588) living organism that is sensitive to bioindicador: (pág. 588) organismo vivo que es sensible a las environmental conditions and is one of the first to respond condiciones ambientales y que es uno de los primeros en to changes. responder a los cambios. bioinformatics: (p. 375) field of study that creates and main- bioinformática: (pág. 375) campo de estudio en que se crean tains databases of biological information, especially y mantienen bases de datos con información biológica, genomic data. particularmente genética. biological augmentation: (p. 135) technique of adding essen- bioaumento: (pág. 135) técnica en que se agregan materia- tial materials to a degraded ecosystem. les esenciales a un ecosistema degradado. biological community: (p. 36) all the interacting populations comunidad biológica: (pág. 36) todas las poblaciones de dife- of different species that live in the same geographic loca- rentes especies que interactúan y viven en una misma zona tion at the same time. geográfica, al mismo tiempo. biological magnification: (p. 126) increasing concentration amplificación biológica: (pág. 126) aumento en la concen- of toxic substances, such as DDT, in organisms as trophic tración de sustancias tóxicas (como el DDT) en los orga- levels increase in food chains or food webs. nismos, a medida que aumenta el nivel trófico de cadenas y redes alimenticias. biology: (p. 4) science of life; examines how living things biología: (pág. 4) ciencia que estudia la vida; examina las interact, how systems function, and how they function at a interacciones entre los seres vivos, el funcionamiento de molecular level. sus sistemas y el funcionamiento a nivel molecular. bioluminescent: (p. 555) able to emit light. bioluminiscencia: (pág. 555) capacidad de emitir luz. biomass: (p. 44) total mass of living matter at each trophic level. biomasa: (pág. 44) masa total de materia viva en cada nivel trófico. biome: (p. 36) large group of ecosystems that share the same bioma: (pág. 36) gran grupo de ecosistemas que comparte un climate and have similar types of communities. mismo clima y que posee comunidades similares. bioremediation: (p. 134) technique using living organisms to biorremediación: (pág. 134) técnica en que se usan organis- detoxify a polluted area. mos vivos para descontaminar un área. biosphere (BI uh sfihr): (p. 34) relatively thin layer of Earth biosfera: (pág. 34) capa relativamente delgada de la Tierra y and its atmosphere that supports life. su atmósfera que mantiene la vida. biotic (by AH tihk) factor: (p. 35) any living factor in an factor biótico: (pág. 35) todo factor vivo en el ambiente de organism’s environment. un organismo. bipedal: (p. 463) walking upright on two legs. bípedo: (pág. 463) que camina erguido sobre dos piernas. blastocyst: (p. 1055) a modified blastula whose inner cell blastocisto: (pág. 1055) blástula modificada; sus células mass will develop into a fetus. internas se convierten más tarde en el feto. blastula (BLAS chuh luh): (p. 696) fluid-filled ball of cells blástula: (pág. 696) esfera llena de fluido que se forma a par- formed by mitotic cell division of the embryo. tir de células originadas por la división mitótica de las célu- las del embrión.

1132 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO Glossary/Glosario book lung/filotráquea carbohydrate/carbohidrato book lung (p. 767) in spiders and some other arthropods, the filotráquea: (pág. 767) estructura respiratoria de arañas y respiratory structure with highly folded walls whose mem- otros artrópodos; estructura respiratoria con paredes muy branes look like book pages. plegadas, cuyas membranas semejan las páginas de un libro. boreal forest: (p. 68) biome south of the tundra with dense bosque boreal: (pág. 68) bioma situado al sur de la tundra, evergreen forests and long, cold, dry winters. tiene densos bosques de siempreverdes e inviernos largos, fríos y secos. bottleneck: (p. 433) process in which a large population cuello de botella: (pág. 433) proceso en que el número de declines in number, then rebounds. miembros de una población declina y luego aumenta. breathing: (p. 1000) mechanical movement of air into and respiración: (pág. 1000) movimiento mecánico de entrada y out of the lungs. salida de aire de los pulmones. bronchus (BRAHN kuhs): (p. 1001) one of the two large bronquio: (pág. 1001) uno de los dos grandes conductos por tubes that carries air to the lungs. el que se introduce aire a los pulmones. buffer: (p. 165) mixture that can react with an acid or a base amortiguador: (pág. 165) mezcla que puede reaccionar con un to maintain the pH within a specific range. ácido o una base y mantener un pH dentro de cierto rango. C C C calcitonin (kal suh TOH nun): (p. 1034) thyroid hormone calcitonina: (pág. 1034) hormona tiroidea que participa en la involved in regulation of blood calcium levels. regulación de los niveles de calcio en la sangre. Calorie: (p. 1025) unit used to measure the energy content of Caloría: (pág. 1025) unidad de medida de la energía que food; 1 Calorie equals 1 kilocalorie, or 1000 calories. contienen los alimentos; 1 Caloría equivale a 1 kilocaloría ó 1000 calorías. Calvin cycle: (p. 226) light-independent reactions during ciclo de Calvin: (pág. 226) reacciones independiente de la luz phase two of photosynthesis in which energy is stored in de la fase II de la fotosíntesis, en que la energía es almacenada organic molecules as glucose. como glucosa en moléculas orgánicas. Cambrian explosion: (p. 398) rapid diversification of most explosión del Cámbrico: (pág. 398) rápida diversificación de major animal groups during the Paleozoic era. la mayoría de los grupos animales que sucedió en la era Paleozoica. camouflage (KA muh flahj): (p. 428) morphological adapta- camuflaje: (pág. 428) adaptaciones morfológicas que per- tions that allow organisms to blend into their surroundings. miten a los organismos disimularse en su ambiente. cancer: (p. 254) uncontrolled growth and division of cells cáncer: (pág. 254) crecimiento y división descontrolados de that can be caused by changes in control of the cell cycle células que puede ser producido por cambios en ciclo celu- and also may be caused by environmental factors. lar o también puede ser causado por factores ambientales. capillary: (p. 993) microscopic, one-cell-wall thick blood ves- capilares: (pág. 993) vaso sanguíneo microscópico con pare- sel where exchange of materials occurs between blood and des de una célula de grosor, en que sucede el intercambio de body cells. materiales entre la sangre y las células corporales. capsid: (p. 526) outer protein layer that surrounds the genetic cápsida: (pág. 526) capa externa proteica que envuelve el material of a virus. material genético de un virus. capsule: (p. 518) polysaccharide layer secreted around the cell cápsula: (pág. 518) capa de polisacáridos secretada alrededor wall by some prokaryotes that prevents the cell from drying de la pared celular de algunos procariotas que evita la des- out and helps the cell attach to environmental surfaces. hidratación de la célula y que la ayuda a fijarse sobre superficies del ambiente. carapace (KAR ah pays): (p. 857) dorsal part of a turtle’s shell. caparazón: (pág. 857) parte dorsal de la concha de una tortuga. carbohydrate: (p. 168) organic compound containing car- carbohidrato: (pág. 168) compuesto orgánico que contiene bon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of one oxygen and carbono, hidrógeno y oxígeno, en una razón de un átomo two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom. de oxígeno y dos átomos de hidrógeno, por cada átomo de carbono.

GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO 1133 Glossary/Glosario

carcinogen/carcinógeno cephalization/cefalización

carcinogen (kar SIH nuh jun): (p. 254) cancer-causing carcinógeno: (pág. 254) sustancia que causa cáncer. substance. cardiac muscle: (p. 947) involuntary muscle found only in músculo cardíaco: (pág. 947) músculo involuntario que sólo the heart. se halla en el corazón. carnivore (KAR nuh vor): (p. 41) heterotroph that preys on carnívoro: (pág. 41) heterótrofo que se alimenta de otros other heterotrophs. heterótrofos. carrier: (p. 296) individual heterozygous for a recessive disor- portador: (pág. 296) individuo heterocigoto para un der such as cystic fibrosis or Tay-Sachs disease. trastorno recesivo como la fibrosis quística o la enfermedad de Tay-Sachs. carrying capacity: (p. 98) largest number of individuals in a capacidad de carga: (pág. 98) el número mayor de indivi- species that an environment can support long-term. duos de una misma especie que un ambiente puede mantener a largo plazo. cartilage (KAR tuh lihj): (p. 820) flexible, tough material cartílago: (pág. 820) material flexible y duro que forma todo that makes up vertebrate skeletons or parts of vertebrate o parte del esqueleto en los vertebrados. skeletons. caste: (p. 779) specialized group of individuals in an insect casta: (pág. 779) grupo especializado de individuos en una society that performs specific tasks. sociedad de insectos que se encarga de realizar tareas específicas. catalyst: (p. 159) substance that speeds up a chemical reac- catalizador: (pág. 159) sustancia que acelera una reacción tion by reducing the activation energy. química al reducir energía de activación. cell: (p. 182) basic unit of structure and organization of all célula: (pág. 182) unidad básica de estructura y organización living organisms. de todos los seres vivos. cell body: (p. 962) neuron structure that contains the nucleus cuerpo celular: (pág. 962) estructura de la neurona que con- and many organelles. tiene el núcleo y muchos organelos. cell cycle: (p. 246) process of cellular reproduction, occurring ciclo celular: (pág. 246) proceso de reproducción celular; in three main stages—interphase (growth), mitosis (nuclear consta de tres fases principales: interfase (crecimiento), mito- division), and cytokinesis (cytoplasm division). sis (división nuclear) y citoquinesis (división del citoplasma). cell theory: (p. 183) states that (1) organisms are made of teoría celular: (pág. 183) establece que (1) los organismos one or more cells; (2) cells are the basic unit of life; and (3) están formados por una o más células; (2) las células son la all cells come only from other cells. unidad básica de la vida y (3) todas las células provienen de otras células. cell wall: (p. 198) in plants, the rigid barrier that surrounds pared celular: (pág. 198) barrera rígida que rodea el exterior the outside of the plasma membrane, is made of cellulose, de la membrana plasmática de las plantas; está formada por and provides support and protection to the cell. celulosa y brinda soporte y protección a la célula. cellular respiration: (p. 220) catabolic pathway in which respiración celular: (pág. 220) vía catabólica en que se des- organic molecules are broken down to release energy for doblan moléculas orgánicas a fin de obtener energía para la use by the cell. célula. central nervous system: (p. 968) consists of the brain and sistema nervioso central: (pág. 968) está formado por el spinal cord and coordinates all of the body’s activities. encéfalo y la medula espinal y coordina todas las actividades del cuerpo. centriole: (p. 196) organelle that plays a role in cell division centríolo: (pág. 196) organelo formado por microtúbulos y and is made of microtubules. que participa en la división celular. centromere: (p. 248) cell structure that joins two sister centrómero: (pág. 248) estructura celular que une a dos chromatids. cromátides hermanas. cephalization (sef uh luh ZA shun): (p. 700) tendency to cefalización: (pág. 700) tendencia a concentrar los órganos concentrate sensory organs and nervous tissue at an ani- de los sentidos y el tejido nervioso en el extremo anterior mal’s anterior end. del cuerpo del animal.

1134 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO Glossary/Glosario cephalothorax/cefalotórax circadian rhythm/ritmo circadiano cephalothorax (sef uh luh THOR aks): (p. 763) in arthro- cefalotórax: (pág. 763) estructura de los artrópodos formada pods, the structure formed from the thorax region fused por la fusión del tórax con la cabeza. with the head. cerebellum: (p. 886) part of the brain responsible for balance cerebelo: (pág. 886) parte del encéfalo encargada del equi- and coordination. librio y la coordinación. cerebral cortex: (p. 886) highly folded outer layer of the cere- corteza cerebral: (pág. 886) capa exterior del cerebro que posee brum that is responsible for coordinating conscious activi- muchos pliegues y que se encarga de coordinar las actividades ties, memory, and the ability to learn. conscientes, la memoria y la capacidad de aprender. cerebrum (suh REE brum): (p. 969) largest part of the cerebro: (pág. 969) órgano más grande del encéfalo; se divide brain; is divided into two hemispheres and carries out en dos hemisferios y realiza los procesos más complejos de higher thought processes involved with language, learning, pensamiento relacionados con el lenguaje, el aprendizaje, la memory, and voluntary body movements. memoria y los movimientos voluntarios del cuerpo. character: (p. 492) inherited morphological or biochemical carácter: (pág. 492) característica morfológica o bioquímica feature that varies among species and can be used to deter- heredada que varía entre especies y que sirve para determi- mine patterns of descent. nar patrones de la herencia. chelicera (kih LIH suh ruh): (p. 771) one of a pair of arach- quelíceros: (pág. 771) uno de los pares de apéndices de los nid appendages modified to function as fangs or pincers. arácnidos que están modificados para funcionar como col- millos o tenazas. cheliped: (p. 771) in most crustaceans, the first pair of legs, quelípedo: (pág. 771) el primer par de patas de los crustáceos which has large claws to trap and crush food. y que consiste en grandes tenazas que sirven para atrapar y triturar los alimentos. chemical digestion: (p. 1020) chemical breakdown of food by digestión química: (pág. 1020) desdoblamiento químico de digestive enzymes such as amylase into smaller molecules los alimentos por enzimas digestivas, como la amilasa, en that cells can absorb. moléculas más pequeñas que las células puedan absorber. chemical reaction: (p. 156) energy-requiring process by reacción química: (pág. 156) proceso que requiere energía, en which atoms or groups of atoms in substances are changed que los átomos o grupos de átomos se convierten en dife- into different substances. rentes sustancias. chemotaxis (KEE moh taks us): (p. 664) movement of a quimiotaxis: (pág. 664) en los musgos, es el movimiento de cell or organism towards or away from a particular respuesta de un espermatozoide que es atraído por una chemical. sustancia producida por el arquegonio. chitin (KI tun): (p. 577) tough, flexible polysaccharide in quitina: (pág. 577) polisacárido fuerte y flexible del the exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans and in fungal exoesqueleto de insectos y crustáceos y de la pared celular cell walls. de los hongos. chloroplast: (p. 197) double-membrane organelle that cap- cloroplasto: (pág. 197) organelo de doble membrana que tures light energy and converts it to chemical energy captura la energía de la luz y la convierte en energía through photosynthesis. química mediante la fotosíntesis. chordate: (p. 803) animal of the phylum Chordata having a cordado: (pág. 803) animal perteneciente al filo Chordata; dorsal tubular nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal pouches, presenta cordón tubular nervioso dorsal, notocordio, somi- and a postanal tail at some point in its development. tas y cola postanal, en algún momento de su desarrollo. chromatin (KROH muh tun) (p. 247) relaxed form of cromatina: (pág. 247) forma no condensada de DNA en el DNA in the nucleus of a cell. núcleo de una célula. chromosome (KROH muh sohm) (p. 247) DNA-contain- cromosoma: (pág. 247) estructura que contiene DNA y que ing structure that carries genetic material from one genera- lleva el material genético de una generación a la siguiente. tion to another. cilium: (p. 198) short, hairlike projection that functions in cilio: (pág. 198) extensión corta y filiforme que funciona en cell movement. la locomoción celular. circadian (sur KAY dee uhn) rhythm: (p. 919) cycle that ritmo circadiano: (pág. 919) ciclo que sucede diariamente, occurs daily, such as sleeping and waking. como dormir y despertar.

GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO 1135 Glossary/Glosario

cladistics/cladística cognitive behavior/comportamiento cognitivo

cladistics (kla DIHS tiks): (p. 495) taxonomic method that cladística: (pág. 495) método taxonómico que modela las models evolutionary relationships based on shared derived relaciones evolutivas basándose en caracteres derivados characters and phylogenetic trees. compartidos y árboles filogenéticos. cladogram (KLA duh gram): (p. 496) diagram with cladograma: (pág. 496) diagrama con ramas que representan branches that represents the hypothesized phylogeny or la filogenia hipotética, o evolución, de una especie o grupo; evolution of a species or group; uses bioinformatics, mor- utiliza la bioinformática, los estudios morfológicos y la infor- phological studies, and information from DNA studies. mación proveniente de estudios del DNA. class: (p. 488) taxonomic group that contains one or more clase: (pág. 488) grupo taxonómico que contiene uno o más related orders. órdenes relacionados. classical conditioning: (p. 913) learned behavior that occurs condicionamiento clásico: (pág. 913) comportamiento when an association is made between two different kinds of adquirido que sucede cuando se establece una asociación stimuli. entre dos diferentes tipos de estímulo. classification: (p. 484) grouping of organisms or objects clasificación: (pág. 484) agrupamiento de organismos u based on a set of criteria that helps organize, communicate, objetos en base a una serie de criterios y que permite orga- and retain information. nizar, comunicar y retener información. climate: (p. 66) average weather conditions in a specific area, clima: (pág. 66) condiciones meteorológicas promedio en un determined by latitude, elevation, ocean currents, and área específica; son determinadas por la latitud, la ele- other factors. vación, las corrientes oceánicas y otros factores. climax community: (p. 63) stable, mature ecological commu- comunidad clímax: (pág. 63) comunidad ecológica madura y nity with little change in the composition of species. estable que presenta pocos cambios en el número de especies. clitellum: (p. 748) thickened band of segments that produce a clitelo: (pág. 748) banda de segmentos engrosados que pro- cocoon from which young earthworms hatch. duce las cápsulas de las que eclosionan las nuevas lombrices de tierra. cloaca (kloh AY kuh): (p. 835) in amphibians, the chamber cloaca: (pág. 835) en los anfibios, es la cavidad que recibe los that receives digestive waste, urinary waste, and eggs or desechos digestivos y urinarios, así como los huevos o el sperm before they leave the body. esperma, antes de que sean expulsados del cuerpo. cloning: (p. 367) process in which large numbers of identical clonación: (pág. 367) proceso en que se producen grandes recombinant DNA molecules are produced. cantidades de moléculas idénticas de DNA recombinante. closed circulatory system: (p. 739) blood is confined to the sistema circulatorio cerrado: (pág. 739) sistema en que la vessels as it moves through the body. sangre queda confinada en el interior de vasos cuando se desplaza a través del cuerpo. cnidocyte (NI duh site): (p. 710) nematocyst-containing cnidocito: (pág. 710) células urticantes, en los tentáculos de stinging cell on a cnidarian’s tentacle. los cnidarios, que contienen nematocistos. cochlea (KOH klee uh): (p. 974) snail-shaped, sound- cóclea: (pág. 974) estructura del oído interno, con forma de sensitive, inner ear structure filled with fluid and lined with caracol y sensible al sonido, que está llena de un fluido y hair cells; generates nerve impulses sent to the brain revestida con células ciliadas; genera impulsos nerviosos through the auditory nerve. que envía al encéfalo a través del nervio auditivo. codominance: (p. 302) complex inheritance pattern that codominancia: (pág. 302) patrón hereditario complejo que occurs when neither allele is dominant and both alleles are sucede cuando ninguno de los alelos es dominante y ambos expressed. se expresan. codon: (p. 338) three-base code in DNA or RNA. codón: (pág. 338) código de tres bases del DNA o el RNA. coelom (SEE lum): (p. 701) fluid-filled body cavity com- celoma: (pág. 701) cavidad corporal llena de fluido y completely surrounded by mesoderm. pletamente rodeada por el mesodermo. cognitive behavior: (p. 915) learned behavior that involves comportamiento cognitivo: (pág. 915) comportamiento thinking, reasoning, and information processing. adquirido que incluye razonamiento, pensamiento y procesamiento de información.

1136 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO Glossary/Glosario collenchyma cell/célula colenquimatosa cortisol/cortisol collenchyma cell: (p. 633) often elongated plant cell that pro- célula colenquimatosa: (pág. 633) células vegetales, a vides flexibility for the plant, support for surrounding tis- menudo alargadas, que proveen flexibilidad a la planta, sos- sues, and functions in tissue repair and replacement. tén a los tejidos que lo rodean y que funcionan como tejido para reparar y sustituir otros tejidos. colony: (p. 557) group of cells or organisms that join colonia: (pág. 557) grupo de células que se unen y establecen together, forming a close association. una asociación muy estrecha. commensalism (kuh MEN suh lih zum): (p. 40) symbiotic comensalismo: (pág. 40) relación simbiótica en que un relationship in which one organism benefits and the other organismo se beneficia, mientras que el otro no obtiene organism is neither helped nor harmed. beneficios pero tampoco es perjudicado. community: (p. 60) group of interacting populations that live comunidad: (pág. 60) grupo de poblaciones que interactúan y in the same geographic area at the same time. que viven en la misma región geográfica al mismo tiempo. compact bone: (p. 942) strong, dense outer bone layer that hueso compacto: (pág. 942) capa de hueso externa, más contains Haversian systems. fuerte y más densa, que contiene los canales de Havers. companion cell: (p. 638) nucleated cell that helps the mature célula acompañante: (pág. 638) célula con núcleo que ayuda sieve tube member function in transporting dissolved sub- a los tubos cribosos maduros a realizar su función, en el stances in the phloem of vascular plants. transporte de sustancias disueltas, en el floema de las plantas vasculares. complement protein: (p. 1085) protein in blood plasma that complemento: (pág. 1085) proteínas del plasma de la sangre enhances phagocytosis. que estimulan la fagocitosis. compound: (p. 151) pure substance with unique properties; compuesto: (pág. 151) sustancia pura con propiedades par- formed when two or more different elements combine. ticulares y que se forma cuando se combinan dos o más elementos. cone: (p. 618) feature that contains male or female reproduc- cono: (pág. 618) estructura que contiene estructuras mascu- tive structures of cycads and other gymnosperms. (p. 974) linas o femeninas en las cicadáceas y otras gimnospermas. a type of cell in the retina of the eye that is responsible for (pág. 974) tipo de célula en la retina del ojo responsable sharp vision in bright light and seeing color. de la visión nítida en luz brillante y de la visión a color. conidiophore (koh NIH dee uh for): (p. 584) conidióforo: (pág. 584) hifa de los ascomicetos que produce spore-producing hypha of sac fungi. las esporas. conjugation: (p. 520) form of reproduction used by some conjugación: (pág. 520) forma de reproducción de algunos prokaryotes in which the prokaryotic cells attach to each procariotas en que dos células procariotas se conectan e other and exchange genetic material. intercambian material genético. constant: (p. 19) a factor that remains fixed during an experi- constante: (pág. 19) factor que permanece fijo durante un ment while the independent and dependent variables change. experimento mientras que las variables independiente y dependiente cambian. contour feather: (p. 862) barbed feather that covers a bird’s pluma de contorno: (pág. 862) plumas barbadas que cubren body, wings, and tail and forms the body contour. el cuerpo, las alas y la cola de un ave y que dan contorno al cuerpo del ave. contractile vacuole: (p. 547) organelle that collects excess vacuola contráctil: (pág. 547) organelo que recoge el exceso water in the cytoplasm and expels it from the cell; main- de agua en el citoplasma y lo expulsa de la célula; mantiene tains homeostasis in hypotonic environments. la homeostasis en ambientes hipotónicos. control group: (p. 19) in a controlled experiment, the group grupo control: (pág. 19) en un experimento controlado, el not receiving the factor being tested. grupo al que no se aplica el factor que se está probando. cork cambium: (p. 634) meristematic tissue that produces cambio suberoso: (pág. 634) tejido meristemático que pro- cells with tough cell walls that form the protective outside duce células con fuertes paredes celulares y que forma la layer on stems and roots. capa protectora en el exterior de tallos y raíces. cortex: (p. 639) layer composed of ground tissues between corteza: (pág. 639) capa formada por tejido fundamental, the epidermis and vascular tissue of a root. situada entre la epidermis y el tejido vascular de la raíz. cortisol: (p. 1035) a glucocorticoid that raises blood glucose cortisol: (pág. 1035) un glucocorticoide que eleva el nivel de levels, reduces inflammation, and is produced by the adre- glucosa en sangre, reduce la inflamación y que es produ- nal cortex. cido por la corteza suprarrenal. GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO 1137 Glossary/Glosario

cotyledon/cotiledón demographic transition/transición demográfica

cotyledon (kah tuh LEE dun): (p. 617) seed structure that cotiledón: (pág. 617) estructura de la semilla que almacena stores food or helps absorb food for the sporophyte of vas- alimentos o que ayuda a absorber alimentos para el espo- cular seed plants. rofito de la semilla de una planta vascular. courting behavior: (p. 921) species-specific series of move- comportamiento de cortejo: (pág. 921) serie de movimientos ments or sounds to attract a mate. o sonidos específicos de cada especie, los cuales sirven para atraer a una pareja. covalent bond: (p. 152) type of chemical bond formed when enlace covalente: (pág. 152) tipo de enlace químico que se atoms share electrons. forma cuando los átomos comparten electrones. Cro-Magnon: (p. 473) a species also referred to as Homo sapi- Cromañón: (pág. 473) especie también conocida como Homo ens; seem to have replaced Neanderthals. sapiens sapiens; parece haber reemplazado a los Neandertales. crop: (p. 746) sac in which food and soil are stored until they buche: (pág. 746) saco en que se almacenan los alimentos y el pass to the earthworm’s gizzard. suelo hasta que pasan a la molleja de una lombriz de tierra. crossing over: (p. 272) exchange of chromosomal segments entrecruzamiento: (pág. 272) intercambio de segmentos de between a pair of homologous chromosomes during pro- cromosomas entre un par de cromosomas homólogos, el phase I of meisois. cual ocurre durante la profase I de la meiosis. cyclin: (p. 253) one of the specific proteins that regulate the ciclina: (pág. 253) una de las proteínas específicas que regu- cell cycle. lan el ciclo celular. cyclin-dependent kinase: (p. 253) enzyme to which cyclin quinasa dependiente de la ciclina: (pág. 253) enzima a la que binds during interphase and mitosis, triggering and con- se une la ciclina durante la interfase y la mitosis, iniciando y trolling activities during the cell cycle. controlando, de este modo, las actividades del ciclo celular. cytokinesis (si toh kih NEE sis): (p. 246) third main stage citoquinesis: (pág. 246) tercera etapa del ciclo celular; en esta of the cell cycle, during which the cell’s cytoplasm divides, etapa el citoplasma de la célula se divide y se origina una creating a new cell. nueva célula. cytokinin (si tuh KI nihn): (p. 650) plant hormone that citoquinina: (pág. 650) hormona vegetal que promueve la promotes cell division by stimulating production of pro- división celular al estimular la producción de las proteínas teins required for mitosis and cytokinesis. que se requieren para la mitosis y la citoquinesis. cytoplasm: (p. 191) semifluid material inside the cell’s plasma citoplasma: (pág. 191) material semifluido que está rodeado membrane. por la membrana plasmática de la célula. cytoskeleton: (p. 191) supporting network of protein fibers citoesqueleto: (pág. 191) red de fibras proteicas de soporte that provide a framework for the cell within the cytoplasm. que provee una estructura para la célula, dentro del citoplasma. cytotoxic T cell: (p. 1088) lymphocyte that destroys patho- linfocito T citotóxico: (pág. 1088) linfocito que al ser acti- gens and releases cytokines when activated. vado, destruye patógenos y libera citoquinas. D D D

data: (p. 19) quantitative or qualitative information gained datos: (pág. 19) información cualitativa o cuantitativa from scientific investigation. obtenida durante una investigación científica. day-neutral plant: (p. 673) plant that flowers over a wide planta de días neutros: (pág. 673) planta que florece bajo un range in the number of hours of darkness. amplio rango de horas de oscuridad. degenerative (di JEH nuh ruh tihv) disease: (p. 1092) enfermedad degenerativa: (pág. 1092) trastorno no infeccioso, noninfectious disease, such as arthritis, that results from como la artritis, que resulta del desgaste de una parte del part of the body wearing out. cuerpo. demographic transition: (p. 102) population change from high transición demográfica: (pág. 102) cambio en una población birth rates and death rates to low birth rates and death rates. que pasa de tener altas tasas de natalidad y de mortalidad, a tener bajas tasas de natalidad y de mortalidad.

1138 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO Glossary/Glosario demography/demografía dilation/dilatación demography: (de MAH gra fee) (p. 100) study of human demografía: (pág. 100) estudio de las pob laciones humanas en populations based on size, density, movement, distribution, base al tamaño, la densidad, el movimiento, la distribución y and birth and death rates. las tasas de natalidad y mortalidad de dichas poblaciones. dendrite: (p. 962) neuron structure that receives nerve dendrita: (pág. 962) estructura de la neurona que recibe impulses from other neurons and transmits them to the cell impulsos nerviosos de otras neuronas y que luego los body. transmite hacia el cuerpo de la neurona. denitrification: (p. 48) process in which fixed nitrogen com- desnitrificación: (pág. 48) proceso en que los compuestos de pounds are converted back into nitrogen gas and returned nitrógeno fijado son convertidos a gas nitrógeno y devuel- to the atmosphere. tos a la atmósfera. density-dependent factor: (p. 95) environmental factor, such factor dependiente de la densidad: (pág. 95) factor ambiental, as predation, disease, and competition, that depends on the como la depredación, las enfermedades y la competencia, number of members in a population per unit area. que depende del número de miembros de la población por unidad de área. density-independent factor: (p. 94) environmental factor, factor independiente de la densidad: (pág. 94) factor such as storms and extreme heat or cold, that affects popu- am biental, como las tormentas y el calor o el frío extre- lations regardless of their density. mos, que afectan a las poblaciones independientemente de su densidad. dependent variable: (p. 19) factor being measured in a con- variable dependiente: (pág. 19) factor que se mide en un trolled experiment; its value changes because of changes to experimento controlado; su valor cambia de acuerdo con los the independent variable. cambios en la variable independiente. depressant: (p. 979) substance/drug that slows down the cen- depresor: (pág. 979) sustancia o droga que disminuye la tral nervous system. actividad del sistema nervioso central. derived character: (p. 495) morphological or biochemical carácter derivado: (pág. 495) característica morfológica o feature found in one group of a line but not in common bioquímica presente en un grupo de un linaje, pero no en ancestors. los antepasados comunes. derived trait: (p. 424) new feature that had not appeared in rasgo derivado: (pág. 424) nueva característica que no apa- common ancestors. rece en antepasados comunes. dermis: (p. 937) skin layer beneath the epidermis; contains dermis: (pág. 937) capa de la piel situada bajo la epidermis; nerve cells, muscle fibers, sweat glands, oil glands, and hair contiene células nerviosas, fibras musculares, glándulas follicles. sudoríparas y folículos pilosos. desert: (p. 70) area with low rainfall, whose annual rate of desierto: (pág. 70) área con lluvias escasas y en que la tasa evaporation exceeds its annual rate of precipitation; can anual de evaporación excede la tasa anual de precipitación; support cacti and some grasses and animal species such as es la morada de cactos, pastos y especies animales como snakes and lizards. serpientes y lagartijas. detritivore (duh TRYD tuh vor): (p. 42) heterotroph that detritívoro: (pág. 42) heterótrofo que descompone material decomposes organic material and returns the nutrients to orgánico y devuelve los nutrientes al suelo, al aire y al agua, soil, air, and water, making the nutrients available to other poniendo los nutrientes a disposición de otros organismos. organisms. deuterostome (DEW tihr uh stohm): (p. 702) coelomate deuterostomado: (pág. 702) animal celomado cuyo ano se animal whose anus develops from the opening in the gastrula. desarrolla a partir de la apertura de la gástrula. development: (p. 8) changes an organism undergoes in its desarrollo: (pág. 8) cambios que sufre un organismo a lo lifetime before reaching its adult form. largo de su vida, hasta alcanzar la vida adulta. diaphragm: (p. 885) sheet of muscle beneath the lungs that diafragma: (pág. 885) banda de músculos situada bajo los separates the mammalian chest cavity from the abdominal pulmones y que separa, en los mamíferos, el pecho de la cavity. cavidad abdominal. diffusion: (p. 201) net movement of particles from an area of difusión: (pág. 201) movimiento neto de partículas de una higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. región de mayor concentración hacia una región de menor concentración. dilation (di LAY shun): (p. 1062) the opening of the cervix dilatación: (pág. 1062) apertura del cuello uterino durante el during labor. parto. GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO 1139 Glossary/Glosario

diploid/diploide down feather/plumón

diploid: (p. 271) having two copies of each chromosome (2n). diploide: (pág. 271) células con dos copias de cada cromosoma (2n). directional selection: (p. 435) shift of a population toward an selección direccional: (pág. 435) cambio en una población extreme version of a beneficial trait. hacia una versión extrema de un rasgo benéfico. dispersion: (p. 92) arrangement of a population in its dispersión: (pág. 92) diseminación de una población en su environment. ambiente. disruptive selection: (p. 436) process in which individuals selección disruptiva: (pág. 436) proceso en que los indivi- with average traits are removed, creating two populations duos con rasgos promedio son eliminados, creando dos with extreme traits. poblaciones con rasgos extremos. diurnal: (p. 452) organisms that are active during the day. diurno: (pág. 452) organismos activos durante el día. division: (p. 488) taxonomic term used instead of phylum to división: (pág. 488) término taxonómico que se usa en vez de group related classes of plants and bacteria. phylum para agrupar clases relacionadas de plantas y bacterias. DNA fingerprinting: (p. 373) separating an individual’s huella genética: (pág. 373) separación de las secuencias de unique sequence of DNA fragments to observe distinct fragmentos de DNA propias de un individuo, para obtener banding patterns; can be used by forensic scientists to iden- su patrón único de bandas; se puede usar en estudios tify suspects and determine paternity. forenses para identificar a sospechosos o en estudios de paternidad. DNA ligase: (p. 366) enzyme that chemically links DNA frag- DNA ligasa: (pág. 366) enzima que une químicamente entre ments together. sí, fragmentos de DNA. DNA microarray: (p. 375) silicon chips or microscope slides micromatrices de DNA: (pág. 375) chips de silicio, o placas with DNA fragments that can allow many genes in a microscópicas con fragmentos de DNA que permiten el estu- genome to be studied simultaneously. dio simultáneo de todos los genes de un genoma. DNA polymerase: (p. 334) enzyme that catalyzes synthesis of DNA polimerasa: (pág. 334) enzima que cataliza la síntesis de new DNA molecules. nuevas moléculas de DNA. domain: (p. 488) taxonomic group of one or more kingdoms. dominio: (pág. 488) grupo taxonómico formado por uno o más reinos. dominance hierarchy (DAH muh nunts • HI rar kee): jerarquía de dominancia: (pág. 917) sistema de rango en que (p. 917) ranking system in which the top-ranked animal gets los animales de mayor jerarquía obtienen acceso a los access to resources without conflict from others in the group. recursos, sin conflictos con los otros miembros del grupo. dominant: (p. 278) Mendel’s name for a specific trait that dominante: (pág. 278) nombre que dio Mendel a rasgos appeared in the F1 generation. específicos que aparecían en la generación F1. dopamine: (p. 978) neurotransmitter in the brain involved dopamina: (pág. 978) neurotransmisor cerebral presente en with feelings of pleasure, control of body movement, and las sensaciones de placer, control de los movimientos del other functions. cuerpo y otras funciones. dormancy: (p. 679) period of little or no growth that varies latencia: (pág. 679) período en el cual ocurre muy poco o from species to species; in plants, an adaptation that ningún crecimiento y que varía entre las especies; es una increases the survival rate of seeds in harsh environments. adaptación que aumenta la tasa de supervivencia de las semillas en ambientes hostiles. dorsal (DOR sul): (p. 700) backside of an animal with dorsal: (pág. 700) parte trasera del cuerpo de un animal con bilateral symmetry. simetría bilateral. dorsal tubular nerve cord: (p. 803) tube-shaped chordate cordón nervioso tubular dorsal: (pág. 803) cordón nervioso nerve cord located above the digestive organs. de los cordados, de forma tubular, situado sobre los órga- nos digestivos. double helix: (p. 330) twisted-ladder shape of DNA, formed doble hélice: (pág. 330) forma del DNA; semeja una escalera by two nucleotide strands twisted around each other. que se tuerce sobre sí misma y está constituida por dos cadenas enroscadas de nucleótidos. down feather: (p. 862) soft feather beneath a bird’s contour plumón: (pág. 862) plumas suaves situadas bajo las plumas de feathers that provides insulation by trapping air. contorno y que, al atrapar aire, proveen aislamiento al ave.

1140 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO Glossary/Glosario drug/droga endoderm/endodermo drug: (p. 977) natural or artificial substance that alters the droga: (pág. 977) sustancia natural o artificial que altera las body’s function. funciones corporales. dynamic equilibrium: (p. 202) condition of continuous, ran- equilibrio dinámico: (pág. 202) condición en que ocurre dom movement of particles but no overall change in con- movimiento continuo y aleatorio de partículas, sin que centration of materials. haya un cambio general en la concentración de materiales. E E E ecological succession: (p. 62) process by which one commu- sucesión ecológica: (pág. 62) proceso en que una comunidad nity replaces another community because of changing abi- reemplaza a otra, debido a cambios en los factores bióticos otic and biotic factors. y abióticos. ecology: (p. 32) scientific study of all the interrelationships ecología: (pág. 32) ciencia que estudia todas las interrelacio- between organisms and their environment. nes entre los organismos y su ambiente. ecosystem: (p. 36) biological community and all the nonliv- ecosistema: (pág. 36) comunidad biológica y todos los facto- ing factors that affect it. res inanimados que la afectan. ecosystem diversity: (p. 118) variety of ecosystems in the diversidad de ecosistemas: (pág. 118) variedad de ecosiste- biosphere. mas en la biosfera. ectoderm: (p. 697) outer layer of cells in the gastrula that ectodermo: (pág. 697) capa exterior de células de la gástrula develops into nervous tissue and skin. que origina el tejido nervioso y la piel. ectotherm: (p. 837) animal that cannot regulate its body poiquilotermo: (pág. 837) animal que no puede regular su tem- temperature through its metabolism and obtains its body peratura corporal mediante su metabolismo y que obtiene el heat from the external environment. calor corporal a partir del ambiente externo. edge effect: (p. 126) any different environmental condition efecto borde: (pág. 126) son todas las condiciones ambien- occurring along an ecosystem’s boundaries. tales diferentes que suceden a lo largo de los límites de un ecosistema. electron: (p. 148) negatively charged particle that occupies electrón: (pág. 148) partícula con carga negativa que gira space around an atom’s nucleus. alrededor del núcleo del átomo. element: (p. 149) pure substance composed of only one type elemento: (pág. 149) sustancia pura compuesta por un solo of atom; cannot be broken down into another substance by tipo de átomo; no se puede descomponer en otra sustancia physical or chemical means. por medios físicos ni por medios químicos. embryo: (p. 426) organism’s early prebirth stage of embrión: (pág. 426) etapa inicial del desarrollo de un orga- development. nismo antes del nacimiento. emigration (em uh GRAY shun): (p. 97) movement of emigración: (pág. 97) salida de individuos de una población. individuals away from a population. endemic: (p. 133) found only in one specific geographic area. endémico: (pág. 133) que sólo se halla en una región geográ- fica determinada. endemic disease: (p. 1081) a disease found in only a few enfermedad endémica: (pág. 1081) enfermedad que sólo individuals within a population. contraen unos cuantos individuos dentro de una población. endocrine gland: (p. 1031) hormone-producing gland that glándula endocrina: (pág. 1031) glándula productora de hor- releases its product into the bloodstream. monas que libera su producto hacia el torrente sanguíneo. endocytosis: (p. 207) energy-requiring process by which large endocitosis: (pág. 207) proceso que requiere energía y que substances from the outside environment can enter a cell. permite la entrada de sustancias muy grandes a la célula. endoderm: (p. 697) inner layer of cells in the gastrula that endodermo: (pág. 697) capa interior de células de la gástrula; develops into digestive organs and the digestive tract lining. forma los órganos digestivos y el revestimiento del tracto digestivo.

GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO 1141 Glossary/Glosario

endodermis/endodermis ethylene/etileno

endodermis: (p. 640) cell layer at the inner boundary of the endodermis: (pág. 640) capa de células situada en el límite cortex; regulates the material that enters the plant’s vascular interior de la corteza y que regula los materiales que entran tissues. al tejido vascular de la planta. endoplasmic reticulum (en duh PLAZ mihk • rih TIHK retículo endoplásmico: (pág. 194) sistema de membranas de yuh lum): (p. 194) highly folded membrane system in las células eucariotas; presenta numerosos pliegues y es el eukaryotic cells that is the site for protein and lipid synthesis. sitio donde ocurre la síntesis de proteínas y lípidos. endoskeleton: (p. 693) internal skeleton that protects internal endoesqueleto: (pág. 693) esqueleto interno que protege organs, provides support for the organism’s body, and can los órganos internos, provee soporte al cuerpo del orga- provide an internal brace for muscles to pull against. nismo y sirve como punto de apoyo para la contracción de los músculos. endosperm (EN duh spurm): (p. 676) tissue that provides endosperma: (pág. 676) tejido que provee alimentos al nourishment to the developing embryo of flowering plants. embrión en desarrollo de las plantas con flores. endospore: (p. 521) dormant bacterial cell able to survive endospora: (pág. 521) célula bacteriana en estado latente que for long periods of time during extreme environmental puede sobrevivir durante largos períodos, bajo condiciones conditions. ambientales extremas. endosymbiont theory: (p. 406) explains that eukaryotic cells teoría endosimbiótica: (pág. 406) propone que las células may have evolved from prokaryotic cells. eucarióticas evolucionaron a partir de células procariotas. endotherm: (p. 861) organism that generates its body heat homeotermo: (pág. 861) organismo que genera su calor cor- internally by its own metabolism. poral internamente, debido a su metabolismo. energy: (p. 218) ability to do work; energy cannot be created energía: (pág. 218) capacidad de realizar trabajo; la energía or destroyed, only transformed. no se puede crear o destruir, sólo se puede transformar. enzyme: (p. 159) protein that speeds up a biological reaction by enzima: (pág. 159) proteína que acelera una reacción lowering the activation energy needed to start the reaction. biológica, al disminuir energía de activación que se requiere para iniciar la reacción. epidemic: (p. 1081) large outbreak of a particular disease in a epidemia: (pág. 1081) diseminación amplia de una enferme- specific area. dad dada, en un área específica. epidermis: (p. 636) dermal tissue that makes up a plant’s outer epidermis: (pág. 636) tejido dérmico que forma la cubierta covering. (p. 936) in humans and some other animals, the más externa de una planta. (pág. 936) en humanos y algu- outer superficial layer of skin made up of epithelial cells. nos otros animales, la capa superficial externa de la piel compuesta por células epiteliales. epididymis (eh puh DIH duh mus): (p. 1049) structure epidídimo: (pág. 1049) estructura situada en la parte supe- on top of each testis where sperm mature and are stored. rior del testículo en que los espermatozoides maduran y se almacenan. epiphyte: (p. 614) plant that lives anchored to an object or to epifita: (pág. 614) planta que vive sujeta a un objeto o a otra another plant. planta. epistasis: (p. 305) interaction between alleles in which one epistasis: (pág. 305) interacción entre alelos en que un alelo allele hides the effects of another allele. oculta el efecto de otro. era: (p. 396) a large division of Earth’s geologic time scale that era: (pág. 396) gran división de la escala del tiempo is further divided into one or more periods. geológico de la Tierra que incluye uno o más períodos. esophagus (ih SAH fuh gus): (p. 1021) muscular tube that esófago: (pág. 1021) conducto muscular que conecta la connects the pharynx to the stomach and moves food to faringe con el estómago; transporta los alimentos hacia el the stomach by the process of peristalsis. estómago mediante movimientos peristálticos. estuary (ES chuh wer ee): (p. 78) unique, transitional eco- estuario: (pág. 78) ecosistema único de transición que man- system that supports diverse species and is formed where tiene gran diversidad de especies y que se forma donde el freshwater and ocean water merge. agua dulce se mezcla con el agua de los mares. ethics: (p. 15) a set of values. ética: (pág. 15) conjunto de valores. ethylene: (p. 649) gaseous plant hormone that affects the etileno: (pág. 649) hormona gaseosa de las plantas que afecta ripening of fruits. la maduración de los frutos.

1142 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO Glossary/Glosario eukaryotic cell/célula eucariota fermentation/fermentación eukaryotic cell: (p. 186) unicellular organism with membrane- célula eucariota: (pág. 186) organismo unicelular con núcleo bound nucleus and organelles; generally larger and more y organelos rodeados de membrana; generalmente son más complex than a prokaryotic cell. grandes y complejas que las células procariotas. eutrophication (yoo troh fih KAY shun): (p. 127) water eutroficación: (pág. 127) contaminación del agua causada por pollution from nitrogen-rich and phosphorus-rich sub- sustancias ricas en nitrógeno y fósforo que fluyen hacia masas stances flowing into waterways, causing algal overgrowth. de agua y que producen un crecimiento explosivo de algas. evolution: (p. 422) hereditary changes in groups of living evolución: (pág. 422) cambios hereditarios que sufren gru- organisms over time. pos de organismos a lo largo del tiempo. exocytosis: (p. 207) energy-requiring process by which a exocitosis: (pág. 207) proceso que requiere energía y que cell expels wastes and secretes substances at the plasma permite a una célula expulsar desechos y secretar sustan- membrane. cias, a través de la membrana plasmática. exon: (p. 337) in RNA processing, the coding sequence that exón: (pág. 337) durante el procesamiento de RNA, la secuen- remains in the final mRNA. cia codificadora que queda en el mRNA final. exoskeleton: (p. 693) hard or tough outer covering of many exoesqueleto: (pág. 693) cubierta exterior dura o de un invertebrates that provides support, protects body tissues, pre- material resistente que tienen muchos invertebrados; pro- vents water loss, and protects the organism from predation. vee sostén, protege los tejidos del cuerpo, evita la pérdida de agua y los protege contra la depredación. experiment: (p. 18) procedure performed in a controlled set- experimento: (pág. 18) procedimiento realizado bajo condi- ting to test a hypothesis and collect precise data. ciones controladas, para recopilar datos precisos y probar una hipótesis. experimental group: (p. 19) in a controlled experiment, the grupo experimental: (pág. 19) grupo al que se aplica el factor group receiving the factor being tested. que se está probando durante un experimento controlado. expulsion stage: (p. 1062) birthing stage during which a baby etapa de expulsión: (pág. 1062) etapa del nacimiento travels through the birth canal and exits the mother’s body. durante la cual el bebé pasa a través del canal de parto y sale del cuerpo de la madre. external fertilization: (p. 695) type of fertilization that occurs fecundación externa: (pág. 695) tipo de fecundación que when sperm and egg combine outside an animal’s body. ocurre cuando el esperma y el óvulo se unen fuera del cuerpo del animal. external respiration: (p. 1000) gas exchange between the respiración externa: (pág. 1000) intercambio de gases entre atmosphere and the blood, occurring in the lungs. la atmósfera y la sangre, que ocurre en los pulmones. extinction: (p. 116) the disappearance of a species when the extinción: (pág. 116) desaparición de una especie que ocurre last of its members dies. cuando muere el último de sus miembros.

F F F facilitated diffusion: (p. 202) passive transport of ions and difusión facilitada: (pág. 202) transporte pasivo de iones y small molecules across the plasma membrane by transport moléculas pequeñas, a través de la membrana plasmática, proteins. por medio de proteínas transportadoras. family: (p. 487) taxonomic group of similar, related genera familia: (pág. 487) grupo taxonómico que contiene géneros that is smaller than a genus and larger than an order. similares relacionados, está por encima del género y por debajo del orden. feather: (p. 861) specialized outgrowth of the skin of birds pluma: (pág. 861) estructura especializada que crece sobre la used for flight and insulation. piel de las aves y que sirve para el vuelo y como aislamiento. fermentation: (p. 231) process in which NAD+ is regener- fermentación: (pág. 231) proceso de regene ración de NAD+ ated, allowing cells to maintain glycolysis in the absence of que permite a las células realizar la glucólisis en ausencia de oxygen. oxígeno.

GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO 1143 Glossary/Glosario

fertilization/fecundación fungus/hongo

fertilization: (p. 271) process by which haploid gametes com- fecundación: (pág. 271) proceso de combinación de gametos bine, forming a diploid cell with 2n chromosomes, with haploides que origina una célula diploide con 2n cromoso- n chromosomes from the female parent and n chromo- mas; n cromosomas provienen de la madre y n cromosoma somes from the male parent. provienen del padre. filter feeder: (p. 706) organism that filters small particles animal filtrador: (pág. 706) organismo que filtra el agua para from water to get its food. obtener partículas que le sirven de alimento. fin: (p. 822) paddle-shaped structure of a fish or other aleta: (pág. 822) estructura de los peces u otros animales acuáti- aquatic animal used for steering, balance, and propulsion. cos, con forma de remo, que les sirve para dar dirección a sus movimientos, mantener el equilibrio y lograr propulsión. fitness: (p. 428) measure of a trait’s relative contribution to aptitud: (pág. 428) medida de la contribución relativa de un the following generation. rasgo a la siguiente generación. fixed action pattern: (p. 910) innate behavior that occurs in a pauta fija de acción: (pág. 910) comportamiento innato en sequence of specific actions in response to a stimulus. respuesta a un estímulo que sucede como una secuencia de actos específicos. flagellum: (p. 198) long, tail-like projection with a whiplike flagelo: (pág. 198) filamento largo y móvil que, al sacudirse motion that helps a cell move through a watery environment. como un látigo, permite a una célula moverse en un medio acuático. flame cell: (p. 727) in flatworms, a cilia-lined, bulblike cell célula flamígera: (pág. 727) células de las pla narias, con that moves water and certain substances into excretory forma de bulbo y revestidas con cilios, que transportan tubules for elimination outside the body. agua y ciertas sustancias hacia conductos excretorios para su posterior eliminación del cuerpo. fluid mosaic model: (p. 190) a plasma membrane with com- modelo del mosaico fluido: (pág. 190) membrana plasmática ponents constantly in motion, sliding past one another cuyos componentes se encuentran en movimiento cons- within the lipid bilayer. tante, deslizándose dentro de la capa doble de lípidos. food chain: (p. 43) simplified model that shows a single path cadena alimenticia: (pág. 43) modelo simplificado que muestra for energy flow through an ecosystem. una sola vía para el flujo de energía en un ecosistema. food web: (p. 43) model that shows many interconnected red alimenticia: (pág. 43) modelo que muestra muchas cade- food chains and pathways in which energy and matter flow nas alimenticias y vías interconectadas a través de las cuales through an ecosystem. fluyen la materia y la energía en un ecosistema. foraging behavior: (p. 918) ecological behavior that involves comportamiento de forrajeo: (pág. 918) comportamiento finding and eating food. ecológico relacionado con la búsqueda y el consumo de alimentos. forensics: (p. 15) the field of study that applies science to mat- medicina forense: (pág. 15) campo de estudio que aplica la ters of legal interest and other areas such as archaeology. ciencia a asuntos de interés legal y otras áreas como la arqueología. fossil: (p. 393) preserved evidence of an organism, often found fósil: (pág. 393) pruebas preservadas de un orga nismo que a in sedimentary rock, that provides evidence of past life. menudo se hallan en rocas sedimentarias y que aportan datos y hechos sobre la vida en el pasado. founder effect: (p. 433) random effect that can occur when a efecto fundador: (pág. 433) efecto aleatorio que sucede small population settles in an area separated from the rest cuando una población pequeña se establece y se entrecruza of the population and interbreeds, producing unique allelic en una región, separada del resto de la población, produ- variations. ciendo variaciones alélicas únicas. fruiting body: (p. 577) spore-producing fungal reproductive cuerpo fructífero: (pág. 577) estructura reproductora de los structure. hongos que produce esporas. fungus: (p. 501) unicellular or multicellular eukaryote that is hongo: (pág. 501) eucariota sésil, unicelular o multicelular, stationary, absorbs nutrients from organic materials in the que absorbe nutrientes de la materia orgánica del ambiente environment, and has cell walls that contain chitin. y que tiene una pared celular de quitina.

1144 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO Glossary/Glosario gametangium/gametangio geologic time scale/escala del tiempo geológico G G G gametangium (ga muh TAN jee um): (p. 583) reproduc- gametangio: (pág. 583) estructura reproductora de las hifas de tive hyphal structure of zygomycetes that contains a hap- los cigomicetos: contiene un núcleo haploide. loid nucleus. gamete: (p. 271) a haploid sex cell, formed during meiosis, gameto: (pág. 271) célula sexual haploide, formada durante that can combine with another haploid sex cell and pro- la meiosis, que se puede combinar con otra célula sexual duce a diploid fertilized egg. haploide y producir un huevo diploide fecundado. ganglion: (p. 728) group of nerve-cell bodies that coordinates ganglio: (pág. 728) conjunto de cuerpos celulares de neuro- incoming and outgoing nerve impulses. nas que se encargan de coordinar la entrada y salida de impulsos nerviosos. gastrovascular (gas troh VAS kyuh lur) cavity: (p. 711) cavidad gastrovascular: (pág. 711) en los cnidarios, espacio in cnidarians, the space surrounded by an inner cell layer, rodeado por una capa interna de células y en que ocurre la where digestion take place. digestión. gastrula (GAS truh luh): (p. 696) two-cell-layer sac with an gástrula: (pág. 696) saco de dos células de espesor, con una opening at one end that forms from the blastula during apertura en uno de sus extremos, que se forma a partir de embryonic development. la blástula durante el desarrollo embrionario. gel electrophoresis: (p. 365) process that involves using elec- electroforesis en gel: (pág. 365) proceso en que se usa corri- tric current to separate certain biological molecules by size. ente eléctrica para separar ciertas moléculas biológicas, según su tamaño. gene: (p. 270) functional unit that controls inherited trait gene: (pág. 270) unidad funcional que controla la expresión expression that is passed on from one generation to another de un rasgo heredado y que se transmite de una generación generation. a otra. gene regulation: (p. 342) ability of an organism to control regulación génica: (pág. 342) capacidad de un organismo which genes are transcribed in response to the environment. para controlar los genes que se transcriben en respuesta a un ambiente. gene therapy: (p. 378) technique to correct mutated disease- terapia génica: (pág. 378) técnica para corregir genes con causing genes. mutaciones que causan enfermedades. genetic diversity: (p. 116) variety of inheritable characteris- diversidad genética: (pág. 116) variedad de características o tics or genes in an interbreeding population. genes heredables en una población que se entrecruza. genetic drift: (p. 433) random change in allelic frequencies in deriva genética: (pág. 433) cambio aleatorio de frecuencias a population. alélicas en una población. genetic engineering: (p. 363) technology used to manipulate ingeniería genética: (pág. 363) tecnología que se aplica para an organism’s DNA by inserting the DNA of another manipular el DNA de un orga nismo, mediante la inserción organism. del DNA de otro organismo. genetic recombination: (p. 283) new combination of genes recombinación genética: (pág. 283) nueva combinación de produced by crossing over and independent assortment. genes producida por el entrecruzamiento y la distribución independiente de genes. genetics: (p. 277) science of heredity. genética: (pág. 277) ciencia que estudia la herencia. genome: (p. 364) total DNA in each cell nucleus of an organism. genoma: (pág. 364) todo el DNA en el núcleo de cada célula de un organismo. genomics: (p. 378) study of an organism’s genome. genómica: (pág. 378) estudio del genoma de un organismo. genotype: (p. 279) an organism’s allele pairs. genotipo: (pág. 279) pares de alelos de un organismo. genus: (p. 487) taxonomic group of closely related species género: (pág. 487) grupo taxonómico de especies estrecha- with a common ancester. mente emparentadas que comparten un antepasado común. geologic time scale: (p. 396) model showing major geological escala del tiempo geológico: (pág. 396) modelo que muestra and biological events in Earth’s history. los principales eventos geológicos y biológicos de la historia de la Tierra.

GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO 1145 Glossary/Glosario

germination/germinación habitat fragmentation/fragmentación del hábitat

germination: (p. 678) process in which a seed’s embryo germinación: (pág. 678) proceso que inicia el crecimiento del begins to grow. embrión de una semilla. gestation: (p. 887) species-specific amount of time during gestación: (pág. 887) período específico para cada especie, which the young develop in the uterus before they are born. durante el cual las crías se desarrollan en el útero, antes de nacer. gibberellins: (p. 649) group of plant hormones that are trans- giberelinas: (pág. 649) grupo de hormonas vegetales que son ported in vascular tissue and that can affect seed growth, transportadas por el tejido vascular y que pueden afectar el stimulate cell division, and cause cell elongation. crecimiento de las semillas, y estimular la división y la elon- gacion celular. gill (p. 738) respiratory structure of most mollusks and branquia: (pág. 738) estructura respiratoria de la ma yo ría de aquatic arthropods. los moluscos. gizzard: (p. 746) muscular sac in birds that contains hard molleja: (pág. 746) saco muscular que contiene partículas particles that help grind soil and food before they pass into duras que ayudan a moler el suelo y los alimentos, antes de the intestine. que pasen al intestino. gland: (p. 887) an organ or group of cells that secretes a sub- glándula: (pág. 887) grupo de células que secretan una sus- stance for use elsewhere in the body. tancia a usarse en alguna otra parte del cuerpo. glucagon (GLEW kuh gahn): (p. 1034) hormone pro- glucagón: (pág. 1034) hormona producida por el páncreas; les duced by the pancreas that signals liver cells to convert gly- indica a las células del hígado que conviertan glucógeno en cogen to glucose and release glucose into the blood. glucosa y que liberen la glucosa hacia el torrente sanguíneo. glycolysis: (p. 229) anaerobic process; first stage of cellular glucólisis: (pág. 229) proceso anaeróbico; pri mera etapa de la respiration in which glucose is broken down into two mol- respiración celular, en la cual la glucosa se transforma en ecules of pyruvate. dos moléculas de piruvato. Golgi apparatus: (p. 195) flattened stack of tubular membranes aparato de Golgi: (pág. 195) conjunto de membranas tubu- that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins into vesicles and lares aplanadas que modifica, acomoda y empaca proteínas transports them to other organelles or out of the cell. en vesículas y luego las transporta hacia otros organelos o hacia afuera de la célula. gradualism: (p. 440) theory that evolution occurs in small, gradualismo: (pág. 440) teoría que señala que la evolución gradual steps over time. sucede gradualmente, en pasos pequeños, a lo largo del tiempo. granum: (p. 223) one of the stacks of pigment-containing grana: (pág. 223) conjunto de tilacoides con pigmentos de thylakoids in a plant’s chloroplasts. los cloroplastos de una planta. grassland: (p. 70) biome characterized by fertile soils with a pradera: (pág. 70) bioma caracterizado por suelos fértiles con thick cover of grasses. una espesa cubierta de pastos. ground tissue: (p. 638) plant tissue consisting of parenchyma, tejido fundamental: (pág. 638) tejido vegetal que consiste en collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. parénquima, colénquima y esclerénquima. growth: (p. 9) process that results in mass being added to an crecimiento: (pág. 9) proceso que provoca el aumento de organism; may include formation of new cells and new masa en un organismo; puede incluir la formación de célu- structures. las y estructuras nuevas. guard cell: (p. 636) one of a pair of cells that function in the célula guardiana: (pág. 636) una de las células del par de opening and closing of a plant’s stomata by changes in their células cuya función es abrir y cerrar, mediante cambios en shape. su forma, los estomas de la planta. H H H

habitat: (p. 38) physical area in which an organism lives. hábitat: (pág. 38) área física en que vive un organismo. habitat fragmentation: (p. 127) habitat loss from separation fragmentación del hábitat: (pág. 127) pérdida de hábitat of an ecosystem into small pieces of land. como resultado de la partición de un ecosistema en terrenos pequeños.

1146 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO Glossary/Glosario habituation/habituación Homo/Homo habituation (huh bit choo AY shun): (p. 912) decrease in habituación: (pág. 912) disminución de la respuesta de un an animal’s response after it has been repeatedly exposed to animal, luego de haber sido expuesto repetidamente a un a specific stimulus that has no positive or negative effects. estímulo determinado, que no tiene efectos positivos ni negativos. hair follicle: (p. 937) narrow cavity in the dermis from which folículo piloso: (pág. 937) cavidad estrecha de la dermis de la a hair grows. cual crece un cabello. half-life: (p. 395) amount of time required for half of a media vida: (pág. 395) cantidad de tiempo que se requiere radioactive isotope to decay. para que se desintegre la mitad de un isótopo radiactivo. haploid: (p. 271) cell with half the number of chromosomes haploide: (pág. 271) célula con la mitad del número de cro- (n) as a diploid (2n) cell. mosomas (n) que una célula diploide (2n). haplotype: (p. 378) area of linked genetic variations in the haplotipo: (pág. 378) área del genoma humano con variacio- human genome. nes genéticas ligadas. Hardy-Weinberg principle: (p. 431) states that allelic frequen- principio de Hardy-Weinberg: (pág. 431) establece que las cies in populations stay the same unless they are affected by frecuencias alélicas de una población permanecen inalte- a factor that causes change. rables, a menos que sean afectadas por un factor que pro- duzca un cambio. haustorium (haws toh REE um): (p. 578) specialized haustorio: (pág. 578) hifa especializada de los hongos parási- hypha of parasitic fungi that grows into a host’s tissues and tos cuya función es invadir los tejidos del huésped para absorbs its nutrients. absorber sus nutrientes. heart: (p. 994) hollow, muscular organ that pumps oxygenated corazón: (pág. 994) órgano muscular y hueco que bombea blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs. sangre oxigenada hacia el cuerpo y sangre desoxigenada hacia los pulmones. helper T cell: (p. 1088) lymphocyte that activates antibody célula T ayudante: (pág. 1088) linfocito que activa los linfocitos secretion in B cells and cytotoxic T cells. B y los linfocitos T citotóxicos para que secreten anticuerpos. herbivore (HUR buh vor): (p. 41) heterotroph that eats herbívoro: (pág. 41) heterótrofo que sólo se alimenta de only plants. plantas. hermaphrodite (hur MAF ruh dite): (p. 695) animal that hermafrodita: (pág. 695) animal que produce óvulos y esper- produces both sperm and eggs in its body, generally at dif- matozoides en su cuerpo, generalmente a diferentes tiempos. ferent times. heterosporous (he tuh roh SPOR uhs): (p. 665) able to heterospóreo: (pág. 665) capaz de producir dos tipos de produce two types of spores—megaspores and micro- esporas (megasporas y microsporas) que, al desarrollarse, spores—that develop into female or male gametophytes. forman el gametofito masculino o el femenino. heterotroph (HE tuh roh trohf): (p. 41) organism that heterótrofo: (pág. 41) organismo que no puede producir su cannot make its own food and gets its nutrients and energy propio alimento y que obtiene los nutrientes y la energía requirements by feeding on other organisms; also called a que necesita, alimentándose de otros organismos; también consumer. se llaman consumidores. heterozygous (heh tuh roh ZI gus): (p. 279) organism heterocigoto: (pág. 279) organismo con dos diferentes alelos with two different alleles for a specific trait. para un rasgo específico. homeostasis (hoh mee oh STAY sus): (p. 10) regulation homeostasis: (pág. 10) regulación del ambiente interno de of an organism’s internal environment to maintain condi- un organismo a fin de mantener las condiciones necesarias tions needed for life. para la vida. hominin: (p. 458) humanlike primate that appears to be more hominiano: (pág. 458) primate tipo humano que parece estar closely related to present-day humans than to present-day más estrechamente emparentado con los humanos actuales chimpanzees and bonobos. que los chimpancés y bonobos actuales. hominoid: (p. 461) group that includes all nonmonkey hominoide: (pág. 461) grupo que incluye todos los antropoi- anthropoids—the living and extinct gibbons, orangutans, des que no son monos: los gibones, orangutanes, chim- chimpanzees, gorillas, and humans. pancés, gorilas y humanos vivos y extintos. Homo: (p. 467) genus that includes living and extinct Homo: (pág. 467) género que incluye a los humanos vivos y humans. extintos.

GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO 1147 Glossary/Glosario

homologous chromosome/cromosoma homólogo inbreeding/endogamia

homologous chromosome: (p. 270) one of two paired chro- cromosoma homólogo: (pág. 270) uno de los cromosomas, de mosomes, one from each parent, that carries genes for a un par de cromosomas, que contienen en un mismo sitio los specific trait at the same location. genes para un rasgo específico. Cada progenitor contribuye un cromosoma de cada par. homologous structure: (p. 424) anatomically similar struc- estructura homóloga: (pág. 424) estructura anatómicamente ture inherited from a common ancestor. similar heredada de un antepasado común. homozygous (ho muh ZI gus): (p. 279) organism with two homocigoto: (pág. 279) organismo con dos alelos iguales of the same alleles for a specific trait. para un rasgo específico. hormone: (p. 1031) substance, such as estrogen, that is pro- hormona: (pág. 1031) sustancia, como el estrógeno, que es duced by an endocrine gland and acts on target cells. producida por una glándula endocrina y que actúa sobre células blanco. hybrid: (p. 279) organism heterozygous for a specific trait. híbrido: (pág. 279) organismo heterocigoto para un rasgo específico. hydrogen bond: (p. 161) weak electrostatic bond formed by enlace de hidrógeno: (pág. 161) enlace electrostático débil, the attraction of opposite charges between a hydrogen atom formado por la atracción de cargas opuestas entre un átomo and an oxygen, fluorine, or nitrogen atom. de hidrógeno y un átomo de oxígeno, flúor o nitrógeno. hydrostatic skeleton: (p. 732) the pseudocoelom in round- esqueleto hidrostático: (pág. 732) seudoceloma de los gusa- worms; the fluid within a closed space that gives rigid sup- nos redondos; fluido dentro de un espacio cerrado que port for muscles to work against. provee un punto rígido de apoyo a los músculos. hypertonic solution: (p. 205) a solution that has a higher con- solución hipertónica: (pág. 205) solución que tiene una centration of solute outside than inside a cell, causing mayor concentración de soluto que el interior de la célula, water to leave the cell by osmosis. la cual se encoge y arruga debido a que el agua sale de su interior por osmosis. hypha (HI fah): (p. 577) threadlike filament that makes up hifa: (pág. 577) estructura con forma de filamento que consti- the basic structural unit of a multicellular fungus. tuye la unidad básica estructural de un hongo multicelular. hypocotyl: (p. 679) region of the stem nearest the seed. hipocótilo: (pág. 679) región del tallo más cercana a la semilla. hypothalamus (hi poh THA luh mus): (p. 970) part of the hipotálamo: (pág. 970) parte del encéfalo que regula la tem- brain that regulates body temperature, appetite, thirst, and peratura del cuerpo, el apetito, la sed y el equilibrio del agua. water balance. hypothesis (hi PAH thuh sus): (p. 16) testable explanation hipótesis: (pág. 16) explicación comprobable de una situación. of a situation. hypotonic solution: (p. 204) a solution that has a lower con- solución hipotónica: (pág. 204) solución que tiene una centration of solute outside than inside the cell, causing menor concentración de soluto; hay más agua fuera que water to flow into the cell by osmosis. dentro de la célula. I I I

immigration (ih muh GRAY shun): (p. 97) movement of inmigración: (pág. 97) entrada de individuos a una individuals into a population. población. immunization: (p. 1089) vaccination; develops active inmunización: (pág. 1089) vacunación; desarrolla inmunidad immunity. activa. imprinting: (p. 914) permanent learning that occurs only impronta: (pág. 914) aprendizaje permanente que sucede within a specific period of time in an animal’s life. sólo en un período específico de la vida de un animal. inbreeding: (p. 361) selective breeding of closely related endogamia: (pág. 361) cruce selectivo de organismos organisms to produce desired traits and eliminate unde- emparentados para obtener rasgos deseados y eliminar ras- sired traits, resulting in pure lines—however, harmful gos indeseados; permite obtener linajes puros, aunque tam- recessive traits can also be passed on. bién puede transmitir rasgos recesivos dañinos.

1148 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO Glossary/Glosario incomplete dominance/dominancia incompleta ion/ion incomplete dominance: (p. 302) complex inheritance pattern dominancia incompleta: (pág. 302) patrón complejo de in which the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate herencia en que el fenotipo heterocigoto es intermedio between those of the two homozygous parent organisms. entre los dos fenotipos de los progenitores homocigotos. incubate: (p. 866) to maintain an egg or eggs at favorable incubar: (pág. 866) mantener los huevos bajo condiciones environmental conditions for hatching. ambientales favorables para que luego eclosionen. independent variable: (p. 19) the one factor that can be variable independiente: (pág. 19) el único factor que se puede changed in a controlled experiment; is the factor tested and cambiar en un experimento controlado; es el factor que se affects the experiment outcome. está probando y afecta los resultados del experimento. infancy: (p. 1064) first two years of human life. lactancia: (pág. 1064) los primeros dos años de vida en los humanos. infectious disease: (p. 1076) pathogen-caused disease passed enfermedad infecciosa: (pág. 1076) enfermedad causada por from one organism to another organism. un patógeno que se transmite de un organismo a otro. inference: (p. 16) assumption based on prior experience. inferencia: (pág. 16) supuesto basado en la experiencia previa. innate (ih NAYT) behavior: (p. 910) genetically based comportamiento innato: (pág. 910) comportamiento basado behavior. en la genética. insulin: (p. 1034) hormone produced by the pancreas that works insulina: (pág. 1034) hormona producida por el páncreas with glucagon to maintain the level of sugar in the blood. que, junto con el glucagón, mantiene los niveles adecuados de azúcar en la sangre. interferon: (p. 1085) antiviral protein secreted by virus- interferón: (pág. 1085) proteína secretada por células infected cells. infectadas por virus. intermediate-day plant: (p. 673) plant that flowers as long as planta de días intermedios: (pág. 673) planta que florece mien- the number of hours of darkness is neither too great nor tras el número de horas de oscuridad no sea ni muy grande ni too few. muy pequeño. internal fertilization: (p. 695) type of fertilization that occurs fecundación interna: (pág. 695) tipo de fecundación que when sperm and egg combine inside an animal’s body. sucede cuando el espermatozoide se une al óvulo dentro del cuerpo del animal. internal respiration: (p. 1000) gas exchange between the respiración interna: (pág. 1000) intercambio de gases entre body’s cells and the blood. las células del cuerpo y la sangre. interphase: (p. 246) first stage of the cell cycle, during which interfase: (pág. 246) primera fase del ciclo celular; en esta a cell grows, matures, and replicates its DNA. fase, la célula crece, madura y replica su DNA. intertidal zone: (p. 79) narrow band of shoreline where the zona intermareal: (pág. 79) franja estrecha de la costa donde ocean and land meet that is alternately submerged and se encuentran la tierra y el mar; es inundada periódica- exposed and is home to constantly changing communities. mente por las mareas y presenta un cambio constante en su comunidad. introduced species: (p. 128) nonnative species deliberately or especie introducida: (pág. 128) especie no nativa que es intro- accidentally introduced into a new habitat. ducida deliberadamente o por accidente a un nuevo hábitat. intron: (p. 338) in RNA processing, the intervening coding intrón: (pág. 338) en la transcripción del RNA, la secuencia sequence missing from the final mRNA. de codones que se transcribe pero que no forma parte del mRNA final. invertebrate: (p. 693) animal without a backbone; between invertebrado: (pág. 693) animal sin columna vertebral; entre 95 and 99 percent of animal species are invertebrates. el 95 y el 99 por ciento de las especies animales son invertebrados. invertebrate chordate: (p. 803) chordate without a backbone. cordado invertebrado: (pág. 803) cordado sin columna vertebral. involuntary muscle: (p. 947) smooth muscle, which cannot músculo involuntario: (pág. 947) músculo liso, no se puede be controlled consciously. controlar a voluntad. ion: (p. 153) atom that is negatively or positively charged ion: (pág. 153) átomo con carga positiva o negativa porque because it has lost or gained one or more electrons. ha perdido o ganado uno o más electrones.

GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO 1149 Glossary/Glosario

ionic bond/enlace iónico language/lenguaje

ionic bond: (p. 153) electrical attraction between two oppo- enlace iónico: (pág. 153) atracción eléctrica entre dos átomos sitely charged atoms or groups of atoms. o grupos de átomos con carga opuesta. isotonic solution: (p. 204) a solution with the same concen- solución isotónica: (pág. 204) solución con la misma concentration of water and solutes as inside a cell, resulting in the tración de agua y solutos que el interior de la célula; per- cell retaining its normal shape because there is no net mite a la célula mantener su forma original porque no hay movement of water. movimiento neto de agua. isotope: (p. 150) two or more atoms of the same element isótopo: (pág. 150) dos o más átomos de un mismo elemento having different numbers of neutrons. que tienen diferente número de neutrones. J J J

Jacobson’s organ: (p. 855) saclike, odor-sensing structure on órgano de Jacobson: (pág. 855) órgano con forma de saco the roof of a snake’s mouth. cuya función es detectar olores; está situado en el paladar de la boca de las serpientes. K K K

karyotype (KER ee uh tipe): (p. 311) micrograph in which cariotipo: (pág. 311) micrografía en que los pares de cromoso- the pairs of homologous chromosomes are arranged in mas homólogos aparecen ordenados en tamaño decreciente. decreasing size. keratin (KER uh tun): (p. 936) protein contained in the queratina: (pág. 936) proteína que contienen las células más skin’s outer epidermal cells that waterproofs and protects externas de la epidermis; es impermeable al agua y protege underlying cells and tissues. las células y tejidos subyacentes. kidney: (p. 1006) bean-shaped, excretory system organ that riñón: (pág. 1006) órgano del sistema excretor con forma de filters out wastes, water, and salts from the blood and main- frijol; mantiene el pH y elimina por filtración los desechos, tains blood pH. el agua y las sales. kingdom: (p. 488) taxonomic group of related phyla or reino: (pág. 488) grupo taxonómico que incluye filos o divi- divisions. siones relacionadas. Koch’s postulates: (p. 1077) rules for demonstrating that an postulados de Koch: (pág. 1077) reglas para demostrar que organism causes a disease. un organismo causa una enfermedad. Krebs cycle: (p. 229) series of reactions in which pyruvate is ciclo de Krebs: (pág. 229) serie de reacciones en que el piru- broken down into carbon dioxide inside the mitochondria vato se desdobla en dióxido de carbono dentro de las mito- of cells; also called the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the citric condrias de las células; también se llama ciclo del ácido acid cycle. tricarboxílico y ciclo del ácido cítrico. K-T boundary: (p. 399) layer of iridium-rich material betweeen límite KT: (pág. 399) capa de material rico en iridio, situada rocks of the Cretaceous period and rocks of the Paleogene entre las rocas de los períodos Cretáceo y Paleoceno; pro- period that provides evidence of a meteorite impact. vee pruebas del impacto de un meteorito. L L L

labor: (p. 1062) three-stage birthing process that begins with parto: (pág. 1062) las tres etapas del proceso de alumbra- uterine contractions and ends with expulsion of the pla- miento; se inicia con las contracciones uterinas y termina centa and umbilical cord. con la expulsión de la placenta y el cordón umbilical. language: (p. 920) auditory communication in which ani- lenguaje: (pág. 920) comunicación mediante sonidos en que mals use their vocal organs to produce sounds with shared el animal usa sus órganos vocales para producir sonidos meanings. con significados dados.

1150 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO Glossary/Glosario large intestine/intestino grueso lymphocyte/linfocito large intestine: (p. 1024) end portion of the digestive tract; intestino grueso: (pág. 1024) porción final del tracto digestivo; involved primarily in water absorption. su función principal es la absorción de agua. lateral line system: (p. 826) sensory receptors that enable sistema de la línea lateral: (pág. 826) receptores sensoriales fishes to detect vibrations, or sound waves, in water. que permiten a los peces detectar vibraciones u ondas sonoras en el agua. latitude: (p. 65) distance of a point on Earth’s surface north latitud: (pág. 65) distancia de un punto sobre la superficie de la or south of the equator. Tierra, hacia el norte o hacia el sur del ecuador. law of independent assortment: (p. 280) Mendelian law stat- ley de la distribución independiente: (pág. 280) ley de ing that a random distribution of alleles occurs during the Mendel que establece que la distribución independiente de formation of gametes. alelos sucede durante la formación de los gametos. law of segregation: (p. 279) Mendelian law stating that two ley de la segregación: (pág. 279) ley de Mendel que establece alleles for each trait separate during meiosis. que los dos alelos para cada rasgo se separan durante la meiosis. law of superposition: (p. 394) states that the oldest layers of ley de superposición: (pág. 394) establece que, en una for- rock are found at the bottom and the youngest layers of mación rocosa inalterada, los estratos rocosos más antiguos rock are found at the top of a formation if the rock layers se hallan a mayor profundidad y los estratos más recientes have not been disturbed. se hallan más cerca de la superficie. learned behavior: (p. 912) results from an interaction comportamiento adquirido: (pág. 912) es resultado de la between innate behavior and past experience within a spe- interacción entre el comportamiento innato y las experien- cific environment; includes habituation, conditioning, and cias previas en un ambiente específico; incluye la habitua- imprinting. ción, el acondicionamiento y la impronta. lens: (p. 974) part of the eye behind the iris that inverts an cristalino: (pág. 974) parte del ojo situada detrás del iris; image and focuses it on the retina. invierte la imagen y la enfoca sobre la retina. lichen (LI ken): (p. 587) symbiotic relationship between a liquen: (pág. 587) relación simbiótica entre un hongo (a fungus (usually an ascomycete) and an alga or a photosyn- menudo un ascomiceto) y un alga u otro organismo thetic partner. fotosintético. ligament: (p. 944) tough connective tissue band that attaches ligamento: (pág. 944) bandas fuertes de tejido conectivo que bones to each other. unen los huesos entre sí. limiting factor: (p. 61) biotic or abiotic factor that restricts factor limitante: (pág. 61) factor biótico o abiótico que the number, distribution, or reproduction of a population restringe el número, la distribución o la reproducción de within a community. una población en una comunidad. limnetic zone: (p. 77) well-lit, open-water area of a lake or pond. zona limnética: (pág. 77) área de agua abierta y bien ilumi- nada de un lago o laguna. lipid: (p. 169) hydrophobic biological molecule composed lípido: (pág. 169) molécula biológica hidrofóbica compuesta mostly of carbon and hydrogen; fats, oils, and waxes are lipids. principalmente por carbono e hidrógeno; las grasas, los aceites y las ceras son lípidos. littoral zone: (p. 76) area of a lake or pond closest to the shore. zona litoral: (pág. 76) en lagos y lagunas, comprende la zona de agua poco profunda de la orilla y parte del fondo hasta donde penetra la luz solar. liver: (p. 1022) largest internal organ of the body; produces bile. hígado: (pág. 1022) es el órgano interno más grande del cuerpo; produce bilis. long-day plant: (p. 672) plant that flowers in the summer, planta de días largos: (pág. 672) planta que florece en el when there are fewer hours of darkness than the plant’s verano, cuando hay menos horas de oscuridad que el critical period. período crítico de la planta. lung: (p. 1001) largest respiratory system organ in which gas pulmón: (pág. 1001) órgano más grande del sistema respira- exchange takes place. torio en que se lleva a cabo el intercambio de gases. lymphocyte: (p. 1086) white blood cell involved in specific linfocito: (pág. 1086) glóbulo blanco que participa en la immunity; a B cell or a T cell. inmunidad específica; linfocitos B o linfocitos T.

GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO 1151 Glossary/Glosario

lysogenic cycle/ciclo lisogénico megaspore/megáspora

lysogenic cycle: (p. 528) viral replication process in which ciclo lisogénico: (pág. 528) proceso vírico de replicación en viral DNA inserts into the host cell’s chromosome, may que el DNA vírico es insertado en el cromosoma de la remain dormant and later activate and instruct the host cell célula huésped; puede permanecer latente, activarse más to produce more viruses. tarde y dar instrucciones a la célula huésped para que pro- duzca más virus. lysosome: (p. 196) vesicle that uses enzymes to digest excess lisosoma: (pág. 196) vesícula que usa enzimas para digerir or worn-out cellular substances. sustancias celulares gastadas o que se hallan en número excesivo. lytic cycle: (p. 528) viral replication process in which genetic ciclo lítico: (pág. 528) proceso de replicación vírica en que el material of the virus enters the host cell’s cytoplasm, the material genético del virus entra al citoplasma de la célula cell replicates the viral DNA or RNA, and the host cell is huésped. Después, la célula replica el DNA o RNA viral y instructed to manufacture capsids and assemble new viral recibe instrucciones para fabricar cápsides y ensamblar particles which then leave the cell. nuevos virus que luego salen de la célula. M M M

macromolecule: (p. 167) large molecule formed by joining macromolécula: (pág. 167) molécula de gran tamaño for- smaller organic molecules together. mada por la unión de moléculas orgánicas más pequeñas. madreporite (MA druh pohr it): (p. 795) strainerlike madreporita: (pág. 795) abertura con forma de colador, a opening through which water enters the water-vascular través de la cual entra y sale el agua del sistema vascular system in most echinoderms. acuático. Malpighian (mal PIH gee un) tubule: (p. 767) in most túbulo de Malpighi: (pág. 767) en la mayoría de los artrópo- arthropods, the waste-excreting structure that also helps dos, la estructura excretora que también ayuda a mantener maintain homeostatic water balance. el equilibrio homeostático del agua. mammary gland: (p. 880) mammalian gland that produces glándula mamaria: (pág. 880) glándula de los mamíferos que and secretes milk to nourish developing young. produce y secreta leche para alimentar a las crías. mandible (MAN duh bul): (p. 765) in most arthropods, mandíbulas: (pág. 765) en la mayor parte de los artrópodos, las one of a pair of mouthparts adapted for biting and chewing partes bucales adaptadas para morder y masticar el alimento. food. mantle (MAN tuhl): (p. 737) membrane that surrounds a manto: (pág. 737) membrana que rodea los órganos internos mollusk’s internal organs. de los moluscos. marsupial: (p. 890) pouched mammal whose offspring have a marsupial: (pág. 890) mamífero con bolsa, cuyas crías se short period of development inside the uterus, then after birth desarrollan en el útero durante un corto período de tiempo have a longer period of development within the pouch. y completan su desarrollo dentro de la bolsa. mass extinction: (p. 122) a large-scale dying out of a large per- extinción masiva: (pág. 122) desaparición a gran escala de un centage of all living organisms in an area within a short time. porcentaje grande de todos los organismos vivos de un área dada durante un corto tiempo. matter: (p. 45) anything that takes up space and has mass. materia: (pág. 45) cualquier cosa que ocupa lugar y tiene masa. mechanical digestion: (p. 1020) physical breakdown of food digestión mecánica: (pág. 1020) desintegración física del ali- that occurs when food is chewed into smaller pieces and mento que ocurre al masticarlo en trozos más pequeños y then churned by the stomach and small intestine. luego revolverlo en el estómago y el intestino delgado. medulla oblongata: (p. 970) part of the brain stem that helps médula oblongada: (pág. 970) parte del bulbo raquídeo que control blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing rate. ayuda a controlar la presión sanguínea y el ritmo cardíaco y el respiratorio. medusa (mih DEW suh): (p. 712) umbrella-shaped, free- medusa: (pág. 712) forma libre de los cnidarios que semeja swimming body form of cnidarians. un paraguas con tentáculos que cuelgan hacia abajo. megaspore: (p. 665) spore that develops into a female game- megáspora: (pág. 665) espora que se desarrolla en un gametophyte and is produced by a conifer’s female cone. tofito femenino y que produce el cono femenino de una conífera. 1152 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO Glossary/Glosario meiosis/meiosis migratory behavior/comportamiento migratorio meiosis: (p. 271) reduction division process, occurring only in meiosis: (pág. 271) proceso divisorio de reducción que sólo reproductive cells, in which one diploid (2n) cell produces ocurre en las células reproductoras, mediante el cual una four haploid (n) cells that are not genetically identical. célula diploide (2n) produce cuatro células haploides (n) no idénticas genéticamente. melanin: (p. 937) pigment in the inner layer of the epidermis melanina: (pág. 937) pigmento que se encuentra en la capa that protects against harmful ultraviolet radiation and interna de la epidermis; protege a las células del daño influences skin color. causado por la radiación solar e influye en el color de la piel. memory cell: (p. 1089) long-lived lymphocyte produced dur- célula de memoria: (pág. 1089) linfocito de larga vida produ- ing exposure to an antigen during the primary immune cido debido a la exposición a un antígeno durante la respuesta response; can function in future immune response to the inmunológica primaria; capaz de funcionar en una futura same antigen. respuesta inmunológica al mismo antígeno. menstrual (MEN strew ul) cycle: (p. 1050) monthly repro- ciclo menstrual: (pág. 1050) ciclo reproductor mensual que ductive cycle that helps prepare the human female body for ayuda a preparar el cuerpo de la hembra humana para el pregnancy; involves the shedding of blood, tissue fluid, embarazo; comprende derrame de sangre, tejido líquido, mucus, and epithelial cells if an egg is not fertilized. mucosidad y células epiteliales si el óvulo no ha sido fecundado. meristem: (p. 634) region of rapid cell division in plants; meristema: (pág. 634) región de rápida división celular vege- produces cells that can develop into many different types of tal; produce células capaces de desarrollarse en muchos plant cells. tipos de células vegetales. mesoderm: (p. 697) layer of cells between the endoderm and mesodermo: (pág. 697) capa celular entre el ectodermo y el the ectoderm that can become muscle tissue and tissue of endodermo que puede desarrollarse en tejido muscular y the circulatory, respiratory, and excretory systems. tejido de los sistemas circulatorio, respiratorio y excretor. messenger RNA: (p. 336) type of RNA that carries genetic RNA mensajero: (pág. 336) tipo de RNA que transporta information from DNA in the nucleus to direct protein información desde el DNA en el núcleo hasta la síntesis synthesis in the cytoplasm. directa de proteína en el citoplasma. metabolic disease: (p. 1093) disease, such as type 1 diabetes, enfermedad metabólica: (pág. 1093) enfermedad, como la that results from an error in a biochemical pathway. diabetes tipo 1, que resulta de un error en un trayecto bio- químico. metabolism: (p. 220) all of the chemical reactions that occur metabolismo: (pág. 220) todas las reacciones químicas que within an organism. ocurren dentro de un organismo. metamorphosis: (p. 778) in most insects, the series of changes metamorfosis: (pág. 778) en la mayoría de los insectos, la serie from a larval form to an adult form. de cambios desde una forma larval hasta una forma adulta. metaphase: (p. 250) second stage of mitosis in which motor metafase: (pág. 250) segunda fase de la mitosis en la cual las proteins pull sister chromatids to the cell’s equator. proteínas motores atraen a las cromátides hermanas hacia el ecuador de la célula. metric system: (p. 14) measurement system whose divisions sistema métrico: (pág. 14) sistema de medida cuyas divisio- are powers of ten. nes son potencias de diez. micropyle: (p. 666) opening of a conifer’s ovule where a pol- micrópilo: (pág. 666) abertura en el óvulo de una conífera len grain can be trapped in a pollen drop. donde puede atraparse un grano de polen en una descarga de polen. microspore: (p. 666) spore that develops into a male game- micróspora: (pág. 666) espora que se convierte en el gametophyte (a pollen grain) and is produced by a conifer’s tofito masculino (un grano de polen) y se forma por el male cone. cono masculino de una conífera. microsporidium (mi kroh spo RIH dee um): (p. 544) microsporídeo: (pág. 544) protozoo microscópico que vive microscopic protozoan parasite that infects insects and en las tripas de termitas y produce enzimas que digieren other organisms, causing disease. madera. migratory behavior: (p. 919) seasonal movement of a group comportamiento migratorio: (pág. 919) movimiento estacio- of animals to a new location for feeding and breeding. nal de un grupo de animales hacia una nueva localidad para alimentarse y reproducirse.

GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO 1153 Glossary/Glosario

mimicry/mimetismo myosin/miosina

mimicry: (p. 429) morphological adaptation in which one mimetismo: (pág. 429) adaptación morfológica en la cual species evolves to resemble another species for protection una especie evoluciona para parecerse a otra a modo de or other advantages. protección u otras ventajas. mineral: (p. 1028) inorganic compound, such as calcium, that mineral: (pág. 1028) compuesto inorgánico, como el calcio, is used as building material by the body and is involved utilizado por el cuerpo como material de construcción, with metabolic functions. presente en las funciones metabólicas. mitochondrion (mi tuh KAHN dree un): (p. 197) mitocondria: (pág. 197) organelo membranoso que transfor- membrane-bound organelle that converts fuel into man el combustible en energía disponible al resto de las energy that is available to the rest of the cell. célula. mitosis (mi TOH sus): (p. 246) second main stage of the mitosis: (pág. 246) segundo período principal del ciclo celu- cell cycle during which the cell’s replicated DNA divides and lar, durante el cual el DNA replicado de la célula se divide y two genetically identical diploid daughter cells are produced. se forman dos células hijas diploides idénticas. mixture: (p. 163) combination of two or more different sub- mezcla: (pág. 163) combinación de dos o más sustancias stances in which each substance keeps its individual charac- diferentes en la cual cada una mantiene sus características teristics; can have a uniform composition (homogeneous) or individuales; pueden tener una composición uniforme have distinct areas of substances (heterogeneous). (homogénea) o áreas distintivas de sustancias (heterogénea). molecular clock: (p. 495) model that uses comparisons of reloj molecular: (pág. 495) modelo que usa las comparacio- DNA sequences to estimate phylogeny and rate of evolu- nes secuenciales de DNA para calcular la filogenia y la tasa tionary change. de cambio evolutivo. molecule: (p. 152) compound whose atoms are held together molécula: (pág. 152) compuesto cuyos átomos se mantienen by covalent bonds. unidos por medio de enlaces covalentes. molting: (p. 764) in arthropods, the periodic shedding of the muda: (pág. 764) en los artrópodos, el cambio periódico del protective exoskeleton so their bodies can continue to grow. exoesqueleto protector de forma que sus cuerpos puedan seguir creciendo. monotreme: (p. 889) mammal that reproduces by laying eggs. monotrema: (pág. 889) mamífero que se reproduce al poner huevos. morula: (p. 1055) solid ball of embryonic cells that forms mórula: (pág. 1055) bola sólida de células embrionarias que before the blastocyst. se forma antes del blastocito. multiple alleles: (p. 304) having more than two alleles for a alelos múltiples: (pág. 304) presencia de más de dos alelos specific trait. para un rasgo genético. mutagen (MYEW tuh jun): (p. 348) substance, such as a mutágeno: (pág. 348) sustancia, como un químico, que causa chemical, that causes mutations. mutaciones. mutation: (p. 345) permanent change in a cell’s DNA, rang- mutación: (pág. 345) cambio permanente en el DNA de una ing from changes in a single base pair to deletions of large célula, desde cambios en un par de base simple a elimina- sections of chromosomes. ciones de grandes secciones de cromosomas. mutualism (MYEW chuh wuh lih zum): (p. 39) symbiotic mutualismo: (pág. 39) relación simbiótica en la cual ambos relationship in which both organisms benefit. organismos se benefician. mycelium (mi SEE lee um): (p. 577) complex, netlike mass micelio: (pág. 577) masa compleja compuesta por hifas made up of branching hyphae. ramificadas. mycorrhiza (my kuh RHY zuh): (p. 589) symbiotic rela- micorriza: (pág. 589) asociación simbiótica de un hongo espe- tionship between a specialized fungus and plant roots fun- cializado con las raíces de una planta; las hifas fúngicas ayu- gal hyphae help plants obtain water and minerals and dan a las plantas a obtener agua y minerales y las plantas plants supply carbohydrates and amino acids to the fungus. proveen carbohidratos y aminoácidos al hongo. myofibril: (p. 948) small muscle fiber that functions in con- miofibrilla: (pág. 948) fibra muscular pequeña que funciona traction and consists of myosin and actin protein filaments. por contracción, compuesta por los filamentos proteicos miosina y actina. myosin: (p. 948) protein filament in muscle cells that func- miosina: (pág. 948) filamento proteico en las células muscula- tions with actin in contraction. res que funciona con la actina en la contracción muscular.

1154 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO Glossary/Glosario

NADP+/NADP+ node/nódulo N N N

NADP+: (p. 224) in photosynthesis, the major electron carrier NADP+: (pág. 224) en la fotosíntesis, el principal portador de involved in electron transport. electrones presente en el transporte de electrones. nastic response: (p. 650) reversible, responsive movement of respuesta nástica: (pág. 650) movimiento reversible y sensi- a plant that occurs independent of the direction of the ble de una planta que ocurre indepen dientemente de la stimulus. dirección del estímulo. natural resource: (p. 123) any material or organism in the bio- recurso natural: (pág. 123) cualquier material u organismo sphere, including water, soil, fuel, and plants and animals. en la biosfera, incluidos agua, suelo, combustible, plantas y animales. natural selection: (p. 420) theory of evolution developed by selección natural: (pág. 420) teoría de la evolución desarro- Darwin, based on four ideas: excess reproduction, varia- llada por Darwin, basada en cuatro ideas: reproducción tions, inheritance, and the advantages of specific traits in excesiva, variaciones, herencia y las ventajas de cualidades an environment. específicas en un medioambiente. Neanderthal: (p. 470) a species also referred to as Homo Neanderthal: (pág. 470) especie también conocida como neanderthalensis that evolved exclusively in Europe and Homo neanderthalensis, la cual evolucionó exclusivamente Asia about 200,000 years ago. en Europa y Asia hace unos 200,000 años. nematocyst (nih MA tuh sihst): (p. 710) capsule whose nematocisto: (pág. 710) cápsula cuyo tubo filamentoso con- threadlike tube contains poison and barbs and is dis- tiene veneno y bárbulas; se descarga cuando una presa toca charged when prey touches a cnidarian. un cnidario. nephridium (nih FRIH dee um): (p. 739) structure nefridios: (pág. 739) estructura por la cual la mayoría de los through which most mollusks eliminate metabolic wastes moluscos eliminan los desechos metabólicos de los pro- from cellular processes. cesos celulares. nephron: (p. 825) filtering unit of the kidney. nefrón: (pág. 825) unidad de filtración del riñón. nerve net: (p. 711) cnidarian nervous system that conducts red nerviosa: (pág. 711) sistema nervioso cnidario que con- impulses to and from all parts of the body. duce los impulsos hacia y desde todas las partes del cuerpo. neural crest: (p. 821) group of cells that develops from the cresta neural: (pág. 821) grupo de células que se desarrollan embryo’s ectoderm and contributes to the development of del ectodermo del embrión y contribuyen al desarrollo de many vertebrate structures. muchas estructuras vertebradas. neuron: (p. 962) cell that carries nerve impulses throughout the neurona: (pág. 962) célula nerviosa que conduce los impul- body and is composed of a cell body, an axon, and dendrites. sos a través del cuerpo y se compone de un cuerpo celular, un axón y dendritas. neurotransmitter: (p. 967) chemical that diffuses across a neurotransmisores: (pág. 967) químico que se difunde por la synapse and binds to receptors on a neighboring neuron’s sinapsis y se enlaza a los receptores en la dendrita de una dendrite, causing channels to open on the neighboring cell neurona vecina; causa la apertura de los canales en la célula and the creation of a new action potential. vecina para crear un nuevo impulso. neutron: (p. 148) particle without a charge in an atom’s neutrón: (pág. 148) partícula sin carga en el núcleo de un nucleus. átomo. niche (NIHCH): (p. 38) role, or position, of an organism in nicho: (pág. 43) la función o posición de un orga nismo en su its environment. ambiente. nictitating membrane: (p. 837) in amphibians, the transpar- membrana nictitante: (pág. 837) en los anfibios, el párpado ent eyelid that moves across the eye to prevent it from dry- transparente que se mueve a lo largo del ojo para evitar que ing out on land and to protect it under water. se seque al estar en tierra y para protegerlo bajo el agua. nitrogen fixation: (p. 48) process in which nitrogen gas is nitrificación: (pág. 48) proceso mediante el cual el gas captured and converted into a form plants can use. nitrógeno se captura y se convierte en una forma utilizable por las plantas. nocturnal: (p. 452) organisms that are active at night. nocturno: (pág. 452) organismos activos durante la noche. node: (p. 965) gap in the myelin sheath along the length of nódulo: (pág. 965) brecha en la vaina de mielina a lo largo de un an axon; nerve impulses move from node to node. axón; los impulsos nerviosos se desplazan de nodo a nodo.

GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO 1155 Glossary/Glosario

nondisjunction/no disyunción observation/observación

nondisjunction: (p. 313) cell division in which the sister chro- no disyunción: (pág. 313) división celular en la cual las matids do not separate correctly, resulting in gametes with cromátides no se separan correctamente lo cual resulta en an abnormal number of chromosomes. gametos con un número anormal de cromosomas. nonrenewable resource: (p. 130) any natural resource avail- recurso no renovable: (pág. 130) cualquier recurso natural able in limited amounts or replaced extremely slowly by disponible en cantidades limitadas o reemplazado en forma natural processes. extremadamente lenta por los procesos naturales. nonvascular plant: (p. 606) type of plant that lacks vascular plantas no vasculares: (pág. 606) tipo de planta que carece tissues, moves substances slowly from cell to cell by osmo- de tejidos vasculares, mueve sustancias lentamente de sis and diffusion, and grows only in a damp environment. célula a célula mediante osmosis y difusión y sólo crece en un ambiente húmedo. notochord (NOH tuh kord): (p. 803) flexible, rodlike struc- notocordio: (pág. 803) estructura cilíndrica fle xible que se ture extending the length of the chordate body, enabling the extiende a lo largo del cuerpo de un cordado y le permite body to bend and make side-to-side movements. doblarse y realizar movimientos laterales. nucleic acid: (p. 171) complex macromolecule that stores and ácido nucleico: (pág. 171) macromolécula compleja que communicates genetic information. almacena y comunica información genética. nucleoid: (p. 518) area in a prokaryotic cell that contains a nucleoide: (pág. 518) área de una célula procariota que con- large, circular chromosome. tiene un cromosoma circular grande. nucleolus: (p. 193) the site of ribosome production within nucléolo: (pág. 193) el sitio de producción de ribosomas the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. dentro del núcleo de las células eucariotas. nucleosome: (p. 332) repeating subunit of chromatin fibers, nucleosoma: (pág. 332) subunidad repetitiva de fibras de consisting of DNA coiled around histones. cromatina que consiste en DNA enroscado alrededor de histonas. nucleotide: (p. 171) a subunit of nucleic acid formed from a nucleótido: (pág. 171) subunidades de ácidos nucleicos for- simple sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. madas por un azúcar simple, un grupo fosfato y una base nitrogenada. nucleus: (p. 148) center of an atom; contains neutrons and núcleo: (pág. 148) centro de un átomo; contiene neutrones y protons. (p. 186) in eukaryotic cells, the central mem- protones. (pág. 186) en las células eucariotas es el organelo brane-bound organelle that manages cellular functions and membranoso central que se encarga de las funciones celu- contains DNA. lares y que contiene el DNA. nurturing behavior: (p. 921) caretaking behavior that a par- comportamiento de crianza: (pág. 921) comportamiento de ent provides to its offspring during the early stages of cuidado y formación que un progenitor provee a su cría development. durante las primeras etapas del desarrollo de ésta. nutrient: (p. 45) chemical substance that living organisms nutriente: (pág. 45) sustancia química que obtienen los obtain from the environment to carry out life processes and organismos vivos del medioambiente para el desarrollo de sustain life. los procesos vitales y el sustento de la vida. nutrition: (p. 1025) process by which an individual takes in nutrición: (pág. 1025) proceso mediante el cual un individuo and uses food, which provides building blocks for growth consume y usa alimento, lo cual provee las bases para el and energy to maintain body mass. crecimiento y la energía para mantener la masa corporal. nymph (NIHMF): (p. 778) immature form of an insect dur- ninfa: (pág. 778) forma inmadura de un insecto durante la ing incomplete metamorphosis—the hatchling looks like a metamorfosis incompleta: el insecto recién salido del cascarón small adult insect and goes through several molts, eventu- se parece a un insecto adulto pequeño y pasa por varias mudas ally becoming a mature winged adult. hasta convertirse en un adulto alado maduro. O O O

observation: (p. 16) orderly, direct information gathering observación: (pág. 16) forma directa y ordenada de recopilar about a natural phenomenon. información sobre un fenómeno natural.

1156 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO Glossary/Glosario

Okazaki fragment/fragmento Okazaki oviduct/oviducto

Okazaki fragment: (p. 334) short segment of DNA synthe- fragmento Okazaki: (pág. 334) segmento corto de DNA que sized discontinuously in small segments in the 3' to 5' la enzima polimerasa de DNA sintetiza discontinuamente direction by DNA polymerase. en segmentos pequeños en la dirección de 3' a 5'. omnivore (AHM nih vor): (p. 42) heterotroph that con- omnívoro: (pág. 42) heterótrofo que consume tanto plantas sumes both plants and animals. como animales. oocyte (OH uh site): (p. 1050) immature egg inside an ovary. oocito: (pág. 1050) óvulo inmaduro dentro de un ovario. open circulatory system: (p. 739) blood is pumped out of sistema circulatorio abierto: (pág. 739) la sangre se bom- vessels into open spaces surrounding body organs. bea fuera de los vasos hacia los espacios abiertos que rodean los órganos corporales. operant conditioning: (p. 913) learned behavior that occurs condicionamiento operante: (pág. 913) comportamiento when an association is made between a response to a stim- adquirido que ocurre al asociar una respuesta con un estímulo ulus and a punishment or a reward. y un castigo o una recompensa. operculum (oh PUR kyuh lum): (p. 824) movable, protec- opérculo: (pág. 824) protector móvil que cubre las agallas de tive flap that covers a fish’s gills and helps to pump water los peces y ayuda a bombear el agua que entra a la boca y se that enters the mouth and moves over the gills. desplaza sobre las agallas. operon: (p. 342) section of DNA containing genes for pro- operón: (pág. 342) sección de DNA que contiene los genes para teins required for a specific metabolic pathway—consists of las proteínas requeridas para un trayecto metabólico especí- an operator, promoter, regulatory gene, and genes coding fico; consiste en un operador, un promotor, un gene regulador for proteins. y un código de genes para las proteínas. opposable first digit: (p. 452) a digit, either a thumb or a toe, primer dígito oponible: (pág. 452) dígito, ya sea un pulgar o that is set apart from the other digits and can be brought un dígito del pie, que se diferencia del resto de los dígitos y across the palm or foot so that it touches or nearly touches el cual se puede cruzar a través de la palma de la mano o the other digits; this allows animals to grasp an object in a del pie y puede tocar o casi tocar los otros dígitos; esto les powerful grip. permite a los animales asir objetos fuertemente. order: (p. 488) taxonomic group that contains related families. orden: (pág. 488) agrupación taxonómica de familias relacionadas. organelle: (p. 186) specialized internal cell structure that car- organelo: (pág. 186) estructura celular especializada interna ries out specific cell functions such as protein synthesis and con funciones celulares específicas como la síntesis y la energy transformation. transformación de energía. organism: (p. 6) anything that has or once had all the charac- organismo: (pág. 6) cualquier cosa que tuvo o tiene todas las teristics of life. características de la vida. organization: (p. 8) orderly structure shown by living things. organización: (pág. 8) estructura ordenada de todos los seres vivos. osmosis (ahs MOH sus): (p. 203) diffusion of water across osmosis: (pág. 203) difusión del agua a través de una mem- a selectively permeable membrane. brana de permeabilidad selectiva. ossification: (p. 942) formation of bone from osteoblasts. osificación: (pág. 942) formación ósea a partir de los osteoblastos. osteoblast: (p. 942) bone-forming cell. osteoblasto: (pág. 942) célula formadora de hueso. osteoclast: (p. 943) cell that breaks down bone cells. osteoclasto: (pág. 943) célula que destruye las células óseas. osteocyte: (p. 942) living bone cell. osteocito: (pág. 942) célula ósea viva. overexploitation: (p. 124) overuse of species with economic sobre-explotación: (pág. 124) uso excesivo de las especies value—a factor in species extinction. con un valor económico; es un factor en la extinción de especies. oviduct (OH vuh duct): (p. 1050) tube that transports an oviducto: (pág. 1050) conducto que transporta un óvulo egg released from an ovary to the uterus. desde el ovario hasta el útero.

GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO 1157 Glossary/Glosario

pacemaker/marcapaso pericycle/periciclo P P P

pacemaker: (p. 995) heart’s sinoatrial node, which initiates marcapaso: (pág. 995) nódulo atrioventricular del corazón contraction of the heart. que inicia la contracción cardíaca. paleontologist (pay lee ahn TAH luh just): (p. 394) paleontólogo: (pág. 394) científico que estudia los fósiles. scientist who studies fossils. palisade mesophyll (mehz uh fihl): (p. 644) leaf-tissue layer mesófilo en empalizada: (pág. 644) capa de tejido de la hoja that contains many chloroplasts and is the site where most que contiene muchos cloroplastos y donde se ubica la photosynthesis takes place. mayor parte de la fotosíntesis. pandemic: (p. 1081) widespread epidemic. pandemia: (pág. 1081) epidemia que se extiende a muchos países. parasitism (PER uh suh tih zum): (p. 40) symbiotic rela- parasitismo: (pág. 40) relación simbiótica en la cual un tionship in which one organism benefits at the expense of organismo se beneficia a expensas de otro. another organism. parasympathetic nervous system: (p. 972) branch of the sistema nervioso parasimpático (SNP): (pág. 972) división autonomic nervous system that controls organs and is most del sistema nervioso autónomo que controla los órganos y active when the body is at rest. es más activo cuando el cuerpo está en reposo. parathyroid hormone: (p. 1034) substance produced by the hormona paratiroides: (pág. 1034) sustancia producida por parathyroid gland that increases blood calcium levels by la glándula tiroides que aumenta los niveles de calcio en la stimulating bones to release calcium. sangre al estimular la liberación de calcio en los huesos. parenchyma (puh RENG kuh muh) cell: (p. 632) spheri- célula de parénquima: (pág. 632) célula esférica con paredes cal, thin-walled cell found throughout most plants that can delgadas que se encuentra en la mayoría de las plantas y function in photosynthesis, gas exchange, protection, stor- que funciona en la fotosíntesis, el intercambio de gases, la age, and tissue repair and replacement. protección, el almacenamiento y reparación o reemplazo de tejidos. pathogen: (p. 1076) agent, such as a bacterium, virus, proto- patógeno: (pág. 1076) agente, como las bacterias, los virus, zoan, or fungus, that causes infectious disease. los protozoarios o los hongos, causante de enfermedades infecciosas. pedicellaria (peh dih sih LAHR ee uh): (p. 793) small pedicelarios: (pág. 793) pinza minúscula de los equinoder- pincher that helps echinoderms catch food and remove mos que los ayuda a obtener alimento y eliminar objetos foreign materials from the skin. extraños de la piel. pedigree: (p. 299) diagrammed family history that is used to pedigrí: (pág. 299) historia familiar diagramada que se study inheritance patterns of a trait through several genera- emplea para el estudio de los patrones hereditarios de un tions and that can be used to predict disorders in future rasgo a través de varias generaciones, capaz de predecir offspring. trastornos en la progenie futura. pedipalp: (p. 772) one of a pair of arachnid appendages used pedipalpo: (pág. 772) uno de un par de apéndices de los for sensing and holding prey and in male spiders used for arácnidos utilizado para manipular la presa y, en las arañas reproduction. macho, para la reproducción. peer review: (p. 14) a process in which the procedures used evaluación de compañeros: (pág. 14) proceso en que los pro- during an experiment may be repeated and the results are cedimientos que se usan durante un experimento pueden evaluated by scientists who are in the same field or are con- repetirse y otros científicos en el mismo campo de estudio ducting similar research. o que realizan investigaciones similares pueden evaluar los resultados. pellicle: (p. 547) membrane layer that encloses a paramecium película: (pág. 547) capa membranosa que encierra un and some other protists. paramecio. pepsin: (p. 1021) digestive enzyme involved in the stomach’s pepsina: (pág. 1021) enzima digestiva presente en la chemical digestion of proteins. digestión química de las proteínas. perennial: (p. 621) plant that can live for several years. perenne: (pág. 621) planta que vive por varios años. pericycle: (p. 640) plant tissue that produces lateral roots. periciclo: (pág. 640) tejido vegetal que produce raíces laterales.

1158 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO Glossary/Glosario period/período phylogeny/filogenia period: (p. 396) subdivision of an era on the geologic time scale. período: (pág. 396) subdivisión de una era en la escala geológica. peripheral nervous system: (p. 968) consists of sensory and sistema nervioso periférico (SNP): (pág. 968) compuesto por motor neurons that transmit information to and from the neuronas sensoriales y motoras que transportan infor- central nervous system. mación desde y hacia el sistema ner vioso central. peristalsis (per uh STAHL sus): (p. 1021) rhythmic, peristaltismo: (pág. 1021) serie de contracciones musculares wavelike muscular contractions that move food throughout rítmicas ondulantes que mueven el alimento por el esófago. the digestive tract. petal: (p. 668) colorful flower structure that attracts pollina- pétalo: (pág. 668) estructura floral colorida que atrae a los tors and provides them a landing place. agentes polinizadores y les provee un lugar de aterrizaje. petiole (PET ee ohl): (p. 644) stalk that connects a plant’s pecíolo: (pág. 644) tallito de la hoja que une la lámina foliar blade to the stem. con el tallo. pH: (p. 165) measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions pH: (pág. 165) medida de la concentración de iones de (H+) in a solution. hidrógeno (H+) en una solución. pharmacogenomics (far muh koh jeh NAH mihks): farmacogenética: (pág. 378) estudio de la influencia de la (p. 378) study of how genetic inheritance affects the body’s herencia genética en la respuesta corporal a los medicamen- response to drugs in order to produce safer and more spe- tos a fin de producir posologías más seguras y específicas. cific drug dosing. pharyngeal pouch: (p. 804) in chordate embryos, one of the bolsa faríngea: (pág. 804) en los embriones de los cordados, paired structures connecting the muscular tube lining the una de las estructuras pareadas que conectan el conducto mouth cavity and the esophagus. muscular que cubre la cavidad bucal con el esófago. pharynx (FER ingks): (p. 727) in free-living flatworms, the faringe: (pág. 727) en las planarias, el órgano muscular tubelike muscular organ that can extend out of the mouth tubular que se extiende desde la boca y chupa las partículas and suck food particles into the digestive tract. de alimento hacia el tubo digestivo. phenotype: (p. 279) observable characteristic that is fenotipo: (pág. 279) apariencia externa que se expresa como expressed as a result of an allele pair. resultado de un par de alelos. pheromone (FER uh mohn): (p. 768) chemical secreted by feromona: (pág. 768) señal química que secreta una especie an animal species to influence the behavior of other mem- animal para influir en el comportamiento de otros miem- bers of the same species. bros de la misma especie. phloem (FLOH em): (p. 638) vascular plant tissue com- floema: (pág. 638) tejido vascular vegetal formado por los posed of sieve tube members and companion cells that miembros del tubo criboso y células acompañantes que trans- conducts dissolved sugars and other organic compounds porta azúcares disueltos y otros compuestos orgánicos de las from the leaves and stems to the roots and from the roots hojas y tallos hacia las raíces; y de allí a las hojas y tallos. to the leaves and stems. phospholipid bilayer: (p. 188) plasma membrane layers com- bicapa fosfolípida: (pág. 188) capas membranosas del plasma posed of phospholipid molecules arranged with polar heads compuestas por moléculas fosfolípidas cuyas cabezas facing the outside and nonpolar tails facing the inside. polares miran hacia fuera y cuyas colas no polares miran hacia adentro. photic zone: (p. 80) open-ocean zone shallow enough for zona fótica: (pág. 80) zona a mar abierto lo suficientemente sunlight to penetrate. baja para que penetre la luz solar. photoperiodism (foh toh PIHR ee uh dih zum): (p. 672) fotoperiodicidad: (pág. 672) respuesta de floración de una flowering response of a plant based on the number of hours planta al número de horas de oscuridad a la cual se expone. of darkness it is exposed to. photosynthesis: (p. 220) two-phase anabolic pathway in fotosíntesis: (pág. 220) sendero anabólico bifásico por medio which the Sun’s light energy is converted to chemical del cual la energía luminosa solar se transforma en energía energy for use by the cell. química para uso de la célula. phylogeny (fy LAH juh nee): (p. 491) evolutionary history filogenia: (pág. 491) historia evolutiva de una especie. of a species.

GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO 1159 Glossary/Glosario

phylum/filo polar molecule/molécula polar

phylum (FI lum): (p. 488) taxonomic group of related classes. filo: (pág. 488) agrupación taxonómica de clases que se relacionan. pigment: (p. 223) light-absorbing colored molecule, such as pigmento: (pág. 223) molécula de color que absorbe la luz, chlorophyll and carotenoid, in the thylakoid membranes of como la clorofila y la carotenoide, en la membranas tilacoi- chloroplasts. des de los cloroplastos. pilus: (p. 518) hairlike, submicroscopic structure made of pilus: (pág. 518) estructura submicroscópica filiforme com- protein that can help a bacterial cell attach to environmen- puesta por proteína que ayuda a una célula bacteriana a tal surfaces and act as a bridge between cells. adherirse a las superficies ambientales y actuar como puente entre las células. pistil: (p. 669) flower’s female reproductive structure; it is pistilo: (pág. 669) estructura reproductora femenina de la usually composed of a stigma, a style, and an ovary. flor, compuesta generalmente por un estigma, un estilo y un ovario. pituitary gland: (p. 1033) endocrine gland located at the base glándula pituitaria: (pág. 1033) glándula endocrina loca- of the brain; called the “master gland” because it regulates lizada en la base del cerebro, conocida como la “glándula many body functions. maestra” puesto que regula muchas funciones corporales. placenta: (p. 887) in most mammals, the specialized organ placenta: (pág. 887) en la mayoría de los mamíferos, el that provides food and oxygen to the developing young and órgano especializado que provee alimento y oxígeno a la removes their wastes. cría en desarrollo y elimina sus desechos. placental mammal: (p. 891) mammal that has a placenta and mamífero placentario: (pág. 891) mamífero con placenta que gives birth to young that need no further development pare a las crías que no requieren desarrollarse adicional- within a pouch. mente en una bolsa. placental stage: (p. 1063) birthing stage in which the placenta etapa placentaria: (pág. 1063) etapa de alumbramiento en la and umbilical cord are expelled from the mother’s body. cual la placenta y el cordón umbilical se expulsan del cuerpo de la madre. plankton: (p. 77) tiny marine or freshwater photosynthetic, plancton: (pág. 77) diminutos autótrofos fotosintéticos mari- free-floating autotrophs that serve as a food source for nos o de agua dulce, que flotan libremente y constituyen la many fish species. fuente alimenticia de muchas especies de peces. plasma: (p. 997) clear, yellowish fluid portion of the blood. plasma: (pág. 997) porción fluida clara y amarillenta de la sangre. plasma membrane: (p. 185) flexible, selectively permeable membrana plasmática: (pág. 185) frontera flexible, selectiva- boundary that helps control what enters and leaves the cell. mente permeable, que ayuda a controlar lo que entra y sale de la célula. plasmid: (p. 366) any of the small, circular, double-stranded plásmido: (pág. 366) cualquiera de las pequeñas moléculas DNA molecules that can be used as a vector. de DNA circulares de filamento doble que pueden usarse como vector. plasmodium (plaz MOH dee um): (p. 562) feeding stage plasmodio: (pág. 562) etapa alimenticia de un hongo of a slime mold in which it is a mobile cytoplasmic mass plasmódico en la cual es una masa de citoplasma móvil con with many diploid nuclei but no separate cells. muchos núcleos diploides pero sin membranas separadas. plastron (PLAS trahn): (p. 857) ventral part of a turtle’s shell. plastrón: (pág. 857) parte ventral del caparazón de una tortuga. platelet: (p. 997) flat cell fragment that functions in blood plaqueta: (pág. 997) fragmentos celulares planos que funcio- clotting. nan en la coagulación de la sangre. plate tectonics: (p. 400) geologic theory that Earth’s surface tectónica de placas: (pág. 400) teoría geológica que afirma is broken into several huge plates that move slowly on a que la corteza terrestre se divide en varias placas enormes partially molten rock layer. que se mueven lentamente sobre una capa rocosa parcial- mente fundida. polar body: (p. 1051) tiny cell that is produced and eventu- cuerpo polar: (pág. 1051) célula diminuta que se produce y ally disintegrates in the development of an oocyte. posteriormente se desintegra en el desarrollo de un oocito. polar molecule: (p. 161) molecule with oppositely charged molécula polar: (pág. 161) molécula con regiones cargadas regions. opuestamente.

1160 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO Glossary/Glosario polar nuclei/núcleos polares profundal zone/zona profunda polar nuclei: (p. 674) in anthophytes, the two nuclei in the núcleos polares: (pág. 674) en las antofitas, los dos núcleos center of a megaspore. en el centro de una megáspora. polygenic trait: (p. 309) characteristic, such as eye color or rasgo poligénico: (pág. 309) característica, como el color de skin color, that results from the interaction of multiple gene los ojos o de la piel, que resulta de la interacción de múlti- pairs. ples pares de genes. polymer: (p. 167) large molecule formed from smaller repeat- polímero: (pág. 167) molécula gigante formada por unidades ing units of identical, or nearly identical, compounds pequeñas, repetitivas, idénticas, o casi idénticas, de compu- linked by covalent bonds. estos unidos por enlaces covalentes. polymerase chain reaction (PCR): (p. 368) genetic engineering reacción en cadena de polimerasa (RCP): (pág. 368) técnica de technique that can make copies of specific regions of a ingeniería genética capaz de hacer copias de regiones especí- DNA fragment. ficas de un fragmento de DNA. polyp (PAH lup): (p. 712) tube-shaped, sessile body form of pólipo: (pág. 712) cuerpo sésil cilíndrico de los cnidarios. cnidarians. polyploidy: (p. 285) having one or more extra sets of all chro- poliploide: (pág. 285) que tiene uno o más grupos de todos mosomes, which, in polyploid plants, can often result in los cromosomas que, en plantas poliploides, puede resultar greater size and better growth and survival. en un mayor tamaño y mejor crecimiento y supervivencia. pons: (p. 970) part of the brain stem that helps control pons: (pág. 970) parte del bulbo raquídeo que ayuda a con- breathing rate. trolar el ritmo de la respiración. population: (p. 36) group of organisms of the same species población: (pág. 36) grupo de organismos de la misma especie that occupy the same geographic place at the same time. que viven en la misma localidad geográfica al mismo tiempo population density: (p. 92) number of organisms per unit of densidad demográfica: (pág. 92) número de organismos por living area. unidad de área o superficie habitable. population growth rate: (p. 97) how fast a specific population tasa de crecimiento demográfico: (pág. 97) el grado de rapi- grows. dez con que crece una población específica. postanal tail: (p. 803) chordate structure used primarily for cola postnatal: (pág. 803) estructura de los cordados que se locomotion. usa principalmente para la locomoción. posterior: (p. 700) tail end of an animal with bilateral symmetry. posterior: (pág. 700) extremo de la cola de un animal con simetría bilateral. postzygotic isolating mechanism: (p. 437) occurring after mecanismo aislado postcigótico: (pág. 437) que ocurre formation of a zygote. después de la formación de un cigoto. predation (prih DAY shun): (p. 38) act of one organism depredación: (pág. 38) modo de nutrición de un organismo feeding on another organism. al alimentarse de otro. preen gland: (p. 862) oil-secreting gland located near the uropigio: (pág. 862) glándula secretora de aceite localizada base of a bird’s tail. cerca de la base de la cola de un ave. prehensile tail: (p. 456) functions like a fifth limb, provides cola prensil: (pág. 456) funciona como una quinta extremi- the ability to grasp tree limbs or other objects and can sup- dad y permite que algunos animales se agarren de las ramas port the body weight of some animals. de los árboles u otros objetos y la cual puede sostener el peso de algunos animales. prezygotic isolating mechanism: (p. 437) occurring before mecanismo aislado precigótico: (pág. 437) que ocurre antes breeding; produces a fertilized egg, or zygote. de la procreación; produce un óvulo fecundado o cigoto. primary succession: (p. 62) establishment of a community in an sucesión primaria: (pág. 62) colonización en un área de roca area of bare rock or bare sand, where no topsoil is present. o arena desnudas, sin mantillo (capa vegetal superior). prion (PREE ahn): (p. 531) protein that can cause infection prión: (pág. 531) proteína que puede causar infecciones o or disease. enfermedades. product: (p. 157) substance formed by a chemical reaction; producto: (pág. 157) sustancia formada por una reacción located on the right side of the arrow in a chemical equation. química; localizada en el lado derecho de la flecha en una ecuación química. profundal zone: (p. 77) deepest, coldest area of a large lake zona profunda: (pág. 77) el área más fría y profunda de un with little light and limited biodiversity. lago grande, con poca luz y una biodiver sidad limitada. GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO 1161 Glossary/Glosario

proglottid/proglótido radial symmetry/simetría radial

proglottid (proh GLAH tihd): (p. 730) continuously proglótido: (pág. 730) sección de una tenia que contiene formed, detachable section of a tapeworm that contains músculos, nervios, bulbos ciliados y órganos reproducto- male and female reproductive organs, flame cells, muscles, res; desprende cuando sus huevos son fecundados y sale and nerves; breaks off when its eggs are fertilized and por el intestino del huésped. passes out of the host’s intestine. prokaryotic cell: (p. 186) microscopic, unicellular organism célula procariótica: (pág. 186) organismo unicelular, without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. microscópico, sin núcleo u otros organelos limitados por membranas. prophase: (p. 248) first stage of mitosis, during which the profase: (pág. 248) primera etapa de la mitosis, durante la cual cell’s chromatin condenses into chromosomes. la cromatina celular se condensa para formar cromosomas. protein: (p. 170) organic compound made of amino acids proteína: (pág. 170) compuesto orgánico formado por ami- joined by peptide bonds; primary building block of organ- noácidos unidos por enlaces pépticos; piedra angular de los isms. organismos. proteomics: (p. 379) study of the structure and function of proteómica: (pág. 379) estudio de la estructura y función de proteins in the human body. proteínas en el cuerpo humano. prothallus (pro THA lus): (p. 665) heart-shaped, tiny fern prótalo: (pág. 665) gametofito diminuto de helecho, en gametophyte. forma de corazón. protist: (p. 501) unicellular, multicellular, or colonial eukary- protista: (pág. 501) eucariota unicelular, multicelular o colo- ote whose cell walls may contain cellulose; can be plantlike, nial cuyas paredes celulares pueden contener celulosa; animal-like, or funguslike. pueden tener forma vegetal, animal o fungosa. proton: (p. 148) positively charged particle in an atom’s protón: (pág. 148) particular cargada positivamente en el nucleus. núcleo de un átomo. protonema: (p. 664) small, threadlike structure produced by protonema: (pág. 664) estructura filamentosa pequeña pro- mosses that can develop into the gametophyte plant. ducida por musgos, capaz de desarrollarse en la planta gametofita. protostome (PROH tuh stohm): (p. 702) coelomate ani- protostomado: (pág. 702) animal celomado cuya boca se mal whose mouth develops from the opening in the gastrula. desarrolla de la abertura de la gástrula. protozoan (proh tuh ZOH un): (p. 542) heterotrophic, protozoario: (pág. 542) protista unicelular heterótrofo pare- unicellular, animal-like protist. cido a un animal. pseudocoelom (soo duh SEE lum): (p. 701) fluid-filled seudoceloma: (pág. 701) cavidad corporal llena de fluido body cavity between the mesoderm and the endoderm. entre el mesodermo y el endodermo. pseudopod (SEW duh pahd): (p. 550) temporary cytoplas- seudópodos: (pág. 550) extensión citoplásmica temporal que mic extension that sarcodines use for feeding and movement. emplean los sarcodinos en la alimentación y locomoción. puberty: (p. 1049) growth period during which sexual matu- pubertad: (pág. 1049) período durante el cual se llega a la rity is reached. madurez sexual. punctuated equilibrium: (p. 440) theory that evolution occurs equilibrio puntuado: (pág. 440) teoría que sostiene que la with relatively sudden periods of speciation followed by evolución ocurre con períodos relativamente súbitos de long periods of stability. especiación, seguido de largos períodos de estabilidad. pupa (PYEW puh): (p. 778) nonfeeding stage of complete pupa: (pág. 778) etapa no alimenticia de la metamorfosis metamorphosis in which the insect changes from the larval completa de un insecto en la cual el insecto cambia de la form to the adult form. forma larval a la adulta. R R R

radial (RAY dee uhl) symmetry: (p. 700) body plan that can simetría radial: (pág. 700) plano corporal que, a través de un be divided along any plane, through a central axis, into eje central a lo largo de cualquier plano, puede dividirse en roughly equal halves. casi dos partes iguales.

1162 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO Glossary/Glosario radicle/radícula ribosomal RNA (rRNA)/RNA ribosomal (rRNA) radicle: (p. 679) first part of the embryo to emerge from the radícula: (pág. 679) primera parte del embrión que emerge seed and begin to absorb water and nutrients from the de la semilla y comienza a absorber agua y nutrientes del environment. medio ambiente. radiometric dating: (p. 395) method used to determine the datación radiométrica: (pág. 395) método utilizado para age of rocks using the rate of decay of radioactive isotopes. determinar la edad de las rocas mediante la tasa de desinte- gración de los isótopos radioactivos. radula (RA juh luh): (p. 738) rasping tonguelike organ with rádula: (pág. 738) órgano raspador parecido a una lengua rows of teeth that many mollusks use in feeding. con hileras de dientes que emplean muchos moluscos para alimentarse. reactant: (p. 157) substance that exists before a chemical reactivo: (pág. 157) sustancia que existe antes de empezar reaction starts; located on the left side of the arrow in a una reacción química; localizada al lado izquierdo de la fle- chemical equation. cha en una ecuación química. recessive: (p. 278) Mendel’s name for a specific trait hidden recesivo: (pág. 256) nombre de Mendel para una rasgo espe- or masked in the F1 generation. cífico oculto o encubierto en la generación F1. recombinant DNA: (p. 366) newly generated DNA fragment DNA recombinante: (pág. 366) fragmento de DNA recién containing exogenous DNA. generado que contiene DNA exógeno. red blood cell: (p. 997) hemoglobin-containing, disc-shaped, glóbulo rojo: (pág. 997) célula sanguínea de corta vida, short-lived blood cell that lacks a nucleus and that trans- esférica, anucleada, que contiene hemoglobina y que transports oxygen to all the body’s cells. porta oxígeno a todas las células del cuerpo. red bone marrow: (p. 942) type of marrow that produces red médula roja: (pág. 942) tipo de médula que produce glóbu- and white blood cells and platelets. los rojos, glóbulos blancos y plaquetas. reflex arc: (p. 963) nerve pathway consisting of a sensory arco reflejo: (pág. 963) trayecto nervioso que consiste en una neuron, an interneuron, and a motor neuron. neurona sensorial, una interneurona y una neurona motora. regeneration: (p. 728) ability to replace or regrow body parts regeneración: (pág. 728) capacidad de reemplazar o rege- missing due to predation or damage. nerar partes corporales perdidas debido a la depredación o daños. relative dating: (p. 394) method used to determine the age of datación relativa: (pág. 394) método empleado para deter- rocks by comparing the rocks with younger and older rock minar la edad de las rocas al compararlas con capas rocosas layers. más recientes y más antiguas. renewable resource: (p. 130) any resource replaced by natu- recurso renovable: (pág. 130) cualquier recurso reempla- ral processes more quickly than it is consumed. zable por procesos naturales de manera más rápida de lo que se consume. reproduction: (p. 9) production of offspring. reproducción: (pág. 9) producción de la progenie. reservoir: (p. 1078) source of a pathogen in the environment. reservorio: (pág. 1078) fuente de un patógeno en el medio ambiente. response: (p. 9) organism’s reaction to a stimulus. respuesta: (pág. 9) la reacción de un organismo a un estímulo. restriction enzyme: (p. 364) bacterial protein that cuts DNA enzima restrictiva: (pág. 364) proteína bacterial que corta el into fragments. DNA en fragmentos. retina: (p. 974) innermost layer of the eye that contains rods retina: (pág. 974) capa más interna del ojo que contiene bas- and cones. toncillos y conos. retrovirus: (p. 530) RNA virus, such as HIV, with reverse retrovirus: (pág. 530) virus RNA, como el HIV, con trans- transcriptase in its core. criptasa inversa en su núcleo. rhizoid (RIH zoyd): (p. 583) type of hypha formed by a rizoide: (pág. 583) tipo de hifa formada por un musgo que mold that penetrates a food’s surface. penetra la superficie del alimento. rhizome: (p. 615) fern’s thick underground stem that func- rizoma: (pág. 615) el tallo grueso subterráneo de un helecho tions as a food-storage organ. que funciona como órgano de almacenamiento de alimento. ribosomal RNA (rRNA): (p. 336) type of RNA that associates RNA ribosomal (rRNA): (pág. 336) tipo de RNA que se asocia with proteins to form ribosomes. con las proteínas para formar ribosomas. GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO 1163 Glossary/Glosario

ribosome/ribosoma sediment/sedimento

ribosome: (p. 193) simple cell organelle that helps manufac- ribosoma: (pág. 193) organelo celular simple que ayuda a ture proteins. elaborar proteínas. RNA: (p. 336) ribonucleic acid; guides protein synthesis. RNA: (pág. 336) ácido ribonucleico; guía la síntesis de proteínas. RNA polymerase: (p. 337) enzyme that regulates RNA synthesis. RNA polimerasa: (pág. 337) enzima que regula la síntesis de RNA. rod: (p. 974) one of the light-sensitive cells in the retina that bastoncillo: (pág. 974) una de las células de la retina que es sends action potentials to the brain via neurons in the sensible a la luz y que envía potenciales de acción al cerebro optic nerve. mediante las neuronas del nervio óptico. root cap: (p. 639) layer of parenchyma cells that covers the piloriza: (pág. 639) capa de células del parénquima que cubre root tip and helps protect root tissues during growth. la punta de las raíces y ayuda a proteger su tejido durante el crecimiento. rubisco: (p. 226) enzyme that converts inorganic carbon rubisco: (pág. 226) enzima que convierte las moléculas dioxide molecules into organic molecules during the final inorgánicas de dióxido de carbono en moléculas orgánicas step of the Calvin cycle. durante la etapa final del ciclo de Calvin. S S S

safety symbol: (p. 21) logo representing a specific danger such símbolo de seguridad: (pág. 21) logotipo que advierte acerca as radioactivity, electrical or biological hazard, or irritants de algún peligro, como radioactividad, agentes irritantes, that may be present in a lab activity or field investigation. riesgos eléctricos o biológicos, que pudieran presentarse en una actividad de laboratorio o investi gación de campo. sarcomere: (p. 948) in skeletal muscle, the functional unit sarcómero: (pág. 948) en el músculo esquelético, la unidad fun- that contracts and is composed of myofibrils. cional que se contrae y se compone de miofibrilla muscular. scale: (p. 823) small, flat, platelike structure near the surface escama: (pág. 823) estructura pequeña, plana y lameliforme, of the skin of most fishes; can be ctenoid, cycloid, placoid, cerca de la superficie de la piel de la mayoría de los peces; or ganoid. puede ser serrada, cicloide, placoidea o ganoidea. science: (p. 11) a body of knowledge based on the study of ciencia: (pág. 11) conjunto de conocimiento basado en el nature. estudio de la naturaleza y su entorno físico. scientific methods: (p. 16) a series of problem-solving proce- método científico: (pág. 16) una serie de procedimientos de dures that might include observations, forming a hypothe- solución de problemas que pueden incluir observaciones, sis, experimenting, gathering and analyzing data, and formulación de una hipótesis, experimentación, recopi- drawing conclusions. lación y análisis de datos y sacar conclusiones. sclerenchyma (skle RENG kuh muh) cell: (p. 633) plant célula esclerénquima: (pág. 633) célula vegetal carente de cito- cell that lacks cytoplasm and other living components plasma y de otros componentes vitales en su etapa madura, when mature, leaving thick, rigid cell walls that provide caracterizada por paredes celulares gruesas y rígidas que support and function in transport of materials. proveen soporte y funcionan en el transporte de materiales. scolex (SKOH leks): (p. 730) parasitically adapted, knob- escólex: (pág. 730) extremidad adaptada parasitariamente like anterior end of a tapeworm, having hooks and suckers con forma de perilla que poseen las tenias; posee ganchos y that attach to the host’s intestinal lining. chupones que se adhieren a la cubierta intestinal del huésped. sebaceous gland: (p. 937) oil-producing gland in the dermis glándula sebácea: (pág. 937) glándula productora de aceite that lubricates skin and hair. en la dermis que lubrica la piel y el cabello. secondary succession: (p. 63) orderly change that occurs in a sucesión secundaria: (pág. 63) cambio ordenado que ocurre place where soil remains after a community of organisms en el suelo de los lugares que experimentaron la expulsión has been removed. de una comunidad de organismos. sediment: (p. 75) material deposited by water, wind, or glaciers. sedimento: (pág. 75) material depositado por el agua, el viento o los glaciares.

1164 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO Glossary/Glosario seed/semilla single nucleotide polymorphism/polimorfismo de un nucleótido simple seed: (p. 607) adaptive reproductive structure of some vascu- semilla: (pág. 607) estructura reproductora y adap table de lar plants that contains an embryo, nutrients for the algunas plantas vasculares que contiene un embrión con su embryo, and is covered by a protective coat. fuente de nutrientes y una capa protectora. seed coat: (p. 677) protective tissue that forms from the tegumento: (pág. 677) tejido protector formado del endurec- hardening of the outside layers of the ovule. imiento de las capas externas del óvulo. selective breeding: (p. 360) directed breeding to produce criaza selectiva: (pág. 360) crianza dirigida hacia la produc- plants and animals with desired traits. ción de plantas y animales con rasgos deseados. selective permeability (pur mee uh BIH luh tee): (p. 187) permeabilidad selectiva: (pág. 187) propiedad de la mem- property of the plasma membrane that allows it to control brana plasmática que le permite controlar el movimiento movement of substances into or out of the cell. de las sustancias dentro o fuera de la célula. semen (SEE mun): (p. 1049) fluid that contains sperm, semen: (pág. 1049) fluido que contiene espermatozoides, nourishment, and other fluids of the male reproductive nutrientes y otros fluidos del sistema reproductor masculino. system. semicircular canal: (p. 975) inner-ear structure that transmits canal semicircular: (pág. 975) estructura interna del oído que information about body position and balance to the brain. transmite al cerebro información relativa a la posición y equilibrio corporales. semiconservative replication: (p. 333) method of DNA repli- replicación semiconservadora: (pág. 333) método de replicación cation in which parental strands separate, act as templates, del DNA mediante el cual los filamentos paternos se separan, and produce molecules of DNA with one parental DNA actúan como plantillas y producen moléculas de DNA con un strand and one new DNA strand. filamento paterno de DNA y otro nuevo de DNA. seminiferous tubule (se muh NIHF rus • TEW byul): túbulo seminífero: (pág. 1049) túbulo del teste donde se (p. 1049) tubule of the testis in which sperm develop. desarrollan los espermatozoides. sepal: (p. 668) flower organ that protects the bud. sépalo: (pág. 668) órgano de la flor que protege el botón. septum: (p. 578) cross-wall that divides a hypha into cells. septo: (pág. 578) tabique que divide una hifa en células. serendipity: (p. 18) occurrence of accidental or unexpected serendipia: (pág. 18) hecho accidental o inesperado con but fortunate outcomes. resultados favorables. sessile (SEH sul): (p. 706) organism permanently attached sésil: (pág. 706) organismo que permanece adherido a una to one place. superficie. seta (SEE tuh): (p. 747) tiny bristle that digs into soil and seta: (pág. 747) pequeña cerda que penetra en el suelo y pro- anchors an earthworm as it moves forward. vee el soporte que requiere una lombriz al avanzar. sex chromosome: (p. 305) X or Y chromosome; paired sex cromosoma sexual: (pág. 305) cromosoma X o Z; los cromo- chromosomes determine an individual’s gender—XX indi- somas sexuales pareados determinan el sexo del individuo: viduals are female and XY individuals are male. los individuos XX son femeninos y los XY, masculinos. sex-linked trait: (p. 307) characteristic, such as red-green rasgo ligado al sexo: (pág. 307) característica, como el dal- color blindness, controlled by genes on the X chromosome; tonismo, controlada por los genes en el cromosoma X; also called an X-linked trait. también denominado rasgo ligado a la X. sexual selection: (p. 436) change in the frequency of a trait selección sexual: (pág. 436) cambio de la frecuencia de un based on competition for a mate. rasgo basado en la rivalidad por una pareja. short-day plant: (p. 672) plant that flowers in the winter, planta de días cortos: (pág. 672) planta que florece en el spring, or fall, when the number of hours of darkness is invierno, primavera u otoño cuando el número de horas de greater than the number of hours of light. oscuridad es mayor que el número de horas diurnas. SI: (p. 14) system of measurements used by scientists, abbre- SI: (pág. 14) sistema de medición que usan los científicos, viation of the International System of Units. abreviatura del Sistema Internacional de Unidades. sieve tube member: (p. 638) nonnucleated, cytoplasmic cell miembro de los tubos cribosos: (pág. 638) célula cito- of the phloem. plasmática del floema que carece de núcleo. single nucleotide polymorphism: (p. 376) variation in a DNA polimorfismo de un nucleótido simple: (pág. 376) variación en sequence occurring when a single nucleotide in a genome una secuencia de DNA que ocurre al alterarse un solo is altered. nucleótido en un genoma.

GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO 1165 Glossary/Glosario

siphon/sifón sporangium/esporangio

siphon (p. 741) tubular organ through which octopuses and sifón: (pág. 741) órgano tubular por el cual los pulpos y los squids eject water, at times so rapidly that their movement calamares expulsan agua, a veces tan rápido, que asemeja appears jet-propelled. una propulsión a chorro. sister chromatid: (p. 248) structure that contains identical cromátides hermanas: (pág. 248) estructura formada durante la DNA copies and is formed during DNA replication. replicación del DNA, que contiene copias idénticas de DNA. skeletal muscle: (p. 948) striated muscle that causes move- músculo óseo: (pág. 948) músculo estriado que causa movi- ment when contracted and is attached to bones by tendons. miento al contraerse, adherido a los huesos por los tendones. small intestine: (p. 1022) longest part of the digestive tract; intestino delgado: (pág. 1022) parte más larga del tracto involved in mechanical and chemical digestion. digestivo; presente en la digestión mecánica y química. smooth muscle: (p. 947) muscle that lines many hollow internal músculo liso: (pág. 947) músculo que recubre las paredes de organs, such as the stomach and uterus. muchos órganos internos, como el estómago y el útero. solute: (p. 163) substance dissolved in a solvent. soluto: (pág. 163) sustancia disuelta en un disolvente. solution: (p. 163) homogeneous mixture formed when a solución: (pág. 163) mezcla homogénea formada al disolverse substance (the solute) is dissolved in another substance una sustancia (el soluto) en otra sustancia (el disolvente). (the solvent). solvent: (p. 163) substance in which another substance is disolvente: (pág. 163) sustancia en la cual se disuelve otra dissolved. sustancia. somatic nervous system: (p. 971) part of the peripheral ner- sistema nervioso somático: (pág. 971) porción del sistema vous system that transmits impulses to and from skin and nervioso periférico que transmite impulsos hacia y desde la skeletal muscles. piel a los músculos esqueléticos. sorus: (p. 616) fern structure formed by clusters of sporangia, soro: (pág. 616) estructura de helecho formada por grupos usually on the undersides of a frond. de esporangios, ubicada generalmente en la super ficie inferior de una fronda. spawning: (p. 826) process by which male and female fishes desove: (pág. 826) proceso mediante el cual tanto los peces release their gametes near each other in the water. macho como las hembras liberan sus gametos cerca uno del otro en el agua. species: (p. 9) group of organisms that can interbreed and especie: (pág. 9) grupo de organismos que pueden cruzarse y produce fertile offspring. producir progenies fértiles. species diversity: (p. 117) in a biological community, the diversidad de especies: (pág. 117) en una comunidad number and abundance of different species. biológica, el número y la abundancia de diferentes especies. spindle apparatus: (p. 250) structure made of spindle fibers, huso: (pág. 250) estructura compuesta por fibras de centrioles, and aster fibers that is involved in moving and microtúbulos, centriolos y áster encargada de movilizar y organizing chromosomes before the cell divides. organizar los cromosomas antes de la división celular. spinneret: (p. 772) in spiders, the structure that spins silk hileras: (pág. 772) en las arañas, la estructura productora de from a fluid protein secreted by their glands. seda a partir del fluido proteico que segregan sus glándulas. spiracle (SPIHR ih kul): (p. 767) opening in the arthropod espiráculo: (pág. 767) abertura en el cuerpo de los artrópodos body through which air enters and waste gases leave. a través de la cual entra el aire y salen los gases de desecho. spongy bone: (p. 942) less dense inner-bone layer with many hueso esponjoso: (pág. 942) capa de hueso interno menos cavities that contain bone marrow. densa con muchos orificios que contienen médula. spongy mesophyll: (p. 644) loosely packed, irregularly shaped mesófilo esponjoso: (pág. 644) células irregulares, ligera- cells with spaces around them located below the palisade mente empacadas, con espacios circundantes localizados mesophyll. bajo el mesófilo en empalizada. spontaneous generation: (p. 401) idea that life arises from generación espontánea: (pág. 401) idea de que la vida surge nonliving things. de la materia no viva. sporangium: (p. 581) sac or case in which fungal spores are esporangio: (pág. 581) en los hongos, un saco o envoltura produced. donde se producen las esporas.

1166 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO Glossary/Glosario spore/espora sympatric speciation/especiación simpátrica spore: (p. 580) reproductive haploid (n) cell with a hard outer espora: (pág. 580) célula reproductora haploide (n) con una shell that forms a new organism without the fusion of gam- cubierta protectora dura capaz de formar un nuevo orga- etes and is produced in the asexual and sexual life cycles of nismo sin la fusión de gametos; y se produce en los ciclos most fungi and some other organisms. vitales sexuales y asexuales de la mayoría de los hongos. stabilizing selection: (p. 434) most common form of natural selección estabilizadora: (pág. 434) la selección natural más selection in which organisms with extreme expressions of a común, mediante la cual se eliminan los organismos con trait are removed. expresiones extremas de un rasgo. stamen: (p. 669) male reproductive organ of most flowers estambre: (pág. 669) órgano reproductor masculino de la composed of a filament and an anther. ma yoría de las flores, compuesto por un filamento y una antera. stem cell: (p. 256) unspecialized cell that can develop into a célula madre: (pág. 256) célula no especializada capaz de specialized cell under the right conditions. desarrollarse en una célula especializada bajo las condiciones adecuadas. sternum (STUR num): (p. 862) in birds, the large breast- esternón: (pág. 862) en las aves, hueso pectoral grande al bone to which flight muscles are attached. cual se adhieren los músculos de vuelo. stimulant: (p. 978) substance/drug that increases alertness estimulante: (pág. 978) sustancia / droga que aumenta la and physical activity. agudeza y actividad física. stimulus: (p. 9) any change in an organism’s internal or exter- estímulo: (pág. 9) cualquier cambio en el ambiente interno o nal environment that causes the organism to react. externo de un organismo que ocasiona una reacción en el organismo. stolon (STOH lun): (p. 583) type of hypha formed by a estolón: (pág. 583) tipo de hifa formada por un hongo que se mold that spreads over a food’s surface. extiende sobre la superficie de los alimentos. stomata: (p. 606) openings in the outer cell layer of leaf sur- estomas: (pág. 606) aberturas en la capa celular externa faces and some stems that allow the exchange of water, car- superficial de las hojas y de algunos tallos que permiten el bon dioxide, oxygen, and other gases between a plant and intercambio de agua, dióxido de carbono y otros gases its environment. entre una planta y su medioambiente. strobilus (STROH bih lus): (p. 613) compact cluster of estróbilo: (pág. 613) racimo compacto de estructuras que spore-bearing structures in some seedless vascular plant contienen esporas en algunos esporófitos de plantas vascu- sporophytes. lares sin semilla. stroma: (p. 223) fluid-filled space outside the grana in which estroma: (pág. 223) espacio relleno de fluido fuera de las light-dependent reactions take place. granas donde suceden reacciones lumino-dependientes. substrate: (p. 160) reactant to which an enzyme binds. sustrato: (pág. 160) reactivo al cual se adhiere una enzima. sustainable use: (p. 130) use of resources at a rate that they uso sostenible: (pág. 130) uso de los recursos a una tasa tal can be replaced or recycled. que puedan reemplazarse o reciclarse. swim bladder: (p. 827) gas-filled internal space in bony fishes vejiga natatoria: (pág. 827) espacio interno relleno de gas en that allows them to regulate their buoyancy. los peces óseos que les ayuda a controlar su flotabilidad. swimmeret: (p. 771) crustacean appendage used as a flipper pleópodo: (pág. 771) apéndice crustáceo empleado como during swimming. aleta durante la natación. symbiosis (sihm bee OH sus): (p. 39) close mutualistic, simbiosis: (pág. 39) asociación estrecha mutualista, parasítica parasitic, or commensal association between two or more o comensal entre dos o más especies que viven juntas. species that live together. symmetry (SIH muh tree): (p. 700) balance or similarity in simetría: (pág. 700) equilibrio o similitud en las estructuras body structures of organisms. corporales de los organismos. sympathetic nervous system: (p. 972) branch of the auto- sistema nervioso simpático: (pág. 972) rama del sistema nomic nervous system that controls organs and is most nervioso autónomo que controla los órganos y es muy active during emergencies or stress. activo durante las emergencias o el estrés. sympatric speciation: (p. 438) occurs when a species evolves especiación simpátrica: (pág. 438) ocurre cuando una espe- into a new species in an area without a geographic barrier. cie evoluciona en una especie nueva dentro de un área sin frontera geográfica.

GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO 1167 Glossary/Glosario

synapse/sinapsis thermodynamics/termodinámica

synapse (SIH naps): (p. 967) gap between one neuron’s sinapsis: (pág. 967) brecha entre el axón de una neurona y axon and another nueron’s dendrite. las dendritas de otra. T T T

taste bud: (p. 973) one of a number of specialized chemical papila gustativa: (pág. 973) una de un número de receptores receptors on the tongue that can detect sweet, sour, salty, químicos especializados de la lengua que detectan los and bitter tastes. sabores dulces, agrios, salados y amargos. taxon: (p. 487) named group of organisms, such as a phylum, taxón: (pág. 487) grupo nombrado de organismos, como un genus, or species. filo, un género o una especie. taxonomy (tak SAH nuh mee): (p. 485) branch of biology taxonomía: (pág. 485) rama de la biología que identifica, that identifies, names, and classifies species based on their nombra y clasifica las especies en base a su morfología y natural relationships. comportamiento. technology (tek NAH luh jee): (p. 15) application of tecnología: (pág. 15) aplicación del conocimiento derivado knowledge gained from scientific reasearch to solve soci- de la investigación científica a fin de resolver los problemas ety’s needs and problems and improve the quality of life. y necesidades de la sociedad y mejorar la calidad de vida. telomere: (p. 311) protective cap made of DNA that is found telómero: (pág. 311) capa protectora de DNA que se encuen- on the ends of a chromosome. tra en los extremos de un cromosoma. telophase: (p. 251) last stage of mitosis in which nucleoli telofase: (pág. 251) fase final de la mitosis en que reaparecen reappear. Two new nuclear membranes begin to form, but los nucléolos. Comienzan a formarse dos nuevas membra- the cell has not yet completely divided. nas nucleares sin que la célula haya terminado de dividirse. temperate forest: (p. 69) biome south of the boreal forest bosque templado: (pág. 69) bioma al sur del bosque boreal characterized by broad-leaved, deciduous trees, well-defined compuesto por árboles caducifolios de hojas anchas, esta- seasons, and average yearly precipitation of 75–150 cm. ciones bien definidas y entre 70 y 150 cm de precipitación promedio anual. tendon: (p. 948) tough connective-tissue band that connects tendón: (pág. 948) banda dura de tejido conectivo que muscle to bone. adhieren los músculos a los huesos. territorial behavior: (p. 918) competitive behavior in which comportamiento territorial: (pág. 918) comportamiento com- an animal tries to adopt and defend a physical area against petitivo mediante el cual un animal trata de adoptar y others of the same species. defender un área física de otros animales de la misma espe- test: (p. 550) hard, porous, shell-like covering of an amoeba. cie. testa: (pág. 550) cubierta dura, porosa, con forma de cás- test cross: (p. 362) breeding that can be used to determine an cara, de una ameba. organism’s genotype. cruzamiento de prueba: (pág. 362) cruce que puede ayudar a tetrapod: (p. 830) four-footed animal with legs that have feet determinar el genotipo de un organismo. and toes with joints. tetrápodo: (pág. 830) animal cuadrúpedo cuyas patas tienen thallose (THAL lohs): (p. 612) liverwort with a fleshy, pies y dedos con articulaciones. lobed body shape. talosa: (pág. 612) hepática con forma corporal carnosa theory: (p. 14) explanation of a natural phenomenon based lobulada. on many observations and investigations over time. teoría: (pág. 14) explicación de un fenómeno natural basado en muchas observaciones y experimentos con el correr del theory of biogenesis (bi oh JEN uh sus): (p. 402) states that tiempo. only living organisms can produce other living organisms. teoría de la biogénesis: (pág. 402) plantea que sólo los therapsid: (p. 896) extinct mammal-like reptile from which organismos vivos pueden producir otros organismos vivos. the first mammals probably arose. terápsido: (pág. 896) reptil extinto parecido a un mamífero thermodynamics: (p. 218) study of the flow and transforma- del cual probablemente surgieron los primeros mamíferos. tion of energy in the universe. termodinámica: (pág. 218) estudio del flujo y transformación de la energía del universo.

1168 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO Glossary/Glosario thorax/tórax tropical rain forest/pluviselva tropical thorax: (p. 763) middle body region of an arthropod consisting tórax: (pág. 763) región del cuerpo medio de un artrópodo of three fused main segments that may bear legs and wings. compuesta por tres segmentos principales fusionados capaz de soportar patas y alas. threshold: (p. 964) minimum stimulus needed to produce a umbral: (pág. 964) estímulo mínimo requerido para producir nerve impulse. un impulso nervioso. thylakoid: (p. 223) in choroplasts, one of the stacked, flat- tilacoide: (pág. 223) en los cloroplastos, una de las membra- tened, pigment-containing membranes in which light- nas apiladas y aplanadas que contienen pigmento donde dependent reactions occur. ocurren las reacciones lumino-dependientes. thyroxine: (p. 1034) thyroid hormone that increases the met- tiroxina: (pág. 1034) hormona tiroidea que aumenta la tasa abolic rate of cells. metabólica de las células. tolerance: (p. 61) organism’s ability to survive biotic and abi- tolerancia: (pág. 61) capacidad de un organismo de sobrevi- otic factors. (p. 981) as the body becomes less responsive vir factores bióticos y abióticos. (pág. 981) a medida que to a drug, an individual needs larger and more frequent el cuerpo se vuelve menos sensible a una droga, un indi- doses to achieve the same effect. viduo necesita dosis más frecuentes y mayores para obtener el mismo efecto. trachea: (p. 1001) tube that carries air from the larynx to the tráquea: (pág. 1001) conducto que lleva el aire desde la bronchi. la ringe hasta los bronquios. tracheal (TRAY kee ul) tube: (p. 767) in most terrestrial tubo traqueal: (pág. 767) en la mayoría de los artrópodos arthropods, one of a system of tubes that branch into terrestres, uno entre un sistema de conductos que se rami- smaller tubules and carry oxygen throughout the body. fican en otros más pequeños y transportan el oxígeno por todo el cuerpo. tracheid (TRAY key ihd): (p. 637) long, cylindrical plant cell traqueida: (pág. 637) célula vegetal alargada y cilíndrica en in which water passes from cell to cell through pitted ends. la cual pasa el agua de célula a célula a través de extremos picados. transcription (trans KRIHP shun): (p. 337) process in transcripción: (pág. 337) proceso en que el mRNA se sin- which mRNA is synthesized from the template DNA. tetiza del patrón de DNA. transfer RNA: (p. 336) type of RNA that transports amino RNA de transferencia: (pág. 336) tipo de RNA que transporta acids to the ribosome. los aminoácidos a los ribosomas. transformation: (p. 367) process in which bacterial cells take transformación: (pág. 367) proceso en el cual las células bac- up recombinant plasmid DNA. terianas recogen el DNA plásmido recombinante. transgenic organism: (p. 370) organism that is genetically organismo transgénico: (pág. 370) organismo generado engineered by inserting a gene from another organism. genéticamente al insertar el gene de un organismo distinto. translation: (p. 338) process in which mRNA attaches to the traducción: (pág. 338) proceso mediante el cual el mRNA se ribosome and a protein is assembled. adhiere al ribosoma y se sintetiza una proteína. transpiration: (p. 645) process in which water evaporates transpiración: (pág. 645) proceso en el cual el agua se evapora from the inside of leaves to the outside through stomata. de adentro hacia fuera de las hojas a través de los estomas. transport protein: (p. 189) protein that moves substances or proteína de transporte: (pág. 189) proteína que mueve sus- wastes through the plasma membrane. tancias o desechos a través de la membrana plasmática. trichinosis (trih kuh NOH sus): (p. 733) disease caused by triquinosis: (pág. 733) enfermedad causada por la carne eating raw or undercooked meat, usually pork, infected cruda o poco cocinada, generalmente de cerdo, infectada with Trichinella larvae. con larvas de la Trichinella. trichocyst (TRIH kuh sihst): (p. 547) elongated, cylindrical tricocisto: (pág. 547) estructura alargada y cilíndrica que puede structure that can discharge a spinelike structure that may descargar una estructura husiforme capaz de reaccionar como function in defense, as an anchoring device, or to capture prey. defensa, como sistema de anclaje o captura de presa. trophic (TROH fihk) level: (p. 42) each step in a food chain nivel trófico: (pág. 42) cada paso de una cadena o red or food web. alimenticia. tropical rain forest: (p. 72) hot, wet biome with year-round pluviselva tropical: (pág. 72) bioma caliente, lluvioso, con humidity; contains Earth’s most diverse species of plants una humedad anual continua; contiene las especies más and animals. diversas de plantas y animales terrestres.

GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO 1169 Glossary/Glosario

tropical savanna/sabana tropical vascular tissue/tejido vascular

tropical savanna: (p. 71) biome characterized by grasses and sabana tropical: (pág. 71) bioma caracterizado por hierbas, scattered trees, and herd animals such as zebras and antelopes. árboles dispersos y animales que se agrupan en manadas, como cebras y antílopes. tropical seasonal forest: (p. 71) biome characterized by decid- bosque estacional tropical: (pág. 71) bioma caracterizado por uous and evergreen trees, a dry season, and animal species árboles caducifolios y siempreverdes, una estación seca y that include monkeys, elephants, and Bengal tigers. especies de animales que incluyen a los monos, los elefantes y los tigres de Bengala. tropism (TROH pih zum): (p. 651) response to an external tropismo: (pág. 651) crecimiento de una planta en respuesta a stimulus in a specific direction. estímulos externos proveniente de una dirección específica. tube foot: (p. 795) one of the muscular, small, fluid-filled pie ambulacral: (pág. 795) uno de los conductos musculares tubes with suction-cuplike ends that enable echinoderms to pequeños rellenos de fluido y con ventosas de los equino- move and collect food. dermos que posibilita el movimiento y la recolección de alimento. tundra: (p. 68) treeless biome with permanently frozen soil tundra: (pág. 68) bioma carente de árboles, con suelo perma- under the surface and average yearly precipitation of 15– nentemente congelado bajo la superficie; y una precipi- 25 cm. tación promedio anual de 15-25 cm. tympanic (tihm PA nihk) membrane: (p. 837) eardrum. membrana timpánica: (pág. 837) tímpano. U U U

urea: (p. 1006) nitrogenous waste product of the excretory urea: (pág. 1006) producto de desecho nitrogenado del system. sistema excretorio. urethra (yoo REE thruh): (p. 1049) tube that conducts uretra: (pág. 1049) conducto que conduce el semen y la semen and urine out of the body through the penis in males orina fuera del cuerpo a través del pene en los machos y and transports urine out of the body in females. transporta la orina fuera del cuerpo de las hembras. uterus: (p. 887) saclike muscular female organ in which útero: (pág. 887) órgano femenino muscular con forma de embryos develop. saco hueco donde se desarrollan los embriones. V V V

vacuole: (p. 195) membrane-bound vesicle for temporary vacuola: (pág. 195) espacio encerrado por una membrana storage of materials such as food, enzymes, and wastes. para el almacenamiento temporal de materiales como alimento, enzimas y desechos. valve: (p. 994) one of the tissue flaps in veins that prevents válvula: (pág. 994) uno de los opérculos de los tejidos en las backflow of blood. venas que evita que la sangre fluya hacia atrás. van der Waals forces: (p. 155) attractive forces between mol- fuerzas de van der Waals: (pág. 155) fuerzas de atracción ecules. entre las moléculas. vascular cambium: (p. 634) thin cylinder of meristematic tis- cámbium vascular: (pág. 634) cilindro delgado de tejido mer- sue that produces new transport cells. istémico que produce células de transporte nuevas. vascular plant: (p. 606) type of plant with vascular tissues planta vascular: (pág. 606) tipo de planta con tejido vascular adapted to land environments; most widely distributed type adaptada a ambientes terrestres; tipo de planta amplia- of plant on Earth. mente distribuida en la Tierra. vascular tissue: (p. 606) specialized tissue that transports tejido vascular: (pág. 606) tejido especializado que transporta water, food, and other substances in vascular plants and can agua, alimento y otras sustancias en las plantas vasculares y also provide structure and support. también proveen estructura y soporte.

1170 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO Glossary/Glosario vas deferens/conducto deferente woodland/zona boscosa vas deferens (VAS • DEF uh runz): (p. 1049) duct conducto deferente: (pág. 1049) ducto por el cual los esper- through which sperm move away from the testis and matozoides se alejan de los testículos hacia la uretra. toward the urethra. vegetative reproduction: (p. 662) asexual reproduction in reproducción vegetativa: (pág. 662) reproducción asexual en which new plants grow from parts of an existing plant. la cual crecen plantas nuevas de las partes de una planta existente. vein: (p. 994) blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood vena: (pág. 994) vaso sanguíneo que devuelve la sangre back to the heart. desoxigenada al corazón. ventral (VEN trul): (p. 700) underside or belly of an animal ventral: (pág. 700) la superficie inferior o barriga de un ani- with bilateral symmetry. mal con simetría bilateral. ventricle: (p. 824) the heart chamber that pumps blood from ventrículo: (pág. 894) la cavidad cardíaca que bombea la san- the heart to the gills. gre del corazón a las agallas. vertebrate: (p. 693) animal with an endoskeleton and a vertebrado: (pág. 693) animal que posee endoesqueleto y backbone. columna vertebral. vessel element: (p. 637) elongated, tubular plant cell that elemento vascular: (pág. 637) células vegetales alargadas, forms xylem strands (vessels) and conducts water and dis- tubulares, que forman filamentos de xilema (vasos) y con- solved substances. ducen agua y sustancias disueltas. vestigial structure: (p. 425) reduced form of a functional estructura vestigial: (pág. 425) forma reducida de una structure that indicates shared ancestry. estructura funcional que indica ascendencia compartida. villus (VIH luhs): (p. 1023) fingerlike structure through vellosidad: (pág. 1023) estructura en forma de dedos por la which most nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine. cual el intestino delgado absorbe la mayor parte de los nutrientes. virus: (p. 525) nonliving strand of genetic material that can- virus: (pág. 525) hebra sin vida, de material genético, incapaz not replicate on its own, has a nucleic acid core, a protein de duplicarse por sí misma; tiene un núcleo de ácido coat, and can invade cells and alter cellular function. nucleico, un revestimiento de proteína y puede invadir las células y alterar sus funciones. vitamin: (p. 1028) fat-soluble or water-soluble organic com- vitamina: (pág. 1028) compuesto orgánico liposoluble o pound needed in very small amounts for the body’s meta- hidrosoluble, que se necesita en porciones muy pequeñas bolic activities. para las actividades metabólicas del cuerpo. voluntary muscle: (p. 948) consciously controlled skeletal músculo voluntario: (pág. 948) músculo esquelético contro- muscle. lado en forma consciente. W W W water-vascular system: (p. 795) system of fluid-filled, closed sistema vascular acuático: (pág. 795) sistema de conductos tubes that allow echinoderms to control movement and cerrados, rellenos de fluido, que permite a los equinodermos get food. controlar el movimiento y obtener alimento. weather: (p. 65) atmospheric conditions such as temperature tiempo: (pág. 65) condiciones atmosféricas, como la tempe- and precipitation at a specific place and time. ratura y la precipitación, en un lugar y tiempo específico. wetland: (p. 78) water-saturated land area that supports humedal: (pág. 78) terreno saturado de agua que mantiene a aquatic plants. las plantas acuáticas. white blood cell: (p. 998) large, nucleated, disease-fighting glóbulo blanco: (pág. 998) célula sanguínea gigante y blood cell produced in the bone marrow. nucleada que combate las enfermedades y se produce en la médula ósea. woodland: (p. 69) biome characterized by small trees and zona boscosa: (pág. 69) bioma caracterizado por árboles mixed shrub communities. pequeños y comunidades de arbustos mixtas.

GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO 1171 Glossary/Glosario

xylem/xilema zygote/cigoto X X X

xylem (ZI lum): (p. 637) vascular plant tissue that trans- xilema: (pág. 637) tejido vegetal vascular que transporta el ports water and dissolved minerals away from the roots agua y los minerales disueltos desde las raíces hacia el resto throughout the plant and is composed of vessel elements de la planta, compuesto por elementos de los vasos y and tracheids. traqueidas. Y Y Y

yellow bone marrow: (p. 942) type of marrow that consists médula ósea amarilla: (pág. 942) tipo de médula que con- of stored fat. siste en grasas almacenadas. Z Z Z

zero population growth (ZPG): (p. 104) occurs when the crecimiento demográfico nulo (CDN): (pág. 104) sucede birthrate equals the death rate. cuando la tasa de natalidad es igual a la tasa de mortalidad. zygote (ZI goht): (p. 695) fertilized egg formed when a cigoto: (pág. 695) óvulo fecundado que se forma cuando un sperm cell penetrates an egg. espermatozoide fecunda un óvulo.

1172 GLOSSARY/GLOSARIO A (vitamin) Altruistic behavior Index Key Italic page numbers = illustration/photo Bold page numbers = vocabulary term Italic page numbers + act = activity

Adaptive radiation, 439 Air pollution, acid precipitation and, 126; A Addiction, 981 lichens as indicators of, 588 A (vitamin), 375, 1029 Adenine (A), 329, 330, 334, 403 Air sac, 863 AB blood type, 304, 998 Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), 221 Albinism, 297, 298, 1092 Abdomen (arthropod), 763, 775 Adenosine monophosphate (AMP), 221 Alcohol, 977, 979, 980 act, 981, 1059 Abiotic factor, 35, 60; biome distribu- Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 221; Alcohol fermentation, 231, 232, 233 tion and, 65–66; climate and, 66; muscle contraction and, 950; produc- Aldosterone, 1035 limiting in communities, 61; limiting tion of in cellular respiration, 228, Algae, 501, 543, 553–560; alternation of in populations, 94; protozoans, effect 229, 230, 231; production of in photo- generation, 560; asexual reproduction, 560; atmospheric oxygen and, on growth of, 39 act; range of toler- synthesis, 222, 224, 225, 226 79; brown algae, 557; characteristics, ance and, 61; spatial distribution of Adenovirus, 526 553; chloroplasts and photosynthetic organisms and, 94 ADH (antidiuretic hormone), 1036, 1037 pigments, 543, 553; chrysophytes, A blood type, 304, 998 Adolescence, 1063, 1064 557; diatoms, 554; dinoflagellates, AB marker, 304 ADP. See Adenosine diphosphate 555–556; euglenoids, 556; foods from, ABO blood groups, 304, 998 (ADP) 559; green algae, 557–558; lichen and. Abyssal zone, 81 Adrenal cortex, 1036 See Lichen; photosynthesis by, 553, Accessory pigment, 224. See also Pigment Adrenal gland, 1033, 1035 558 act; plants, shared characteristics Acellular slime mold, 561, 562 Adrenaline, 1035 with, 604; red algae, 559; sexual repro- Acetylcholine (ACh), 966 Adulthood, 1064 duction, 560; uses of, 559 Acetyl CoA, 230 Adult stem cell, 256, 257 Algal bloom, 555 Acetylsalicylic acid. See Aspirin Adventitious root, 641 Algologist, 554 Achondroplasia, 298, 346 Aegyptophithecus (“dawn ape”), 460 Alkalinity, 172 Aequorea victoria, 380 Acid, 164, 165 Alkaptonuria, 296, 346 Aerobe, 521 Acid-base chemistry, 164–165; acid pre- Allantois, 853, 1056 Aerobic process, 228 cipitation reactions, 126; alkalinity, 172; Allele(s), 278. See also Allelic frequency; Aerobic respiration, 228. See also pH, 164 act, 165, 1021; titration, 172 Genetics; Heredity; codominant, Cellular respiration Acid precipitation, 126. See also Air 302–303; convention for recording, AFM. See Atomic force microscope pollution 279; dominant, 278, 279; epistasis and, (AFM) Acne, 524, 937 305; genotype and phenotype and, African elephant, 494, 494 act Acoelomate, 701, 702 act 279; heterozygous, 279, 296; homozy- African replacement model, 472 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome gous, 279, 296; incomplete dominance (AIDS). See AIDS (Acquired African sleeping sickness, 552 and, 302; independent assortment of, Immunodeficiency Syndrome) Agar, 559 280; multiple, 304; polygenic traits Acrasin, 563 Age of Fishes, 832 and, 309; probability and, 282; Punnett Acrasiomycota, 563 Age of Mammals, 897 squares and, 280–282, 281 act; reces- Acrosome, 1055 Age of Reptiles, 856–857 sive, 278, 279; segregation of, 279 Actin, 948, 949 Age structure, 104 Allelic frequency, founder effect and, Action potential, 964–965, 966 Aggregate fruit, 677 433; gene flow and, 434; genetic drift Activation energy, 157–158 Aging, 311, 752, 939, 1065 and, 433; Hardy-Weinberg principle Active immunity, 1089–1090 Agnathan. See Jawless fishes and, 431–432; mutations and, 434; Active site, 160. See also Enzyme Agonistic behavior, 917 natural selection and, 434–436; non- Active transport, 205–206; sodium- Agriculture, genetic diversity of crops, random mating and, 434; population potassium pump, 206, 964 118–119; genetic engineering and, 6, bottlenecks and, 433 Activities. See BioLab; BioLab: Design 119, 371, 680; integrated pest man- Allelopathy, 678 act Your Own; Data Analysis Lab; agement, 780; pollution from runoff Allergen, 1094–1095 Launch Lab; MiniLab from, 172; study of by biologists, 6; Allergy, 1004, 1094–1095 Adaptation, 10, 60, 428–430. See also vegetative reproduction and, 663 Alligator, 856, 857, 860. See also Reptile Vocabulary; in animals to life on land, AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Allopatric speciation, 438 834–835, 840; behavior as, 909; cam- Syndrome), 101, 103, 525, 1080, Alternate leaf arrangement, 645 ouflage as, 428; as characteristic of liv- 1090–1091. See also Human immuno- Alternation of generations, 560; in ing things, 7, 10; mimicry as, 429, 429 deficiency virus (HIV) algae, 560; in plants, 607, 663 act; in plants to life on land, 605–607 Air bladder, 557 Altruistic behavior, 922 INDEX 1173 Index

Aluminum Apical meristem

Aluminum, 172 Animal(s), 502, 503. See also specific Annamite rabbit, 716 Alveolus, 1001 animals; acoelomate, 701, 702 act; Annelid. See Segmented worm (annelid) Alzheimer’s disease, 348 adaptations in, 693, 834–835; artificial Annual growth ring, 642 Amazon River, 74 selection (selective breeding) of, Annual plant, 620 Amber, 393 360–362, 419; asymmetric, 700; Anopheles mosquito, 551 American sleeping sickness, 552 behavior of. See Animal behavior; Anseriformes, 867 Ames test, 348 act bilateral, 700, 701, 726; body plans, Ant, 779 Amino acid(s), 170. See also Protein; 698–704, 702 act; cells of. See Animal Antacid, 165 genetic code for, 337–338; human cell(s); characteristics of, 503, 691 act, Antarctica, 73 nutrition and, 1027; origins of, 404; 692, 717 act; coelomate, 701, 702, 703; Anteaters, 892, 894 similarity of and evolutionary rela- communication by, 920; development Antennae, 775, 777 tionships, 427; translation of from of (embryogeny), 696–697, 702, 703; Anterior, 700 RNA, 338, 339 endangered, 135; feeding and diges- Anther, 669 Amino acid hormone, 1031, 1032 tion in, 692, 693 act; habitats, 693; Antheridium, fern, 665; moss, 664 Ammonia, 48, 523 history of classification of, 694–695; Anthocerophyta (hornworts), 608, 609, Amniocentesis, 315, 1060, 1061 invertebrate. See Invertebrate; move- 611, 611 act Amnion, 852, 853, 1056 ment by, 694; as natural resource, 123; Anthophyta (flowering plants), 608, 609, Amniote, 852, 858 origins, 692, 698, 699; overexploita- 617, 620. See also Plant(s); dicots, 620, Amniotic egg, 853, 861, 1056 tion of, 124; as pathogen reservoirs, 640, 642, 645, 669; dominant stage of Amniotic fluid, 853, 1056 1079; pollination by, 671; pseudocoe- lifecycle, 663, 674; double fertilization, Amoeba, 543, 550 lomate, 701; radial symmetry in, 700; 676; emergence of in late Triassic Amoeboid cell, 562 reproduction, 695; seed dispersal by, period, 399; eudicots, 620, 640, 642, AMP. See Adenosine monophosphate 678; segmentation in, 704; skeletons 645, 669, 676, 679, 681 act; flowers. (AMP) of, 693; symmetry of, 700; transgenic, See Flower; fruits, 649, 676, 677; game- Amphetamine, 979, 980 370; vertebrate. See Vertebrate tophyte development, 674; life cycle, Amphibian, 834–841. See also Vocabulary; Animal behavior, 908–923; advantages 674–679; life spans, 620–621; mono- brain, 837; caecilians, 835, 838, 839; and disadvantages of, 923; agnostic cots, 620, 640, 642, 645, 669, 676, 679, circulation, 836; ecology, 841; excretion, behaviors, 917; biological rhythms, 681 act; photoperiodism, 672–673; 836; feeding and digestion, 835; frogs, 919; circadian rhythms, 919; classical pollination, 671, 675–676; reproduc- 835, 837, 837 act, 838, 842; malforma- conditioning, 913; cognitive behav- tive structures, observe, 661 act; seed tions in, 842; metamorphosis, 835, 838; iors, 915; communication behaviors, and fruit development, 676–677; seed origins, 834, 840; reproduction, 838; 920; competitive behaviors, 917; dispersal, 678; seed germination, 678 respiration, 836; salamanders and cooperative behaviors, 922; courting act, 678–679; vessel elements in, 637 newts, 839; toads, 838 behaviors, 921; dominance hierar- Anthozoan, 713 Amphioxus, 802, 804–805 chies, 917; ecological, 916–919, 925 Ampulla, 795 act; evolution of, 909, 916; experience Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis), 1076 Amylase, 1020, 1039 act and, 909; fixed action patterns, 910, Anthropoid, 455, 456; evolution of, 459 Anabolic pathway, 220 911; foraging behaviors, 918; genetic Anthropologist, 464 Anaerobe, 521 influence on, 909; habituation, 911, Antibiotic, 533 act, 589, 592, 977, 1082 Anaerobic process, 228. 912, 912 act; imprinting, 914; innate Antibiotic-resistant bacteria, 429, 522, See also Fermentation behaviors, 910, 911; isopod response 1082–1083 Anaerobic respiration, 231–232 to light, 925 act; learned behaviors, Antibody, 1086, 1089 Analogous structure, 426 912–915; in mammals, 886; migratory Anticancer drug(s), 119, 592, 709 Anal pore, 547, 548 behaviors, 919, 923; nurturing behav- Anticodon, 338 Anaphase (mitotic), 249, 251 iors, 921; observation of, 907 act, 925 Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 1036, 1037 Anaphase I (meiosis), 272, 273 act; operant conditioning, 911, Antigen, 1086, 1087 Anaphase II (meiosis), 273, 274 913–914; in protozoans, 567 act; Antiparallel strand orientation (DNA), Anaphylactic shock, 1095 territorial behaviors, 918, 918 act; 331 Anapsid, 858 timeline of study of, 908–909 Antiviral drug(s), 532, 1082 Anatomy, determine phylogeny through Animal behaviorist, 910 Anura, 838. See also Frog; Toad shared, 492; evidence of evolution Animal cell(s), 694. See also Cell(s); Anus, 701, 1024 from shared, 424–426; human. aster fibers in mitosis, 250; bacterial Aorta, 996 See Human body cell v., 192, 515 act; cytokinesis in, Aortic valve, 994, 995 Ancestral character, 495, 496, 505 act 252; plant cell v., 192, 199, 200, 694 Ape, 452, 456, 457, 459 act, 892, 894. Ancestral trait, 424 Animal curator, 839 See also Primate Andrews, Peter, 472 Animal dander, 1094 Aphotic zone, 80 Angiosperm. See Anthophyta (flowering Animalia (Kingdom), 499, 502, 503, 694 Apical dominance, 649 plants) Animal-like protist. See Protozoan Apical meristem, 634, 635, 639, 642 1174 INDEX Index

Apicomplexa Base

Apicomplexa, 543, 551. Ascocarp, 585 Avery, Oswald, 327 See also Vocabulary Ascomycote (sac fungi), 582, 584–585. Aves. See Bird Apoptosis, 256 See also Yeast Axial skeleton, 941 Appendage, 764 Ascospore, 585 Axon, 962, 963, 965 Appendicitis, 1024 Ascus, 585 Aye-Aye, 455 Appendicular skeleton, 941 Aseptate hypha, 578 Appendix, 1024 Asexual reproduction, 276. See also B Apple, browning of, 159 act Binary fission; Sexual reproduction; Aquatic ecosystem(s), 74–81; freshwater, Vegetative reproduction; algae, 560; B (vitamin), 523, 1028, 1029 74–77, 83 act; marine, 79–81; transi- amoeba, 550; animal, 695; annelid, Baboons, 457 tional, 78 748; ascomycete, 584; benefits of, 276; Baby, birth of, 1062–1063. Arachnid, 770, 771–774. See also cellular slime mold, 563; cnidarian, See also Fetal development; Arthropod; characteristics, 773 act; 712; diatom, 554, 555; echinoderm, Pregnancy horseshoe crabs, 774; mites, 773; 796; flatworm, 728; fungi, 580–581; Bacillariophyta (diatoms), 554, 559 scorpions, 773; spiders, 766, 767, 770, plant, 662–663; prokaryote, 520; sac Bacillus anthracis (anthrax), 1076 771, 772; ticks, 773 fungi, 586; segmented worm, 748; Bacitracin, 523 Arboreal, 455 sexual reproduction vs., 276; sponge, Background extinction, 122 Archaea (domain), 405, 500, 502 (king- 708; sporozoan, 551; yeast, 580, 580 Bacteria, 516–524; aerobic, 521; anaero- dom), 405, 499, 500, 502, 516, 517. act; zygomycete, 583 bic, 521; animal cells v., 515 act; See also Bacteria; Prokaryote(s); Asparagus, 590 act anthrax, 1076; antibiotic-resistant, Vocabulary Aspergillus, 590 429, 522, 1082–1083; antibiotic effec- Archaeocyte, 707 Aspirin, 119, 977 tiveness against, 533 act; archaebacte- Archaeopteryx, 408, 424, 868 Aster fiber, 250 ria. See Archaebacteria; Archegonium, conifer, 665; fern, 665; Asteroidea, 797 bacteriophages, 327, 527, 528 act; moss, 664 Asthma, 1004 botulism from, 524, 1081; cell wall, Archosaur, 868 Astrobiologist, 5 499, 500, 517, 519, 519 act; character- Arctic polar region, 73 Asymmetry, 700 istics, 500, 502; chemoautotrophic, Aristotle, 484–485, 490, 694, 799 Atherosclerosis, 999 521; classification of, 499, 500 act, Aristotle’s lantern, 799 Athlete’s foot, 591, 1078 519, 519 act; decomposition by, 42; Armadillo, 423, 892, 894 Atmosphere, air pollution and, 126, 588; diseases caused by, 524, 1078, 1079, Arteriosclerosis, 1092 cycling of water through, 46; formation 1080–1081; endospores, 521; eubacte- Artery, 993 of Earth’s, 393, 398, 405; supply of oxy- ria, 516, 517; foods and medicines Arthobotrys, 578 gen to by marine algae, 79 from, 523; genetic control of lactose Arthritis, 945, 1092, 1095 Atom, 148. See also Vocabulary synthesis in, 343; genetic control of Arthropod, 760–781; appendages, 764; Atomic force microscope (AFM), 208 tryptophan synthesis in, 342–343; arachnids, 770, 771–774; body plan, Atomic mass, 149 Gram staining, 519, 519 act; hetero- 762; body regions, 763; book lungs, ATP. See Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) trophic, 520; human digestive system 766, 767; characteristics, 770–774, 773 ATP synthase, 224 and, 1024; human skin and, 523; act; chemical communication, 768; Atrioventricular (AV) node, 995 mutations in, 522; nitrogen cycle and, circulation, 767; crustaceans, 770, 771; Atrium, 824, 994, 995. See also 48, 522; nitrogen fixation and, 522–523; as disease vectors, 1080; excretion, 767; Vocabulary parasitic, 40; photoautotrophic, 521; exoskeleton, 762, 763; feeding and Auditory communication, 920 plasmids, 366, 367; reproduction, 520; digestion, 765; gills, 766, 767; insects, Auricle, 729 shape, 519; size, 518; streptococcal, 8; 770, 775–781; in local environment, Australian marsupials, 890 structure, 518; toxins from, 524, 783 act; molting, 764; mouthparts, 765, Australopithecine, 465, 466. 1080–1081; transformation of, 765 act; movement, 769; observation See also Vocabulary 326–327, 367, 528 act; transgenic, 371 of, 761 act, 773 act; origins, 762, 781; Australopithecus, 465; A. afarensis, 465; Bacterial plasmid, 366, 367 reproduction, 769; respiration, 766, A. africanus, 465; A. boisei, 466, 474; Bacteriophage, 327, 527, 528 act 767; response to stimuli, 768, 925 act; A. garhi, 466; A. robustus, 466 Balance, maintenance of, 975 segmentation, 762, 763; spiders, 770, Auto-adaptive genetic systems, 442 Balanced equation, 156–157 771–772; tracheal tubes, 766, 767 Autoimmunity, 1095 Ball-and-socket joint, 944 Artificial heart, 993 Autonomic nervous system, 971–972 Bar code, DNA, 504 Artificial selection, 419, 420 act. Autopsy, 1038 Bark, 642 See also Selective breeding Autosome, 305 Barnacle, 771 Artiodactyla, 893, 894 Autotroph, 41, 42, 219. Barr body, 307 Asbestos, 255 See also Vocabulary Base, 164; acid-base chemistry and, 164, Ascarid worm, 734 Autotrophic prokaryote, 398, 405 165; nitrogenous. See Nitrogenous Ascaris, 734 Auxin, 648–649 bases INDEX 1175 Index

Basidiocarp Biotin

Basidiocarp, 586 Bioindicator, 588 Biological macromolecules, 167–171; Basidiomycote, 582, 585–586 Bioinformatics, 106, 375, 504, 532 carbohydrates, 167, 168; carbon as Basidiospore, 586 BioLab. See also BioLab: Design Your basis of, 166; lipids, 167, 169–170; Basidium, 586 Own; Data Analysis Lab; Launch nucleic acids, 167, 171; origins of, Bat, 671, 886, 892 Lab; MiniLab; arthropods in local 402–404; polymers and, 167; proteins. B blood type, 304, 998 environment, 783 act; cladograms, See Protein B cell, 1086, 1087, 1088 505 act; disease, tracking new, 1097 Biological magnification, 126 Beadle, George, 341 act; DNA extraction, 351 act; DNA Biological rhythm, 919 Beagle, Darwin’s travels on, 418, 419 fingerprinting, 381 act; echinoderm Biological species concept, 491 Beak adaptations, 864 characteristics and strategies, 809 Biological weapon, 1096 Bear, classification of, 487–488 act; ecosystem health, 137 act; ecto- Biologist, 4–6. See also Careers in Beaver, 893, 894 therms, temperature regulation by, Biology; In the Field Bee, castes, 779; communication, 779; 843 act; examining bones to deter- Biology, 4. careers in. See Careers in stings, 1095 mine bipedalism, 475 act; human Biology; In the Field; methods of, 16– Bee sting, 1095 facial characteristics, inheritance of, 21; safety in, 21; study of, 4–6; time- Beetle, 671 317 act; lifestyle choices, 1011 act; line of history of, 12–13 Behavior, 908. See also Animal behavior mammal survey, 899 act; mitosis in Biology and Society, antibiotics from Benedict’s solution, 154 act yeasts, effect of sunlight on, 259 lab; fungi, 583; genetically modified Benthic zone, 80, 81 natural selection, model, 443 act; plants, 680; Glen Canyon Dam, 50; Berg, Paul, 374 neural pathway development, 983 human growth hormone (HGH), Beta-carotene, 224 act; population control, Kaibab deer, 1066; mercury in the environment, Biennial plant, 621 107 act; selective permeability, 209 1010; service dogs, 898; stem cells and Bilateral symmetry, 700, 701, 726 act; skeletons, crime solving with, paralysis research, 258 Bile, 1022, 1023 act 953 act; spontaneous generation, Biology teacher, 18 Binary fission, 247, 252, 520, 549 409 act; trees, identify and classify, Bioluminescence, 363, 380, 555 Binocular vision, 452 623 act; ultrasound images, tracking Biomass, 44 Binomial nomenclature, 485–486. fetal development, 1067 act; worm Biome, 36, 37, 65–73. See also Mountain; See also Vocabulary and mollusk movement, 753 act Polar regions; boreal forest, 68; desert, Biochemist, 768 BioLab: Design Your Own. See also 70; distribution, 65–66, 66 act; tem- Biochemistry, comparative as proof of BioLab; Data Analysis Lab; Launch perate forests, 69; temperate grass- evolution, 427; phylogenies based on Lab; MiniLab; animal characteristics, lands, 70; tropical rain forests, 72; shared, 493 717 act; antibiotic effectiveness, 533 tropical savanna, 71; tropical seasonal BioDiscoveries, aging research using act; behavior of protozoa, 567 act; forests, 71; tundra, 68; woodlands and Caenorhabditis elegans genome, 752; bird and reptile habitats, model, 871 shrublands, 69 cancer research by Jewell Plummer act; enzyme reactions, factors affect- Biomedical research, 380 Cobb, 22; double helix, 350; elephants, ing, 173 act; flowers, extending fresh- Biometrician, 432 infrasonic communication by, 924; ness of, 23 act; flowers, monocot v. Biomolecules. See Biological macro- frogs, causes of malformations in, 842; eudicot, 681 act; freshwater pond, molecules Leakey family, contributions of to sci- model miniature biological ecosys- Bioremediation, 134–135, 590, 590 act ence, 474; new species, discovering and tem, 83 act; genotypes and pheno- Biosphere, 34, 37; abiotic and biotic cataloging, 716; plant defenses, 652 types, predict, 287 act; gibberellins, factors in, 35; cycling of nutrients in, Biodiversity, 116–121; aesthetic value, effect on dwarf plants, 653 act; habitat 45–49; levels of organization, 36, 37 121; ecosystem diversity, 118; genetic size and species diversity, 51 act; iso- Biosphere Reserves, 131 diversity, 116; hot spots, 132, 133; pod response to light, 925 act; light Biotechnology, 370–371. See also Cutting- importance of, 118–121; measurement wavelength and photosynthetic rates, Edge Biology; Genetic engineering; of, 115 act, 127 act; natural resource 235 act; mold growth, effect of envi- Recombinant DNA; Technology; bioin- conservation and, 129–130; protection ronmental factors on, 593 act; starch formatics, 375, 504; DNA fingerprint- of, 131, 133; restoration of, 134–135; digestion rates, 1039 act ing, 373–374; DNA microarrays, scientific value, 121; species diversity, Biological augmentation, 134, 135 375–376, 376 act, 377; gene therapy, 51 act, 117; study of by biologists, 5; Biological catalyst, 159–160 378; genomics, 378; Human Genome threats to, 120 act, 122–128 Biological classification. Project (HGP), 372–373; pharmacoge- Bioenergeticist, 230 See Classification nomics, 378; proteomics, 378; stem Biogenesis, 402, 409 act Biological community, 36, 37, 60–61; cells, 256, 257, 258, 952; time line of Biogeochemical cycles, 45–49; carbon abiotic factors in, 60, 61; identifica- advances, 374–375; transgenic organ- cycle, 47, 220 act; nitrogen cycle, 48; tion of, 59 act; limiting factors in, 61; isms, 370–371 oxygen cycle, 47; phosphorus cycle, organism interactions in, 38–40; res- Bioterrorism, 1096 49; water cycle, 46 toration of, 134; succession in, 62–64 Biotic factor, 35, 60, 61, 94, 95–96 Biogeography, 427–428 Biological evolution. See Evolution Biotin, 1029 1176 INDEX Index

Bioturbators Carapace

Bioturbators, 801 701, 702; radial, 700 Buffer, 165 Bipedal, 463, 464, 475 act Body temperature. See also Ectotherm; Buffer zone, 131 Bird (Aves), 861–869; beak adaptations, Endotherm; regulation of human, 938 Bulb, 643, 647 864; biodiversity of, 131 act; bones, 862; Bog, 78 Bulbourethral gland, 1049 brain, 865; cultural symbols, 851 act; Bond, chemical. See Chemical bond Burmese python, 870 Darwin’s observations of Galapagos, Bone, 942–943; blood cell production Burns, skin, 939 418, 419; digestion, 864, 865; diversity by, 942; chicken wing, 935 act; com- Bursitis, 945 (orders) of, 866, 867; ecology, 869; pact, 942; crime-solving with, 953 act; Bushbaby, 455, 459 act endothermy in, 861; evolutionary rela- formation, 942; joints between. See Butterfly, mate attraction and polar- tionship with dinosaurs, 408, 424, 492, Joint; long, 942; remodeling of, 943; ized light, 777 act; metamorphosis, 858, 861, 868; excretion, 865; feathers, repair of, 943; short, 942; spongy, 942 778; operant conditioning in, 913; 861–862; feeding, 864; fixed action pat- Bone marrow, 942, 946 wings, 777 terns and, 910; flight, adaptations for, Bonobo, 458 861–863; flu, 525; habitat for, model, Bony fishes (Osteichthyes), 819 act, 828, 871 act; habitat loss and, 869; illegal 830, 831. See also Fishes C trade of, 869; imprinting in, 914; para- Book lung, 766, 767 C (vitamin), 1029 sites and population size, 98 act; parent- Boreal forest, 68 C4 photosynthesis, 227 offspring relationships and food Botanist, 600, 609 Cacti, 646 shortages, 14 act; pollination by, 671; Bottleneck, 433 reproduction, 866; respiration, 863; Botulism, 524, 524, 1081 CAD (coronary artery disease), 1092 songs, 909; survey of local, 866 act; Bowman’s capsule, 1006, 1007 Caecilian, 835, 838, 839. See also West Nile Virus and, 106 Box jellyfish, 713 Amphibian Birth, 1062–1063; dilation stage, 1062; Boyer, Herbert, 374 Caenorhabditis elegans, 370, 733, 752 expulsion stage, 1062; placental stage, Boysen, Sally, 909 Caffeine, 977, 979 1062, 1063 Brachiation, 457 Caimans, 857 Birth defects, 1058, 1059 Bract, 647 Calcareous sponge, 707 Bison, 92, 93, 124 Brain, amphibian, 837; bird, 865; control Calcitonin, 1033, 1034 Bivalve mollusk, 741, 742. of prosthetic limbs by, 982; fish, 826; Calcium, abundance of, 149; human See also Mollusk hominin, 463; human, 968, 969–970; nutrition and, 1028, 1029; muscle Black bear dispersion, 92, 93 mammal, 886; primate, 452, 453; rep- contraction and, 948; regulation of Black-legged kittiwake, 14 act, 19 tile, 855; time line of study of, 968–969 amount in blood, 1033, 1034 Bladder (kelp), 557 Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), 982 Calcium carbonate, 47, 550 Blade, kelp, 557; leaf, 644 Brain stem, 970 Calcium pump, nerve cells and, 189 act Blastocyst, 1055 Breast cancer, 5 Calico cat, 306 Blastopore, 703 Breathing, 1000, 1002 Callus, 943 Blastula, 696. See also Embryology Breeding, selective. See Selective breeding Calorie, 1025 Blink reflex, 965 act Bristleworm (Polychaete), 748, 749. Calvin, Melvin, 218 Blood, 992, 997–999; ABO blood See also Annelid Calvin cycle, 219, 226–227 groups, 304, 998; components, British royal family, hemophilia in, 308 Cambrian explosion, 398 997–998; path through circulatory Brittle star, 792, 793, 795, 797, 798. See Camouflage, 428 system, 994, 995, 996; regulation of also Echinoderm Cancer, 254–255, 348, 1093; cancer cell v. calcium levels, 946, 1034; regulation Bronchiole, 1001 healthy cell, 1093 act; causes of, of glucose levels, 1034–1035; regula- Bronchitis, 1004 254–255, 1093; detecting genes for tion of water levels, 1037; Rh factor Bronchus, 1001 with DNA microarrays, 376 act, 377; and, 304, 999 Brood parasitism, 40 drug treatments for, 119, 592, 709; Blood clots, 939, 997, 1034 Brown algae (Phaeophyta), 543, 557, 559 genetics of, 255; research on by Jewell Blood groups, 304, 998 Brown-headed cowbird, 40 Blood pressure, 995, 996 act Brownian motion, 201 Plummer Cobb, 22; telomeres and, 311 Blood transfusion, 5, 998 Bryophyta (mosses), 609, 610–611; life Candida albicans, 576 Blood vessel(s), 992, 993–994; arteries, cycle, 664; reproductive structures, Canines, 884, 884 act 993; capillaries, 993; veins, 993, 994 661 act; sexual reproduction, 664; Cann, Rebecca, 472 Blunt ends, 365 vegetative reproduction, 662 Capillary, 993 Body cell mutations, 349 Bt gene, 680 Capillary action, 162 Body plans, 700; acoelomate, 701, 702 Bubonic plague, 100, 102 Capsid, 526 act; asymmetric, 700; bilateral, 700, Buckminsterfullerenes (Buckyballs), Capsule (bacteria), 518 701; coelomate, 701, 702, 703; distin- 1096 Capsule (moss), 664 guishing between, 702 act; evolution Budding, in animals, 695; in fungi, 580; Carageenan, 559 of animal, 698–699; pseudocoelomate, in sponges, 708 Carapace, 857 INDEX 1177 Index

Carbohydrate Census of Marine Life (CoML)

Carbohydrate, 167, 168; disaccharide, cian, 165; population biologist, 95; of, 181 act, 184 act, 243 act; organelles 168; general formula for, 168; human registered dietician, 1025; reproduc- of, 193–198, 199. See also specific nutrition and, 1026; monosaccharide, tive endocrinologist, 1055; research organelles; origins, 404–407; osmosis 168; in plasma membrane, 189; poly- scientist, 313; science communications and, 203 act, 204–205; parenchyma, saccharide, 168; production of in specialist, 200; science writer, 12; sys- 632, 633, 634 act; plasma membrane, photosynthesis, 222 tematist, 489, 694; technology repre- 185, 187–190; prokaryotic. See Carbon, abundance of, 149; fixation of sentative, 184; tissue-culture Prokaryotic cell; sclerenchyma, 633, by Calvin cycle, 219, 226–227; impor- technician, 663; turf scientist, 637; 634 act; size, 244–246, 245 act; special- tance of for living things, 166; isotopes ultrasound technician, 1060; urologist, ization of, 256, 344; stem. See Stem of, 150, 395, 396; organic chemistry 1007; veterinarian, 816; veterinary cell; transport within and across. See and, 166–171 parasitologist, 732; virologist, 526; Cellular transport, wall. See Cell wall Carbon-14, 150, 395, 396 wildlife biologist, 28, 487; wood scien- Cell body, 962, 963 Carbon cycle, 47, 220 act tist, 618 Cell cycle, 246–247, 249; apoptosis (cell Carbon dioxide, carbon cycle and, 47, Carnivora (order), 893, 894 death), 256; cancer from abnormal, 220 act; cell respiration and, 220, 229; Carnivore, 41, 882, 893; digestion in, 254–255; cytokinesis, 246, 247, 249, in Earth’s early atmosphere, 393; 883; energy flow in ecosystem and, 42 252; duration of, 246; interphase, 246, exchange of between respiratory and act; teeth, 884, 884 act 247, 249; mitosis, 246, 247, 248, 249, circulatory system, 996, 1000, 1001, Carnivorous plant, 9, 39, 647, 650 act 250–251; M phase, 246–247 regula- 1002, 1003; photosynthesis and, 41, Carotenoid, 224, 554, 557 tion of, 253–254; S phase, 246–247; 220, 226, 227 Carr, Marjorie, 32 stem cells and, 256–257 Carbon fixation, 226, 227 Carrier (genetic), 296 Cell differentiation, 344 Carboniferous period, 398, 399, 614 Carrier (pathogen), 1078 Cell division. See Cytokinesis; Mitosis Carcinogen, 254–255 Carrier protein, 202, 205 Cell membrane. See Plasma membrane Cardiac muscle, 947, 994 Carrion flower, 671 Cell plate, 252, 638 Careers in Biology. See also In the Field; Carrying capacity, 98, 105 Cell theory, 14, 182–183 algologist, 554; animal behaviorist, Carson, Rachel, 12, 32 Cellular communication, 246. See 910; animal curator, 839; biochemist, Cartilage, 820, 829 Neurotransmitter. See also Hormone 768; bioenergeticist, 230; biology Cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthys), Cellular energy, ATP and, 221; cellular teacher, 18; biomedical research, 380; 819 act, 828, 829–830. See also Fishes respiration and, 220, 228–233; photo- biometrician, 432; botanist, 600, 609; Casparian strip, 640 synthesis and, 220, 222–224, 225, conservation biologist, 131, 136; con- Caste, 779 226–227; thermodynamics and, 218; servation scientist, 61; ecologist, 35; Casts (fossil), 393 time line of discoveries, 218–219; uses EEG technologist, 970; endocrinolo- Catabolic pathway, 220 of, 218 gist, 1034; entomologist, 688, 779; epi- Catalyst, 159 Cellular processes. See specific processes demiologist, 1079; evolutionary Cat coat color, 306, 309 biologist, 806; evolutionary geneticist, Caterpillar food preferences, 646 act Cellular respiration, 220; aerobic respi- 495; evolutionary psychologist, 922; Caudata (salamanders and newts), 835, ration, 228; anaerobic respiration, exercise physiologist, 994; food scien- 838, 839. See also Amphibian 231–232; carbon and oxygen cycles tist, 522; food technologist, 590; foren- Caudipteryx, 408, 868 and, 47; electron transport and, sic entomologist, 782; forensic Caulerpa taxifolia, 114 230–231; equation for, 228; glycolysis, palynologist, 144, 622, 1038; forensic Cause and effect, 1110 228, 229; Krebs cycle, 229–230; mito- scientist, 373; genealogist, 301; genetic Cave painting, 473 chondria and, 228, 230; photosynthe- counselor, 316; geneticist, 266, 370; CD4+ receptor, 1091 sis and, 220 act, 233; in prokaryotes, genetics laboratory research assistant, Cecum, 883 231; viral infection and, 232 act 309; genetics laboratory technician, Cell(s), 182; animal vs. bacteria, 515 act; Cellular slime mold, 561, 563 278; hydrologist, 46; ichthyologist, animal v. plant, 192, 199, 200, 694; as Cellular transport, 201–207; active 825; laboratory assistant, 739; mam- basic unit of life, 7, 8; cancerous v. transport, 205–207; diffusion, malogist, 882; marine biologist, 800; healthy, 1093 act; cell cycle and. See 201–202; endocytosis, 207; exocytosis, marine ecologist, 712; medical geneti- Cell cycle; cell theory, 183; collen- 207; limits on cell size and, 245; cist, 274; medical illustrator, 942; chyma, 633; cytoplasm, 191; cytoskele- osmosis, 203 act, 203–205 microbiologist, 343, 512, 547; molecu- ton, 191; death of (apoptosis), 256; Cellulose, 168, 502, 882, 1026 lar geneticist, 335; mycologist, 584; diploid, 271; discovery of, 182–183, Cell wall, 198, 199; bacteria, 499, 500, ophthalmologist, 974; orthopedic sur- 184 act; energy for. See Cellular energy; 517, 519, 519 act; in different king- geon, 932; paleontologist, 388, 408, eukaryotic. See Eukaryotic cell(s); doms, 502; fungi, 501, 577; fungus- 868; pharmaceutical QC technician, functions of all, 185; haploid, 271; like protist, 561, 564; plant, 198, 199, 254; physical therapist, 939; plant healthy v. diseased, 243 act; meiosis. 200, 502, 577, 632 breeders, 671; plant geneticist, 286; See Meiosis; metabolic reactions in, Cenozoic era, 396, 400, 897 plant physiologist, 650; pool techni- 220; mitosis. See Mitosis; observation Census of Marine Life (CoML), 716 1178 INDEX Index

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Classical conditioning

Centers for Disease Control and Chemistry, 148–171; acid-base, 164 act, karyotypes, 311; length of human, Prevention (CDC), 1081 164–165; atoms, 148; chemical bonds, 332; mapping, 283–285, 284 act; non- Centipede, 780. See also Arthropod 152–154; chemical reactions, 156–158; disjunction of, 312, 313–314; number Central dogma, 336–337, 363; genetic compounds, 151; elements, 149–150; in haploid and diploid cells, 271; code and, 337–338; transcription, 337, enzymes, 159 act, 159–160; mixtures number in humans, 271; organization and solutions, 163; organic, 166–171; 339; translation, 338, 339, 340 of DNA into, 270, 332; phylogenies periodic table of elements, 149; van der Central nervous system (CNS), 968–970 based on, 493; polyploidy and, 285, Waals forces, 155; of water, 161, 162 286; reduction division in number of. Centriole, 196, 199, 250 Chemoautotroph, 219, 521 Centromere, 248 Chemoreceptor, 778 See Meiosis; sex chromosomes, 305, Cephalization, 700 Chemotaxis, 567 act, 664. 306; structure, 332; telomeres, 311 Cephalochordata (lancelets), 804–805 See also Vocabulary Chromosome disorders, 312, 313, 1092 Cephalopod, 743, 751. See also Mollusk Chemotherapy, 22 Chromosome inactivation, 306–307 Cephalospidomorphi (lampreys), 829 Chestnut blight, 591 Chromosome map, 283–285, 284 act Cephalothorax, 763 Chicken pox, 525, 1078 Chronic wasting disease, 531 Cerebellum, 886, 970 Childhood, 1064 Chrysophyte, 557 Chilopoda, 780 Cerebral cortex, 886 Chyme, 1023 Chimpanzee, 456, 457, 458 Cerebrum, 969 Chytrid (Chytridiomycota), 582, 585 Chiroptera (order), 892, 894 Cerrados, 70 Cichlid, 439 Chitin, 168, 501, 502, 561, 577, 763 Ciconiiformes, 867 Cervix, 1062 Chlamydia, 524 Cigarette smoking, 255, 977, 978, 1004, Cesarean section, 1063 Chlorine, 1029 1059, 1064 act Cestode, 730 Chlorophyll, 34, 41, 197, 200, 223, 224. Cik1p motor protein, 274 act Cetacea (order), 893, 894 See also Vocabulary; chlorophyll a, Cilia, 198, 199; in animal-like protists, Chaga mushroom, 592 223; chlorophyll b, 223 546, 547, 548; as barrier to pathogens, Chagas’ disease, 552 Chlorophyta (green algae). See Green 1084; respiratory system and, 1001 Chamber (heart), 994 algae (Chlorophyta) Ciliate (Ciliophora), 543, 546–549 Change, Annie, 374 Chloroplast, 197, 199, 223; discovery of, 218; endosymbiont theory and, 406, Circadian rhythm, 919 Channel, 964. See also Vocabulary 406 act; in green algae, 553; observ- Circulation, amphibian, 836; annelid, Character, 492–495. See also Vocabulary; ing, 223 act; structure, 223 747, 748 act; arthropod, 767; bird, ancestral, 495; biochemical, 493; Chloroplast DNA, 406 863; closed, 739; echinoderm, 795; derived, 495; molecular clocks, 495; Choanoflagellate, 692 fishes, 824; flatworm, 727; human. morphological, 492 Chocolate, 523, 977, 979 See Circulatory system (human); Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A, Cholera, 524 mammal, 885; mollusk, 739; open, 346 Cholesterol, 169 act, 170, 189 739; reptile, 854; roundworm, 732; Chondrichthys. See Cartilaginous fishes Chargaff, Erwin, 329 segmented worm, 747, 748 act (Chondrichthys) Chargaff’s rule, 329, 330 Circulatory system (human), 992–999; Chase, Martha, 327–328, 528 act Chordate, 803, 820; characteristics, 803–804, 820; location of on evolu- advances in medical technology and, Chelicera, 771 tionary tree, 698, 699 992–993; blood, 992, 997–999; blood Cheliped, 771 Chordate characteristics, 803–804; pressure, 995, 996 act; blood vessels, Chelonia. See Turtle ancestral thyroid gland, 803, 804; dor- 992, 993–994; disorders of, 999; exercise Chemical barriers to pathogens, 1084 sal tubular nerve cord, 803, 807, 820; and changes in body, 991 act, 1002 act; Chemical bond, 152–154. See also notochord, 803, 807, 820; pharyngeal functions of, 992; gas exchange in, 996, Hydrogen bond; covalent, 152; hydro- pouch, 803, 804, 807, 820; postanal 1000, 1003; heart, 992, 994–996; life- gen, 161; ionic, 153–154 tail, 803, 807, 820 style choices and, 1011 act Chemical digestion, 1020, 1021, 1022, Chorion, 853, 1056 Citric acid, 230 1023, 1023 act Chorionic villi, 1056, 1057 Citric acid cycle, 229–230 Chorionic villi sampling, 315, 1060, 1061 Chemical equation, 156–157 Clade, 496, 505 act Chory, Joanne, 6 Chemical reaction, 156–160; activation Cladistics, 495–496, 505 act Christmas tree coral, 716 energy and, 157–158; conservation of Chromatin, 193, 247, 248 Cladogram, 496; construction of, 496, mass and, 157; energy changes and, Chromatography, xliii 505 act; of life’s six kingdoms, 497 158; enzymes and, 159–160; equations Chromosome, 247, 270, 493; bacterial, Clam, 739, 741, 742. See also Bivalve, for, 156–157; products of, 157; reac- 518; gene linkage and, 283–284; genes mollusk tants in, 157 on, 270. See also Gene(s); homolo- Class, 488 Chemiosmosis, 224, 231 gous, 270; inactivation of, 306–307; Classical conditioning, 913 INDEX 1179 Index

Classification Cro-Magnon

Classification, 484–503. See also Collecting tubule, 1007 bacteria, 520; in paramecia, 548, 549 Cladistics; applications of, 489; Collenchyma cell, 633, 634 act Connective tissue, 808, 936, 937 Aristotle’s system, 484–485; binomial Colobus monkey, 457 Conservation biologist, 61, 131 nomenclature, 485–486; of desert Colon, 1024 Conservation biology, 135; ecosystem organisms, 483 act; dichotomous keys Colony, 557 restoration, 134–135; habitat corridors, and, 488 act, 489, 623 act; five-kingdom Colorado River, 95 133; legal protections, 135; protected of, 499; history of, 484–486, 694–695; Color blindness, 307 areas, 131, 133 Linnaeus’ system, 485–486; modern Colpidium, 39 act Conservationist, 136 systems for, 486; phylogenetic, 491, Commensalism, 40 Conservation of mass, 45 492–495, 505 act; six-kingdom system Common cold. See Colds Constant, 19 (Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Common name, 486 Consumer, 41, 45 Fungi, Plantae, Animalia), 499–503, Communication behaviors, 920; audi- Continental drift, 400 1120–1123; species concepts, 490–491; tory communication, 920; phero- Contour feather, 862 taxonomic categories, 487–488; of trees, mones, 920, 923 Contractile vacuole, 547, 549 act, 556 623 act; three-domain, 1124 Communities, biological. See Biological Contraction, muscle, 948, 950 Climate, 61, 66 community Control group, 19, 19 act Climax community, 63 Compact bone, 942 Controlled experiment, 18–19, 19 act Clitellum, 748, 751 Companion cell, 638 Convention on International Trade in Cloaca, 835, 854 Comparative anatomy, 424 Endangered Species (CITES), 135 Cloning, 367, 663 Comparative embryology, 426 Convergent evolution, 440 Closed circulatory system, 739, 824 Competition, 38, 95, 96, 917 Convoluted tubule, 1007 Clownfish, 40, 714 Competitive behavior, 917 Cooperative behavior, 922 Club fungi. See Basidiomycote Complementary base pairing, 329, 330, Copepod, 762 Club moss. See Lycophyta (club moss) 334 Copper, 1029 Clumped dispersion, 92, 93 Complementary DNA (cDNA), 376 Coral, 81, 713, 713–714 Cnidarian, 710–715; body structure, Complement protein, 1085 Coral bleaching, 714 act 710; diversity (classes) of, 713–714; Complete flower, 669 Coral reef, 81, 559, 713–714, 714 act ecology, 714; feeding and digestion, Complete metamorphosis, 778 Cork, 634 711; medicinal uses, 714; nematocysts, Complex carbohydrate, 1026 Cork cambium, 634, 635 710–711; origins, 711, 715; radial Compound, 151, characteristics of, 151; Corm, 643 symmetry, 710; reproduction, 712; chemical bonds in, 152–154 Corn, 119, 227, 420 act sponges v., 711 Compound eye, 768, 775 Cornea, 974 Cnidocyte, 710 Compound leaves, 645 Coronary artery disease (CAD), 1092 CNS. See Central nervous system (CNS) Compound light microscope, 184 Corpus luteum, 1052, 1058. Coal, 47 Concentration, 201, 202, 203, 231. See See also Vocabulary Coastal areas, 81 also Vocabulary; chemiosmosis and, Correlation, 396 act Cobb, Jewell Plummer, 22 231; diffusion and, 201–202; effect on Corridor, 133. See also Vocabulary Cocaine, 977, 980, 1059 contractile vacuole, 549 act; osmosis Cortex, 639 Coccus prokaryote, 519 and, 203–205 Cortisol, 1035 Cochlea, 974, 975 Concentricycloidea, 797 Cotyledon, 617, 666 Coconut, 676 Conch, 742 Countercurrent flow, 824 Codominance, 302–303 Conclusion, 20. See also Vocabulary Coupled transport, 206 Codon, 338. See also Start codon; stop Conditioning, classical, 913; operant, Courting behavior, 921 codon 911, 913–914 Covalent bond, 152, 153 Coefficient, 158. See also Vocabulary Cone (eye), 974, 975 act Cowries, 742 Coelacanth, 830 Cone (plant), 618; conifer, 619, 665, 666, Crab, 770, 771. See also Arthropod Coelom, 701, 738 666 act; cycad, 618 Cranial nerve, 971 Coelomate animal, 701, 702, 702 act, 703 Cone snail, 744 Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), 227 Coenzyme A (CoA), 230 Confuciusornis zoui, 408 Crayfish, 761 act, 771. See also Coevolution, 439 Conidia, 584 Arthropod Coevolutionary arms race, 439 Conidiophore, 584 Cretaceous period, 122, 399, 859 Coffee, 977, 979 Conifer (Coniferophyta), 609, 619–620; Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), 531 Cognitive behavior, 915 cones, 619, 665–666, 666 act; ever- Crick, Francis, 12, 329, 330, 350 Cohen, Stanley, 374 green, 620; leaves, 620, 620 act; life Crinoidea, 797 Colchicine, 286 cycle, 665–667; pollination, 666; Critical period, 672 Colds, 525, 1075 act, 1078, 1079 reproductive structures, 661 act, Crocodile, 855, 856, 857, 858, 860. See Collagen, 808 666–667; seed development, 666 also Reptile Collar cell, 706 Conjugation, 520. See also Vocabulary; in Cro-Magnon, 473 1180 INDEX Index

Crop Dicotyledon

Crop (agricultural), damage to by insects, Data, 19; analysis of, 20; qualitative, 19; Decomposition, 42 780; genetic diversity of, 118–119; quantitative, 19 Deep sea vent, 80, 404, 405 genetic engineering and, 119, 371 Data Analysis Lab, 611. See also BioLab; Deer, population control, 107 act Crop (animal), 746; annelid, 746; bird, 865 BioLab: Design Your Own; Launch Degenerative arthritis, 1092, 1095 Crossing over, 272; frequency of and Lab; MiniLab; alcohol, effects of, 980 Degenerative disease, 1092. cross-over maps, 284 act, 284–285; act; allelopathy, 678 act; artificial See also Disease(s) genetic recombination from, 276, 283 selection in corn, 420 act; biodiversity Deletion mutation, 346 Cross-pollination, 671 of birds, 131 act; caterpillar food pref- Dementia, brain size and, 970 act Cross section, xli erences, 646 act; coral reef bleaching, Democritus, 148 Crown-of-thorns sea star, 801. 714 act; dinosaur growth rates, 859 Demographic transition, 102 See also Echinoderm act; DNA microarrays, 376; ER, regu- Demography, 100 Crustacean, 769, 770, 771, 773 act. lation of traffic from, 194 act; eukary- Demosponge, 707 See also Arthropod otic organelles, evolution of, 406; fern Dendrite, 962, 963 Ctenoid scale, 823 diversity, origins of, 615 act; fiber and Denitrification, 48 Cubozoa, 713. See also Jellyfish lipids, 169 act; food labels, accuracy Density, population, 92 Cud, 882 of, 1028 act; growth rates, tempera- Density-dependent factors, 95–96, 98 act Culture, emergence of human, 473 ture and, 39 act; learning by octo- Density-independent factors, 94–95 Cuticle, 605, 605 act, 636. puses, 743 act; light and butterfly Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). See DNA See also Vocabulary mate attraction, 777 act; microtubules (deoxyribonucleic acid) Cuts, skin’s response to, 939 during mitosis, 251 act; motor pro- Deoxyribose sugar, 329 Cutting-Edge Biology, T. Rex soft tissue, teins and cell division, 274 act; muscle Dependence, drug, 981 442; brain-controlled prosthetic fibers and muscle action, 950 act; Dependent variable, 19 limbs, 982; Buckminsterfullerenes mutagens, identify, 348 act; mutual- Depressant, 979 (buckyballs), 1096; DNA bar codes, ism, Nostoc-hornwort, 611 act; nema- Derived character, 495, 505 act 504; echinoderms in medical tode movement, 732 act; noise, effect Derived trait, 424 research, 808; fight against viruses, on whales, 895 act; parasites and pop- Dermal tissue, 636–637 532; human evolution, tracking by ulation size, 98 act; parent-offspring Dermis, 937 mitochondrial DNA, 234; nanotech- relationships and food shortages, 14 Dermoptera, 891 nology, 208; tissue engineering, 952; act; passive immune therapy and HIV, Desert, 34, 61, 70 Polar Bear Ecology, 106 1090 act; pH and enzyme activity, 164 Desert organisms, food web, 43; Cuttlefish, 743 act; phylogeny of sea stars, 806 act; grouping, 483 act Cyanobacteria, 405, 611, 611 act pollution and melanin in moths, 435 Design an experiment. See BioLab: Cycad (Cycadophyta), 609, 618 act; primate lineage, divergence of, Design Your Own; Scientific method Cyclin, 253 459 act; protein channels, 189 act; Design Your Own BioLab. See BioLab: Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK), 253 RNA synthesis, effect of rifampin on, Design Your Own Cycloid scale, 823 340 act; segmented worms, blood flow Desmids, 558 Cyclosporine, 589 in, 748 act; shark muscle function, Detritivore, 42 act Cynodont, 896, 897 830 act; sickle-cell disease, 303 act; Deuteromycete, 585, 586 Cystic fibrosis, 297, 298, 346, 348 SIDS and smoking, 1064 act; soil con- Deuterostome, 702, 703, 792 Cytochrome c, 427 ditions and asparagus production, Developing countries, human popula- Cytokine, 1088 590 act; solution concentration and tion growth, 102–103; natural Cytokinesis, 246, 247, 249, 252, 274. contractive vacuole, 549 act; symbio- resource consumption, 129 See also Vocabulary sis of green algae and Ginkgo biloba, Development, 8, 9, 696–697, 699, Cytokinin, 650 544 act; temperature and pulse rate of 702–703, 1054–1061, 1067 act Cytoplasm, 191 tree frogs, 837 act; territorial behav- Devonian Period, 122, 832 Cytosine (C), 329, 330 iors, 918 act; viral infection, model, DeVries, William, 993 Cytoskeleton, 191, 199, 245 528 act; viral infection and cellular Diabetes, 348, 1035, 1093 Cytotoxic T cell, 1087, 1088 respiration, 232 act; water loss by Dialysis, 1009 body, 1007 act Diaphragm, 885, 1002 D Daughter cell, 248 Diapsid, 858 Da Vinci, Leonardo, 992 Diastole, 995 D (vitamin), 170, 939, 1028, 1029 Day-neutral plant, 672, 673 Diatom, 543, 554, 559, 566 Dart, Raymond, 462, 465 DDT, 125, 126 Diatomaceous earth, 554 Darwin, Charles, 11, 486, 694; Origin of Dead Sea, 517 Dicer enzyme, 345 Species, 422–423, 498; theory of evo- Debate, 1114 Dichotomous key, 488 act, 489, 623 act lution, 422; theory of natural selec- Decay, 42 Dicotyledon, 620; flowers, 669; leaf tion, 418–420, 422–424; “tree of life” Deciduous tree, 69 venation, 645; root anatomy, 640; concept, 498 Decomposers, 42, 520, 522, 561, 578 stem anatomy, 642 INDEX 1181 Index

Diffusion Echinoderm

Diffusion, 201–202; dynamic equilib- and, 270, 332; copying of during 977–981; antibiotics, 533 act, 589, rium and, 202; facilitated, 202; passive interphase, 247, 248; discovery of, 325 592, 977, 1082; antiviral, 532, 1082; transport, 202; rate of, 202; of water. act, 326–331, 350; double helix struc- from bacteria, 523; biodiversity and See osmosis ture, 330; as evidence of evolution, development of new, 119; cancer- Digestion, amphibian, 835; animal, 692; 427; exogenous, 370; extraction and fighting, 119, 592, 709; commonly arthropod, 765; bacteria, 523; bird, purification, 351 act; genetic engi- abused, 978–980; depressants, 979; 864, 865; earthworm, 746; echino- neering and. See Genetic engineering; from fungi, 589; illegal, 977, 980; derm, 795; fish, 825; flatworm, 727; human genome and. See Human pharmacogenomics and, 378; from human. See Digestive system (human); genome; mitochondrial (mDNA), plants and animals, 119; stimulants, mammal, 882, 883; mollusk, 738; rep- 234, 472; molecular clocks and, 495; 978; tolerance and addiction and, tile, 854; roundworm, 732; spider, 772 mutations, 345–347; nitrogenous 981 Digestive system (human), chemical bases, 329; phylogenies based on Dry fruit, 677 digestion, 1020, 1021, 1022, 1023, shared sequences, 493, 494 act; poly- Duck-billed platypus, 889 1023 act; digestive enzymes, 1019 act, merase chain reaction (PCR) and, Dudzinski, Kathleen, 909 1020; esophagus, 1021; functions, 368–370; recombinant, 366–367; rep- Dugong, 894 1020; ingestion, 1020; large intestine, lication, 333–336, 334 act; sequencing, Duplication mutation, 346 1024; mechanical digestion, 1020; 367–368, 370, 373; strand orientation, Dust mite, 1094 small intestine, 1022–1023; starch 331; structure, 330–331, 331 act; tran- Dwarf plant, 649, 653 act digestion rates, 1039 act; time of food scription and, 337, 339; translation Dynamic equilibrium, 202. See also in each structure, 1024 and, 338, 339 Homeostasis Dihybrid cross, Mendel’s, 280; Punnett DNA bar codes, 504 squares for, 282 DNA-DNA hybridization, 493 E Dilation, 1062 DNA fingerprinting, 373–374, 381 act Dinoflagellate, 543, 555–556 DNA helicase, 333 E (vitamin), 1029 Dinosaur, 858–859; emergence of in late DNA ligase, 334, 366 Ear (human), 974, 975; balance and, Triassic period, 399; evolutionary DNA microarray, 375–376, 376 act, 377 975; hearing and, 974 relationship with birds, 408, 424, 492, DNA polymerase, 334 Eardrum, 974 858, 861, 868; growth rates of, 859 DNA sequencing, 367–368, 370, 373 Earlobes, inheritance of free, 270, 281 act act; mass extinction of, 399, 859 DNA virus, 527 Earth, appearance of life on, 393, 398; Diploda, 780 Dobzhansky, Theodosius, 491 atmosphere of early, 393, 398, 405; Diploid cell, 271 Dog(s), epistasis and coat color, 305; early history of, 392–393; elements in Directional selection, 435, 435 act heartworm, 40; Pavlov’s conditioning crust of, 149; formation of, 392; fossils Disaccharide, 168 experiment, 913; selective breeding, as source of information on early, Discodermolide, 709 360; service dogs, 898 393; freshwater on, 74; geologic time Disease(s). See also Infectious disease; Dolphin, 894, 895 scale, 396, 397, 398–400; origins of Noninfectious disorders; specific dis- Domain(s), 488, 499–503; Archaea, 500; life on, 401–404 eases/disorders; from bacteria, 524, Bacteria, 499–500; Eukarya, 501–503 Earthworm, 745, 748; circulation, 747; 1078, 1079, 1080–1081; degenerative, Dominance hierarchy, 917 coelomate body plan, 701, 702 act; 1092; as density-dependent limiting Dominant allele, 278, 279 cross section, 747; decomposition by, factor, 96; as density-independent Dominant genetic disorder, 298 42; ecology, 750; excretion, 747; feeding limiting factor, 95; endemic, 1081; Dominant heredity, 278, 279, 298 and digestion, 746; movement, 747; epidemic, 1081; from fungi, 591; nan- Dominant trait, 278, 279 observe, 725 act; reproduction, 748; otechnology treatments for, 208; from Dopamine, 978, 981. See also Vocabulary respiration, 747; response to stimuli, protozoans, 551, 552, 1078, 1081; Dormancy, 679 747, 912 act; segmentation, 745–746 study of by biologists, 5 Dorsal, 700 East African sleeping sickness, 552 Dispersal, 92, 93 Dorsal tubular nerve cord, 803, 807, 820 Echidna, 889 Dispersion, 92, 93 Dosage compensation, 306 Echinoderm, 790–801, 806; body struc- Disruptive selection, 436 Double covalent bond, 152, 153 ture, 792, 793, 793 act, 794, 809 act; cir- Distribution, spatial, 94 Double fertilization, 676 culation, 795; diversity, 792, 797–800; Disturbance, 63–64 Double helix, 330, 350 ecology, 801; endoskeleton, 793; feeding Diurnal, 452 Down feather, 862 and digestion, 795, 809 act; medical Divergent evolution, 439 Down syndrome, 313, 374, 1092 research using, 808; movement, 796; Diversity, biological. See Biodiversity Downy mildew, 501, 543, 564, 565 origins, 792, 806, 806 act; radial sym- Division (taxonomic), 488 DPT immunization, 1089 metry, 793; regeneration, 796; repro- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 171, 200; Drew, Charles, 6, 993 duction, 796, 809 act; research online, as bar code, 504; base pairing in, 329, Drosophilia melangaster, 31 act, 284 809 act; respiration, 795; response to 330, 334; central dogma and, 336; Drug(s), 977–981. See also specific stimuli, 796; tube feet, 791 act, 795; uses chloroplast DNA, 406; chromosomes drugs; action of on nervous system, of, 801; water-vascular system, 795 1182 INDEX Index

Echolocation Eutrophic lake

Echolocation, 886 act; infrasonic communication by, of in ecosystems, 41–42; transforma- E. Coli, 523, 528 act 924; reproductive patterns, 99 tion of, 217 act, 218; use of as charac- Ecological behaviors, 916–919; agnostic Elephantiasis, 735 teristic of living things, 7, 9 behavior, 917; circadian rhythms, 919; Elevation, temperature and precipita- Energy levels (electron), 152 competitive behaviors, 917; domi- tion and, 72 Entomologist, 688, 779 nance hierarchies, 917; evolution of, Embryo, 426, 696–697. See also Fetal Entropy, 218 916; foraging behaviors, 918; migra- development; cell division and develop- Environment. See also Biome; Ecology; tory behaviors, 919, 923; territorial ment in animal, 696–697; cell division Ecosystem; abiotic factors in. See behaviors, 918, 918 act and development in human, 1055, 1058 Abiotic factor; behavior and, 909; Ecological pyramid, 44 Embryology, animal, 696–697; com- biotic factors in. See Biotic factor; car- Ecological succession, 62–64; end point, parative as proof of evolution, 426, rying capacity of, 98, 105; gene expres- 64; primary, 62–63; secondary, 63–64 698; deuterostome development, 702, sion and, 309; levels of organization of, Ecologist, 33, 35 703; gastrulation, 696–697; gene reg- 36, 37; study of (ecology), 32–33 Ecology, 32–33. See also Biological com- ulation during, 344, 697; human, Environmental biology, 6 munity; Biome; Ecosystem; Population; 1055, 1058–1059, 1060 act; proto- Enzyme, 159–160; active site, 160; brown- milestones in history of, 32–33; word stome development, 702, 703; tissue ing of fruit and, 159 act; digestive, 1019 origin. See also Vocabulary development, 697 act, 1020, 1021; one gene-one enzyme EcoRi restriction enzyme, 364–365, 370 Embryonic stem cell, 256 hypothesis, 341; reaction rates, 160, 164 Ecosystem, 36, 37. See also Biological Emigration, 97 act, 173 act; substrate, 160 community; Biome; abiotic and biotic Emphysema, 1004 Eoalulavis, 868 factors, 35, 60, 61; aquatic. See Aquatic Endangered Species Act (1973), 135 Ephedrine, 618 ecosystem(s); biogeochemical cycles, Endemic disease, 1081 Epidemic, 1081 45–49; diversity of, 118; energy flow in, Endemic species, 133 Epidemiologist, 1079 41–44, 42 act; habitats, 38, 51 act, Endocrine gland(s), 1031, 1033–1035. Epidermis (plant), 636 124–127; health of, assessing, 137 act; See also Hormone; adrenal, 1033, Epidermis (skin), 936–937 identifying, 59 act; limiting factors, 61, 1035; pancreas, 1035; parathyroid, Epididymis, 1049 94–96, 98 act; model, 83 act; niche, 38; 1033, 1034; pituitary, 1033, 1036, Epiglottis, 1001, 1021 organism interactions in, 38–40; photo- 1037, 1050; thyroid, 803, 804, 1033, Epistasis, 305 synthesis and cellular respiration and, 1034, 1036 Epithelial tissue, 936 220 act; restoration, 134–135; succes- Endocrine system, 1031–1037; glands Equatoris, 462 sion, 62–64; value of healthy, 120 of, 1031, 1033–1035, 1036; hormones ER. See Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ecosystem diversity, 118 and, 1031–1032; interaction with ner- Era, 396 Ectoderm, 697, 700, 701, 703 vous system, 1036, 1037; model, 1035 Erythromycin, 1082 Ectoplasm, 550 act; negative feedback mechanisms Escherichia coli (E. coli), 523, 528 act Ectotherm, 837, 843 act; amphibians, and, 1032–1033 Esophagus, 825, 1021 837; reptiles, 855 Endocrinologist, 1034 Estrogen, 170, 1031, 1050, 1063 Edge effect, 126 Endocytosis, 207 Estuary, 78 Ediacaran period, 398 Endoderm, 697, 700, 701, 703 Ethics, 15 EEG technologist, 970 Endodermis, 640 Ethylene, 649 Egg, amniotic. See Amniotic egg Endometrium, 1051 Eubacteria See Bacteria Egg cell (human female), 1050; charac- Endonuclease, 364. See also Restriction Eudicot, 620; endosperm, 676; flowers, teristics of, 1047 act; fertilization enzyme 669, 681 act; leaf venation, 645; root and, 1054–1055; production of, 1051, Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 193, 194, anatomy, 640; seed germination, 679; 1052 act 194 act, 199, 200 seeds, 676; stem anatomy, 642 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 808 Endoskeleton, 693, 793 Euglenoid (Euglenophyta), 501, 543, 556 Electrocardiograph, 992 Endosperm, 676 Eukarya (domain), 501–503 Electrolysis, 151 Endospore, 521 Eukaryotic cell(s), 185, 186, 501. See also Electron, 148 Endosymbiont theory, 186, 406 act, Cell(s); Prokaryotic cell; appearance Electron energy levels, 152 406–407, 545 in fossil record, 398; chromosome Electron microscope, 184–185 Endotherm, 861; birds, 861; structure, 332; cytoplasm, 191; cyto- Electron transport chain, cellular respi- mammals, 881 skeleton, 191; DNA replication, 335; ration and, 230–231; photosynthesis Endothermic reaction, 158 gene regulation, 344–345; organelles, and, 224, 225 Endothia parasitica, 591 193–198, 199; origins, 186, 398, 406 Element, 149; compounds of, 151; in Energy, 218. See also Cellular energy; act, 406–407; size of, 185 Earth’s crust and living organisms, chemical reactions and, 157–158; first Euphotic zone, 80 149; isotopes of, 150; periodic table law of thermodynamics, 218; flow of Eutrophic. See Vocabulary of, 149 in ecosystems, 42 act, 42–44; second Eutrophication, 127 Elephant, 894; classification of, 494, 494 law of thermodynamics, 218; sources Eutrophic lake, 76 INDEX 1183 Index

Evergreen Flea

Evergreen, 620 Experimental design, 19 Fertilization, 271, 695; in animals, 695; Evolution, 14, 422. See also Natural selec- Experimental group, 19 external, 695; genetic variation result- tion; adaptations and, 428–430; adap- Exponential population growth, 97 ing from, 276; in humans, 1054–1055; tive radiation, 439; anatomical evidence Expulsion stage, 1062 internal, 695; number of chromosomes of, 424–426; biochemical evidence of, External fertilization, 695, 826, 838 after, 271; in plants, 663, 666, 676 427; biogeography as proof of, 427–428; External respiration, 1000 Fetal blood sampling, 315 coevolution, 439; computer-based Extinction, 116, 122–123; background, Fetal development, birth defects, 1058, studies of, 442; convergent, 440; embry- 122; influence of humans on rate of, 1059; charting of, 1060 act; diagnostic ology as evidence of, 426; fossil evi- 123; mass. See Mass extinctions; num- tools to check, 1060–1061, 1067 act; dence for, 423–424; gene flow and, 434; ber of since a.d. 1600, 123 early stages of, 1055–1056, 1060 act; genetic drift and, 433; Hardy-Weinberg Extraembryonic membranes, 1056 fertilization and, 1054–1055; trimes- principle and, 431–432; mechanisms of, Extra Sensory Perception (ESP), 924 ters of, 1058–1059 431–436; mosaic, 465; mutations and, Extremophile, 500 Fetal testing, 314–315 434; natural selection and, 420, 422, Eye, compound, 768; human, 974; Fiber (muscle). See Muscle fiber 434–436; nonrandom mating and, 434; response to darkness, 975 act; Fiber (plant), 169 act, 633, 1026 patterns of, 438–441; rate of, 440–441; simple, 768 Fibrin, 997 speciation and, 436–438 Eyespot, 556, 729 Fibrous root, 641 Evolutionary biologist, 806 Field guide, 623 act Evolutionary biology, 806 F Fight-or-flight response, 971 Evolutionary geneticist, 495 Filament, 669 Evolutionary psychologist, 922 F1 generation, 278 Filarial worm, 735 Evolutionary relationships, characters F2 generation, 278 Filter feeder, 706 used to determine, 492–495; of life’s Facilitated diffusion, 202 Fin, 822, 823 act six kingdoms, 497; molecular clocks FAD, 230 Finches, 418–419 and, 495; phylogenetic trees depicting, FADH2, 230 Fingernail, 937, 938 496; “tree of life”, 497, 498 Fairy ring, 579 Fire, as limiting factor, 61, 95; secondary Evolutionary species concept, 491 Fall foliage, 224 succession and, 62, 63–64 Evolve. See Vocabulary Family, 487 Fire ant, 128 Excretion, amphibian, 836; annelid, Fan worm, 749 First-degree burn, 939 747; arthropod, 767; bird, 865; echi- Fast-twitch muscle fiber, 950, 950 act, First filial (F1) generation, 278 noderm, 795; fish, 825; flatworm, 727; 951 First law of thermodynamics, 218 mammal, 884; mollusk, 739; reptile, Fat, 169; digestion of, 169 act, 1022, First trimester of pregnancy, 1058 854; roundworm, 732 1023 act; human nutrition and, 1026; Fishes, 821–827; bony, 819 act, 828, 830, Excretory system (human), 1005–1009; saturated, 1026; unsaturated, 1026 831; brain, 826; cartilaginous, 819 act, components of, 1005; functions of, Fat-soluble vitamin, 1028 828, 829–830; characteristics, 819 act, 1005; kidney disorders, 1008; kidney Feather, 861–862 823 act; circulation, 824; ecology, 821, function and, 1006–1007; kidneys Feather star, 792, 795, 797, 799. 833; excretion in, 825; feeding and and, 1005; kidney treatments, 1009; See also Echinoderm digestion in, 825; fins, 822, 823 act; lifestyle choices and, 1011 act Feces, 1024 gills, 824; jawless, 819 act, 828–829; Exercise, changes in body during, 991 Feedback, negative, loops, 1032; See jaws of, 822; lateral line system, 826; act; effect on metabolism, 1002 act; Negative feedback symptoms mercury in, 1010; movement, 823 act, energy for muscle contraction during, Female reproductive system, 1050–1053; 827; observe, 823 act; origins, 398, 950; muscle strength and, 950 egg cell, 1047 act, 1050, 1051; egg cell 821, 832; reproduction, 826; scales, Exercise physiologist, 994 production, 1051, 1052 act; fertiliza- 822, 823; swim bladder, 827 Exine, 675 tion and, 1054–1055; hormonal regu- Fitness, 428 Exocytosis, 207 lation of, 1050; menstrual cycle, 1050, Five-kingdom classification system, 499 Exogenous DNA, 370 1051–1053; ovaries, 1050; oviduct, Fixed action pattern, 910, 911 Exon, 337 1050; puberty, 1050, 1064; uterus, 1050 Flagella, 198, 199, 519 Exoskeleton, 693, 762, 763, 764 Female sex cell (egg), 1050, 1051; examine, Flame cell, 727, 732 Exothermic reaction, 158 1047 act; fertilization of, 1054–1055; Flatworm (Platyhelminthes), 726–728; Exotic (nonnative) species, 123, 128, production of, 1051, 1052 act body plan, 701, 726; circulation, 727; 841, 860, 870 Fermentation, 231–233, 590; alcoholic, diversity (classes) of, 729–730; ecology, Expanding mutation, 346, 347 231, 232, 233; lactic acid, 231, 232, 950 726; feeding and digestion, 727; move- Experiment, 18–19. See also BioLab; Fern (Pterophyta), 609, 614–616; life ment, 728, 753 act; observe, 728 act; ori- BioLab: Design Your Own; Launch Lab; cycle, 665; origins of diversity of mod- gins, 726, 726, 727; parasitic, 726, 727, MiniLab; Scientific method; controlled, ern, 615 act; reproductive structures, 729, 730; reproduction, 728; respiration, 18–19; data gathering, 19; independent 615, 661 act; sexual reproduction, 665 727; response to stimuli, 728 and dependent variables, 19 Ferrodoxin, 224 Flea, 780 1184 INDEX Index

Fleming, Alexander Gender

Fleming, Alexander, 119 Forensic entomologist, 782 act, 580–581; sac fungi, 584–585; Flora, normal, 523 Forensic entomology, 782 spores, 580, 581; unicellular, 576; Florida, damage from invasive species Forensic palynology, 674 zygomycete, 583 act, 583–584 in, 870 Forensic pathologist, 144, 1038 Fungus-like protist, 501, 542, 543, Forensics, 15, autopsies, 1038; DNA Florida Everglades, 860 561–565; downy mildews, 565; Flower, complete, 669; eudicot vs. extraction, 351 act; DNA fingerprinting, 373–374, 381 act; entomology and, observe, 541 act; slime molds, monocot, 669, 681 act; freshness of, 561–563; water molds, 564 extending, 23 act; imperfect, 669; 782; new disease, tracking of, 1097 act; pollen evidence and, 622, 674; skele- Fusarium oxysporum, 590 act incomplete, 669; organs, 668–669; tons, solving crime with, 953 act perfect, 669; pollination adaptations, Forensic scientist, 373 671; variation in structures of, 672 act G Forensic toxicologist, 1038 Flowering plant. See Anthophyta (flow- Forest fire. See Fire Galactosemia, 297, 298 ering plants) Fossey, Diane, 32 Galagos, 455 Flu. See Influenza Fossil(s), 393–396; clues about early Galápagos Islands, 418–419, 428 Fluid mosaic model, 190 Earth from, 393; as evidence of evolu- Gallbladder, 1022 Fluke, 726, 729. See also Flatworm tion, 423–424; examine, 391 act; for- (Platyhelminthes) mation of, 393–394; radiometric Gallo, Robert, 1081 Fly, fruit fly (Drosophila), 31 act; dating of, 395–396; relative age of, Gallstone, 1022 pollination by, 671 394, 395, 396 act; transitional, 424; GALT enzyme, 297 Fly Agaric mushroom, 577 types of, 393 Gametangium, 583 Flying lemur, 891 Fossil fuel, 47, 123 Gamete, 271. See also Egg cell (human Foldables Study Organizer, 3, 31, 59, 91, Founder effect, 433 female); Sperm cell (human male); 115, 147, 181, 217, 243, 269, 295, 325, Fracture, 943 production of by meiosis, 271–276; Fragile X syndrome, 347 359, 391, 417, 451, 483, 515, 541, 575, sex chromosomes and sex determina- Fragmentation, animal, 695; annelid, 748; 603, 631, 661, 691, 725, 735, 761, 791, tion, 305 819, 851, 879, 907, 935, 961, 991, fungi, 560, 580; habitat. See Habitat fragmentation; sponge, 708 Gametophyte, alternation of generation 1019, 1047, 1075 Frameshift mutation, 346 and, 560, 607, 663; conifer, 665–666; Folic acid, 1029, 1059 Franklin, Rosalind, 12, 329, 330, 350 fern, 615, 665; flowering plant, 669, Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Freshwater ecosystem(s), 74–77; lakes 674; lycophyte, 613; moss, 664; seed 1049, 1050, 1052 and ponds, 74, 76–77; model, 83 act; plant, 617 Food. See also Agriculture; Nutrition; pH and alkalinity of, 172; rivers and Gamma ray, 349 from algae, 559; from bacteria, 523; streams, 74, 75 Ganglion, 728, 732, 768 energy content of (Calories), 1025; Frog, 835, 837, 838. See also Amphibian; Ganglioside, 297 from fermentation, 232, 590; from malformations in, 842; metamorpho- fungi, 590; from genetically modified sis, 835, 838; reproduction, 838; tem- Ganoid scale, 823 plants, 680; nutrient content of, 147 perature and pulse rate of, 837 act Gap 1 (G1) phase, 246, 247 act; test for glucose in, 154 act Frond, 615, 665 Gap 2 (G2) phase, 246, 247 Food, obtaining, amphibian, 835; ani- Fructose, 1026 Garden pea plants. See Pea plants, mal, 692, 693 act; arthropod, 765; Fruit, 676; browning of, 159 act; forma- Mendel’s studies of bird, 864, 865; cnidarian, 710; earth- tion of, 677; ripening of with ethylene, Garlic mustard, allelopathy in, 678 act 649; types of, 677 worm, 746; echinoderm, 795; fish, Garrod, Archibald, 296 Fruit fly (Drosophila), 31 act 825; flatworm, 727; mammal, 882; Gastric gland, 1021 Fruiting body, 577, 579 mollusk, 738; reptiles, 854; round- Gastroenteritis, 524, 525 worm, 732; sponge, 706 Fucoxanthin, 557 Fungi, 499, 501–502, 578, 583; aseptate, Gastropod, 742, 751. See also Mollusk; Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 578; bioremediation with, 590, 590 act; Vocabulary 255 cell wall, 501, 577; chytrids, 582; classi- Gastrovascular cavity, 711 Food chain, 42, 43, 1010 fication, 582–586; compare, 575 act; Gastrula, 696. See also Vocabulary Food label, 147 act, 1028 act, 1030 decomposition by, 42, 589; diseases Food poisoning, 523, 524 Gastrulation, 696–697 caused by, 583, 591; fairy rings, 579; Gel electrophoresis, 365, 366, 368, 370, Food pyramid (MyPyramid), 1027 foods from, 590; growth of, 583 act, 373, xl Food scientist, 522 593 act; hyphae and septa in, 577–578; Food technologist, 590 lichens and, 502, 587–588; medicinal Gemmae cup, 662 Food web, 42, 42 act, 43, 125, 126 uses of, 589, 592, 1082; multicellular, Gemmule, 708 Foraging behavior, 918 576; mycorrhizae and, 589; nutrition Gender, determination of by sex chro- Foraminiferan, 550 in, 578; origins, 582; reproduction, 580 mosomes, 305 INDEX 1185 Index

Gene Growth ring

Gene(s), 270. See also Allele(s); genetic engineering. See Genetic engi- Glomeruli, 1006 Heredity; Human heredity; alleles neering; genotype, 280–282, 281 act, Glucagon, 1034 and, 278; behavior and, 909; cancer- 287 act, 301; law of independent Glucocorticoid, 1035 causing, 376 act, 377; chromosome assortment, 280; law of segregation, Glucose, 168, 1026; control of levels of maps and, 283–285, 284 act; DNA 279; mapping and sequencing of in blood, 1034–1035; production of sequencing and, 367–368; environ- human genome. See Human genome; in photosynthesis, 222; test for in mental influence on expression, 309; monohybrid crosses, 280–281, 281 food, 154 act function of, determining, 374–375; act; phenotype, 279, 280–282, 281 act, Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P), 226 Hox, 344, 697; identifying, 374–375; 287 act, 301, 302, 309; population. See Glycerol, 188 linkage of on chromo somes, Population genetics; Punnett squares, Glycogen, 168, 1026 283–285, 284 act; one gene-one 280–282, 281 act, 287 act; selective Glycolysis, 228, 229, 231. enzyme hypothesis, 341; regulation breeding. See Selective breeding; test See also Vocabulary of, 342–345 crosses, 362 Glypodont, 423 Genealogist, 301 Genetic screening, 297, 301 GM foods. See Genetically modified Gene cloning, 367, 370 Genetics laboratory research assistant, 309 (GM) plants Gene linkage, 283–285 Genetics laboratory technician, 278 Gnetophyte, 609, 618 Gene pool, 433 Genetic variation, 275–276 Golden-brown algae, 557 Generative nucleus, 674, 676 Genital herpes, 525 Golden lion tamarin, 892 Gene regulation, 342–345; in eukaryotes, Genome, 364; DNA sequencing and, Golgi apparatus, 194 act, 195, 199, 200 344–345; in prokaryotes, 342–343 367–368; genes on, identifying, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Gene therapy, 378 374–375; genetic disorders and, 376, (GnRH), 1049 Genetically modified (GM) plants, 680 378; HapMap project and, 378; Gonorrhea, 524, 1083 Genetic code, 337–338 human, 372. See also Human Genome Goodall, Jane, 5, 13, 16, 908 Genetic counseling, 301, 316 Project (HGP); single nucleotide Goose bump, 938 Genetic disorders, 301, 1092; achondro- polymorphisms (SNPs) in, 376 Gorilla, 457 plasia, 298; albinism, 297, 298, 1092; Genomics, 378 Gould, John, 419 carriers for, 296; coronary artery dis- Genotype, 279; determine with test Gould, Stephen Jay, 430 ease (CAD), 1092; cystic fibrosis, 297, crosses, 362; infer from pedigrees, 301; Gradualism, 440 298; dominant, 298; fetal testing for, predicting, 280–282, 281 act, 287 act, Gram stain, 519, 519 act 315; galactosemia, 297, 298; gene 301; ratio of from dihybrid cross, 280; Granum, 223 therapy for, 378; hemophilia, 308, ratio of from monohybrid cross, 280 Graph, 20 1092; Huntington’s disease, 298, 298, Gentamicin, 1082 Graphic organizer, 1113. See also 1092; mapping genes associated with, Genus, 485, 487 Foldables Study Organizer 376, 376 act; nondisjunction and, 312, Geographic isolation, speciation and, Grasshopper, destruction of crops by, 313–314; phenylketonuria, 298; pre- 437–438 780; incomplete metamorphosis, 778 dicting from pedigrees, 301; recessive, Geologic time scale, 396, 397, 398–400 Grassland, 63 act, 70 296–297; red-green color blindness, Gerbil, 893, 894 Gravitaxis, 567 act 307; sickle-cell disease, 303, 303 act, Germ cell, 349 Gravitropism, 651 347–348, 1092; Tay-Sachs disease, 297 Germination, 678 act, 678–679 Great Salt Lake, 74, 517 Genetic diversity, 116, 118–119. Germ theory, 1076–1077 Green algae (Chlorophyta), 543, 557–558; See also Biodiversity Gestation, 887 growth patterns in, 558; photosynthe- Genetic drift, 433 GFP gene, 363, 380 sis in, 543, 553, 557, 558 act; symbiosis Genetic engineering, 363; applications Giant kelp, 543 with Ginkgo biloba, 544 act; traits of (biotechnology), 370–371; DNA Giarda, 1078 shared with plants, 557; uses of, 559 fingerprinting, 373–374, 381 act; DNA Giardia lamblia, 542 Green Belt Movement, 33, 136 sequencing, 367–368, 370; gel electro- Gibberellins, 649, 653 act Green fluorescent protein (GFP), 363, 380 phoresis and, 365, 370; gene cloning, Gibbon, 456, 457 Greenhouse effect, 67 367, 370; gene therapy, 378; geneti- Gill, 738; arthropod, 766, 767; fish, 823 Griffith, Fredrick, 326, 327 cally modified plants, 680; polymerase act, 824; mollusk, 738; slits, 804–805 Ground pine. See Lycophyta (club moss) chain reaction (PCR), 368–370, 370; Gingkophytes, 609, 619 Ground tissue, 638 recombinant DNA technology, Ginkgo biloba, 544 act, 609, 619 Group (periodic table), 149 366–367, 370; restriction enzymes Gizzard, 746; annelid, 746; bird, 865 Growth, 9; as characteristic of living and, 364–365, 365 act, 370; transgenic Gland, 887. See also Endocrine gland(s); things, 7, 8; hormonal control of, organisms, 370–371 specific glands 1032, 1036; human, 1063–1065; plant, Geneticist, 266, 370 Glass sponge, 707. See also Sponge 635, 642 Genetic recombination, 276, 283, 583 (Porifera) Growth hormone, 1032, 1036 Genetics, 277. See also Heredity; Human Glen Canyon Dam, 50 Growth rate, population, 97 heredity; dihybrid cross, 280, 282; Gliding joint, 944 Growth ring, 642 1186 INDEX Index

Guanine Hormone

Guanine (G), 329, 330 Hemophilia, 308, 1092 Holdfast, 557 Guard cell, 636, 645 Hepaticophyta (liverworts), 609, 612 Holothuroidea, 797 Guts, 701 Hepatitis B, 1078 Homeobox (Hox) genes, 344, 697 Gymnosperm, 617, 618, 637. See also Herbaceous stem, 642 Homeostasis, 10; blood calcium levels, Conifer (Coniferophyta); Cycad Herbert, Paul, 504 1033, 1034; blood glucose levels and, (Cycanophyta); Gnetophyte; Seed plant Herbivore, 41, 882; digestive system, 1034–1035; blood water levels, 1037; 883; energy flow in ecosystem and, 42 as characteristic of living things, 7, 10; H act; plant defenses against, 652; teeth, disruption of by pathogens, 1076; 884, 884 act endocrine system and, 1032–1033, Habitat, 38; adaptations in for various, Heredity. See also Genetics; Human 1035, 1035 act, 1036, 1037; negative 693; conservation of, 131; loss of, heredity; alleles and, 278; behavior feedback mechanisms and, 1032– 124–127; model of bird and reptile, and, 909; codominance, 302–303; 1033; osmosis and, 203–205; pH lev- 871 act; species diversity in, 51 act dihybrid crosses, 280, 282; dominant els in body, 165; plasma membrane Habitat corridor, 133 genetic disorders, 298; dominant and, 187; regulation of human body Habitat fragmentation, 127, 133 traits, 278, 279; dosage compensation temperature, 938; urinary system and, Habitat loss, 124–127 (x-inactivation), 306; epistasis, 305; 1006–1007 Habituation, 911, 912, 912 act evaluate facts about, 295 act; gene Hominid, 234 Hagfish, 828. See also Jawless fishes linkage and, 283–285; genotype, 279, Hominin, 462, 463–464; australopithe- Hahn, Beatrice, 1081 280–282, 281 act, 287 act, 301; hetero- cines, 465; bipedalism, 463, 464; char- Hair, 880–881, 937; functions, 880–881; zygous traits, 279; homozygous traits, acteristics, 463; evolution of, 464; structure, 881 279; incomplete dominance, 302; fossil remains, 465–466 Hair follicle, 937 karyotype studies, 311; law of inde- Hominoid, 461–462; biogeography of, Half-life, 150, 395 pendent assortment, 280; law of seg- 462; characteristics, 462; divergence Halophile, 517. See also Vocabulary regation, 279; Mendel’s studies of, from Old World monkeys, 461 Hamster, 893, 894. See also Rodent 277–280; monohybrid crosses, Homogenous mixture, 163 Haploid cell, 271 280–281, 281 act; multiple alleles, Homologous. See Vocabulary Haplorhine, 456 304; pedigree analysis and, 299–301, Homologous chromosome, 270, 272, 311 Haplotype, 378 300 act; phenotype, 279, 280–282, 281 Homologous structure, 424, 425 HapMap project, 378 act, 287 act, 301, 302, 309; polygenic Homo species, 467–471; H. erectus, 469, Hardy, Godfrey, 431 traits, 309; probability and, 282; 474; H. ergaster, 468–470, 474; H. flo- Hardy-Weinberg principle, 431–432 Punnett squares and, 280–282; reces- resiensis, 469; H. habilis, 462, 467–468, Hare, 893, 894 sive genetic disorders, 296–297, 298; 474; H. heidelbergensis, 470; H. nean- Haustorium, 578 recessive traits, 278, 279; sex determi- derthalensis, 470; H. rudolfensis, 468; Haversian system, 942 nation, 305; sex-linked traits, H. sapiens, 13, 469–474 HBV immunization, 1089 307–308; twin studies on, 310 Homozygous trait, 279, 296. Head (insect), 763, 775 Hermaphrodism, 695; annelid, 748; See also Vocabulary Headwater, 75 arthropod, 769; flatworm, 728; Honduras, population growth in, 102 Hearing, 974, 975 mollusk, 741; sponge, 708 Honeybee, 779 Heart (animal). See also Circulation; Herpes, 1079 Hoofed mammal, 894, 895 amphibian, 836; annelid, 747; bird, Herpetologists, 856 Hook, 727 863; fish, 824; human. See Heart Hershey, Alfred, 327–328, 528 act Hooke, Robert, 182, 183, 634 (human); mammal, 885; reptile, 854 Heterogeneous mixture, 163 Hookworm, 734 Heart (human), 992, 994–996. See also Heterosporous, 665 Hormone, 1031–1032. See also specific Circulatory system (human); artifi- Heterotroph, 41, 42, 219, 520 hormones; Vocabulary; amino acid, cial, 993; cardiac muscle, 947, 994; Heterozygous trait, 279, 296. 1031, 1032; antidiuretic (ADH), 1036, control of heartbeat, 995; path of See also Vocabulary 1037; estrogen, 170, 1031, 1050, 1063; blood through, 994, 995, 996; struc- HGH. See Human growth hormone female reproductive system and, 1050; ture of, 994, 995 (HGH) human chorionic gonadotropin Heartburn, 1021 HIB immunization, 1089 (hCG), 1058; human growth (HGH), Heart rate, control of, 995 Hierarchical classification system. 1033, 1036, 1063, 1066; luteinizing Heart valve, 994 See Classification (LH), 1049, 1050, 1052; male repro- Heartworm, 40 Hinge joint, 944 ductive system and, 1049; model Hedgehog, 892, 894 Hirudinea (leeches), 748, 749 action of, 1035 act; negative feedback Helling, Robert, 374 Histone, 332 mechanisms and, 1032–1033; oxyto- Helper T cell, 1087, 1088, 1091 Historia Animalium, 799 cin, 1036, 1037, 1062; parathyroid, Hemisphere (brain), 969 HIV. See Human immunodeficiency 1033, 1034; plant, 648–650; steroid, Hemoglobin, 997, 1028; sickle cell dis- virus (HIV) 1031–1032; testosterone, 170, 1031, ease and, 303, 347–348 HMS Beagle, Darwin’s travels on, 418, 419 1049, 1063; thyroid, 1033, 1034, 1036 INDEX 1187 Index

Hornwort Information

Hornwort (Anthocerophyta), 608, 609, Humanlike primate. See Anthropoid Illegal wildlife trade, 869 611, 611 act Human nutrition. See Nutrition Immigration, 97 Horse, 894, 894 Human origins, Homo sapien fossils, 470; Immune system, 1084–1091; active Horseshoe crab, 423, 774 contribution of Leakey family to immunity, 1089–1090; barriers to Horsetail, 609, 614, 616 knowledge of, 474; emergence of pathogens, 1084; B cell response, Host, 727 Homo species, 467; emergence of in 1086; cellular defenses, 1085; failure Human body, circulation. See Neogene period, 400; emergence of of, 1090–1091; inflammatory Circulatory system (human); digestive modern humans, 471–474; evidence of response, 1085; interferons and, 1085; system. See Digestive system (human); complex human culture, 473; hominin lymphatic system and, 1086; memory endocrine system. See Endocrine sys- evolution, 464–466; Out-of-Africa cells and, 1089; nonspecific immunity, tem; excretory system. See Excretory hypothesis, 472; tracking by mitochon- 1084–1085; passive immunity and, system (human); immune system. See drial DNA, 234 1089; primary response to pathogen, Immune system; integumentary sys- Human population growth, 100–105; 1088; specific immunity, 1086, 1087; tem. See Integumentary system; age structure and, 104; carrying white blood cells and, 997, 1085 muscles. See Muscular system; ner- capacity of environment and, 101, Immunization, 1089–1090 vous system. See Nervous system 105; current trends, 102–104; factors Immunology: timeline of study of, (human); reproductive system. See affecting, 101 act, 102–103; history of, 1080–1081 Reproductive system (human); senses 100–101, 102–103; zero population Imperfect flower, 669 of. See Senses; skeletal system. See growth (ZPG) and, 104 Imperfect fungi, 585, 586 Skeletal system Humans, aging of, 311, 752, 939, 1065; Imprinting, 914 Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), development of. See Human develop- Inbreeding, 360, 361 1058 ment; as limiting factor on environ- Incisor, 884, 884 act Human development, 1054–1061; chart- ment, 95; origins of. See Human Incomplete dominance, 302 ing of, 1060 act; diagnosis of fetal origins; threats to biodiversity from, Incomplete flower, 669 conditions, 1060–1061; early develop- 123–128 Incomplete metamorphosis, 778 ment of embryo, 1055–1056; fertiliza- Huntington’s disease, 298, 346, 375, 1092 Incubate, 866 tion, 1054–1055; formation of Hybrid, 279, 361 Incus, 974 extraembryonic membranes, 1056; Hybridization, 360, 361, 361 act Independent assortment of alleles, 280, growth and aging, 1063–1065; hor- Hydra, 713. See also Cnidarian; body 283 monal regulation of, 1058; placenta plan, 702 act; feeding and digestion, Independent variable, 19 and, 1056, 1057; three trimesters of, 693 act Index of diversity (IOD), 127 act 1058–1059; ultrasound, tracking fetal Hydrochloric acid, 1021, 1084 Indicators, xliii development with, 1067 act Hydrogen, 148, 149 Indigenous Environmental Network Human disease reservoirs, 1078 Hydrogen bond, 161 (IEN), 33 Human Footprint map, 82 Hydrogen cyanide, 393, 403 Indoleacetic acid (IAA), 648 Human genome, HapMap project and, Hydrogen ion, 164 Indris, 455 378; Human Genome Project (HGP), Hydrogen sulfide, 393 Inducible operon, 343 13, 306, 372–374, 375; sequencing, Hydroid (Hydrozoa), 713 Industrialized nations, natural resource 373; size, 372 Hydrologist, 46 consumption, 129; population growth Human Genome Project (HGP), 13, 306, Hydrostatic skeleton, 732, 746 in, 102, 105 372–374, 375 Hydrothermal vent, 80, 404, 405 Industrial revolution, population Human growth hormone (HGH), 1033, Hydroxide ion, 164, 165 growth and, 102 1036, 1063, 1066 Hydroxyapatite, 714 Infancy, 1064 Human heredity. See also Genetics; Hydrozoa. See Hydroid Infectious disease(s), 1076–1083; affecting Heredity; blood groups and multiple Hypertonic solution, 205 humans, 1078; causes of (pathogens), alleles, 304; codominance and sickle Hypha, 501, 577, 578. 1076; germ theory and, 1076–1077; cell, 303; dominant genetic disorders, See also Vocabulary Koch’s postulates and, 1077; outbreak 298; evaluate facts about, 295 act; facial Hypocotyl, 679 patterns, 1081; pathogen reservoirs, characteristics, 317 act; karyotype Hypothalamus, 970, 1036, 1037, 1049 1078–1079; symptoms, 1080–1081; studies, 311; nondisjunction and, 312; Hypothesis, 18 tracking of new, 1097 act; transmission, pedigrees and, 299–301, 300 act; poly- Hypotonic solution, 204 1075 act, 1078, 1079–1080, 1082 act; genic traits, 309; population sampling, treatment, 1082–1083 analysis of by, 314 act; recessive genetic I Infectious mononucleosis, 1079 disorders, 296–297; sex determination, Inference, 16 305; sex-linked traits, 307–308; telo- Ichthyologist, 825 Inflammatory response, 1085, 1094 meres and, 311; twin studies on, 310 Igneous rock, 394 Influenza, 525, 526, 1078, 1079 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Ilanos, 70 Information, analysis of, 1106; analysis 530, 1078, 1081, 1090 act, 1090–1091 Illegal drug, 977, 980. See also Drug(s) of sources of, 1112; making compari- 1188 INDEX Index

Inhalant K-T boundary

sons of, 1105; organization of. See Intercalary meristem, 634 Joint, 944–945; damage and diseases of, Graphic Organizers; synthesis of, 1107 Interferon, 1085 945; examine, 945 act; types of, 944 Inhalant, 979 Intermediate-day plant, 672, 673 Jointed appendage, 764 Inhalation, 1002 Internal fertilization, 695, 856, 887 Joint fir (Gnetophytes), 609 Inheritance. See Genetics; Heredity; Internal respiration, 1000 J-shaped growth curve, 97 Human heredity; Vocabulary International Commission on Juniper, 667 Innate behavior, 910 Stratigraphy, 396 Jurassic period, 399 Inquiry, guided, 3 act, 8 act, 31 act, 42 act, International System of Measurement, 14 Just, Ernest Everett, 12, 183 48 act, 66 act, 107 act, 127 act, 137 act, Interneuron, 963, 968 147 act, 154 act, 159 act, 181 act, 184 act, Interphase, 246, 247, 248, 249, 272, 273 K 203 act, 209 act, 217 act, 220 act, 223 act, Intertidal zone, 79 243 act, 245 act, 255 act, 259 act, 269 act, In the Field. See also Careers in Biology; K (vitamin), 523, 1028 281 act, 284 act, 295 act, 300 act, 314 act, biomedical research, 380; conserva- Kaibab deer, controlling population 317 act, 325 act, 331 act, 334 act, 351 act, tionist, 136; forensic entomologist, 782; growth, 107 act 359 act, 361 act, 365 act, 381 act, 396 act, forensic palynology, 622; forensic Kaibab squirrel, 437 409 act, 417 act, 429 act, 443 act, 464 act, pathology, 1038; genetic counselor, Kar3P motor protein, 274 act 468 act, 475 act, 500 act, 515 act, 519 act, 316; nanotechnologist, 566; paleontol- Karyotype, 311 541 act, 564 act, 575 act, 580 act, 583 act, Kelp, 501, 543, 557 605 act, 631 act, 634 act, 650 act, 661 act, ogists, 408; plant geneticists, 286; water, pH and alkalinity of, 172; wild- Kennedy, Eugene, 218 666 act, 672 act, 693 act, 702 act, 725 act, Kenya, Green Belt Movement in, 136 728 act, 748 act, 753 act, 761 act, 765 act, life conservation biologist, 82 Intraspecies gene transfer, 680 Kenyanthropus platyops, 466, 474 773 act, 783 act, 791 act, 793 act, 819 act, Kenyapithecus, 462 Introduced species, 123, 128, 841, 860, 870 823 act, 843 act, 866 act, 879 act, 884 act, Keratin, 861, 881, 936 Intron, 338 912 act, 935 act, 938 act, 945 act, 953 act, Keystone species, 125, 744 965 act, 975 act, 983 act, 996 act, 1002 Invasive species, 123, 128, 841, 860, 870 Kidney (animal), mammal, 884; act, 1019 act, 1023 act, 1047 act, 1052 Invertebrate, 693 reptile, 854 act, 1093 act, 1097 act; open, 19 act, 23 Invertebrate chordate, 802, 803–805, 807, Kidney (human), 1005, 1006–1009; act, 51 act, 59 act, 77 act, 83 act, 91 act, 820; characteristics, 802–804, 807; action of ADH on, 1037; control of pH 101 act, 115 act, 120 act, 173 act, 235 act, diversity (classes), 804–805; origins, balance by, 1007; dialysis and, 1009; 287 act, 391 act, 451 act, 483 act, 488 act, 802, 807 disorders of, 1008; nephron filtration, 505 act, 533 act, 558 act, 567 act, 593 act, Involuntary muscle, 947 1006; reabsorption in, 1007; trans- 603 act, 620 act, 623 act, 653 act, 681 act, Iodine, 804, 1029 plants, 1009; urine formation, 1007 691 act, 717 act, 809 act, 851 act, 871 act, Ion, 153 Kidney cancer, 1008 899 act, 907 act, 925 act, 961 act, 991 act, Ionic bond, 153–154 Kidney infection, 1008 1011 act, 1035 act, 1039 act, 1060 act, Ionic compound, 153–154 1067 act, 1075 act, 1082 act; scientific, Kidney stone, 1008 Ionic liquid, 154 King, Mary-Claire, 5 11, 16, 21 Irish potato famine, 565 Insect, 770, 775–781. See also Arthropod; Kingdom, 488; characteristics of each, Iron, 1028, 1029 499–503; five-kingdom system, 499; body regions, 775; characteristics, 773 Island extinction rates, 123 act, 775; communication, 779; diver- six-kingdom system, 499 Isle Royale study, 95–96 sity, 775; ecology, 775; forensic ento- Kingdom Animalia, 503. Isopod response to light, 925 act mology, 782; impact on humans, 780; See also Animal(s) Isotonic solution, 204 legs, 776; metamorphosis, 778; mouth- Kingdom Archaebacteria, 500. Isotope, 150, 395–396 parts, 775, 776; plant defenses against, See also Archaebacteria (kingdom) 652; pollination by, 671, 780; predation Kingdom Eubacteria, 499–500. by, 39; senses, 777–778; social groups, J See also Eubacteria (kingdom) 779; wings, 775, 777 Kingdom Fungi, 501–502, 576. Insectivora, 892, 894 Jacobson’s organ, 855 See also Fungi Insectivore, 882, 883, 884, 892 Janssen, Hans, 182 Kingdom Plantae, 502, 608. Insertion mutation, 346 Janssen, Zacharias, 182 See also Plant(s) Instinct behavior. See Innate behavior Java Man, 462 Kingdom Protista, 501. See also Protist Insulin, 1032, 1034, 1035 Jawless fishes, 819 act, 828–829. Kin selection, 922 Integrated pest management, 780 See also Fishes Kiwi, 866 Integumentary system, 936–940; body Jaws, evolution of fish, 822 Koch, Robert, 1076–1077 temperature regulation and, 938; Jellyfish, 710, 713. See also Cnidarian; Koch’s postulates, 1077 damage to, 939–940; functions, life cycle, 712; radial symmetry, 700 Krebs cycle, 229–230 938–939; hair, 937; nails, 937, 938; Jenner, Edward, 527, 1080, 1096 k-strategist, 98, 99 skin, 936–937, 938 act Johanson, Donald, 466 K-T boundary, 399 INDEX 1189 Index

Labor Lorises

remains, examine, 391 act; fungi, dif- L’Histoire de la Nature des Oyseaux, 694 L ferences among, 575 act; human Lice, 780 Labor, 1062. See also Vocabulary inheritance, 295 act; human sex cell Lichen, 40, 62, 502, 587–588 Laboratory activities. See BioLab; characteristics, 1047 act; mammal Life, characteristics of, 6, 6 act, 7, 8–10; BioLab: Design Your Own; Data characteristics, 879 act; meiosis, sex- early ideas on origins of, 401–402, 409 Analysis Lab; Launch Lab; MiniLab ual reproduction without, 269 act; act; first appearance of on Earth, 393, Laboratory assistant, 739 muscles, chicken wing, 935 act; natu- 398; modern ideas on origins of, Laboratory safety, xxx, 21 ral selection, 417 act; nervous system 402–404; organic chemistry and, lac operon, 343 response to stimuli, 961 act; nutrient 166–171; study of by biologists, 5; Lactic acid, 232 content of food, 147 act; observation, “Tree of”, 497, 498 Lactic acid fermentation, 231, 232, 950 role of in science, 3 act; pepsin, role of Life cycles, acellular slime mold, 562; Lactose, 168, 343 in digestion, 1019 act; plant charac- algal, 560; ascomycete, 584–585; Lagging strand, DNA, 334 teristics, 603 act; plant reproductive basidiomycete, 586; cellular slime Lagomorpha, 893, 894. structures, 661 act; plant structure, mold, 563; clam, 741; cnidarian, See also Vocabulary 631 act; population size, 91 act; pri- 712; conifer, 665–667; diatom, 554, Lake, 74, 76–77, 172 mates v. other mammals, 451 act; pro- 555; fern, 665; flowering plant, Lake Powell, 50 tists, 541 act; selective breeding, 359 674–679; moss, 664; Schistosoma, Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 486 act; transmission of cold, 1075 act; 741; sponge, 708; sporozoan, 551; Lamellae, 824 tube feet, 791 act zygomycete, 583 Laminaria, 559 Law enforcement. See Forensics Lifestyle, choosing healthy, 1011 act Lamprey, 828, 829. Law of independent assortment, 280 Life substances. See Biomolecules; See also Jawless fishes Law of segregation, 279 Nutrition Lancelet, 802, 804–805. Law of superposition, 394, 395 Ligament, 944 See also Invertebrate chordate Leading strand, DNA, 334 Light-dependent photosynthetic reactions, Land, adaptations in animals for life on, Leaflet, 645 222. See also Photosynthesis; electron 834–835, 840; adaptations in plants Leaf venation, 645 transport chain, 224, 225; light wave- for life on, 605–607; appearance of Leafy liverwort, 612 length and, 223, 235 act life on, 398; formation of Earth’s, 392 Leakey, Louis, 465, 474 Light-independent photosynthetic reac- Language, 920 Leakey, Maeve, 474 tions, 222, 226–227. See also Laotian rock rat, 716 Leakey, Mary, 13, 462, 465, 474 Photosynthesis Large intestine, 1024 Leakey, Richard, 474 Light microscope, 184 Larva, 778 Learned behavior, 912–915; classical Light wavelength, photosynthesis and, Larynx, 1001 conditioning, 913; cognitive behav- 223, 235 act Lascaux cave, 473 iors, 915; habituation, 911, 912, 912 Lima, Carlos, 258 Laser, 208 act; imprinting, 914; neural pathway Limestone, 47 Lateral line system, 826 development and, 983 act; in octo- Limiting factor, 61, 94–96; density- Lateral meristem, 634 puses, 743 act; operant conditioning, dependent, 95–96; density-indepen- Lateral root, 640 911, 913–914 dent, 94–95, 98 act Latex allergy, 1094, 1095 Leaves, 644–647; adaptations, 646–647; Limnetic zone, 77 Latin name, 485–486 arrangement on stems, 645; caterpil- Limpet, 742 Latitude, 65; biome distribution and, lar food preferences for, 646 act; coni- Linkage map. See Chromosome map 65; temperature and, 66, 66 act fer, 620, 620 act; functions, 644; gas Linnaeus, Carolus, 485–486, 490, 694 Launch Lab, animal behavior, observe, exchange in, 645; photosynthesis and, Lipid, 167, 169; digestion of, 1022, 1023 907 act; animal characteristics, 691 644, 645; simple and compound, 645; act; in plasma membrane, 188 act; arthropods, observe, 761 act; bio- structure, 644; transpiration and, 645; Littoral zone, 76 diversity, 115 act; bones, examine venation patterns, 645 Liver, 1022, 1035 chicken wing, 935 act; cells, animal v. Leech, 748, 749, 750. See also Annelid Liverwort (Hepaticophyta), 609, 612, 662 bacterial, 515 act; cells, healthy v. dis- Leeuwenhoek, Anton van, 182 Living things. See Life eased, 243 act; cells, view, 181 act, 243 Left atrium, 994 Lizard, 856. See also Reptile act; communities and ecosystems, Lehninger, Albert, 218 Lobe-finned fishes, 830, 831. See also identify, 59 act; cultural symbols of Lemming, 96 Fishes reptiles and birds, 851 act; desert Lemur, 452, 455, 456, 459 act. Lobster, 770, 771. See also Arthropod organisms, group, 483 act; DNA dis- See also Primate Logistic population growth, 97 covery, 325 act; Drosophila world, 31 Lens, 974 Long bone, 942 act; earthworm, observe, 725 act; Leucippus, 148 Long-day plant, 672, 673 energy transformations, 217 act; exer- Leukemia, 1093 Loop of Henle, 1007 cise, changes in body during, 991 act; Levene, P. A., 329 Lorenz, Konrad, 908 fish characteristics, 819 act; fossil Lewontin, Richard, 430 Lorises, 455, 459 act 1190 INDEX Index

Lucy Migratory behavior

Lucy (australopithecene fossil), 463, 465 reproduction, 887; respiration, 885; Mendelian genetics, 277–282; dihybrid Lumbriculid worms, 748 senses, 886; survey, 899 act; teeth, 884, crosses, 280; dominant and recessive Lung, 1001, 1001; breathing and, 1000, 884 act; trophic categories, 882 alleles, 278–279; genotype and pheno- 1002; as excretory organ, 1005; respi- Mammalogist, 882 type and, 279; inheritance of traits, ration in, 1000, 1002 Mammary gland, 880, 887 277–279; law of independent assort- Lung cancer, 978, 980, 1004 Manatee, 894, 894 ment, 280; law of segregation, 279; Lupus, 1095 Mandible, 765, 771 monohybrid crosses, 280 Luteinizing hormone (LH), 1049, 1050, Mantle, 737 Meningitis, 1078 1052 Marasmius oreades, 579 Menopause, 1065 Lycophyta (club moss), 609, 613–614 Marfan syndrome, 808 Menstrual cycle, 1050, 1051–1053 Lycopodium, 614 Margulis, Lynn, 183, 406, 545, 695 Mercury, 1010 Lyell, Charles, 418 Marine biologist, 800 Meristem, 634, 635; apical, 634; Lyme disease, 524, 1078, 1080 Marine ecologist, 712 intercalary, 634; lateral, 634 Lymph, 1086 Marine ecosystem(s), 79–81; coastal Meristematic tissue, 634, 635 Lymphatic system, 992, 1086 oceans and coral reefs, 81; intertidal Mesenchymal stem cell, 952 Lymphatic vessel, 1086 zone, 79; oceans, 80–81 Mesoderm, 697, 700, 701, 702, 703 Lymph node, 1086 Marine worm, 745 Mesophyll, 644. See also Vocabulary Lymphocyte (white blood cell), 997, Marmot, 893, 894 Mesozoic era, 396, 399–400 1085, 1086 Marsh, 78 Messenger RNA (mRNA), 336, 337, 338 Lysogenic cycle, 527, 528, 529 Marsupial, 890 Metabolic disease, 1093 Lysosome, 196, 199, 200 Martinez, Lee Anne, 6 Metabolic pathways, 220 Lytic cycle, 527, 528, 529 Mass, conservation of, 157 Metabolism, cellular, 220; exercise and, Mass extinctions, 122, 859; Cretaceous 1002 act M period, 399, 859; five most recent, Metal, 154 122; Permian, 399 Metamorphic rock, 394 Maathai, Wangari, 33, 136 Math skills, 1115 Metamorphosis, 778. See also Macaques, 457 Matsuzawa, Tetsuro, 909 Vocabulary; amphibian, 835, 838; Macromolecule, 167 Matter, 45; composition of (atoms), complete, 778; incomplete, 778; Macronucleus, 548, 549 148; cycling of in biosphere. See insect, 778 Macrophage, 1085 Biogeochemical cycles Metaphase (mitosis), 249, 250 Madagascar periwinkle, 119, 489 Mayr, Ernst, 437, 491 Metaphase I (meiosis), 272, 273 Madagascar primates, 455 Measles, 525 Metaphase II (meiosis), 274 Mad cow disease, 531 Measurement systems, xxxvi, 14 Metchnikoff, Elie, 1080 Madreporite, 795 Mechanical digestion, 1020 Meteorites, 399 Magnesium, 149, 1029 Mechanism, 404. See also Vocabulary Methamphetamines, 979, 1059 Malaria, 303, 551, 1078 Medical geneticist, 274 Methane, 151, 517 Male reproductive system, 1048–1049; Medical illustrator, 942 Methanogen, 517 epididymis, 1049; fertilization and, Medicine. See Drug(s) Methylmercury, 1010 1054–1055; hormones, 1049; scrotum, Medulla oblongata, 970 Metric system, 14 1048; semen, 1049; seminiferous Medusa, 712, 715 Microarthropod, 783 act tubules, 1049; sperm cells, 1047 act, Mega flyover, 82 Microbiologist, 343, 512, 547 1049, 1051, 1052 act; testes, 1048, 1049; Megareserve, 131 Microfilament, 191 urethra, 1049; vas deferens, 1049 Megaspore, 665; conifer, 665; flowering Microfocus X-ray camera, 350 Male sex cells (sperm), 1049, 1051; plant, 674 Micromonas, 543 examine, 1047 act; production of, Megatransect, 82 Micronucleus, 548, 549 1051, 1052 act Meiosis, 271–276; affect of absence of, Micropyle, 666 Malleus, 974 269 act; crossing over and, 272; Microscope, 183–185; atomic force Malpighian tubule, 767 genetic recombination from, 276, 283; microscopes (AFMs), 208; compound Malthus, Thomas, 102, 420 human sex cell production, 1051, light, xxxviii, 184; electron, 184–185; Mammal, 880–897; behavior, 886; brain, 1052 act; importance of, 275–276; time line of invention and develop- 886; characteristics, 879 act, 880–882, mitosis vs., 275; nondisjunction dur- ment of, 182–183 884–888; circulation, 885; digestion, ing, 312, 313–314; phases of meiosis I, Microsporangia, 666 882, 883; endothermy and, 881; excre- 272, 273, 274; phases of meiosis II, Microspore, 666; conifer, 666; flowering tion, 884; feeding, 882, 883; glands, 273, 274; as reduction division, 271 plant, 674 887; hair, 880–881; mammary glands, Melanin, 22, 937 Microsporidium, 544 880, 887; marsupials, 890; mono- Melanoma, 22, 940 Microtubule, 191, 196, 198, 251, 251 tremes, 889; movement, 888; origins, Memory cell, 1089 act, 519 399, 880, 896–897; placental, 891–895; Mendel, Gregor, 277–280 Migratory behavior, 833, 919, 923 INDEX 1191 Index

Milk Mutation

Milk, 887 Miocene period, 400 Mosquito, transmission of malaria by, Miller, Stanley, 403 Miquel, Jaime, 219 551; transmission of West Nile Virus Miller-Urey experiments, 403 Missense mutation, 346 by, 1080 Millipede, 780. See also Arthropod Mite, 773 Moss (Bryophyta), 609, 610–611; life Milstein, Cesar, 1080 Mitochondrial DNA, 234, 406, 472 cycle, 664; reproductive structures, Mimicry, 429, 429 act “Mitochondrial Eve”, 234, 463, 472 661 act; vegetative reproduction, 662 Mineral, 123, 1028 Mitochondrion, 197, 199; cellular respi- Moth, 671 MiniLab, animal body plans, 702 act; ration and, 200, 228, 230, 231; DNA Motor neuron, 963, 968, 971 animals, feeding by, 693 act; arthropod in. See Mitochondrial DNA; origins, Motor protein, 274 act characteristics, 773 act; bacteria, classi- 406, 406 act Mountain, 72 fication, 500 act, 519 act; biodiversity, Mitosis, 246, 247, 249. See also Cell cycle; Mountain stream, 75 calculate, 127 act; biodiversity, threats affect of sunlight on in yeast, 259 lab; Mouth, 1020; body plan of bilateral ani- to, 120 act; birds, survey of local, 866 anaphase, 249, 251; meiosis vs., 275; mals and, 701; saliva in, 1020, 1084; act; blink reflex, 965 act; blood pres- metaphase, 249, 250; microtubules and, taste buds in, 973 sure, 996 act; cancerous v. healthy cells, 250, 251 act; prophase, 248, 249, 250; Mouthpart, arthropod, 765, 765 act, 1093 act; cell size, 245 act; cells, view purpose of, 248; telophase, 249, 251 775, 776 and describe, 184 act; chicken v. Mixture, 163 Movement, animals, 694; annelid, 747; human skin, 938 act; chloroplasts, MMR immunization, 1089 arthropod, 769; bilateral symmetry observe, 223 act; chromosome maps, Modica-Napolitano, Josephine, 219 and, 726; earthworm, 747; echino- 284 act; climate models, 66 act; conifer Mohl, Hugo von, 218 derm, 796; fish, 823 act, 827; flat- cones, 666 act; conifer leaves, 620 act; Molar, 462, 884, 884 act worm, 728; mammal, 888; mollusk, cuticle thickness and water loss, 605 Mold (fossil), 393 741; reptile, 855; roundworm, 732, act; dichotomous key, develop, 488 act; Mold (Zygomycota), 583–584, 585, 592; 732 act; sponge, 706 DNA replication, 334 act; DNA struc- growth of, 583 act, 593 act; life cycle M phase, 246–247 ture, model, 331 act; echinoderm anat- of, 583 Mucus, 1084 omy, 793 act; exercise, effect on Mole, 892, 894 Mullis, Kary, 374 metabolism, 1002 act; eye, response to Molecular clock, 495 Multiple alleles, 304 darkness, 975 act; fish characteristics, Molecular geneticist, 335 Multiple fruit, 677 823 act; floral variation, 672 act; food Molecule, 152 Mumps, 525 web, construct, 42 act; fossils, relative Mollusk, 737–744; body plan, 737–738; Muscle, cardiac, 947, 994; chicken wing, aging of, 396 act; glucose, test for in circulation, 739; diversity (classes) of, 935 act; contraction of, 948, 950, 966; food, 154 act; hormones and homeo- 742–743; ecology, 744; excretion, 739; energy required by, 950; involuntary, stasis, 1035 act; human development, feeding and digestion, 738; medicinal 947; skeletal, 948; slow- v. fast-twitch, sequence early, 1060 act; human inher- uses, 744; movement, 740, 741, 753 950 act, 950–951; smooth, 947; itance, 314 act; human population act; origins, 737, 751; pearls from, strength of, 950–951; striated, 947, growth, 101 act; human sex cell pro- 744; reproduction, 741; respiration, 949; types of, 948–949; voluntary, 948 duction, 1052 act; hybridization, 361 738; response to stimuli, 739 Muscle contraction, 948, 950, 966; act; joints, examine, 945 act; lipid Molting, 764, 853 energy required for, 950; sliding fila- digestion, 1023 act; living v. nonliving Monera, 499, 516 ment theory and, 948; slow- v. fast- things, 6 act; mimicry, 429 act; mold Monkey, 452, 456, 894. See also Primate twitch fibers and, 950 act, 950–951 growth, 583 act; nastic response in Mono (infectious mononucleosis), 1079 Muscle fiber, 948; fast-twitch, 950, Venus flytrap, 650 act; needs of wildlife Monocot, 620; endosperm, 676; flowers, 950 act, 951; slow-twitch, 950 act, v. development, 77 act; nitrates, test 669, 681 act; leaf venation, 645; root 950–951 for, 48 act; opposable digits, 464 act; anatomy, 640; seed germination, 679; Muscle tissue, 936 osmosis, 203 act; pathogens, spread of, seeds, 676; stem anatomy, 642 Muscular dystrophy, 346 1082 act; pedigree analysis, 300 act; Monohybrid crosses, Mendel’s, 280; Muscular system, 947–951. See also photosynthesis and cellular respiration Punnett squares for, 280–281, 281 act Muscle; Muscle contraction; muscle in ecosystems, 220 act; photosynthesis Monosaccharide, 168 contraction, 948, 950; types of mus- in algae, 558 act; planarians, observe, Monosomy, 313 cles, 947–948 728 act; plant cells, observe, 634 act; Monostroma, 559 Mushroom, 502, 577. plant response to stimulus, 650 act; Monotreme, 889 See also Basidiomycote; Fungi Punnett squares, 281 act; restriction Montagnier, Luc, 1081 Mussel, 742. See also Mollusk enzymes, 365 act; secondary succession Montreal Protocol, 33 Mutagen, 348, 348 act in grasslands, 63 act; skin, examine, Morphology, evidence of evolution Mutation, 345–349; in bacteria, 522; in 938 act; slime molds, 564 act; sun- from shared, 424–426; phylogenies body cells v. sex cells, 349; cancer and, screens, blocking of sunlight by, 255 based on, 492 254–255; causes of, 348 act, 348–349; act; variables, manipulate, 19 act; yeast Morula, 1055 deletion, 346; evolution and, 434; growth, 580 act Mosaic evolution, 465 frameshift, 346; insertion, 346; 1192 INDEX Index

Mutualism Nucleosome missense, 346; molecular clocks and, entific method, 17; specific immunity, Newborn, 1063 495; neutral, 349; nonsense, 346; 1087; transcription and translation, Newt, 835, 838, 839. See also point, 346, 348; protein folding and 339; viral replication, 529; water, Amphibian stability and, 347–348; reversion, 348 properties of, 162 New variant CJD (nvCJD), 531 act; substitution, 346; types of, 345– National Invasive Species Act, 870 New World monkeys, 456, 460; divergence 347 National parks, 131 of Old and New World monkeys, 460 Mutualism, 39; in cnidarians, 714; Natural resources, 123, 129–130; con- Niacin, 1029 coevolution and, 439; in fungi, 502, servation of, 130; consumption of, Niche, 38 578, 587–589; lichen, 587–588; 129; nonrenewable, 130; overexploita- Nicitating membrane, 837 mycorrhizae, 589 tion of, 124; renewable, 130; sustain- Nicotine, 978 Mycelium, 577 able use and, 130 Nitrates, testing for, 48 act Mycologist, 584 Natural selection, 420, 421, 434–436. Nitrogen, abundance of, 149; in Earth’s Mycoplasm gallisepticum, 98 act See also Evolution; basic principles of, early atmosphere, 393; fixation of, 48, Mycorrhiza, 589 420, 422; development of Darwin’s 522–523 Myelin, 965 theory of, 418–420; directional, 435, Nitrogen-14, 395 Myelin sheath, 965 435 act; disruptive, 436; model, 417 act, Nitrogen cycle, 48, 48 act Myofibril, 948 443 act; predator-prey interactions and, Nitrogen fixation, 48, 522–523 Myosin, 948 417 act; sexual, 436; stabilizing, 434 Nitrogenous base pair, 329, 330, 334 MyPyramid guidelines, 1027 Nautilus, 743, 771 Nitrogenous bases, 329, 336 Myxini (Class), 828 Neanderthal, 462, 470 Noble rot, 591 Myxomycota, 562 Neanderthal-Cro-Magnon hybrid child, Nocturnal, 452 463 Node (myelinated axons), 965 N Nectar, 671 Nodule, 523 Negative feedback systems, 1032–1033 Nondisjunction, 312, 313–314 NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine Nematocyst, 710–711 Noninfectious disorders, 1092–1095. dinucleotide), 230 Nematode, 731–735, 732 act. See also See also specific disorders; cancer. NADH, 230 Roundworm (Nematoda); Vocabulary See Cancer; degenerative diseases, NADP+ (nicotinamide adenine Neogene period, 400 1092; genetic. See Genetic disorders; dinucleotide phosphate), 224 Neomycin, 1082 inflammatory diseases, 1094–1095; NADPH, 222, 224 Nephridium, 739, 747 metabolic diseases, 1093 Name, common, 486; scientific, 485–486 Nephritis, 1008 Nonmetal, 154 Nanometer, 208 Nephron, 825, 1006 Nonnative species, 123, 128, 860 Nanoneedle, 208 Nerve. See Neuron Nonrenewable resource, 130 Nanosurgery, 208 Nerve impulse, transmission of, Nonruminant herbivore, 883 Nanotechnology, 208, 566 963–965, 967 Nonsense mutation, 346 Nasal passage, 1001 Nerve net, 711 Nonspecific immunity, 1084–1085 Nasal secretions, 1084 Nerve tissue, 936 Nontemplate strand, 337 Nastic response, 650, 650 act Nervous system (human), 962–972; blink Nonvascular plant, 606, 610–612. National Geographic, action potential, reflex, 965 act; central nervous system See also Hornwort (Anthocerophyta); 966; animal behavior, 911; arthropod (CNS), 968–970; effects of drugs on, Liverwort (Hepaticophyta); Moss respiratory structures, 766; biodiver- 977–981; interactions with endocrine (Bryophyta); divisions of, 609, sity hot spots, 132; biosphere, levels of system, 1036, 1037; muscle contraction 610–612; dominant stage of lifecycle, organization, 37; birds, feeding and and, 948; neural pathway development, 607, 663; origins, 610; water require- digestion, 864; bony fishes, 831; cell 983 act; neurons, 962–963; observe ments for fertilization, 663 cycle, 249; cell types, 192; diatoms and response to stimuli, 961 act; peripheral Norepinephrine, 1035 nanotechnology, 566; DNA microar- nervous system (PNS), 968, 971–972; Nori, 559 rays, 377; echinoderms, 794; fairy senses and. See Senses; transmission of Normal flora, 523 rings, 579; floral adaptations to nerve impulse, 963–965, 967 Northern coniferous forest, 68 ensure pollination, 671; gas exchange, Neural crest, 821 Nostoc, 611, 611 act 1003; geologic time scale, 397; green- Neural pathway, 983 act Notochord, 803, 807, 820. house effect, 67; mammal digestive Neuron, 962–963; interneurons, 963; See also Vocabulary systems, 883; meiosis, 273; meriste- motor, 963; sensory, 963; three main Nuclear envelope, 193 matic tissues, 635; natural selection, regions of, 962; transmission of nerve Nuclear fuel, 123 421; nondisjunction, 312; paramecia, impulse by, 963–965, 967 Nuclear pore, 193 548; phylogeny of life, 497; plant Neurotransmitter, 966, 967, 977 Nucleic acid, 167, 171 kingdom, 608; population dispersion, Neutral mutation, 349 Nucleoid, 518 93; primates, 454; protostome and Neutron, 148 Nucleolus, 193, 250 deuterostome development, 703; sci- Neutrophil, 1085 Nucleosome, 332 INDEX 1193 Index

Nucleotide Pathogen

Nucleotide, 171, 329; nitrogenous base Ophthalmologist, 974 piration and, 228, 231; cycling of pairing and, 329; phylogenies based Oral groove, 547, 548 through biosphere, 47; exchange of on shared, 493 Oral thrush, 591 between respiratory and circulatory Nucleus (atomic), 148 Order, 488 system, 996, 1000, 1001, 1002, 1003; Nucleus (cell), 186, 193, 199, 200 Ordovician period, 122, 398 gas exchange in plants and, 645; Nudibranch, 742 Organ (human). See specific organs source of in early Earth’s atmosphere, Numerical data, 19 Organ (plant). See Leaves; Root; Stem 398, 405 Nurturing behavior, 921, 923 Organelle(s), 186, 194–200; cell wall. Oxytocin, 1036, 1037, 1062 Nutrient, 45 See Cell wall; centrioles. See Centriole; Oyster, 742, 744. See also Mollusk Nutrient cycling, 45–49; carbon cycle, 47; chloroplasts. See Chloroplast; cilia, 198; Ozone layer, 405 nitrogen cycle, 48; oxygen cycle, 47; endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 193, 194, phosphorus cycle, 49; water cycle, 46 194 act, 199, 200; flagella, 198; functions P Nutrition, 1025–1030; carbohydrates, of, 200; Golgi apparatus, 194 act, 195, 1026; energy content of food 199, 200; lysosomes, 196; mitochondria. Pacemaker, 995 (Calories), 1025; fats, 1026; food labels, See Mitochondrion; nucleus, 193; ribo- Paleogene period, 399 147 act, 1028 act, 1030; MyPyramid some, 193, 194, 194 act, 199, 200, 340; Paleontologist, 388, 394, 408, 868 guidelines, 1027; nutrient content of summary of, 199; vacuoles, 195 Paleontology, fossil remains, examine, food, 147 act; proteins, 1027; vitamins Organic molecules, 166–171; carbohy- 391 act; study of pollen fossils by, 674 and minerals and, 1028, 1029 drates, 167, 168; carbon as basis of, Paleozoic era, 396, 398–399 Nutrition labels, 147 act, 1028 act, 1030 166; lipids, 167, 169; macromolecules Palisade mesophyll, 644 Nymph, 778 and, 167; nucleic acids, 167, 171; ori- Palmate leaf venation, 645 gins of, 402–404; polymers and, 167; Palynology, 622, 674 O proteins. See Protein Pampas, 70 Organism, 6; characteristics of, 6, 6 act, Pancreas, 1022, 1035 O blood type, 304, 998 7, 8–10; elements in, 149; interactions Pandemic, 1081 Observation, 3 act, 16 between in ecosystems, 35, 38–40; as Pangaea, 400 Oceans, 34, 79–81; coastal areas, 81; inter- lowest level of ecological study, 36, 37; Panthropus, 466, 474 tidal zone, 79; layers of open, 80–81 range of tolerance of, 61 Panting, 881 Ocelot, 124 Organization, as characteristic of living Parallel leaf venation, 645 Octopus, 738, 741, 743, 743 act. things, 7, 8 Paralysis, stem cell research and, 258 See also Arthropod Orangutan, 457 Paramecium, 547. See also Vocabulary; Oil, 169 Ornithischian, 858 conjugation in, 548, 549; contractile Okazaki fragment, 334 Orthopedic surgeon, 932 vacuole, 547, 549 act; temperature Olduvai Gorge, 474 Osculum, 706 and growth rate, 39 act Old World monkeys, 457, 460; divergence Osmosis, 203 act, 203–205 Paranthropus, 466 of hominoids from, 461; divergence of Osmotic pressure, 204 Parapodia, 749 Old and New World monkeys, 460 Ossification, 942 Parasitism, 40, 551; as density-depen- Oligochaete, 748 Osteichthyes, 830, 831. See also Fishes dent limiting factor, 95, 96, 98 act; Oligotrophic. See Vocabulary Osteoarthritis, 945 flatworm, 726, 727, 729, 730; fungi, Oligotrophic lakes, 76 Osteoblast, 942 502, 578, 583; roundworm, 40, 731, Omnivore, 42, 882 Osteoclast, 943 733, 734, 735; sporozoan, 551 One gene—one enzyme hypothesis, 341 Osteocyte, 942 Parasympathetic nervous system, 972 On the Origin of Species, Darwin’s, Osteogenesis imperfecta, 808 Parathyroid gland, 1033, 1034 422–423, 498 Osteon, 942 Parathyroid hormone, 1033, 1034 Oocyte, 1050 Ostracoderm, 832 Parenchyma cell, 632, 633, 634 act Oogenesis, 1051, 1052 act Outline/note taking, 1108 Parent (P) generation, 277 Oomycete (Oomycota), 564–565 Out-of-Africa hypothesis, 463, 472 Parthenogenesis, 695 Oparin, Alexander, 402 Ovary (human), 1036, 1050 Passenger pigeon, 124 Open circulatory system, 739 Ovary (plant), 669 Passeriformes, 866, 867 Open reading frames (ORFs), 374–375 Overexploitation, 124 Passive immune therapy, 1089, 1090 act Operant conditioning, 911, 913–914 Over-the-counter drugs, 977. Passive immunity, 1089 Operator gene, 342 See also Drug(s) Passive transport, 202 Operculum, 824 Oviduct, 1050 Pasteur, Louis, 183, 402, 409 act, 1076 Operon, 342–343; lac , 343; trp, 342–343 Oviraptor philoceratops, 492 Pathogen, 1076; carriers of, 296; disease Ophiuroidea, 797 Ovule, 665 transmission and, 1075 act, 1076, Opossum, 890 Ovum, 1050 1079–1080, 1082 act; disruption of Opposable first digit, 452, 464 act Oxidation, 159 act homeostasis by, 1076; immune system Opposite leaf arrangement, 645 Oxygen, abundance of, 149; aerobic res- response to. See Immune system; 1194 INDEX Index

Pavlov, Ivan Plant(s)

Koch’s postulates and, 1077; reservoirs Pharyngeal pouch, 426, 803, 804, 807, Phytoplankton, 554 of, 1078–1079 820, 821 Piciforme, 867 Pavlov, Ivan, 908, 913 Pharynx, 727, 1001, 1021 Pieris caterpillar, food preferences, 646 act Payne, Katy, 924 Phenotype, 279; affect of environment Pigment, 223–224, 553, 557 PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl), 126 on, 309; incomplete dominance and, Pikas, 893, 894 PCR. See Polymerase chain reaction 302; predict genotypes from, 287 act, Pill bug, 761 act, 771 (PCR) 301; predict with Punnett squares, Pilus, 518 Peanut allergy, 1094, 1095 280–282, 281 act; ratio of from dihy- Pinnate leaf venation, 645 Pea plants, Mendel’s studies of, 277–280 brid cross, 280; ratio of from mono- Pinworm, 734 Pearl, 744 hybrid cross, 280 Pioneer species, 62–63, 588 Peat, 47, 611 Phenylketonuria, 298 Pistil, 668, 669, 674 Pedicellaria, 793 Pheromone, 768, 778, 920, 923 Pitcher plant, 647 Pedigree, 299–301; analysis of, 299–301; Phloem, 638, 640. Pituitary gland, 1033, 1036, 1037, 1050 construction of, 299, 300 act; for See also Vascular tissue Pivot joint, 944 hemophilia, 308; symbols used in, 299 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA), 226 Placenta, 887, 891, 1056, 1057, 1063 Pedipalp, 772 Phospholipid, 169, 169 act, 188 Placental mammal, 891–895 Peduncle, 668 Phospholipid bilayer, 188 Placental stage, 1063 Peer review, 14, 20 Phosphorus, 1029 Placoid scale, 823 Pelagic zone, 80 Phosphorus cycle, 49 Planarian, 726; movement, 753 act; Pellicle, 547, 548, 556 Photic. See Vocabulary observe, 728 act; regeneration by, 728 Penguin behavior, 907 act Photic zone, 80 Plankton, 77 Penicillin, 18, 119, 589, 592, 1095 Photoautotroph, 219, 521 Plant(s), adaptations to land, 605–607, Penicillium, 1082 Photomicrograph, 184 algae, shared characteristics with, 604; Peppered moth, 435, 435 act Photoperiodism, 672–673 alternation of generation in, 607, 663; Pepsin, 1019 act, 1021 Photosynthesis, 220, 232; in algae, 543, artificial selection of, 419, 420 act; bacte- Peptide bond, 170 553, 557, 558 act; C4 pathway, 227; rial diseases and, 524; cells of. See Plant Peptidoglycan, 499, 502, 517, 519, 519 act Calvin cycle, 226–227; CAM pathway, cell(s); characteristics of, compare, 603 Perennial plant, 621 227; carbon and oxygen cycles and, 47; act; chemical defenses in, 652; chemical Perfect flower, 669 cellular respiration and, 220 act, 233; signaling by, 652; cuticle, 605, 605 act; Pericycle, 640 chloroplasts and, 223, 223 act, 644; defenses against predators, 652; dermal Period (geologic time scale), 396 electron transport chain and, 224, 225; tissues, 636–637; distribution of on bio- Period (periodic table), 149 end products of, 220, 222; equation for, sphere, 34; divisions of, 609; effect of Periodic table of elements, 149 222; leaf structure and, 644–645; light- environment on phenotype of, 309; fun- Peripheral nervous system (PNS), 968, absorbing pigments and, 223; phase 1 gal diseases affecting, 591; genetically 971–972 (light-dependent reactions), 222, 223– modified, 680; ground tissue, 638; his- Perissodactyla, 893, 894 224; phase 2 (light-independent reac- tory of classification of, 694; hormones, Peristalsis, 1021 tions), 222, 226–227; rate of, light 648–650; hybridization of, 361, 361 act; Periwinkle, 119, 742 wavelengths and, 235 act leaves, 644–647; legal protection of Permafrost, 68 Photosynthetic bacteria, 516 endangered, 135; meristematic tissues, Permian extinction, 122, 399 Photosynthetic pigment, 223–224, 634; nastic responses, 650–651; as natu- Permineralized fossils, 393 553, 557 ral resource, 123; nematodes and, 735; Peroxidase, 173 act Photosystems I and II, 224 nitrogen fixation and, 522–523; nonvas- Pesticide, 126 Phototaxis, 567 act cular. See Nonvascular plant; nutrient Petal, 668 Phototropism, 651 transport in, 638; origins, 604; photo- Petiole, 644 Phycobilin, 559 synthesis and. See Photosynthesis; physi- Petrified fossil, 393 Phylogenetic characters, 492–495; bio- cal defenses in, 652; polyploidy in, 285, P (parent) generation, 277 chemistry, 493; molecular clocks, 495; 286; reproduction in, 606, 663; repro- PGR. See Population growth rate (PGR) morphology, 492; phylogenetic trees ductive structures, observe, 661 act; pH, 165; enzyme activity and, 160, 164 based on, 496 roots, 639–641; seeds, 607, 666, 676, act, 173 act; of stomach, 1021; of Phylogenetic species concept, 491 678–679; selective breeding of, 360, 361, water, 162, 172 Phylogeny, 491; characters used to con- 362; self-fertilization by, 277; stems, Phaeophyta (brown algae), 557 struct, 492–495; construction of, 496; 642–643; stomata of, 606; structure of, Phage. See Bacteriophage of life’s six kingdoms, 497; “tree of 631 act; transgenic, 371; transpiration Phagocyte, 1085, 1087 life”, 497, 498 by, 645; tropic responses, 651; vascular. Phagocytosis, 1085 Phylum, 488 See Vascular plant; vascular tissues, 606, Phanerozoic eon, 396 Physical therapist, 939 637–638; vegetative reproduction, Pharmaceutical QC technician, 254 Physiognomy, 11 662–663; water and fertilization in, 606; Pharmacogenomics, 378 Phytophthora infestans, 565 water transport in, 637, 640, 645 INDEX 1195 Index

Plantae (Kingdom) Probability

Plantae (Kingdom), 499, 502. See also Pollination, in conifers, 666; floral adapta- Potassium, 149, 1029 Plant(s); divisions of, 608, 609; history tions to ensure, 671; in flowering plants, Potato, blight of, 656 of classification and, 694 671, 675–676, 780; self-pollination, 671 Pottos, 455 Plant breeder, 671 Pollution, acid precipitation, 126; Prairie, 70 Plant cell(s), 192, 632–633; animal cell eutrophication, 126; fish populations Praxagoras, 992 v., 192, 199, 200, 694; cell plates, 252; and, 833; frog malformations from, Precambrian time, 396, 398 cell walls, 198, 199, 577, 632; chloro- 842; habitat loss and degradation, Precipitation, 46 plasts in, 197, 632; collenchyma, 633; 125, 126; lichens as indicators of, 588; Predation, 38–39, 95, 417 act cytokinesis in, 252; elongation of, 648, mercury in food chain, 1010 Predator, 38, 417 act 649; mitosis and, 250; observe, 634 Polychaete, 748, 749, 750, 751 Preening, 862. See also Vocabulary act; parenchyma, 632, 633; scleren- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Preen gland, 862 chyma, 633 (PAHs), 590 Pregnancy, birth process, 1062–1063; Plant chemical defenses, 652 Polycystic kidney disease, 1008 diagnosis of fetal conditions during, Plant hormones, 648–650; auxins, Polydactyly, 300 315, 1060–1061; early embryonic devel- 648–649; cytokinins, 650; ethylene, Polygenic trait, 309 opment, 1055–1056; extraembryonic 649; gibberellins, 649, 653 act Polymer, 167 membranes formed, 1056; fertilization Plantlike protist, 541 act, 542, 543, 553– Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and, 1054–1055; hormonal regulation 560 368–370, 374 of, 1058; placenta and, 1056, 1057; tri- Plant physiologist, 650 Polyp, 712, 715 mesters of, 1058–1059 Plant tissues, dermal, 636–637; ground, Polyploidy, 285, 286, 438 Prehensile tail, 456 638; meristematic, 634; vascular, Polysaccharide, 168 Premolar, 884, 884 act 637–638 Polyunsaturated fat, 170 pre-mRNA, 338 Plasma, 997 Pond, 74, 76–77; animals in, 717 act; Prescription drug, 977. See also Drug(s) Plasma membrane, 185, 187–190, 199; debate over proposed development Prey, 38, 417 act fluid mosaic model, 190; functions, 187; through, 77 act; model, 83 act; zones Prezygotic isolating mechanism, 437 lipids in, 169, 188; protein channels, of, 76–77 Priestley, Joseph, 218 189, 189 act; selective permeability, 187, Pons, 970 Primary growth, 634 209 act; structure of, 169, 188–190; sur- Pool technician, 165 Primary protein structure, 170 face area of cell and, 244; transport Population, 36, 37; carrying capacity of Primary succession, 62–63 across. See Cellular transport environment and, 98; controlling Primate, 452–460, 892, 894; anthro- Plasmid, 366, 367 number of individuals in, 107 act; poids, 455, 456, 459; brain, 452, 453; Plasmodium, 551 density of, 92; dispersion, 92, 93; differences from other mammals, 451 Plasmodium (slime mold), 562 growth rates of. See Population act; diurnal v. nocturnal, 453; emer- Plastid, 197, 406 growth rate (PGR); limiting factors, gence of in Cenozoic era, 400; evolu- Plastron, 857 94–96; size of, 91 act; spatial distribution, 458–460; global distribution of, Platelet, 997 tion of organisms, 94 453; groups and subgroups, 455–458; Plate tectonics, 400 Population biologist, 95 haplorhines, 455, 456; manual dexter- Platyhelminthes. See Flatworm Population density, 92 ity of, 452; movement, 452; New (Platyhelminthes) Population ecology, carrying capacity, World monkeys, 456; Old World Pneumatophore, 641 98; dispersal patterns, 92, 93; limit- monkeys, 457; opposable digits, 452, Pneumonia, 1004 ing factors, 94–96; population den- 464 act; phylogenies based on bio- PNS. See Peripheral nervous system sity, 92; population growth rates. See chemical characters, 493; reproductive (PNS) Population growth rate (PGR); popu- rate, 453; strepsirrhines, 455, 456; Poinsettia, 647 lation size, 91 act; reproductive pat- study of by Jane Goodall, 5, 13, 16; Point mutation, 346, 348 terns and, 98; spatial distribution, 94 vision, 452, 453 Poison ivy, 647 Population genetics, 431–432 Primate evolution, 458–460; anthropoid Polar body, 1051 Population growth rate (PGR), 97; arti- emergence, 459; contribution of Leakey Polarity, 161 ficial control of, 107 act; exponential family to knowledge of, 474; divergence Polar molecule, 161 growth, 97; human. See Human pop- of lineages, 459 act; divergence of Old Polar nucleus, 674 ulation growth; limiting factors and, and New World monkeys, 460; emer- Polar regions, 34, 72, 73 94–96, 98 act; logistic growth, 97 gence of Homo species, 467–471; emer- Polar zones, 65 Population sampling, 314 act gence of modern humans, 471–474; Polio, 525 Porifera. See Sponge (Porifera) hominins, 463–466; hominoids, Polio vaccination, 1089 Porpoise, 894, 895 461–462; primate ancestors, 459 Pollen grain, allergies and, 1094; conifer, Portuguese man-of-war, 713 Primers, DNA sequencing and, 368–369 666; flowering plant, 669, 674, 675; Postanal tail, 803, 807, 820 Primordial soup hypothesis, 402–403 palynology and, 622, 674 Posterior end, 700 Prion, 531 Pollen tube, 675–676 Postzygotic isolating mechanism, 437 Probability, inheritance and, 282 1196 INDEX Index

Proboscide Replacement theory

Proboscide, 893, 894 561–565; habitats, 544; origins, 545; Proboscis monkey, 457 plant-like (algae), 541 act, 542, 543, R Procellariiformes, 867 553–560; reproduction, 542 Rabbit, 304, 893, 894 Proconsul, 462, 474 Protista (kingdom), 499, 501, 502, 542, Rabies, 525, 1078, 1079 Producer, 41, 45 694 Radial symmetry, 700 Product, 157 Protoarchaepteryx, 868 Radicle, 679 Profundal zone, 77 Proton, 148 Radioactive isotope, 150, 395–396 Progesterone, 1050 Protonema, 664 Radioactive labeling, 328 Proglottid, 730 Protostome, 702, 703, 792 Radiolarian, 550 Prokaryote(s), 186, 406, 499, 516–524; Protozoan, 501, 543, 546–552. Radiometric dating, 395–396 aerobic, 521; anaerobic, 521; archaebac- See also Vocabulary; behavior, 567 act; Radula, 738 teria. See Archaebacteria; binary fission ciliates, 546–549; diseases caused by, Random dispersion, 92, 93 by, 247, 252; cellular respiration by, 231; Rangelands, 70 1078, 1081; observe, 541 act; sarco- cell walls of, 517, 519; chemoautotro- Range of tolerance, 61 dines, 550; sporozoans, 551; tempera- phic, 521; circular DNA in, 332, 335; Rat, 894 ture and growth rate of, 39 act; classify, 519 act; diseases caused by, 524; Rathbun, Mary Jane, 695 DNA replication in, 335; endospores zooflagellates, 552 Ratio of surface area to volume, and, 521; eubacteria. See Eubacteria; Prusiner, Stanley B., 531 244–245, 244 food and medicines from, 523; gene Pseudocoelom, 701 Ray, 828, 830 regulation in, 342–343; heterotrophic, Pseudocoelomate, 701 Ray, John, 694 520; lack of organelles in, 518; move- Pseudopod, 550 Ray-finned fishes, 830, 831. See also Fishes ment by, 519; nitrogen fixation and, Pseudoscience, 11, 12, 13 Reabsorption, 1007 522–523; origins, 405; photoautotro- Pterophyte, 609, 614–616, 615 act Reactant, 157 phic, 521; reproduction, 520; shape of, Puberty, 1049, 1050, 1064 Reading, xxvi 519; size of, 518; structure of, 518 Puffball fungi, 581 Recessive allele, 278, 279 Prokaryotic cell, 185, 186, 192; animal Pulmonary tuberculosis, 1004 Recessive genetic disorders, 296–297; cells v., 515 act; cytoplasm of, 191; Pulse, 995 albinism, 297; color blindness, 307; eukaryotic cell v., 192; evolution of Pump (active transport), 205–206, cystic fibrosis, 297, 298, 348; galacto- eukaryotic cells from, 186, 406 act, 205–206 semia, 297; hemophilia, 308, 1092; 406–407; lack of nucleus in, 516; ori- red-green color blindness, 307; Punctuated equilibrium, 440 gins of, 405; size of, 185 Tay-Sachs, 297, 298, 299 Punnett, Reginald, 280 Promoter gene, 342 Recessive sex-linked disorders, 307–308; Punnett square, 280–282, 287 act; Prophase (mitosis), 248, 249, 250 color blindness, 307; hemophilia, 308 Prophase I (meiosis), 272, 273 dihybrid crosses, 282; monohybrid Recessive trait, 278, 279 Prophase II (meiosis), 274 crosses, 280–281, 281 act; sex-linked Recombinant DNA, 366–367, 370, 374. Prophyra, 559 traits, 307 See also Biotechnology Prostate gland, 1049 Pupa, 778 Rectum, 1024 Prosthetic limbs, brain-controlled, 982 Pupil, 974 Red algae (Rhodophyta), 543, 559 Protease activity, 164 act Pure breed, 361 Red blood cell, 303, 946, 997 Protein, 167, 170; assembly of by ribo- Purine base, 329, 330 Red bone marrow, 942, 946 somes, 340; carrier, 202; complement, Pyloric ceca, 825 Red-green color blindness, 307 1085; human nutrition and, 1027; Pyloric sphincter, 1021 Redi, Francesco, 401 motor proteins and cell division, 274 Pyramid of biomass, 44 Red tide, 556 act; mutations and fold and stability Pyramid of energy, 44 Reduction division. See Meiosis of, 347–348; origins, 404; phylogenies Pyramid of numbers, 44 Reduviid bug, 552 based on shared, 493; in plasma Pyridoxine, 1029 Reflex, 965 act, 971 membrane, 189; repressor, 343; struc- Reflex arc, 963 Pyrimidine base, 329, 330 ture of, 170; translation of from RNA, Regeneration, 695, 728, 796 Pyrrophyta (dinoflagellate), 555–556. 200, 340; transport, 189, 189 act, 202 Registered dietitian, 1025 See also Vocabulary Protein channel, 189, 189 act Relative age scale, rock, 394 Protein synthesis, 200 Pyruvate, 228, 229, 230 Relative dating, 394, 395, 396 act Proteomics, 379, 406 Renal cortex, 1006 Prothallus, 665 Q Renal medulla, 1006 Protist, 501. See also Vocabulary; ani- Renal pelvis, 1006 mal-like (protozoans), 541 act, 542, Quadruped, 463 Renal tubule, 1007 543, 546–552, 567 act; characteristics, Qualitative data, 19 Renewable resources, 130 541 act, 542; classification, 542–543, Quaternary protein structure, 170 Replacement fossil, 393 694; fungus-like, 541 act, 542, 543, Quantitative data, 19 Replacement theory, 472 INDEX 1197 Index

Repressible operon Scientific name

Repressible operon, 343 Reversion mutation, 348 act Ruminant herbivore, 882, 883 Repressor protein, 343 Rheumatic fever, 1095 Runner, 643 Reproduction, 9; asexual. See Asexual Rheumatoid arthritis, 945, 1095 Rust, 156, 157 reproduction; as characteristic of living Rh factor, 304, 999 things, 7, 9; human. See Reproductive Rhinoceros, 894, 894 S system (human); sexual. See Sexual Rhipidistian, 840 reproduction Rhizoid, 583, 610 Sac fungi (Ascomycota), 584–585. Reproductive endocrinologist, 1055 Rhizome, 615, 643 See also Fungi Reproductive isolation, speciation and, Rhizopus stolinifer, 583 Safety symbols, xxxiii, 21 437 Rhodophyta (red algae), 559 Sago palm (Cycadophyta), 609 Reproductive patterns, 98 Riboflavin, 523, 1029 Salamander, 835, 838, 839. Reproductive system (human), female, Ribonucleic acid (RNA), 171, 200, 336; See also Amphibian 1050–1053; fertilization and, evidence of evolution from shared, Salicin, 119 1054–1055; male, 1048–1049; sex cell 427; messenger RNA (mRNA), 336; Saliva, 1020, 1084 characteristics, 1047 act; sex cell pro- nitrogenous bases in, 329; phylogenies Salmon, 833 duction, 1051, 1052 act based on shared sequences, 493; ribo- Salt marsh, 78 Reptile, 852–860; amniotic egg, 852–853; somal RNA (rRNA), 336; synthesis of, Salt-tolerant plant, 78 brain, 855; circulation, 854; cultural affect of rifampin on, 340 act; tran- Sand dollar, 792, 793 act, 797, 798. symbols of, 851 act; diversity (orders) scription and, 200, 337; transfer RNA See also Echinoderm of, 856–857; ecology, 860; ectothermy (tRNA), 336; translation and, 200, 339 Saprobe, 502, 520, 578 in, 855; feeding and digestion in, 854; Ribose, 336 Saprophytic fungi, 578 habitat for, model, 871 act; movement, Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), 336 Saprotroph, 520 855; origins, 398, 852, 858–859; repro- Ribosome, 193, 194 act, 199, 200, 340 Sarcodine (Sarcodina), 550. duction, 856; respiration, 853; senses, Ribozyme, 404 See also Amoeba 855; skin, 853 Right atrium, 994 Sarcomere, 948 Research scientist, 313 Rigor mortis, 950 Saturated fat, 170, 1026 Reserve, 131 Ringworm, 591 Saurischian, 858 Reservoir, 1078 River, 74, 75; Colorado, 95 Savannah, 70 Resources, 123, 129–130; conservation RNA interference (RNAi), 345 Scab, 939 of, 130; consumption of, 129; nonre- RNA polymerase, 337 Scale (cone), 665 newable, 130; overexploitation of, 124; RNA primase, 333 Scale (fish), 823, 823 act renewable, 130; sustainable use and, 130 RNA primer, 333 Scallop, 742. See also Mollusk Respiration, 1000; amphibian, 836; Rod, 974, 975 act Scanning electron microscope (SEM), 184 annelid, 747; arthropod, 766; bird, Rodent, 893, 894 Scanning tunneling microscope (STM), 863; echinoderm, 795; external, 1000; Rodentia, 891, 893 183, 185 fish, 824; flatworm, 727; internal, Roosevelt, Theodore, 32 Scent gland, 887 1000; mammal, 885; mollusk, 738; Root, 639–641; adaptations in, 641; Schistosoma, 729 reptile, 853; roundworm, 732 adventitious, 641; fibrous, 641; func- Schistosomiasis, 729 Respiratory system (human), 1000–1004; tions, 639; growth, 635, 639; move- Schleiden, Matthias, 183 breathing and, 1000, 1002; disorders ment of water into, 640; structure, Schwann, Theodor, 183 of, 1004; exercise and changes in body, 639–640; taproots, 641 Science, as individual and group process, 991 act, 1002 act; external respiration Root cap, 635, 639 11; measurement systems and, 14; and, 1000; gas exchange in, 996, 1000, Root hair, 637 methods of, 16–21; observations and, 3 1001, 1003; internal respiration and, Root nodule, 523 act; pseudoscience vs., 11; questioning 1000; lifestyle choices and, 1011 act; Rotifer, 736 of new knowledge and old theories, path of air through, 1001 Rough endoplasmic reticulum, 194 12–13; and society, 15; technology and, Respiratory tree, 800 Roundworm (Nematoda), 726, 731, 731– 15. See also Biotechnology; theories Response, as characteristic of living 735; circulation, 732; diversity, 733–735; and, 14; understanding of natural things, 7, 9 ecology, 731; excretion, 732; feeding world and, 11 Response to stimuli, amphibian, 837; and digestion, 732; movement, 732, 732 Science communications specialist, 200 annelid, 747; arthropod, 768; bird, 865; act, 753 act; origins, 731; parasitic, 40, Science writer, 13, 316 cnidarian, 711; echinoderm, 796; fish, 731, 733, 734, 735; plants and, 735; Scientific journal, 20 826; flatworm, 728; mollusk, 739; rep- pseudocoelomate body plan of, 701, Scientific methods, 16–20; conclusions tiles, 855; roundworm, 732; sponges, 708 726, 731; reproduction, 733; respiration, and reporting results, 20; data analy- Restriction enzyme, 364, 365 act, 370 732; response to stimuli, 732 sis, 20; experimenting, 18–19; form- Retina, 974, 975 act r-strategists, 98, 99 ing hypotheses, 16, 18; observing and Retrovirus, 530 Rubisco, 226 inferring, 16 Reverse transcriptase, 376, 530 Ruminant, 882 Scientific name, 485–486 1198 INDEX Index

Scientific theory Skin

Scientific theory, 14 748–749; excretion, 747; feeding and sporozoan, 551; zygomycete, 583 Sclereid, 633 digestion, 746; medicinal uses, 750; Sexual selection, 436 Sclerenchyma cell, 633, 634 act movement, 747, 753 act; origins, 745, Shark, 828, 829, 830 act. See also Scolex, 730 745, 751; reproduction, 748; respira- Cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthys) Scorpion, 704, 773. See also Arthropod tion, 747; response to stimuli, 747; Shell coiling, 751 Scouring rush. See Horsetail segmentation, 745–746 Shingles, 525 Scrapie, 531 Selaginella, 614 Short bone, 942 Scrotum, 1048 Selective breeding, 359 act, 360–362, Short-day plant, 672, 673 Scyphozoa, 713. See also Jellyfish 680; hybridization and, 360, 361, 361 Shrew, 892, 894 Sea anemone, 40, 710, 713, 714. act; inbreeding, 361; test crosses, 362 Shrimp, 771 See also Cnidarian Selective permeability, 187, 209 act SI, 14, 1115 Sea cucumber, 792, 793 act, 795, 797, Self-fertilization, 277 Siamangs, 457 800, 808. See also Echinoderm Self-pollination, 671 Sickle-cell disease, 303, 303 act, Sea daisy, 792, 797, 800. Semen, 1049 347–348, 1092 See also Echinoderm Semicircular canal, 975 SIDS. See Sudden Infant Death Sea lily, 792, 795, 797, 799. Semiconservative replication, 333–335, Syndrome (SIDS) See also Echinoderm 334 act Sieve tube member, 638 Sea squirt. See Tunicate Seminiferous tubule, 1049 Sifakas, 455 Sea star, 792, 797, See also Echinoderm; SEMs. See Scanning electron micro- Sight, human eye and, 974, 975 act body structure, 793 act; feeding and scope (SEM) Silicon, 149 digestion, 795; phylogeny, 806 act; Senses, 973–976; balance, 975; hearing, Silurian period, 398 regeneration, 796; tube feet, 791 act 974, 975; sight, 974, 975 act; taste and Simple carbohydrate, 1026 Sea urchin, 792, 793 act, 794, 797, 798, smell, 973; touch, 976 Simple eye, 768, 775 799. See also Echinoderm Sensory neuron, 963, 968, 971 Simple fleshy fruit, 677 Sebaceous gland, 937 Sensory receptor, 973, 976 Simple leaves, 645 Secondary growth, 634 Sentinel, 106 Single covalent bond, 152, 153 Secondary immune response, 1089–1090 Sepal, 668 Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), Secondary pigment, 553 Septate hypha, 578 376 Secondary plant compound, 652 Septum, 578 Single-stranded binding protein, 333 Secondary protein structure, 170 Serendipity, 18 Sinoatrial (SA) node, 995 Secondary sex characteristics, female, Sessile, 706 Sinoris, 868 1050, 1064; male, 1049, 1064 Setae, 747 Sinosauropteryx, 868 Secondary succession, 63 act, 63–64 Sex cell, egg cell, 1047 act, 1050, 1051; Siphon, 741 Second-degree burn, 939 mutations in, 349; number of chro- Sirenia, 893, 894 Second filial (F2) generation, 278 mosomes in, 271; production of, Sister chromatid, 248, 250, 251, 272 Second law of thermodynamics, 218 271–274, 1051, 1052 act; sperm cells, Sivipithecus, 462 Second trimester of pregnancy, 1059 1047 act, 1049, 1051 Six-kingdom classification system, 499. Sediment, 75, 394 Sex chromosome, 305, 306; dosage com- See also Classification Sedimentary rocks, fossil formation pensation (X-inactivation) and, 306; Skate, 828, 830. See also Cartilaginous and, 394 nondisjunction and, 314; sex-linked fishes (Chondrichthys) Seed(s), 607; development of conifer, traits and, 307–308 Skeletal muscle, 948; contraction, 948, 666; development of flowering plant, Sex determination, 305 966; pairing, 948; slow- v. fast-twitch, 676; dispersal, 617, 678; endosperm, Sex-linked trait, 307–308 950 act, 950–951; strength, 950–951 676; germination, 678 act, 678–679 Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), 524, Skeletal remains, examine, 391 act Seed coat, 677 525, 1078, 1079. See also specific diseases Skeletal system, 941–946; appendicular Seed dispersal, 617, 678 Sexual reproduction, 276. See also skeleton, 941; axial skeleton, 941; Seed germination, 678 act, 678–679 Conjugation; algae, 560; amoeba, 550; bones, 942–943; diseases and disor- Seedless vascular plant, 609, 613–616. amphibian, 838; animal, 695; annelid, ders of, 945; functions, 946; joints, See also Fern (Pterophyta); Lycophyta 748; arthropod, 769; ascomycete, 585; 944–945; tendons and, 945 act, 948 (club moss) asexual reproduction vs., 276; basidio- Skin, 936–937; as barrier to pathogens, Seed plant, 607, 609, 617–621. See also mycete, 586; benefits of, 276; bird, 866; 939, 1084; chicken vs. human, 938 act; Anthophyta (flowering plants); Conifer cellular slime mold, 563; cnidarian, 712; damage to, 939; dermal layer, 937; epi- (Coniferophyta); Cycad; Gnetophyte conifer, 665–667; diatom, 554, 555; dermal layer, 936–937; examine, 938 Segmentation, 704; arthropod, 762, 763; echinoderm, 796; fern, 665; fish, 826; act; as excretory organ, 1005; sensory segmented worms (annelids), 745–746 flatworm, 728; fungi, 580, 581; mollusk, receptors in, 939, 976; skin cancer and, Segmented worm (annelid), 745–751; 741; moss, 664; reptile, 856; round- 22, 255, 940; structure, 936–937; tem- body structure, 745–746; circulation, worm, 733; sac fungi, 584–585; slime perature regulation and, 938; vitamin 747, 748 act; diversity (classes) of, mold, 562; spider, 772; sponge, 708; production by, 939 INDEX 1199 Index

Skin cancer Stringer, Christopher

Skin cancer, 22, 255, 940 Spermatogenesis, 1051, 1052 act See also Mollusk Skinner, B. F., 913 Sperm cell (human male), 1049; charac- Squirrel, 893, 894 Sleeping sickness (American, East and teristics, 1047 act; fertilization and, Squirrel monkey, 452 West African), 552 1054–1055; path through male repro- S-shaped growth curve, 97 Sleep-wake cycle, 919 ductive system, 1049; production of, S stage of interphase, 246, 247 Slide, staining of, xli; wet mount, xl 1051, 1052 act Stabilizing selection, 434 Sliding filament theory, 948 Sperm cells (plant), 663, 666 Stamen, 668, 669, 674 Slime mold, 501, 543, 561–563, 564 act Sphagnum, 611 Standardized Test Practice, 27, 56–57, Sloth, 544, 894 S phase, 246–247 88–89, 112–113, 142–143, 178–179, Slow-twitch muscle fibers, 950, 950 act, Sphenisciformes, 867 214–215, 240–241, 264–265, 292–293, 951 Sphenodonta (order), 856, 857 322–323, 356–357, 386–387, 414–415, Small intestine, 1021, 1022–1023 Spherical prokaryote, 519 448–449, 480–481, 510–511, 538–539, Smallpox, 525, 527; history of, 526–527; Sphincter, 1021 572–573, 598–599, 628–629, 658–659, vaccination for, 527, 1096 Spicule, 707, 709 686–687, 722–723, 758–759, 788–789, Smallpox vaccine, 527, 1096 Spider, 770, 771–772. See also Arachnid; 814–815, 848–849, 876–877, 904–905, Smell, sense of, 973 Arthropod; appendages, 771; body 930–931, 958–959, 988–989, 1016–1017, Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, 194 sections, 771; book lungs, 766, 767; 1044–1045, 1072–1073, 1102–1103 Smooth muscle, 947 poisonous, 771; reproduction, 772; Stapes, 974 Snail, 738, 742, 753 act. See also Mollusk respiration, 766, 767; webs of, 772 Staphylococcus infection, 1083 Snake, 855, 856. See also Reptile Spider webs, 772 Starch digestion, 1039 act SNPs. See Single nucleotide polymor- Spinal column. See Vertebral column Start codon, 338 phisms (SNPs) Spinal cord, 826, 968, 970 Stem, 642–643; adaptations in, 643; Sodium, 149, 1029 Spinal nerves, 971 functions, 642; growth, 635, 642; Sodium chloride, 151, 153, 154 Spindle apparatus, 250 herbaceous, 642; structure, 642 Sodium-potassium ATPase pump, 206, Spindle fiber, 250, 272 Stem cell, 256–257; adult, 256, 257; 963–964 Spine, 646, 652. See also Vocabulary embryonic, 256; mesenchymal, 952; Soft drink, 979 Spinneret, 772 paralysis research and, 258 Soil, as abiotic factor, 35, 60; formation Spiracle, 767 Stentor, 546 of, 45, 63; microarthorpods in, 783 Spirilli prokaryote, 519 Steppes, 70 act; as natural resource, 123 Spirochete, 519 Sternum, 862 Solar energy, 123 Spirogyra, 558 Steroid, 169 act, 170, 1063 Solar tracking, 650 Spleen, 1086 Steroid hormone, 1031–1032 Solute, 163, 203 Sponge (Porifera), 705–709; body struc- Sticky end, 364–365, 366 Solution, 163; hypertonic, 205; hypo- ture, 700, 705–706; cnidarians v., 711; Stigma, 669. See also Vocabulary tonic, 204; isotonic, 204 diversity (classes) of, 707; ecology of, Solvent, 163, 203 709; feeding and digestion, 706; house- Stimulant, 978 Somatic cell, 349 hold uses, 709; lack of tissues, 699, 705; Stimulus, 9; animal behavior and, 908; Somatic nervous system, 971 medicinal uses, 709; origins, 705; response to as characteristic of living Songbird, 866 reproduction, 708; stimuli, responses things, 7, 9 Sorus, 616, 665 to, 708; support structures, 707 Stipe, 557 Sound waves, hearing and, 974, 975 Spongin, 707 STM. See Scanning tunneling micro- Sow bug, 771 Spongy bone, 942 scope (STM) Spandrels, 430 Spongy mesophyll, 644 Stolon, 583, 643, 662 Spanish flu (1918), 103 Spontaneous generation, 401–402, 409 act Stomach, 1021, 1084 Spatial distribution, 94 Sporangiophore, 583 Stomach-footed mollusk, 742 Spawning, 826 Sporangium, 581, 616; conifer, 666; fern, Stomata, 606, 636, 645 Speciation, 436–438; allopatric, 437; 616, 665; fungi, 581 Stone, Ward, 106 rate of, 440–441; sympatric, 437, 438 Spore, 560, 580; fern, 616; fungi, Stone cell, 633 Species, 9; defining, 490–491; discovery 580–581; moss, 664; sporozoan, 551 Stop codon, 338, 341 and cataloging of new, 716; endemic, Sporophore, 581 Strata, 394 133; keystone, 125, 744; speciation Sporophyte, alternation of generation Stream, 74, 75, 172 and, 436–438 and, 560, 607, 663; conifer, 665; fern, Strepsirrhine, 455, 456, 459 Species concept, application of, 494, 494 615; lycophyte, 613; moss, 664; seed Strep throat, 8, 1078 act; biological, 491; phylogenetic, 491; plant, 617 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 326 typological, 490 Sporozoan, 551 Streptomycin, 523 Species diversity, 51 act, 117 Sprain, 945 Striated muscle, 947, 949 Specific epithet, 485 Squamata (order), 856 Strigiforme, 867 Specific immunity, 1086, 1087 Squid, 738, 739, 741, 743. Stringer, Christopher, 472 1200 INDEX Index

Strobilus Transcription

Strobilus, 613 Testes, 1048, 1049 Stroma, 223 T Testicle, 1036 Stromatolite, 398 Table, 20, 1116–1119 Testosterone, 170, 1031, 1049, 1063 Structural characters, phylogenies based Taiga, 68 Testudinata (order), 856, 857 on, 492 Tandem repeat, 346, 347 Tetanus, 524, 1078, 1079, 1081 Struthioniformes, 867 Tapeworm, 40, 726, 730 Tetrac ycline, 523 Study tip, 18, 36, 72, 104, 121, 169, 189, Taproot, 641 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 980 230, 299, 340, 375, 394, 433, 491, 521, Tarantula, 772 Tetrapod, 398, 830, 831, 834, 840 557, 585, 665, 706, 765, 804, 881, 917, Tardigrade, 781 Thallose liverwort, 612 937, 979, 998, 1022, 1056, 1077 Tarsier, 455, 456, 459 act Thallus, 557 Style, 669 Taste, sense of, 973 Theory, 11 Substitution mutation, 346 Taste bud, 973 Therapsid, 896 Substrate, 160 Tatum, Edward, 341 Thermoacidophile, 517 Succession. See Ecological succession Taung baby, 462, 465 Thermodynamics, 218; first law of, 218; Succulent, 646 Taxis, 567 act second law of, 218 Sucker, 727 Taxon, 487 Thermostat, 1032 Sucrose, 168, 1026 Taxonomic categories, 487–488 Thermotaxis, 567 act Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), Taxonomic key, 488 act, 489, 623 act Theropod, 492, 868 1064 act Taxonomy, 485. See also Classification Thiamine, 1029 Sugars, human nutrition and, 1026; Tay-Sachs disease, 297, 298, 299 Thigmatropism, 651 testing for glucose, 154 act T cell, 1086, 1087, 1088, 1091 Third-degree burn, 939 Sunburn, 939 Tea, 977, 979 Third trimester of pregnancy, 1059 Sundew, substance produced by leaves Tears, 1084 Thorax, 763, 775 Thorn, 652 of, 647 Technology, 5. See also Biotechnology; Threshold, 964 Sunlight, affect on mitosis in yeast, 259 Cutting-Edge Biology; biological Thylakoid, 197, 223, 224, 225 act; gene expression and, 309; as lim- applications of, 5, 15; impact on Thymine (T), 329, 330 iting factor, 61; photosynthesis and, human population growth, 101 Thymus gland, 1086 41, 219, 220, 223 Technology representative, 184 Thyroid gland, 1033, 1034, 1036; ancestral Sunscreen, 255, 255 act, 259 lab Teeth, 884, 884 act; hominoid, 462; in chordates, 803, 804 Support. See also Skeletal system; ani- primate, 455 Thyroxine, 1034, 1063 mal, 693; annelid, 746; arthropod, Telomere, 311 Telophase (mitosis), 249, 251 Tick, 773 763; endoskeleton, 693; exoskeleton, Telophase I (meiosis), 272, 273, 274 Time line, 12–13, 32–33, 102–103, 693, 763; hydrostatic skeleton, 732; Telophase II (meiosis), 274 182–183, 218–219, 374–375, 462–463, sponges, 707 TEM. See Transmission electron micro- 526–527, 694–695, 908–909, 968–969, Suspension, 163 scope (TEM) 992–993, 1080–1081 Sustainable use, 130 Temperate forest, 69 Tissue culture, 663 Suture, 944 Temperate grassland, 70 Tissue culture technician, 663 Swamp, 78 Temperate zone, 65 Tissue engineering, 952 Sweat, 881, 938 Temperature, as abiotic factor, 35; Tissues, 694; development of embryonic, Sweat gland, 887 enzyme activity and, 160, 164 act; 697; evolution of in animals, 699 Swim bladder, 827 gene expression and, 309; growth Titration, 172 Swimmeret, 771 rates of protozoans, 39 act; latitude Toad, 835, 838. See also Amphibian Symbiont, 502 and, 66, 66 act; as limiting factor, 61; Tobacco, 977 Symbiosis, 39 organisms’ range of tolerance and, 61; Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), 526, 527 Symbiotic relationship, 39 pulse rate of frogs and, 837 act; regu- Toenail, 937, 938 Symmetry, 700 lation of by ectotherms, 843 act; regu- Tolerance, 61, 981 Sympathetic nervous system, 972 lation of by skin, 938 Tonsil, 1086 Sympatric speciation, 438 Template strand, 337 Tortoise, 418, 428. See also Reptile Synapse, 967 Tendon, 945 act, 948 Touch, sense of, 976 Synapsids, 858 Teosinte, 119 Toxin, 1080–1081; bacterial, 524, Synapsis, 272 Terminator gene, 680 1080–1081; dinoflagellate, 556 Synthesis phase, 247 Termite, 544 Trace fossil, 393 Syphilis, 524 Terrestrial biomes. See Biome Trachea, 1001 Systematics, 489. See also Classification Territorial behavior, 918, 918 act Tracheal tube, 766, 767 Systematist, 489, 694 Tertiary protein structure, 170 Tracheid, 637 Systole, 995 Test, 550 Trait, 270. See also Heredity Szulgit, Greg, 808 Test cross, 362 Transcription, 337, 339, 344 INDEX 1201 Index

Transcription factors Vocabulary

Transcription factors, 344 See also Invertebrate chordate ment of in roots, 640; arrangement of Transfer RNA (tRNA), 336, 340 Turbellarian, 729 in stems, 642; phloem, 638; xylem, 637 Transformation, 367. See also Vocabulary Turf scientist, 637 Vas deferens, 1049 Transformation studies, discovery of Turner syndrome, 314 Vector, 366, 1080 DNA and, 326–327 Turtle, 855, 857 Vegetative reproduction, 662–663 Transgenic organism, 370–371; animals, Twins, 310, 1055 Vein, 993, 994 370; bacteria, 371; bioluminescence, Tympanic membrane, 837 Veld, 70 363, 380; plants, 371, 680 Tympanum, 768, 974 Venation, leaf, 645 Transitional aquatic ecosystem, 78 Type I diabetes, 1093 Venom, 856 Transitional fossil, 424 Type specimen, 490 Ventral surface, 700 Translation, 338, 339 Typhoid, 524 Ventricle, 824, 994 Transmissible spongiform encephalopa- Typological species concept, 490, 491 Venus flytrap, 9, 39, 650 act, 651 thies (TSEs), 531 Tyrannosaurus rex, 442, 858, 859 act Vertebral column, 820 Transmission electron microscope Vertebrate, 693, 820–821; adaptations in (TEM), 184 U for life on land, 834–835; characteris- Transpiration, 46, 645 tics, 820–821; classes, 820; closed cir- Transplants, 1009 Ultrasound, 1060, 1067 act culatory system of, 824; neural crest Transport protein, 189, 189 act, 202 Ultrasound technician, 1060 of, 821; origins, 832 Tree, deciduous, 69; growth rings, 642; Ultraviolet radiation, effect on mitosis in Vesicle, 194 act, 195 identify and classify, 623 act yeast, 259 act; as mutagen, 255, 349; Vessel element, 637 Tree of life, 497, 498 skin cancer and, 255, 940; sunscreens Vestigial structure, 425 Tree shrew, 459 protection, 255, 255 act, 259 act Veterinarian, 816 Trematode, 729 Ulva, 559 Veterinary parasitologist, 732 Triassic period, 122, 399 Umbilical cord, 1056 Villus, 1023 Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, 229–230 Unbiased, 14. See also Vocabulary Viral meningitis, 525 Triceratops, 858 Uniform dispersion, 92, 93 Virchow, Rudolph, 182, 183 Trichinella worm, 733 Unsaturated fat, 170, 1026 Virologist, 503, 526 Trichinosis, 733 Uracil (U), 329, 336 Virus, 525–530; attack on cells of body, Trichocyst, 547, 548 Urea, 836, 1006 1080; classification, 503; diseases Trichodina pediculus, 546 Urethra, 1049 caused by, 525, 1078; DNA viruses, Trichome, 636. See also Vocabulary Urey, Harold, 403 527; infection by, 527, 528 act, 529; Triglyceride, 169 Uric acid, 854 lysogenic cycle, 527, 528, 529; lytic Trilobite, 781 Urinary tract blockage, 1008 cycle, 527, 528, 529; new methods for Triple covalent bond, 152, 153 Urine, 1007, 1007 act fighting, 532; as nonliving things, 525; Trisomy, 313 Urochordata, 804 origins, 526; retroviruses, 530; size of, Trochophore, 741 Urologist, 1007 525; structure of, 526 Trophic level, 42, 44 Uterus, 887 Visible spectrum, 223 Tropical dry forest, 71 Vision, human, 974, 975 act; primate, Tropical forest, 124 V 452, 452–453 Tropical rain forest, 72, 124 Visualizing feature. See National Tropical savanna, 71 Vaccination, 375, 1089–1090, 1096 Geographic Tropical seasonal forests, 71 Vacuole, 195, 199, 200, 632 Vitamin, 1028; A, 375, 1029; B, 523, Tropical zones, 65 Valve, 994 1028; D, 170, 939, 1028; human nutri- Tropism, 651 Vancomycin, 523 tion and, 1028, 1029; K, 523, 1028 trp operon, 342–343 van der Waals forces, 155 Vitreous humor, 974 Truffle, 590 van der Waals, Johannes, 155 Vocabulary, 516; adaptation, 428; Trypanosoma, 552 Variable, 19, 19 act amphibian, 836; apicomplexa, 551; Tryptophan, 343 Variation, natural selection and, 420, 422 archaea, 500; atom, 149; atrium, 824; Tuatara, 857 Varicella immunization, 1089 auditory, 920; autotroph, 219; binomial Tube foot, 791 act, 795 Vascular bundle, 644 nomenclature, 486; channel, 964; char- Tube nucleus, 674, 675 Vascular cambium, 634, 635, 642 acter, 492; chemotaxis, 664; chloro- Tuber, 643 Vascular plant, 606; divisions of, 609, phyll, 223; cladistics, 496; coefficient, Tuberculosis, resistance to, 429; pul- 613–616, 617–621; dominant stage of 158; compatible, 675; concentration, monary, 1004 lifecycle, 607, 663; nonseed, 609, 202; conjugation, 549; consume, 1026; Tubifex worm, 748 613–616; seed-producing, 607, 609, convert, 750; cooperate, 589; corpus Tubulin, 519 617–621; water requirements for luteum, 1052; corresponding, 493; cor- Tundra, 68 fertilization, 663 ridor, 133; cuticle, 605; cytokinesis, Tunicate, 805, 807. Vascular tissue, 606, 637–638; arrange- 246; distribution, 94; diverse, 118; 1202 INDEX Index

Volcano Zygote

diversify, 840; dominant, 607; dopa- 1007 act; as natural resource, 123; pH mine, 978; ecology, 33; enable, 1056; of, 162, 172; plant reproduction X equator, 271; eukaryote, 186; eutro- and, 606, 663; polarity, 161, 162; X chromosome, dosage compensation phic, 76; evolve, 422; expel, 547; fleshy, properties, 161, 162; specific heat, (X-inactivation) and, 306; gender 612; fluctuate, 99; function, 939; gas- 162; as universal solvent, 162; Van der determination and, 305; sex-linked tropod, 742; gastrula, 696; gestation, Waals forces and, 155 traits and, 307–308 887; glycolysis, 229; halophile, 517; Water cycle, 46 Xenarthra, 892, 894 heterozygous, 279; homologous, 424; Water flea, 771 X-inactivation, 306 homozygous, 279; hormone, 1033; Water mold, 543, 543, 564 X-linked traits, 307–308 host, 727; hypha, 577; inheritance, 255; Water pollution, 126, 172 X ray, 255, 349 inhibit, 1008; interpret, 974; interpreta- Water-soluble vitamin, 1028 X-ray diffraction, discovery of DNA tion, 858; justify, 12; labor, 1063; lago- Water vapor, 46 structure and, 330, 350 morpha, 893; mechanism, 404; Water-vascular system, 795 Xylem, 637, 640. See also Vascular tissue mesophyll, 644; metamorphosis, 778; Watson, James, 12, 329, 330, 350 migratory, 914; modify, 892; mutagen, Wax, 169 348; native, 123; nematode, 734; noto- Weather, 65, 66, 94–95 Y chord, 803; oligotrophic, 76; phase, Weathering, 45 Y chromosome, 305, 306 562; photic, 80; plane, 700; polar, 188; Web (spider), 772 Yeast, 502, 576, 584–585; effect of sun- polymerase, 334; preen, 862; primary, Wegener, Alfred, 400 light on mitosis in, 259 lab; asexual 62; prime, 331; prokaryote, 186; pro- Welwitschia, 618 reproduction in, 580, 580 act; motor tist, 543; pyrrophyta, 555; retain, 884; West African sleeping sickness, 552 proteins and cell division in, 274 act; sense, 886; sequence, 373; spine, 646; West Nile Virus, 106, 780, 1078, 1080 products from fermentation of, 590 stigma, 669; structure, 796; substitu- Wetland, 74, 78, 841 Yellow bone marrow, 942, 946 tion, 346; supplement, 559; survive, Wetland plant, 78 Yellow-green algae, 557 708; suspend, 163; table, 20; target, Whale, 894, 895, 895 act Yellowstone National Park, 32, 131 1032; transformation, 327, 367; trans- Whisker, 880 Yew, 592, 667 port, 224, 767; trial, 913; trichome, White blood cell, 939, 946, 998, 1085 Yolk sac, 853, 1056 636; widespread, 527 White rhinoceros, 124 Volcano, 62, 393 White-tailed deer, dispersion of, 92, 93 Voluntary muscle, 948 Whorled leaf arrangement, 645 Z Volvox, 558 Wildlife biologist, 28, 487 Zebra, 894, 894 von Frisch, Karl, 908 Wildlife conservation biologist, 82 Zero population growth (ZPG), 104 Wiley, Ron, 16, 18 Zinc, 1029 W Wilkins, Maurice, 12, 329, 330, 350 Zinjanthropus boisei, 474 Wilson, Allan, 472 Zooflagellate (Zoomastigina), 543, 552 Waggle dance, honeybee, 779 Wind pollination, 671 Zoo habitat, model, 871 act Wallace, Alfred Russell, 422 Wings, bird, 861–863; insect, 775, 777 Zooxanthellae, 713–714 Wart, 525 Wishbone, 862 Zygomycete (Zygomycota), 582, 583–584, Water, acid-base chemistry and, 164; Woese, Carl, 695 585; growth of, 583 act, 593 act; infec- alkalinity of, 172; aquatic ecosystems Wolves, Isle Royale study of, 94–95 tions caused by, 584; life cycle of, 583 and. See Aquatic ecosystem; cohesive- Wong-Staal, Flossie, 1081 Zygospore, 583–584 adhesive nature of, 162; as compound, Wood, 642 Zygote, 695, 1055 151; concentration of in blood, 1037; Woodchuck, 893, 894 covalent bonds in, 152, 161; cycling Woodland, 69 of, 46; density of, 162; diffusion of Wood scientist, 618 (osmosis), 203–205; disease from World Health Organization (WHO), 1081 contaminated, 1079; distribution of World Heritage site, 131 on Earth, 74; as essential for life, 162; Worm. See Earthworm; Flatworm; as limiting factor, 61; loss of by body, Roundworm; Segmented worm

INDEX 1203 197 (t) Dr. Donald Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited, (b) George Chapman/Visuals Unlimited; 198 (t) Art Credits Marilyn Schaller/Photo Researchers, (bl) Dr. David M. Phillips/Visuals Unlimited, (br) Dr. Linda Stannard-Uct/Photo Researchers, 204 (tl) Custom Medical Stock Photo, (tr) Carolina Biological Acknowledgements: Glencoe would like to acknowledge the artists and agencies who Supply/Visuals Unlimited, (bl) Custom Medical Stock Photo, (br) Carolina Biological Supply/ participated in illustrating this program: Alan Male, represented by American Artists Visuals Unlimited; (l) Custom Medical Stock Photo, (r) Dr. Linda Stannard-Uct/Photo Representatives, Inc.; Annette Lasker; Argosy; Articulate Graphics, represented by Deborah 205 Researchers; SPL/Photo Researchers; Lester V. Bergman/CORBIS; A.M. Siegelman/ Wolfe Limited; Barbara Harmon; Barbara Higgins Bond, represented by American Artists 208 211 213 Visuals Unlimited; Jose Fuste Raga/CORBIS; (t) Pr. S. Cinti, University of Ancona/ Representatives, Inc.; Michael Rothman, represented by Melissa Turk & The Artist Network; 216 218 PhotoTake NYC, (b) CMEABG-LYON- /PhotoTake NYC; Kevin Salemme/Merrimack Morgan Cain & Associates; Wendy Smith, represented by Melissa Turk & The Artist Network. 1 219 College; 224 CORBIS; 227 Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 234 Collection CNRI/PhotoTake NYC; 242 (t) M.I. Walker/SPL/Photo Researchers, (b) B. Runk/S. Schoenberger/Grant Heilman Photography, (bkgd) B. Runk/Grant Heilman Photography; 245 Dr. Gopal Murti/Visuals Photo Credits Unlimited; 247 Michael Abbey/Visuals Unlimited; 248 Andrew Syred/Photo Researchers; 249 Thomas Deerinck/Visuals Unlimited; 250 (t) Dr. Conley L. Rieder and Dr. Alexey Khodjakov/ Cover Steve Bloom/Stevebloom.com; Frontsheet Peter Griffith/Masterfile; iv (t) Alton Biggs, Visuals Unlimited, (b) Carolina Biological Supply Co./PhotoTake NYC; 251 Michael Abbey/ (tc) Whitney Hagins, (c) William G. Holliday, (bc) Dr. Chris Kapicka, (b) Linda Lundgren; Photo Researchers; 252 (l) RMF/Visuals Unlimited, (r) B. Runk/S. Schoenberger/Grant Heilman v (t) Ann Haley MacKenzie, (tc) Dr. William Rogers, (bc) Dr. Marion Sewer, (b) Dinah Zike; Photography; 257 P. Sorrentino-Eurelios/PhotoTake NYC; 262 Biodisc/Visuals Unlimited; 266– xxix Michael Newman/PhotoEdit; xxxii (l) Charles D. Winters/Photo Researchers, (r) Dr. Bayard 267 Louie Psihoyos/CORBIS; 268 (t) CNRI/Photo Researchers, (c) Manfred Kage/Peter Arnold, Brattstrom/Visuals Unlimited; xxxix (l) Robert Calentine/Visuals Unlimited, (r) Wolfgang Inc, (b) Dr. David M. Phillips/Visuals Unlimited, (bkgd) Gallo Images/Heinrich van den Berg/ Baumeister/SPL/Photo Researchers; xli Matt Meadows; xxxviii SCIMAT/Photo Researchers; Getty Images; 270 (l) Amie Meister/Custom Medical Stock Photography, (r) Davies & Davies/ 2 (t) Photo Library International/Photo Researchers, (c) CORBIS, (b) SPL/Photo Researchers, Getty Images; 277 Bettmann/CORBIS; 281 Robert Folz/Visuals Unlimited; 285 (l) Inga Spence/ (bkgd) Myron Jay Dorf/CORBIS; 4 Karl Ammann/CORBIS; 5 (t) Reinhard Dirscherl/Visuals Getty Images, (r) Marc Moritsch/Getty Images; 286 Barry Runk/Stan Schoenberger/Grant Unlimited, (b) Mike Derer/AP/Wide World Photos; 6 (t) Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Heilman Photography; 290 (l) Yann Arthus-Bertrand/CORBIS, (c) Ric Frazier/Masterfile, (r) (b) Dr. Fred Hossler/Visuals Unlimited; 7 (t to b) M.I. Walker/Photo Researchers, (2) Tom J. Barbara Von Hoffmann/Animals Animals; 291 Glenn Oliver/Visuals Unlimited; 294 (t b) Ulrich/Visuals Unlimited, (3 4) Gary Meszaros/Visuals Unlimited, (5) Tom McHugh/Photo Addenbrookes Hospital/Photo Researchers, (bkgd) Anne Ackerman/Getty Images; 303 Dr. Researchers, (6) W. Wisniewski/zefa/CORBIS, (7) OSF/G.I. Bernard/Animals Animals, (8) Ron Stanley Flegler/Visuals Unlimited; 304 (tl) B. Runk/ S. Schoenberger/Grant Heilman Photography, Fehling/Masterfile, (9) Stephen J. Krasemann/Photo Researchers; 8 (l) Alan & Sandy Carey/ (tr) Carolyn A. McKeone/Photo Researchers, (bl) Jane Burton/Photo Researchers, (br) James Peter Arnold, Inc., (c) Richard Nowitz/National Geographic Image Collection, (r) Joe McDonald/ Strawser/Grant Heilman Photography; 305 (tl) Cheryl Ertelt/Visuals Unlimited, (tcl) Jacques CORBIS; 9 (l) Hal Horwitz/CORBIS, (r) David M. Dennis/Animals Animals; 10 Gerry Ellis/Minden Brun/Photo Researchers, (tcr) Dale C. Spartas/CORBIS, (tr) M. Claye/Photo Researchers, (b) Pictures; 11 Jeremy Bishop/SPL/Photo Researchers; 12 (t) Mary Evans Picture Library/The Andrew Syred/Photo Researchers; 306 (t) Razi Searles/Bruce Coleman, Inc., (b) Dr. George Image Works, (c) Dr. Tim Evans/Photo Researchers, (b) SPL/Photo Researchers; 13 (t) John Wilder/Getty Images; 307 (l) Charles Krebs/CORBIS, (r) Charles Krebs/CORBIS; 309 Carolyne A. Reader/SPL/Photo Researchers, (b) Andrew Syred/Photo Researchers; 15 David Parker/SPL/ McKeone/Photo Researchers; 311 CNRI/Photo Researchers; 313 (l) Lauren Shear/Photo Photo Researchers; 16 (l) Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures; (r) Reprinted by arrangement from Researchers, (r) CNRI/Photo Researchers; 316 Michael Newman/PhotoEdit; 317 Matt Meadows; Field Guide to Birds of North America, the book Fourth edition. Copyright © 1983, 1987, 1999, 319 Jason Edwards/National Geographic/Getty Images; 320 (tl tc) Michael P. Gadomski/Photo 2002 National Geographic Society; 18 George McCarthy/CORBIS; 20 Azure Computer & Photo Researchers, (tr) Wally Eberhart/Visuals Unlimited, (r) CNRI/Photo Researchers; 321 CNRI/ Services/Animals Animals; 22 courtesy of California University; 23 Fred Habegger/Grant Photo Researchers; 324 (bkgd) Jennifer Waters & Adrian Salic/Photo Researchers, (inset) Heilman Photography; 25 Brandon Cole/Visuals Unlimited; 28–29 Ron Niebrugge; 30 (t) Galen Adrian T. Sumner/Getty Images; 326 (l) Dr. Jack M. Bostrack/Visuals Unlimited, (r) Dr. Frederick Rowell/CORBIS, (c) Paul Souders/Getty Images, (b) Dan Suzio/Photo Researchers, (bkgd) Skvara/Visuals Unlimited; 330 (t) Omikron/Photo Researchers, (b) A. Barrington Brown/Photo CORBIS; 32 (l) CORBIS, (r) Yann Arthus-Bertran/CORBIS; 33 (t) Flip Nicklin/Minden Pictures, (bl) Researchers; 347 (t) Dr. Stanley Flegler/Visuals Unlimited, (b) Jackie Lewin, Royal Free Nic Paget-Clark/In Motion Magazine, (br) Radu Sigheti/Reuters/CORBIS; 34 (t) NASA, Hospital/Photo Researchers; 350 SPL/Photo Researchers; 353 Omikron/Photo Researchers; (b) NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; 35 National Geographic/Getty Images; 37 Photo Library 358 (t b) Jeffrey Plautz and Steve Kay, (bkgd) Dr. Steve Robinow/Dennis Kunkel Microscopy; International/ESA/Photo Researchers; 38 (t) CORBIS, (b) Martin Harvey/Foto Natura/Minden 360 (lc) Yann Arthus-Bertrand/CORBIS, (r) GK Hart/Vikki Hart/Getty Images; 363 Carolyn A. Pictures; 39 Ken Lucas/Visuals Unlimited; 40 RC Hall/Custom Medical Stock Photo; 41 Jeffrey McKeone/Photo Researchers; 365 (l) Klaus Guldbrandsen/Photo Researchers, (r) NOAA; Lepore/Photo Researchers; 42 Michael P. Gadomski/Photo Researchers; 45 K. Oster/CORBIS; 371 Jim Richardson/National Geographic Image Collection; 374 (t) Pascal Goetgheluck/Photo 47 Kevin Schafer/CORBIS; 50 Larry Lee/CORBIS; 51 David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit; 53 William Researchers, (b) English Greg/SYGMA/CORBIS; 375 USDA; 380 Farina, Wyckoff, Condeelis and Manning/CORBIS; 58 (t) Peter Arnold, Inc., (c) ABPL/Stephanie Lamberti/Animals Animals, Segall/Albert Einstein College of Medicine; 388–389 Reuters/CORBIS; 390 Louie Psihoyos/ (b) Taxi/Getty Images, (bkgd) Gary Bell/Australian Picture Library/CORBIS; 60 Yann Arthus- CORBIS; 392 Roger Ressmeyer/CORBIS; 393 (l to r) John Reader/Photo Researchers, Bertrand/CORBIS; 73 Fritz Polking/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 75 Ned Therrien/Visuals Unlimited; (2) Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, (3) Dominique Braud/Earth Scenes, (4) Bernard 78 David Sieren/Visuals Unlimited; 81 CORBIS; 83 Matt Meadows; 85 Getty Images; 90 (t) Eye Edmaier/Photo Researchers, (5) Francois Gohier/Photo Researchers, (6) Francis Latreille/ of Science/SPL/Photo Researchers, (b) K. Kjeldsen/Photo Researchers, (bkgd) George CORBIS; 398 (t) Georgette Douwma/Photo Researchers, (b) Ken Lucas/Visuals Unlimited; McCarthy/CORBIS; 92 P. Kahl/Photo Researchers; 94 (l) Michael Ord/Photo Researchers, 405 (t) Dr. Ken MacDonald/Photo Researchers, (b) Francois Gohier/Photo Researchers; (r) Arco Images/Alamy Images; 95 (l) Tom Bean/CORBIS, (r) Charlie Ott/Photo Researchers; 408 O. Louis Mazzatenta/National Geographic Image Collection; 410 (t) Biophoto Associates/ 96 Jim Cartier/Photo Researchers; 98 Pierre Holtz/Reuters/CORBIS; 99 Daryl Balfour/Photo Photo Researchers, (b) Francois Gohier/Photo Researchers; 412 (l) Barbara Strnadova/Photo Reseachers; 102 (l) Pete Oxford/Minden Pictures, (r) Bettmann/CORBIS; 103 (l) Photo by MPI/ Researchers, (r) Roger Garwood & Trish Ainslie/CORBIS; 413 NPS Photo by Jim Peaco; Getty Images, (r) John Griffin/The Image Works; 106 Joanna McCarthy/Getty Images; 108 (t) 416 (t) Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, (c b) Michael and Patricia Fogden, (bkgd) Michael Fogden/ Bob Cranston/Animals Animals, (b) Bettman/CORBIS; 109 Gary W. Carter/CORBIS; 110 Animals Animals; 418 AKG/Photo Researchers; 423 Phyllis Greenberg/Animals Animals; CORBIS; 111 Bob Cranston/Animals Animals; 114 (t) Terry Spivey/USDA Forest Service/www. 425 (t) Oliver Strewe/Lonely Planet Images, (b) Tim Fuller; 426 (tl) Alan & Sandy Carey/Getty insectimages.org, (c) Edward Kinsman/Photo Researchers, (b) Alexis Rosenfeld/Photo Images, (tr) Hans Pfletschinger/Peter Arnold, Inc., (bl) David M. Dennis/Animals Animals, Researchers, (bkgd) Roland Gerth/zefa/CORBIS; 116 PSU Entomology/Photo Researchers; 117 (br) Clouds Hill Imaging Ltd./CORBIS; 427 (t) Tom Boyden/Lonely Planet Images, (b) Gerald & OSF/R. Packwood/Animals Animals; 118 (l) Stefan Meyers/Animals Animals, (r) Michael and Buff Corsi/Visuals Unlimited; 428 James Watt/Animals Animals; 429 (l) Erwin Bud Nielsen/ Patricia Fogden/Minden Pictures; 119 (tl) David Cavagnaro/Visuals Unlimited, (tr) David R. Index Stock Imagery, (r) Zig Leszczynski/Animals Animals; 430 Steve Raymer/National Frazier/Photo Researchers, (b) Nigel J. Dennis/Photo Researchers; 121 Adam Jones/Photo Geographic Image Collection; 435 (t) Peter Parks/OSF/Animals Animals, (b) B. Frederick/OSF/ Researchers; 124 (tl) Michael Sewell/Peter Arnold,(tr) Adam Jones/Visuals Unlimited, (c) Frans Animals Animals; 436 (tl) Ohio Department of Natural Resources, (tr) Suzanne L. & Joseph T. Lanting/Minden Pictures, (b) Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures; 127 (t) Michael Gadomski/Earth Collins/Photo Researchers, (b) William Weber/Visuals Unlimited; 437 Gerard Lacz/Animals Scenes, (b) Kirtley-Perkins/Visuals Unlimited; 130 (t) Dr. Marli Miller/Visuals Unlimited, (b) Animals; 438 (l r)Thomas & Pat Leeson/Photo Researchers, (r)Enlightened Images/Earth Gary Braasch/CORBIS; 133 Alan Sirulnikoff/SPL/Photo Researchers; 134 Robert Brook/Photo Scenes; 439 Mitsuhiko Imamori/Minden Pictures; 442 (t) AP Images, (bl) Markus Botzek/ Researchers; 135 Anthony Bannister/Gallo Images/CORBIS; 136 Wendy Stone/CORBIS; 139 (l) CORBIS, (br) DEA Picture Library/Getty Images; 445 (cr) Alan & Sandy Carey/Getty Images, (r) B. Runk/S. Schoenberger/Grant Heilman Photography, (r) B. Runk/S. Schoenberger/Grant Hans Pfletschinger/Peter Arnold, Inc., (l) Zig Leszczynski/Animals Animals; 446 A.N.T./Photo Heilman Photography; 140 Alan Sirulnikoff/SPL/Photo Researchers; 144–145 Karen Researchers; 447 Patti Murray/Animals Animals; 450 (t) Robert Pickett/CORBIS, (c b) Theo Kasmauski/CORBIS; 146 (t) David M. Phillips/Photo Researchers, (b) BSIP/Photo Researchers, Allofs/Visuals Unlimited, (bkgd) Frank Lukasseck/zefa/CORBIS; 452 Gary Retherford/Photo Inc., (bkgd) David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit; 150 (l) Custom Medical Stock Photography, (r) Neil Researchers; 454 Jeff Cadge/Getty Images; 455 (l to r) Patti Murray/Animals Animals, Borden/Photo Researchers; 151 (tl) Peter Bowater/Photo Researchers, (tr) Spencer Jones/ (2) Studio Carlo Dani/Animals Animals, (3) OSF/David Haring/Animals Animals, (4) George Picture Arts/CORBIS, (c) W. Cody/CORBIS, (b) Charles D. Winters/Photo Researchers; 155 Holton/Photo Researchers; 456 Andy Rouse/Stock Image/Getty Images, (b) Frans Lanting/ (inset) Dennis Kunkel/PhotoTake NYC, (bkgd) Zigmund Leszczynski/Animals Animals; 156 (l) CORBIS; 457 (t) Tom McHugh/Photo Researchers, (bl) ZSSD/Minden Pictures, (br) Renee Lynn/ Julian Calder/CORBIS, (r) Charles D. Winters/Photo Researchers; 157 David Young-Wolff/ CORBIS; 458 Jorg & Petra Wegner/Animals Animals; 459 Barry Slaven/Visuals Unlimited; PhotoEdit; 158 (t) PhotoLink/Getty Images, (b) Matt Meadows; 161 Color-Pic/Animals Animals; 462 (t) Pascal Goetgheluck/SPL/Photo Researchers, (b) Tom McHugh/Photo Researchers; 162 David Whitten/Index Stock Imagery; 163 (t) David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit, (bl) Matt 463 João Zilhão/Portuguese Institute of Archaeology; 465 (t) Pascal Goetgheluck/Photo Meadows, (br) Martin Rotker/PhotoTake NYC; 166 Elizabeth Opalenik/CORBIS; 167 (t) Charles Researchers, (bl br) John Reader/Photo Researchers; 468 John Gurche Illustrations; D. Winters/Photo Researchers, (c) E.S. Ross/Visuals Unlimited, (b) Digital Art/CORBIS; 168 (l) 469 (t) John Gurche Illustrations, (b) Ira Block/National Geographic Image Collection; John Anderson/Animals Animals, (r) Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Visuals Unlimited; 172 Tom Stewart/ 471 (1 2 4) Pascal Goetgheluck/Photo Researchers, (3 5) KAREN/Sygma/CORBIS; 473 (l) Serge CORBIS; 173 Horizons; 175 Daniel J. McCleery/Grant Heilman Photography; 176 Paul Katz/ de Sazo/Photo Researchers, (r) John Gurche Illustrations; 474 Robert Sisson/National Index Stock Imagery; 180 Getty Images; 182 Bridgeman Art Library; 183 (t) Lester V. Bergman/ Geographic Image Collection; 475 Cyril Ruoso/JH Editorial/Minden Pictures; 477 Tom McHugh/ CORBIS, (bl) SPL/Photo Researchers, (bc) Karen Kuehn Photography, (br) LBNL/SPL/Photo Photo Researchers; 478 Pascal Goetgheluck/Photo Researchers; 482 (t) John Cancalosi/Peter Researchers; 185 (t) Driscoll, Youngquist & Baldeschwieler, California Institute of Technology; Arnold, Inc., (c) Gary Braasch/CORBIS, (b) Leroy Simon/Visuals Unlimited, (bkgd) Altrendo Photo Researchers, (bl) Lester V. Bergman/CORBIS, (br) Biophoto Associates/Photo Nature/Getty Images; 485 (l) Daniel A. Bedell/Animals Animals, (c) Martin Bruce/Animals Researchers; 187 Jill Barton/AP/Wide World Photos; 193 Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Phototake NYC; 194 Animals, (r) Azure Computer & Photo Services/Animals Animals; 486 Gay Bumgarner/Getty Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Phototake NYC; 195 (t) Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Visuals Unlimited, (b) Henry Images; 487 (l) Joe McDonald/Animals Animals, (c) Richard Sobol/Animals Animals, (r) Joseph Aldrich/Visuals Unlimited; 196 (t) Gopal Murti/Phototake NYC, (b) Gopal Murti/Phototake NYC; H. Bailey/Getty Images; 489 Doug Wechsler/AG Pix; 490 Barbara Strnadova/Photo Researchers;

1204 CREDITS CreditsCredits

492 Frank Lane Picture Agency/CORBIS; 493 (l) Michael Nichols/National Geographic Image Richard Kessel & Dr. Gene Shih/Visuals Unlimited, (br) Brad Mogen/Visuals Unlimited; 637 Collection, (c) Martin Harvey/Gallo Images/CORBIS, (r) Theo Allofs/zefa/CORBIS; 494 (l) D. Wilfred Cote, SUNY College of Environmental Forestry; 639 Dr. Jeremy Burgess/Photo Allen Photograhy/Animals Animals, (c) Peter Weimann/Animals Animals, (r) Dallas and John Researchers; 640 (l) Science VU/Visuals Unlimited, (r) Brad Mogen/Visuals Unlimited; 641 (tl) Heaton/Free Agents Limited/CORBIS; 497 Gerald & Buff Corsi/Visuals Unlimited; 498 Ann Antonia Reeve/Photo Researchers, (tc) Science VU/Visuals Unlimited, (tr) Oregon State Ronan Picture Library/HIP/The Image Works; 499 (l) Dr. Kari Lounatmaa/Photo Researchers, (r) University Jed Colquhoun Photo Collection, (bl) Geoff Tompkinson/Photo Researchers, (br) James Richardson/Visuals Unlimited; 500 Wolfgang Baumeister/SPL/Photo Researchers; 501 (l) Beatrice Neff/Photo Researchers; 642 (t) Carolina Biological Supply/Phototake NYC, (b) Robert G.I. Bernard/OSF/Animals Animals, (c) M.I. Walker/Photo Researchers, (r) Patti Murray/Earth Calentine/Visuals Unlimited; 643 (tl) Bill Beatty/Visuals Unlimited, (tc) Science Pictures Limited/ Scenes; 502 (t) H. Zettl/CORBIS, (l to r) Eye of Science/Photo Researchers, (2) Dr. M. Rohde, Photo Researchers, (tr) Barry Runk/Stan Schoenberger/Grant Heilman Photography, (bl br) Matt GBF/SPL/Photo Researchers, (3) Eric V. Grave/Photo Researchers, (4) Biophoto Associates/Photo Meadows; 646 (l) Peter Marbach/Grant Heilman Photography, (r) The Picture Store/SPL/Photo Researchers, (5) Norbert Rosing/National Geographic Image Collection, (6) Valerie Giles/Photo Researchers; 647 (l) Darrell Gulin/CORBIS, (r) David Sieren/Visuals Unlimited; 649 (t c) Chris Researchers; 503 (l) Getty Images, (c) Norbert Wu/Minden Pictures, (r) Eric Wanders/Foto Althof, (b) Barry Runk/Stan Schoenberger/Grant Heilman Photography; 651 (t) Maryann Natura/Minden Pictures; 504 (b) Tom Vezo/Minden Pictures, (bc) Tim Wright/CORBIS, (t) H. Frazier/Photo Researchers, (c) David M. Dennis, (b) Adam Jones/Visuals Unlimited; 652 (t) Zettl/zefa/CORBIS, (tc) B. Runk/S. Schoenberger/Grant Heilman Photography; 508 Frank Lane Andrei Sourakov and Consuelo De Moraes; 655 (tl) Jack Bostrack/Visuals Unlimited, (tr) Dr. Picture Agency/CORBIS; 509 Flip Nicklin/Minden Pictures; 512–513 Colin Cuthbert/Newcastle Jeremy Burgess/Photo Researchers, (bl) Barry Runk/Stan Schoenberger/Grant Heilman University/SPL/Photo Researchers; 514 (l) ISM/Phototake NYC, (r) Dr. Richard Kessel/Visuals Photography, (br) Dr. Richard Kessel & Dr. Gene Shih/Visuals Unlimited; 656 (tl) Brad Mogen/ Unlimited, (bkgd) CORBIS; 516 (l) B. Boonyaratanakornkit & D.S. Clark, G. Vrdoljak/EM Lab, Visuals Unlimited, (tr) Science VU/Visuals Unlimited, (cl cr) Carolina Biological Supply/Phototake University of California at Berkley/Visuals Unlimited, (c) Dr. David M. Phillips/Visuals Unlimited, NYC, (bl br) Chris Althof/The McGraw-Hill Companies; 660 (t) Dr. Jeremy Burgess/SPL/Photo (r) Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Dennis Kunkel Microscopy; 517 (l) Jim Brandenburg/Minden Pictures, Researchers, (b) M.F. Merlet/SPL/Photo Researchers, (bkgd) Roger Wilmshurst/Photo (r) Craig J. Brown/Index Stock Imagery; 518 Eye of Science/Photo Researchers; 519 (t) Eye of Researchers; 662 Dr. Gary Gaugler/Photo Researchers; 663 Rosenfeld Images Ltd./Photo Science/Photo Researchers, (c) Dr. Gary Gaugler/Photo Researchers, (b) Science Source/Photo Researchers; 669 (l) Dr. Nick Kurzenko/SPL/Photo Researchers, (r) Hal Horwitz/CORBIS; 671 (l) Researchers; 520 Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Phototake NYC; 522 Dr. Jeremy Burgess/SPL/Photo Patti Murray/Animals Animals, (r) Jerome Wexler/Visuals Unlimited; 677 (cw from top) Tom Researchers; 523 (l) Tim Fuller, (r) Eye of Science/Photo Researchers; 526 Archivo Iconografico, Stack & Associates, (2) Joy Spurr/Photo Researchers, (3) Joel W. Rogers/CORBIS, (4) Burke/ S.A./CORBIS; 527 (t) AP/Wide World Photos, (b) Bettmann/CORBIS; 531 Tim Fuller; 532 Eye of Triolo Productions/Getty Images, (5) Chris Evans/www.forestryimages.org, (6) Paul Wray/Iowa Science/Photo Researchers; 533 Gary Conner/Phototake NYC; 534 Dr. Gary Gaugler/Photo State University/www.forestryimages.org, (7) Chris Hellier/CORBIS, (8) David Stuckel; 680 Researchers; 535 (t) Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Visuals Unlimited, (c) Dr. David M. Phillips/Visuals Cristina Pedrazzini/Photo Researchers; 681 Laura Sifferlin; 683 Rosenfeld Images Ltd./Photo Unlimited, (b) Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Phototake NYC; 540 (t) Oliver Meckes/Nicole Ottawa/Photo Researchers; 688–689 Pierre Perrin/SYGMA/CORBIS; 690 (t) Alexis Rosenfeld/Photo Researchers, (c) Gerald and Buff Corsi/Visuals Unlimited, (b) Michael Abbey/Photo Researchers, Researchers, (b) Dr. Brad Amos/SPL/Photo Researchers, (bkgd) Taxi/Getty Images; 692 (l) E. (bkgd) Gerald and Buff Corsi/Visuals Unlimited; 542 Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Visuals Unlimited; 543 Hanumantha Rao/Photo Researchers, (r) Darlyne A. Murawski/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 693 (t) Judy (l) Eric Grave/Photo Researchers, (c) Richard Herrmann/Visuals Unlimited, (r) Dwight Kuhn; 544 Davidson/Photo Researchers, (b) Rod Planck/Photo Researchers; 694 (t) Sheila Terry/Photo (l) Michel Gunter/Peter Arnold Inc., (r) Michael & Patricia Fogden; 546 (l) Eric V. Grave/Photo Researchers, (b) CORBIS; 695 (t) Mark Stouffer Enterprises/Animals Animals, (b) Spencer Platt/ Researchers, (r) Wim van Egmond/Visuals Unlimited; 547 (l) Michael Abbey/Visuals Unlimited, Getty Images; 696 (l) Dr. Richard Kessel & Dr. Gene Shih/Visuals Unlimited, (c) Dr. Richard (r) Sinclair Stammers/SPL/Photo Researchers; 550 Andrew Syred/Photo Researchers; 552 (t) Kessel & Dr. Gene Shih/Visuals Unlimited, (r) Dr. Richard Kessel & Dr. Gene Shih/Visuals Charles Melton/Visuals Unlimited, (b) Anthony Bannister/Getty Images; 553 (l) Astrid & Hanns- Unlimited; 698 (l) O.S.F./Animals Animals, (c) D. Robert & Lori Franz/CORBIS, (r) Shah, Manjo/ Frieder Michler/Photo Researchers, (r) Michael Abbey/Visuals Unlimited; 554 (t) Astrid & Hanns- Animals Animals; 704 William Dow/CORBIS; 705 Therisa Stack/Tom Stack & Associates; 707 (tl) Frieder Michler/Photo Researchers, (b) Dee Breger/Photo Researchers; 556 (l) Dr. David M. Lawson Wood/CORBIS, (tr) CORBIS, (bl) Tom Stack/Tom Stack & Associates, (br) Patti Murray/ Phillips/Visuals Unlimited, (r) Bill Bachman/Photo Researchers; 557 (l) Michael Abbey/Visuals Animals Animals; 708 Azure Computer & Photo Services/Animals Animals; 709 (t) Chris Unlimited, (r) Wim Van Egmond/Visuals Unlimited; 558 (l) M.I. Walker/Photo Researchers, McLaughlin/Animals Animals, (bl bc br) Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution; 710 (l) (c) Brad Mogen/Visuals Unlimited, (r) M.I. Walker/Photo Researchers; 559 Robert De Goursey/ Brandon D. Cole/CORBIS, (r) CORBIS; 713 (t) Georgette Douwma/Photo Researchers, (b) Jeff Visuals Unlimited; 561 (l) Biology Media/Photo Researchers, (r) Bill Beatty/Visuals Unlimited; Rotman/Photo Researchers; 716 M. Amend, NOAA NMFS; 717 Matt Meadows; 720 Lawson 563 (t) Carolina Biological Supply Co./Phototake NYC, (b) Dr. Richard Kessel & Dr. Gene Shih/ Wood/CORBIS; 724 (t) SPL/Photo Researchers, (b) SPL/Photo Researchers, (bkgd) Scott W. Getty Images; 564 James Richardson/Visuals Unlimited; 565 (l) Astrid & Hanns-Freider Michler/ Smith/Animals Animals; 726 (l) Arthur Seigelman/Visuals Unlimited, (r) James Robinson/ Photo Researchers, (r) David Munns/Photo Researchers; 566 (t) Andrew Syred/Photo Animals Animals; 728 Michael Abbey/Photo Researchers; 729 (t) Tom Adams/Visuals Unlimited, Researchers, (c) Steve Gschmeissner/Photo Researchers, (b) SPL/Photo Researchers; 567 569 (b) E. R. Degginger/Photo Researchers; 730 (l) Barry Runk/Stan Schoenberger/Grant Heilman M.I. Walker/Photo Researchers; 570 John Burbidge/Photo Researchers; 574 (t) Ed Reschke/ Photography, (r) Dr. Richard Kessel & Dr. Gene Shih/Visuals Unlimited; 731 (l) Barry Runk/Stan Peter Arnold Inc., (c) Biodisc/Visuals Unlimited, (b) Darlyne A. Murawski/National Geographic Schoenberger/Grant Heilman Photography, (r) Lauritz Jensen/Visuals Unlimited; 733 (t) Sinclair Image Collection, (bkgd) Jeff Lepore/SPL/Photo Researchers; 576 (l) WSL Handout/Reuters/ Stammers/Photo Researchers, (b) Dr. Robert Calentine/Getty Images; 734 (l) Centers for Disease CORBIS, (r) Dr. David Phillips/Visuals Unlimited; 577 M. Kalab/Visuals Unlimited; 578 (l) Charles Control, (c)Sinclair Stammers/SPL/Photo Researchers, (r) Lester V. Bergman/CORBIS; 735 (l) McRae/Visuals Unlimited, (c) Darlyne A. Murawski/Peter Arnold Inc., (r) M.F. Brown/Visuals Michael P. Gadomski/Photo Researchers, (c) Nigel Cattlin/Photo Researchers, (r) Nigel Cattlin/ Unlimited; 579 Loren Winters/Visuals Unlimited; 580 Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Visuals Unlimited; 581 Photo Researchers; 736 John Walsh/Photo Researchers; 737 (l) age fotostock/SuperStock, (r) Bill Keogh/Visuals Unlimited; 582 Joyce Longcore/University of Maine; 583 Vaughan Fleming/ OSF/D. Fleetham/Animals Animals; 742 (l) age fotostock/SuperStock, (r) Andrew J. Martinez/ SPL/Photo Researchers; 584 Dr. David M. Phillips/Visuals Unlimited; 585 (1) Joyce Longcore/ Photo Researchers; 743 Georgette Douwma/Photo Researchers; 744 Gary Meszaros/Photo University of Maine, (2) Barry Runk/Stan Schoenberger/Grant Heilman Photography, (3) Ray Researchers; 745 (l) John Anderson/Animals Animals, (r) Marty Snyderman/Visuals Unlimited; Coleman/Visuals Unlimited, (4) Jeffrey Lepore/Photo Researchers, (5) Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Visuals 748 Barry Runk/Stan Schoenberger/Grant Heilman Photography; 749 (tl) Robert Yin/CORBIS, Unlimited; 586 Gerald & Buff Corsi/Visuals Unlimited; 587 (l) Stephen Sharnoff/Visuals (tr) Amos Nachoum/CORBIS, (b) OSF/Kathy Atkinson/Animals Animals; 752 Eric Luse/San Unlimited, (r) V. Ahmadijan/Visuals Unlimited; 588 (t) Phyllis Greenberg/Earth Scenes, (b) age Francisco Chronicle; 760 (t) Sinclair Stammers/Photo Researchers, (c) Laguna Design/Photo fotostock/SuperStock; 589 Dr. Gerald Van Dyke/Visuals Unlimited; 591 (l) Michael Busselle/ Researchers, (b) Clouds Hill Imaging Ltd./CORBIS, (bkgd) Ralph A. Clevenger/CORBIS; 764 (t) CORBIS, (c) Vaughan Fleming/Photo Researchers, (r) Dr. Lucille K. Georg/Centers for Disease Oliver Meckes/Nicole Ottawa/Photo Researchers, (b) Raymond Mendez/Animals Animals; 765 Control; 592 Graeme Teague Photography; 595 M. Kalab/Visuals Unlimited; 596 Stephen Mark Moffett/Minden Pictures; 768 (l) Harry Rogers/Photo Researchers, (c) Kjell Sandved/ Sharnoff/Visuals Unlimited; 597 Dr. Gerald Van Dyke/Visuals Unlimited; 600–601 Jim Sugar/ Visuals Unlimited, (r) Oliver Meckes/Nicole Ottawa/Photo Researchers; 770 (l) John Giustina/ CORBIS; 602 (t) David Muench/CORBIS, (c) George H.H. Huey/CORBIS, (b) Theo Allofs/zefa/ Getty Images, (c) CORBIS, (r) Barbara Gerlach/Visuals Unlimited; 771 Gregory G. Dimijian, M. CORBIS, (bkgd) Photo Library International/ESA/Photo Researchers; 605 (l) John Lemker/ D./Photo Researchers; 772 Niall Benvie/CORBIS; 773 (l) Brad Mogen/Visuals Unlimited, (c) Animals Animals, (r) Eye of Science/Photo Researchers; 606 (t) Barry Runk/Stan Schoenberger/ Dennis Kunkel/Phototake NYC, (r) Fabio Colombini Medeiros/Animals Animals; 774 James Grant Heilman Photography, (b) Michael Boys/CORBIS; 607 (l) Rob Simpson/Visuals Unlimited, Zipp/Photo Researchers; 777 (t) Milt & Patti Putnam/CORBIS, (b) Getty Images, (inset) Ralph A. (r) SCIMAT/Photo Researchers; 610 (l) John Heseltin/SPL/Photo Researchers, (c) Brad Mogen/ Clevenger/CORBIS; 780 (t) Raymond Coleman/Visuals Unlimited, (bl) DK Limited/CORBIS, (br) Visuals Unlimited, (r) Dr. R. Calentine/Visuals Unlimited; 611 (t) Geoff Butler, (b) Henry W. David Aubrey/CORBIS; 781 (l) DK Limited/CORBIS, (r) Diane Nelson/Visuals Unlimited; 782 Robison/Visuals Unlimited; 612 (l) Hal Horwitz/CORBIS, (r) Dr. Ken Wagner/Visuals Unlimited; Clive Druett/Papilio/CORBIS; 790 (t b) Chris Newbert/Minden Pictures, (bkgd) Franklin Viola/ 613 Winifred Wisniewski/Frank Lane Picture Agency/CORBIS; 614 (t) Jane Grushow/Grant Animals Animals; 792 (inset) Randy Morse/Animals Animals, (bkgd) Fred McConaughey/Photo Heilman Photography, (cw from top) Dr. Jeremy Burgess/Photo Researchers, (2) Carlyn Iverson/ Researchers; 793 (inset) Douglas P. Wilson/Frank Lane Picture Agency/CORBIS, (bkgd) Robert L. Photo Researchers, (3) age fotostock/SuperStock, (4) Clay Perry/CORBIS; 615 (l) W.P. Dunne/Photo Researchers; 795 Nancy Rotenberg/Animals Animals; 796 Zigmund Leszczynski/ Armstrong, (r) J.B. Rapkins/Photo Researchers; 616 (l) W.P. Armstrong, (r) Barry Runk/Grant Animals Animals; 797 (b) Stuart Westmorland/Photo Researchers, (l to r, t to b) Zigmund Heilman Photography; 617 (cw from top) William Harlow/Photo Researchers, (2) Barry Runk/ Leszczynski/Animals Animals, (2) Joyce & Frank Burek/Animals Animals, (3) C.C. Lockwood/ Stan Schoenberger/Grant Heilman Photography, (3) Gail Jankus/Photo Researchers, (4) Inga Animals Animals, (4) Fred McConnaughey/Photo Researchers, (5) Gustav Verderber/Visuals Spence/Visuals Unlimited, (5) Michael Rose/CORBIS; 618 M. Philip Kahl/Photo Researchers; 619 Unlimited, (6) Science VU/Alan Baker/Visuals Unlimited; 798 (t) Fred McConnaughey/Photo (t) Adam Jones/Photo Researchers, (c) Dr. Daniel Nickrent and Dr. Kenneth Robertson, (bl) Dave Researchers, (bl) David Wrobel/Visuals Unlimited, (br) Scott Johnson/Animals Animals; 799 (t) Powell/USDA Forest Service/www.forestry-images.org, (bc) Gary Braasch/CORBIS, (br) Inga Ken Lucas/Visuals Unlimited, (bl) James L. Amos/Photo Researchers, (br) Norbert Wu/Minden Spence/Visuals Unlimited; 621 (l) Randall G. Prostak/University of Massachusetts, (r) Randall G. Pictures; 800 (t) David Steven Miller/Animals Animals, (b) Science VU/Alan Baker/Visuals Prostak/University of Massachusetts; 625 (cw from top) Barry Runk/Stan Schoenberger/Grant Unlimited; 801 Norbert Wu/Minden Pictures; 802 (l) G.I. Bernard/OSF/Animals Animals, (r) Heilman Photography, (2) Dr. Ken Wagner/Visuals Unlimited, (3) SCIMAT/Photo Researchers, Bruce Watkins/Animals Animals; 809 Andrew J. Martinez/Photo Researchers; 810 (t) Robert L. (4) Eye of Science/Photo Researchers; 626 (tl) Barry Runk/Grant Heilman Photography, (r) Dunne/Photo Researchers, (b) G.I. Bernard/OSF/Animals Animals; 816–817 China Photos/Getty Winifred Wisniewski/Frank Lane Picture Agency/CORBIS, (bl) Jane Grushow/Grant Heilman Images; 818 (t) Jeffrey L. Rotman/CORBIS, (b) Michael Davidson/Molecular Expressions, (bkgd) Photography, (br) W.P. Armstrong; 627 Dr. Daniel Nickrent and Dr. Kenneth Robertson; 630 (t) Hal Beral/Grant Heilman Photography; 820 (l) Tom Brakefield/CORBIS, (r) C. Allan Morgan/ Dr. David Webb/University of Hawaii at Manoa, (b) Biodisc/Visuals Unlimited, (bkgd) Lowell Peter Arnold, Inc.; 823 CORBIS; 826 Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 828 (l) Sinclair Stammers/ Georgia/CORBIS; 633 (b) Frank H. McClung Museum/University of Tennessee, (cw from top) SPL/Photo Researchers, (r) M.I. Walker/Photo Researchers; 829 (t) Jeffrey L. Rotman/CORBIS, Brad Mogen/Visuals Unlimited, (2) Dr. Arnold Karpoff/Visuals Unlimited, (3) Ed Reschke/Peter (bl) Tim Davis/CORBIS, (br) Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Getty Images; 830 Jeff Rotman/Photo Arnold, (4) Dr. Kent Simmons, (5) Jack Bostrack/Visuals Unlimited; 635 (t) Ken Wagner/ Researchers; 832 James L. Amos/National Geographic Image Collection; 833 Lee Rentz Phototake NYC, (c) Sidney Moulds/SPL/Photo Researchers, (b) Eye of Science/Photo Photography; 835 Heidi & Hans-Jurgen Koch; 838 (l t) Fred Habegger/Grant Heilman Researchers; 636 (t) Barry Runk/Stan Schoenberger/Grant Heilman Photography, (bl) Dr. Photography, (r) Joel Sartore/Grant Heilman Photography; 839 (tl) Fred Habegger/Grant

CREDITS 1205 Credits

Heilman Photography, (tr) Derek Middleton/FLPA/Minden Pictures, (b) Juan Manuel Renjifo/ 971 Tim Fuller; 977 (l to r) (1) Jochen Tack/Peter Arnold, Inc., (2) Don Farrall, (3) Vince Bucci/ Animals Animals; 841 Dr. Joseph Kiesecker/Pennsylvania State University; 843 Matt Meadows; Stringer/Getty Images, (4) Tom Vezo/Peter Arnold, Inc., (5) Michael P. Gadomski/ Photo 850 (t) Jim Merli/Visuals Unlimited, (b bkgd) Joe McDonald/Visuals Unlimited; 852 Gerold and Researchers; 979 Laura Sifferlin; 980 Dr. Susan Tapert, University of California at San Diego.; Cynthia Merker/Visuals Unlimited; 853 Heidi & Hans-Jurgen Koch/Minden Pictures; 854 Michael 981 Michael Newman/PhotoEdit; 982 Duke University Photo Department; 983 Horizons; & Patricia Fogden/Minden Pictures; 855 (l) Francesc Muntada/CORBIS, (r) Arthur Morris/Visuals 985 Science Pictures Limited/Photo Researchers; 990 (t) Susumu Nishinaga/Photo Researchers, Unlimited; 856 (l) Azure Computer & Photo Services/Animals Animals, (r) David M. Dennis/ (b) Dr. Philippa Uwins, Whistler Research Photography/SPL/Photo Researchers, (bkgd) Lee Animals Animals; 857 (tl) Zigmund Leszczynski/Animals Animals, (tr) Joe McDonald/CORBIS, White/CORBIS; 992 (l) Art Resource, (r) SSPL/The Image Works; 993 (t) Goldberg Diego/ (b) Doug Wechsler/Animals Animals; 860 Suzanne L. and Joseph T. Collins/Photo Researchers; SYGMA/CORBIS, (b) SPL/Photo Researchers; 995 Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers; 864 (t) Arthur Morris/CORBIS, (bl) Michael & Patricia Fogden/CORBIS, (bc) Hal Beral/Visuals 997 (t) Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Visuals Unlimited, (bl) Lauren Shear/Photo Researchers, (br) Dr. David Unlimited, (br) Tom Vezo/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 865 Anthony Mercieca/Photo Researchers; M. Phillips/Visuals Unlimited; 999 Scott Camazine/Photo Researchers; 1000 David Wrobel/ 866 Steve Maslowski/Visuals Unlimited; 869 871 Claus Meyer/Minden Pictures; 872 (t) Azure Visuals Unlimited; 1001 (t) Tim Fuller, (b) Eye of Science/Photo Researchers; 1003 (tl) Tim Computer & Photo Services/Animals Animals, (b) Michael & Patricia Fogden/CORBIS; 873 Breck Fuller, (tr) Steve Gschmeissner/Photo Researchers, (b) Dr. Kessel & Dr. Kerdon/Tissues & P. Kent/Animals Animals; 875 James Zipp/Photo Researchers; 878 (t) Michael W. Davidson/ Organs/Getty Images; 1005 Tim Fuller; 1008 Dr. E. Walker/Photo Researchers; 1011 Spencer Florida State University, (c) Susumu Nishinaga/Photo Researchers, (b) Ron Spoomer/Visuals Grant/PhotoEdit; 1014 Eye of Science/Photo Researchers; 1018 (bkgd) David Young-Wolff/ Unlimited, (bkgd) Greg Stott/Masterfile; 880 Kevin Schafer/zefa/CORBIS; 881 (l) Tom & Pat PhotoEdit; 1020 1021 Tim Fuller; 1022 Simon Fraser/SPL/Photo Researchers; 1026 (t) Leeson/Photo Researchers, (r) Art Wolfe/Getty Images; 887 (l to r) Peter Steiner/CORBIS, Photolibrary.com/Index Stock Imagery, (b) Michael Newman/PhotoEdit; 1027 Jodi Cobb/ (2) Marty Snyderman/Visuals Unlimited, (3) Kevin Schafer/CORBIS, (4) L. Rue/CORBIS, National Geographic Image Collection; 1029 (t to b) Getty Images, (2) CORBIS, (3) Steven (5) A. & M. Shah/Animals Animals; 888 (l) Breck P. Kent/Animals Animals, (r) Stephen Dalton/ Mark Needham/Getty Images, (4) Foodcollection/Getty Images, (5) CORBIS, (6) Getty Images, Animals Animals; 889 (l) Tom McHugh/Photo Researchers, (c) J. & C. Sohns/Animals Animals, (7) Lew Robertson/CORBIS, (8) Getty Images; 1030 C. Sherburne/PhotoLink/Getty Images; (r) McKelvey/Rismiller; 890 (t) Stouffer Productions/Animals Animals, (bl) Keith Scholey/Getty 1032 (t) Getty Images, (b) Sam A. Marshall; 1033 Tim Fuller; 1038 Lester V. Bergman/CORBIS; Images, (bc) Charles Philip Cangialosi/CORBIS, (br) Alan Root/OSF/Animals Animals; 891 (l) Tim 1042 Jonathan Nourok/PhotoEdit; 1043 (l) CORBIS, (r) Yang Liu/CORBIS; 1046 (t) Biophoto Davis/CORBIS, (r) Tim Shepherd/OSF/Animals Animals; 892 (tl) Barry Runk/Stan Schoenberger/ Associates/Photo Researchers, (b) Lennart Nilsson/Bonnier-Alba, (bkgd) Neil Bromhall/Genesis Grant Heilman Photography, (tr) David Lazenby/Animals Animals, (b) Tui De Roy/Minden Films/SPL/Photo Researchers; 1052 Lester V. Bergman/CORBIS; 1057 Tim Fuller; 1058 (l) Petit Pictures; 893 (tl) Alan G. Nelson/Animals Animals, (tr) Alan & Sandy Carey/OSF/Animals Format/Photo Researchers, (c) Claude Edelmann/Photo Researchers, (r) Dr. G. Moscoso/Photo Animals, (bl) Phyllis Greenberg/Animals Animals, (br) Panthera Productions/ABPL/Animals Researchers; 1059 (l) Mediscan/CORBIS, (r) Steve Allen/Getty Images; 1061 Carolina Biological Animals; 894 Wally Santana/AP/Wide World Photos; 895 (l) Sirenia Project, U.S. Geological Supply Co./Visuals Unlimited; 1065 (l c) Hulton Archive/Stringer/Getty Images, (r) Mitchell Survey, (r) Brandon D. Cole/CORBIS; 898 Alex Wong/Getty Images; 899 Zig Leszczynski/Animals Gerber/CORBIS; 1066 Getty Images; 1067 Zephyr/Photo Researchers; 1074 (t) SIU/Visuals Animals; 900 (t) Kevin Schafer/zefa/CORBIS, (b) Sirenia Project, U.S. Geological Survey; Unlimited, (b) Susumu Nishinaga/SPL/Photo Researchers, (bkgd) Michael Newman/PhotoEdit; 906 (t) Tim Davis/CORBIS, (c) Tim Davis/Getty Images, (b) Frans Lanting/CORBIS, (bkgd) Joel 1076 Scott Camazine/Photo Researchers; 1079 (tl) SuperStock, (tr) Grapes-Michaud/Photo Simon/Getty Images; 908 (t) Digital Vision/Getty Images, (b) Sinclair Stammers/Photo Researchers, (bl) Bonnie Kamin/PhotoEdit; 1079 (br) James Gathany/Centers for Disease Researchers; 909 (t) B&B Wells/OSF/Animals Animals, (c) Jo McCulty/Ohio State University, Control; 1080 (l) A.B. Dowsett/SPL/Photo Researchers, (r) Nick Sinclair/SPL/Photo Researchers; (b) Dr. Tetsuro Matsuzawa; 912 (t) Ferrero/Labat/Peter Arnold, Inc., (b) Matt Meadows; 1081 (t) James Gathany/Centers for Disease Control, (c) Immusol Inc., (b) Steve Wood/UAB 914 Scott Martin/AP/Wide World Photos; 915 (l) Courtesy of Dr. Bernd Heinrich, University of Creative and Marketing; 1082 age fotostock/SuperStock; 1084 David Scharf/Photo Researchers; Vermont, (r) Clive Bromhall/OSF/Animals Animals; 916 Ray Richardson/Animals Animals; 1085 (t) Michael Ross/Photo Researchers, (c) Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, (b) Hossler/Custom 917 (t) Norbert Rosing/Animals Animals, (b) H. Wiesenhofer/Photolink/Getty Images; Medical Stock Photo; 1086 Tim Fuller; 1092 Dr. Gladden Willis/Visuals Unlimited; 1093 (t) 918 Wolfgang Kaehler/CORBIS; 919 Doug Wilson/CORBIS; 920 (l) Manoj Shah/Animals James Stevenson/Photo Researchers, (c b) Custom Medical Stock Photography; 1094 (1) Andrew Animals, (r) Juergen & Christine Sohns/Animals Animals; 921 (t) Tui De Roy/Minden Pictures, Syred/Photo Researchers, (2) Eye of Science/Photo Researchers, (3) Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Visuals (b) Manoj Shah/Animals Animals; 922 Jennifer Jarvis/Visuals Unlimited; 924 Sharna Balfour/ Unlimited, (4) C Squared Studios/Getty Images, (5) Brian G. Green/Getty Images; 1095 Sue Gallo Images/CORBIS; 926 (t) Digital Vision/Getty Images, (b) Norbert Rosing/Animals Animals; 932– Ford/Photo Researchers; 1096 Digital Art/CORBIS; 1099 (t) age footstock/Superstock, (b) Joe 933 Ted Horowitz/CORBIS; 934 (t) Anatomical Travelogue/Photo Researchers, (b) Dr. Ken McDonald/CORBIS; 1100 Publiphoto/Photo Researchers; 1104 CORBIS; 1106 National Science Wagner/Visuals Unlimited, (bkgd) Paul Conklin/PhotoEdit; 937 Andrew Syred/Photo Museum/HO/epa/Corbis; 1108 Glencoe; 1110 (tl) Bridgeman Art Library, (tc) SPL/Photo Researchers; 938 Peter Lavery/Masterfile; 940 (l) Dr. Ken Greer/Visuals Unlimited, (r) Dr. Ken Researchers, (tr) LBNL/SPL/Photo Researchers, (b) Karen Kuehn Photography; 1111, 1113 Greer/Visuals Unlimited; 941 Tim Fuller; 942 Prof. P. Motta/Department of Anatomy/University, Tim Fuller; 1119 (t) Hans Pfletschinger/Peter Arnold, Inc., (c) B. Boonyaratanakornkit & D.S. “La Sapienza”, Rome/SPL/Photo; Researchers; 945 CORBIS; 950 Denis Paquin/AP/Wide World Clark, G. Vrdoljak/EM Lab, University of California at Berkley/Visuals Unlimited, (b) Eric Grave/ Photos; 951 (t) Matthew Impey/Colorsport/CORBIS, (b) Matthew Stockman/Getty Images; 952 Photo Researchers; 1120 (t) Dee Breger/Photo Researchers, (c) Robert De Goursey/Visuals Kacey Marra, Lee Weiss, Prashant Kumta and Jay Calvert/University of Pittsburgh; 953 3B Unlimited, (b) Biology Media/Photo Researchers; 1121 (t) Barry Runk/Stan Schoenberger/ Scientific GmbH, Germany; 956 Tim Fuller; 960 (t) Biodisc/Visuals Unlimited, (b) Dr. David M. Grant Heilman Photography, (c) Hal Horwitz/CORBIS, (b) age fotostock/SuperStock; 1122 (t) Phillips/Visuals Unlimited, (bkgd) Focus on Sport/Getty Images; 966 Dr. Fred Hossler/Visuals M. Philip Kahl/Photo Researchers, (c) Lawson Wood/CORBIS, (b) age fotostock/SuperStock; Unlimited; 968 (l) Hiram Bingham/National Geographic Image Collection, (r) Bettman/CORBIS; 1123 (t) Scott Johnson/Animals Animals; 1123 (b) Kevin Schafer/zefa/CORBIS. 969 (t) Science Pictures Limited/Photo Researchers, (b) Alfred Pasieka/SPL/Photo Researchers;

1206 CREDITS

Hydrogen 1

1.008

An acid is a substance that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in water. Some life processes, such as the chemical digestion of food in the stomach, require a highly acidic environment. Hydrogen 1

1.008

Lithium Beryllium Magnesium is part of The iron ions in hemoglobin 3 4 chlorophyll in plants. In bind to oxygen molecules in the The movement of sodium and animals, it is essential for lungs. The hemoglobin then potassium ions across the 6.941 9.012 muscle and nerve activity and delivers the oxygen to other plasma membranes of neurons enzyme function. parts of the body. transmits nerve impulses. Sodium Magnesium 11 12

22.990 24.305

Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Calcium is needed for blood 39.098 40.078 44.956 47.867 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.845 58.933 clotting, formation of bones and teeth, and normal nerve Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium and muscle function. 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45

85.468 87.62 88.906 91.224 92.906 95.94 (98) 101.07 102.906

Cesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Very small quantities 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 of cesium-137, a radioactive isotope 132.905 137.327 138.906 178.49 180.948 183.84 186.207 190.23 192.217 of cesium, are used to treat some types of Francium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium cancer. 87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109

(223) (226) (227) (261) (262) (266) (264) (277) (268) The number in parentheses is the mass number of the longest-lived isotope of the element.

Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium 58 59 60 61 62 63

140.116 140.908 144.24 (145) 150.36 151.964

Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium 90 91 92 93 94 95

232.038 231.036 238.029 (237) (244) (243) Elements in the Human Body (percent by mass)

Nitrogen is a component of proteins, DNA, RNA, and ATP. Some bacteria have enzymes that can change nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3).

Oxygen is produced in the light-dependent phase of photosynthesis and is used in cellular respiration to produce ATP.

Whether in the form of CO2, an inorganic compound, or combined with hydrogen in organic compounds, carbon is essential for life. Fluorine compounds bind Helium with the surface of teeth, 2 making them resistant to decay. 4.003

Copper is necessary for the Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon development of red blood cells 5 6 7 8 9 10 and the formation of some respiratory enzymes. 10.811 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.180 Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon 13 14 15 16 17 18 The breakdown of the 26.982 28.086 30.974 32.065 35.453 39.948 phosphorous-containing compounds ATP and ADP Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton releases energy for cell 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 metabolism.

58.693 63.546 65.409 69.723 72.64 74.922 78.96 79.904 83.798

Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 The thyroid gland uses iodine to produce thyroxine, a hormone 106.42 107.868 112.411 114.818 118.710 121.760 127.60 126.904 131.293 that regulates rates of growth, development, and chemical Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon activities. 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

195.078 196.967 200.59 204.383 207.2 208.980 (209) (210) (222)

Darmstadtium Roentgenium Ununbium Ununquadium Ununquadium Ununpentium Ununhexium Ununoctium 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 118

(281) (272) (285) (284) (289) (288) (291) (294) The names and symbols for elements 112–116 and 118 are temporary. Final names will be selected when the elements‘ discoveries are verified.

Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71

157.25 158.925 162.500 164.930 167.259 168.934 173.04 174.967

Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

(247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262)