Report in Support of Appropriate Assessment (AA) Screening Youghal Lighthouse Viewing Platform, Youghal, Co. Cork.
On Behalf of Cork County Council June 2021
Project Report in Support of Appropriate Assessment Screening for Youghal Lighthouse Viewing Platform, Youghal, Co. Cork
Client Cork County Council
Project Ref. 2153
Report No. 2153.01
Client Ref. -
Date Revision Prepared By
18/06/21 1st Draft Sorcha Sheehy BSc PhD
21/06/21 Final report Carl Dixon BSc MSc
Cian Gill MSc
DixonBrosnan Lios Ri Na hAoine, 1 Redemption Road, Cork. Tel 086 851 1437| [email protected] | www.dixonbrosnan.com
This report and its contents are copyright of DixonBrosnan. It may not be reproduced without permission. The report is to be used only for its intended purpose. The report is confidential to the client, and is personal and non-assignable. No liability is admitted to third parties. ©DixonBrosnan 2021.
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Table of Contents 1. Introduction ...... 5 1.1 Background ...... 5 1.2 Aim of Report ...... 5 1.3 Authors of Report ...... 6 2. Regulatory Context and Appropriate Assessment Procedure ...... 7 2.1 Regulatory Context ...... 7 2.2 Appropriate Assessment Procedure ...... 7 3. Receiving Environment ...... 8 3.1 Proposed Development ...... 8 3.2 Proposed Demolition Works ...... 9 3.3 Proposed Viewing Platform...... 10 4. Screening ...... 11 4.1 Introduction ...... 11 4.2 Study Area and Scope of Appraisal ...... 11 4.3 Field Study ...... 12 4.4 Source-Pathway-Receptor Model ...... 12 4.5 Likely Significant Effect ...... 12 4.6 Screening Process ...... 12 4.7 Desktop Review ...... 13 5. Natura 2000 Sites ...... 13 5.1 Designated sites within a 15km Radius ...... 13 5.2 Site summaries ...... 19 5.2.1 Blackwater River (Cork/Waterford) SAC ...... 19 5.2.2 Blackwater Estuary SPA ...... 19 5.2.3 Ballymacoda (Clonpriest and Pillmore) SAC ...... 20 5.2.4 Ballymacoda Bay SPA ...... 20 5.3 Natura 2000 sites – Features of interests and conservation objectives...... 20 6. Water Quality data ...... 24 6.1 River Basin Management Plan for Ireland 2018 – 2021 (2nd Cycle) ...... 24 7. Site Surveys ...... 26 7.1 Habitats ...... 26 7.2 Otter ...... 29 7.3 Birds ...... 29 7.4 Invasive Species ...... 30
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8. Potential Impacts ...... 30 8.1 Potential impacts from loss of habitat ...... 30 8.2 Potential impacts from noise and disturbance ...... 30 8.2.1 Otter ...... 30 8.2.2 SCI Birds ...... 31 8.3 Potential impacts on water quality during construction ...... 32 8.4 Spread of Invasive Species ...... 33 8.5 Cumulative Impacts ...... 33 9. Screening conclusion and statement ...... 36 References ...... 36 Appendices ...... 38
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1. Introduction
1.1 Background
The information in this report has been compiled by DixonBrosnan Environmental Consultants, on behalf of the applicant. It provides information on and assesses the potential for the proposed viewing platform at Youghal Lighthouse, Youghal, Co. Cork to impact on any Natura 2000 sites within its zone of influence. The information in this report forms part of and should be read in conjunction with the Part VIII planning application documentation being submitted to Cork County Council in connection with the proposed development.
The Birds Directive (2009/147/EC) and the Habitats Directive (92/42/EEC) put an obligation on EU Member States to establish the Natura 2000 network of sites of highest biodiversity importance for rare and threatened habitats and species across the EU. In Ireland, the Natura 2000 network of European sites comprises Special Areas of Conservation (SACs, including candidate SACs) and Special Protection Areas (SPAs, including proposed SPAs). SACs are selected for the conservation of Annex I habitats (including priority types which are in danger of disappearance) and Annex II species (other than birds). SPAs are selected for the conservation of Annex I birds and other regularly occurring migratory birds and their habitats. The annexed habitats and species for which each site is selected correspond to the qualifying interests of the sites and from these the conservation objectives of the site are derived. The Birds and Habitats Directives set out various procedures and obligations in relation to nature conservation management in Member States in general, and of the Natura 2000 sites and their habitats and species in particular. A key protection mechanism is the requirement to consider the possible nature conservation implications of any plan or project on the Natura 2000 site network before any decision is made to allow that plan or project to proceed. Not only is every new plan or project captured by this requirement but each plan or project, when being considered for approval at any stage, must take into consideration the possible effects it may have in combination with other plans and projects when going through the process known as Appropriate Assessment (AA).
The obligation to undertake Appropriate Assessment (AA) derives from Article 6(3) and 6(4) of the Habitats Directive, and both involve a number of steps and tests that need to be applied in sequential order. Article 6(3) is concerned with the strict protection of sites, while Article 6(4) is the procedure for allowing derogation from this strict protection in certain restricted circumstances. As set out in Section 177U of the Planning and Development Act 2000 as amended, a screening for appropriate assessment of an application for consent for the proposed development must be carried out by the competent authority to assess, in view of best scientific knowledge, if the proposed development, individually or in combination with another plan or project is likely to have a significant effect on any European site. Each step in the assessment process precedes and provides a basis for other steps. The results at each step must be documented and recorded carefully so there is full traceability and transparency of the decisions made.
1.2 Aim of Report
The purpose of this report is to inform the AA process as required under the Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) in instances where a plan or project may give rise to significant impacts on a Natura 2000 site. This report aims to inform the Appropriate Assessment process in
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determining whether the development, both alone and in combination with other plans or projects, are likely to have a significant impact on the Natura 2000 sites in the study area, in the context of their conservation objectives and specifically on the habitats and species for which the sites have been designated.
This report has been prepared with regard to the following guidance documents, where relevant.
• Managing Natura 2000 Sites: The Provision of Article 6 of the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC (European Commission (EC), 2018);
• Assessment of Plans and Projects Significantly Affecting Natura 2000 sites: Methodical Guidance on the Provisions of Article 6(3) and (4) of the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC (European Commission (EC), 2001);
• Guidance Document on Article 6(4) of the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC (European Commission, (EC) 2007);
• Appropriate Assessment of Plans and Projects in Ireland – Guidance for Planning Authorities (Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government, 2010 revision);
• Appropriate Assessment under Article 6 of the Habitats Directive; Guidance for Planning Authorities. Circular NPW 1/10 and PSSP 2/10 (Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government, 2010);
• Guidelines for Good Practice Appropriate Assessment of Plans under Article 6(3) Habitats Directive (International Workshop on Assessment of Plans under the Habitats Directive, 2011);
• Communication from the Commission on the precautionary principle. European Commission (2000) and
• CJEU Case C 164/17 Edel Grace Peter Sweetman v An Bord Pleanála.
1.3 Authors of Report
This report was prepared by Carl Dixon MSc. (Ecological Monitoring), Sorcha Sheehy PhD (Ecology/Ornithology) and Cian Gill MSc (Ecological Monitoring).
Carl Dixon MSc (Ecology) is a senior ecologist who has over 20 years’ experience in ecological and water quality assessments with particular expertise in freshwater ecology. He also has experience in mammal surveys, invasive species surveys and ecological supervision of large- scale projects. Projects in recent years include the Waste to Energy Facility Ringaskiddy, Shannon LNG Project, supervision of the Fermoy Flood Relief Scheme, Skibbereen Flood Relief Scheme, Upgrade of Mallow WWTP Scheme, Douglas Flood Relief Scheme, Great Island Gas Pipeline etc. He has carried out ecological surveys and prepared AA/NIS reports for a range of projects.
Sorcha Sheehy PhD (ecology/ornithology) is an experienced ecological consultant with over ten years’ experience. She has worked on Screening/NIS’s for a range of small and large-
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scale projects with particular expertise in assessing impacts on birds. Recent projects include bird risk assessments for Dublin and Cork Airports, Waste to Energy Facility Ringaskiddy and Water Storage Schemes for Irish Water.
Cian Gill MSc (Ecological Monitoring) is a qualified ecologist with ten years' experience working with wildlife and ecology-based NGOs and public bodies in Ireland, the UK and the US. Past projects include invasive species planning for the city of Rosemount, Minnesota, and the Under The Sea project for Essex Wildlife Trust. Recent projects include ecological reports for Cork-based housing and private developments.
2. Regulatory Context and Appropriate Assessment Procedure
2.1 Regulatory Context
The Habitats Directive (Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora) aims to maintain or restore the favourable conservation status of habitats and species of community interest across Europe. The requirements of these directives are transposed into Irish law through the European Communities (Birds and Natural Habitats Regulations; S.I. No. 477 of 2011).
Under the Directive a network of sites of nature conservation importance have been identified by each Member State as containing specified habitats or species requiring to be maintained or returned to favourable conservation status. In Ireland the network consists of SACs and SPAs, and also candidate sites, which form the Natura 2000 network.
Article 6(3) of Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora (as amended) (hereafter ‘the Habitats Directive’) requires that, any plan or project not directly connected with or necessary to the management of a designated site, but likely to have a significant effect thereon, either individually or in combination with other plans or projects, shall be subject to appropriate assessment of its implications for the site in view of the site's conservation objectives. A competent authority (e.g. the EPA or Local Authority) can only agree to a plan or project after having determined that it will not adversely affect the integrity of the site concerned.
The possibility of a significant effect on a designated or “European” site has generated the need for an appropriate assessment to be carried out by the competent authority for the purposes of Article 6(3). A Stage Two Appropriate Assessment is required if it cannot be excluded, on the basis of objective information, that the proposed development, individually or in combination with other plans or projects, will have a significant effect on a European site. The first (Screening) Stage for appropriate assessment operates merely to determine whether a (Stage Two) Appropriate Assessment must be undertaken on the implications of the plan or project for the conservation objectives of relevant European sites.
2.2 Appropriate Assessment Procedure
The assessment requirements of Article 6(3) establish a stage-by-stage approach. This assessment follows the stages outlined in the 2001 European Commission publications “Assessment of plans and projects significantly affecting Natura 2000 sites: methodological guidance on the provisions of Articles 6(3) and 6(4) of the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC” (2001) and Managing Natura 2000 Sites: the provisions of Article 6 of the ‘Habitats’ Directive
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92/43/EEC (Draft) Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg (EC, 2015);
The stages are as follows:
Stage One: Screening — the process which identifies any appreciable impacts upon a Natura 2000 site of a project or plan, either alone or in combination with other projects or plans, and considers whether these impacts are likely to be significant;
Stage Two: Appropriate assessment — the consideration of the impact on the integrity of the Natura 2000 site of the project or plan, either alone or in combination with other projects or plans, with respect to the site’s structure and function and its conservation objectives. Additionally, where there are adverse impacts, an assessment of the potential mitigation of those impacts;
Stage Three: Assessment of alternative solutions: The process which examines alternative ways of achieving the objectives of the project or plan that avoid adverse impacts on the integrity of the Natura 2000 site. It is confirmed that no reliance is placed by the developer on Stage Three in the context of this application for development consent;
Stage Four: Assessment where no alternative solutions exist and where adverse impacts remain — an assessment of compensatory measures where, in the light of an assessment of imperative reasons of overriding public interest (IROPI), it is deemed that the project or plan should proceed (it is important to note that this guidance does not deal with the assessment of imperative reasons of overriding public interest). Again, for the avoidance of doubt, it is confirmed that no reliance is placed by the developer on Stage Four in the context of this application for development consent.
It is the responsibility of the competent authority, in this instance Cork County Council, to make a decision on whether or not the proposed development should be approved, taking into consideration any potential impact upon any Natura 2000 site within its zone of influence.
3. Receiving Environment
3.1 Proposed Development
Youghal Lighthouse is located to the south of Youghal town centre along the western bank of Youghal Harbour. The existing Lighthouse is accessed via the Regional Route R634. The greater Youghal Harbour and Youghal Bay area are located to the south of the site and the Blackwater Estuary is located to the north. Youghal Golf Links is located to the west of the site.
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The Lighthouse is a ‘freestanding circular-plan single-bay two-stage Lighthouse, built c. 1850, with polygonal- plan single-bay single-stage domed lantern surrounded by cast-iron walk balustrade. The existing Keepers Cottage is positioned to the North of the existing Lighthouse, the Keepers Cottage and its garden is now under private ownership and as such it is not within the curtilage of the existing Lighthouse and the proposed viewing platform.
The site is bounded to the West by Lighthouse Road (R634) and to the north by the adjoining Lighthouse Keeper’s cottage property, a boundary wall to the South and a boundary fence to the East, which separates the Lighthouse land from the adjoining Keeper’s Cottage.
The Lighthouse is set back from road in own grounds overlooking the coastline with coursed, roughly dressed sandstone boundary walls to circumference, and landscaped grounds to site.
Figure 1. Site location | Source OSI.ie
3.2 Proposed Demolition Works
The proposed design seeks to remove the Generator room which was added to the southeast of the tower and construct a new viewing platform with interpretive signage, accessible entrance and circulation on the site of the existing 19th Century Lighthouse.
The proposed viewing platform design does not alter or use the existing Lighthouse interior or propose to alter its internal or external fabric.
The proposed viewing platform does allow for the removal of the Generator room to the East façade which will restore the Lighthouse to its original composition, the removal of the Generator room will reveal the East ashlar façade of the existing Lighthouse which has previously been hidden by the Generator.
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As part of the proposed works the existing ashlar façade to the East will be repaired and made good to match the existing Lighthouse façade.
The existing Generator room is located on the Eastern side of the existing Lighthouse. The Generator room is accessed via four steps on a concrete footpath to the North. The Generator room is a single storey blockwork structure. It has an access door on the Northern façade, a window to the East elevation and a window and an exhaust vent to the Western elevation. Externally the facades are rendered with a raised rendered fascia at eaves level. The roof structure is flat with a felt roofing membrane. It has a concrete internal floor and internally there is evidence of damp and water egress.
3.3 Proposed Viewing Platform.
The proposed viewing platform plan is 8.4m long and 5m wide to the West and tapers to 2.4m to the East, with a glass handrail to the North, East and South façade.
The proposed design of the viewing platform is a product of the building’s orientation and surrounding context. The orthogonal plan form offers a counterpoint to the circular plan of the existing Lighthouse, which will allow the proposed platform to be clearly distinguished as a new architectural intervention.
Figure 2. Contiguous section existing and proposed elevation | Source Joseph Mackey Architects
The new viewing platform is given a sculptural quality through the use of depth and recess in the design of the balustrade which recalls the glass prism in the existing Lighthouse. The vertical emphasis of the balustrade acts to accentuate the verticality of the existing Lighthouse,
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while the ephemeral quality of the glass acts as a counterpoint to the solid mass of the existing Lighthouse.
The floor surface of the viewing platform is finished in stone to match the existing stone paving surrounding the existing Lighthouse. The finished floor level matches the finished floor level of the Lighthouse footpath, which allows for level pedestrian access. The balustrade of the proposed viewing platform is constructed in toughened glass with a ribbed effect.
It is noted that environmental control measures will be implemented during construction in line with standard guidelines. Whilst the implementation of such measures during construction will assist in minimising impacts on the local environment, the implementation of these measures has not been taken into consideration in this screening report when reaching a conclusion as to the likely impact of the development on Natura 2000 sites.
4. Screening
4.1 Introduction
This section contains the information required for the competent authority to undertake screening for AA for the proposed development.
The aims of this section are to:
• Determine whether the proposed development is directly connected with, or necessary to, the conservation management of any Natura 2000 Sites;
• Provide information on, and assess the potential for the proposed development to significantly effect on Natura 2000 Sites (also known as European sites); and
• Determine whether the proposed development, alone or in combination with other projects, is likely to have significant effects on Natura 2000 sites in view of their conservation objectives.
The proposed development is not directly connected with, or necessary to the conservation management of any Natura 2000 sites.
4.2 Study Area and Scope of Appraisal
Natura 2000 sites (European sites) are only at risk from significant effects where a source- pathway-receptor link exists between a proposed development and a Natura 2000 site(s). This can take the form of a direct impact (e.g. where the proposed development and/or associated construction works are located within the boundary of the Natura 2000 site(s) or an indirect impact where impacts outside of the Natura 2000 site(s) affect ecological receptors within (e.g. impacts to water quality which can affect riparian habitats at a distance from the impact source).
Considering the Natura 2000 sites present in the region, their Qualifying Interests (QIs) and conservation objectives, and any potential impact pathways that could link those sites to the proposed development area, a distance of 15km was considered appropriate to encompass all Natura 2000 sites potentially within the Zone of Influence (ZoI) of the proposed development.
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Thus, any appreciable direct, indirect or cumulative impacts which could arise from the proposed development in relation to the designated sites within this zone were considered.
4.3 Field Study
A site inspection was carried out on the 14th of June 2021 to identify the habitats, flora and fauna present at the site. The surveys assessed the potential for all Qualifying Interests (QIs)/ Special Conservation Interests (SCIs) of European sites and third schedule invasive species to occur within the proposed site.
4.4 Source-Pathway-Receptor Model
The likely effects of the proposed development on any European site has been assessed using a source-pathway-receptor model, where:
• A ‘source’ is defined as the individual element of the proposed works that has the potential to impact on a European site, its qualifying features and its conservation objectives. • A ‘pathway’ is defined as the means or route by which a source can affect the ecological receptor. • A ‘receptor’ is defined as the SCI of SPAs or QI of SACs for which conservation objectives have been set for the European sites being screened.
A source-pathway-receptor model is a standard tool used in environmental assessment. In order for an effect to be likely, all three elements of this mechanism must be in place. The absence or removal of one of the elements of the mechanism results in no likelihood for the effect to occur. The source-pathway-receptor model was used to identify a list of European sites, and their QIs/SCIs, with potential links to European sites. These are termed as ‘relevant’ European sites/QIs/SCIs throughout this report.
4.5 Likely Significant Effect
The threshold for a Likely Significant Effect (LSE) is treated in the screening exercise as being above a de minimis level. The opinion of the Advocate General in CJEU case C-258/11 outlines:
“the requirement that the effect in question be ‘significant’ exists in order to lay down a de minimis threshold. Plans or projects that have no appreciable effect on a European site are thereby excluded.
If all plans or projects capable of having any effect whatsoever on the site were to be caught by Article 6(3), activities on or near the site would risk being impossible by reason of legislative overkill.”
In this report, therefore, ‘relevant’ European sites are those within the potential ZoI of activities associated with the construction and operation of the proposed development, where LSE pathways to European sites were identified through the source-pathway-receptor model.
4.6 Screening Process
The Screening for Appropriate Assessment will incorporate the following steps:
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Definition of the zone of influence for the proposed works;
• Identification of the European sites that are situated (in their entirety or partially or downstream) within the zone of influence of the proposed works; • Identification of the most up-to-date QIs and SCIs for each European site within the zone of influence; • Identification of the environmental conditions that maintain the QIs/SCIs at the desired target of Favourable Conservation Status; • Identification of the threats/impacts – actual or potential that could negatively impact the environmental conditions of the QIs/SCIs within the European sites; • Highlighting the activities of the proposed works that could give rise to significant negative impacts; and • Identification of other plans or projects, for which in-combination impacts would likely have significant effects.
4.7 Desktop Review
A desktop review facilitates the identification of the baseline ecological conditions and key ecological issues relating to Natura 2000 sites and facilitates an evaluation assessment of potential in-combination impacts. Sources of information used for this report include reports prepared for the Youghal area and information from statutory and non-statutory bodies. The following sources of information and relevant documentation were utilised:
• National Parks & Wildlife Service (NPWS) - www.npws.ie • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) – www.epa.ie • National Biodiversity Data Centre – www.biodiversityireland.ie • Cork County Biodiversity Action Plan 2009-2014; • Cork County Development Plan 2014 (Cork City Council, 2015); • Birdwatch Ireland - http://www.birdwatchireland.ie/ • British Trust for Ornithology (BTO)-www.BTO.org • Invasive Species Ireland - http://www.invasivespeciesireland.com/ • Best Practice Guidance for Habitat Survey and Mapping (Heritage Council, 2011) • Guidelines for Assessment of Ecological Impacts of National Road Schemes (National Roads Authority, 2009). • Environmental Impact Assessment of Projects Guidance on the preparation of the Environmental Impact Assessment Report (Directive 2011/92/EU as amended by 2014/52/EU) European Union, 2017 and • Cork City D0033-01 Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) Annual Environmental Report 2019 (Irish Water 2020)
5. Natura 2000 Sites
5.1 Designated sites within a 15km Radius
In accordance with the European Commission Methodological Guidance (EC 2018), a list of Natura 2000 sites that can be potentially affected by the proposed development has been compiled. All candidate SAC’s (cSAC) and SPAs sites within a 15km radius of the proposed development have been identified in Table 1 and shown in Figure 3. It is noted that use of a
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15km radius is a precautionary measure, as impacts at this distance from the proposed development are highly unlikely in the absence of significant aqueous or air emissions.
The proposed development site is located approximately 20m west of the Blackwater River (Cork/Waterford) SAC. Given its proximity to the site, surface water runoff from the proposed development site could potentially impact on water quality within the Blackwater River (Cork/Waterford) SAC. Ballymacoda Bay SAC is also potentially hydrologically connected to the proposed development via Youghal Harbour/Youghal Bay.
SCI species for the Blackwater Estuary SPA or Ballymacoda Bay SPA could potentially forage in the vicinity of the site. Otter, a qualifying species for the Blackwater River (Cork/Waterford) SAC could also be disturbed or displaced during construction works. Therefore, noise and disturbance during the construction phase could potentially impact on SCI species within these sites. It is noted that the habitats within the proposed development site do not provide ex-situ foraging grounds for SCI species.
Therefore, a source-pathway-receptor link has been identified between the source (proposed development) and the receptors (Blackwater River (Cork/Waterford) SAC, Ballymacoda Bay SAC, Blackwater Estuary SPA and Ballymacoda Bay SPA) via a potential pathway (surface water runoff, the spread of invasive species and disturbance during construction/operational phase). Further information on these Natura 2000 sites is provided below and a full site synopsis included Appendix 1.
Given the distances involved, the lack of hydrological connection and the lack of natural or semi-nature habitats onsite, no pathway for impact has been identified between the proposed development site and any other Natura 2000 site.
Table 1. Natura 2000 sites and their location relative to the proposed development site
Natura 2000 Sites Site Distance at Qualifying Interests Code closest point and (* denotes a priority habitat) potential source- pathway-receptor link
Special Area of Conservation (SAC)
Blackwater River 002170 20m east. A source- Habitats (Cork/Waterford) SAC pathway-receptor link has been Estuaries [1130] identified between the source Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at (proposed low tide [1140] development site) Perennial vegetation of stony banks [1220] and the receptor (Blackwater River Salicornia and other annuals colonising mud and (Cork/Waterford) sand [1310] SAC) via a potential pathway (impacts on Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco-Puccinellietalia water quality, maritimae) [1330] disturbance or spread of invasive Mediterranean salt meadows (Juncetalia maritimi) species during [1410]
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Natura 2000 Sites Site Distance at Qualifying Interests Code closest point and (* denotes a priority habitat) potential source- pathway-receptor link
construction or Water courses of plain to montane levels with the operational phase). Ranunculion fluitantis and Callitricho-Batrachion vegetation [3260]
Old sessile oak woods with Ilex and Blechnum in the British Isles [91A0]
Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae) [91E0]
Species
Margaritifera margaritifera (Freshwater Pearl Mussel) [1029]
Austropotamobius pallipes (White-clawed Crayfish) [1092]
Petromyzon marinus (Sea Lamprey) [1095]
Lampetra planeri (Brook Lamprey) [1096]
Lampetra fluviatilis (River Lamprey) [1099]
Alosa fallax fallax (Twaite Shad) [1103]
Salmo salar (Salmon) [1106]
Lutra lutra (Otter) [1355]
Trichomanes speciosum (Killarney Fern) [1421]
Ballymacoda 000077 4.4km south A Habitats (Clonpriest and source-pathway- Pillmore) SAC receptor link has Estuaries [1130] been identified between the source Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at (development site) low tide [1140] and the receptor Salicornia and other annuals colonising mud and (Ballymacoda sand [1310] (Clonpriest and Pillmore) SAC) via a Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco-Puccinellietalia potential pathway maritimae) [1330] (impacts on water quality, disturbance Mediterranean salt meadows (Juncetalia maritimi) or spread of invasive [1410] species during construction or operational phase).
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Natura 2000 Sites Site Distance at Qualifying Interests Code closest point and (* denotes a priority habitat) potential source- pathway-receptor link
Ardmore Head SAC 002123 8.4km east. No Habitats significant pathway exists. Vegetated sea cliffs of the Atlantic and Baltic coasts [1230]
European dry heaths [4030]
Special Protection Area (SPA)
Blackwater Estuary 004028 1.4km north. A Birds SPA source-pathway- receptor link has Anas Penelope (Wigeon) [A050] been identified between the source Pluvialis apricaria (Golden Plover) [A140] (proposed development site) Vanellus vanellus (Lapwing) [A142] and the receptor Calidris alpine (Dunlin) [A149] (Blackwater Estuary SPA) via a potential Limosa limosa (Black-Tailed Godwit) [A156] pathway (impacts on water quality, Limosa lapponica (Bar-Tailed Godwit) [A157] disturbance during construction or operational phase). Numenius arquata (Curlew) [A160]
Tringa tetanus (Redshank) [A162]
Wetland and Waterbirds [A999]
Ballymacoda Bay 004023 2.9km southwest. A Birds SPA source-pathway- Anas Penelope (Wigeon) [A050] receptor link has been identified Anas crecca (Teal) [A052] between the source (proposed Charadrius hiaticula (Ringed plover) [A137] development site) and the receptor Pluvialis apricaria (Golden Plover) [A140] (Blackwater Estuary SPA) via a potential Pluvialis squatarola (Grey Plover) [A141] pathway (impacts on water quality, Vanellus vanellus (Lapwing) [A142] disturbance during construction or Calidris alba (Sanderling) [A144] operational phase). Calidris alpine (Dunlin) [A149]
Limosa limosa (Black-Tailed Godwit) [A156]
Limosa lapponica (Bar-Tailed Godwit) [A157]
Numenius arquata (Curlew) [A160]
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Natura 2000 Sites Site Distance at Qualifying Interests Code closest point and (* denotes a priority habitat) potential source- pathway-receptor link
Tringa tetanus (Redshank) [A162]
Arenaria interpres (Turnstone) [A169]
Chroicocephalus ridibundus (Black-Headed Gull) [A179]
Larus canus (Common Gull) [A182]
Larus fuscus (Lesser Black-Backed Gull) [A183]
Wetland and Waterbirds [A999]
Helvick Head to 004192 10.9km No pathway Birds Ballyquin SPA exists A346 Chough (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax)
A017 Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo)
A188 Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla)
A103 Peregrine (Falco peregrinus)
A184 Herring Gull (Larus argentatus)
Ballycotton Bay SPA 004022 14.1km west. No Birds pathway exists. Anas crecca (Teal) [A052]
Charadrius hiaticula (Ringed plover) [A137]
Pluvialis apricaria (Golden Plover) [A140]
Pluvialis squatarola (Grey Plover) [A141]
Vanellus vanellus (Lapwing) [A142]
Limosa limosa (Black-Tailed Godwit) [A156]
Limosa lapponica (Bar-Tailed Godwit) [A157]
Numenius arquata (Curlew) [A160]
Arenaria interpres (Turnstone) [A169]
Larus canus (Common Gull) [A182]
Larus fuscus (Lesser Black-Backed Gull) [A183]
Wetland and Waterbirds [A999]
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Figure 3. Natura 2000 sites within 15km radius of the proposed development site | Source EPA Envision Mapping | Not to scale
Figure 4. Proposed development relative the Blackwater River (Cork/Waterford) SAC| Approximate red line boundary | Source EPA Envision Mapping | Not to scale
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5.2 Site summaries
5.2.1 Blackwater River (Cork/Waterford) SAC
This very large site drains a major part of County Cork and five mountain ranges. The site supports a high diversity of Annex I habitats and Annex II species of the E.U. Habitats Directive, including Atlantic salmon and Otter. The site designated as the Blackwater River cSAC consists of the freshwater stretches of the River Blackwater as far upstream as Ballydesmond and as far downstream as the tidal stretches into Youghal Harbour as well as the many tributaries along the way, the larger of which include the Licky, Bride, Flesk, Chimneyfield, Finisk, Araglin, Awbeg (Buttevant), Clyda, Glen, Allow, Dalua, Brogeen, Rathcool, Finnow, Owentaraglin and Awnaskirtaun. The extent of the Blackwater and its tributaries in this site flows through the counties of Kerry, Cork, Limerick, Tipperary and Waterford. The designated site covers a total area of 15,048 ha.
The main threats to the site and current damaging activities include high inputs of nutrients into the river system from agricultural run-off and several sewage plants, dredging of the upper reaches of the Awbeg, over-grazing within the woodland areas, and invasion by non-native species, for example Rhododendron and Cherry Laurel.
Overall, the River Blackwater is of considerable conservation significance for the occurrence of good examples of habitats and populations of plant and animal species that are listed on Annexes I and II of the E.U. Habitats Directive respectively. Furthermore, it is of high conservation value for the populations of bird species that use it. Two Special Protection Areas, designated under the E.U. Birds Directive, are also located within the site - Blackwater Callows and Blackwater Estuary. Additionally, the importance of the site is enhanced by the presence of a suite of uncommon plant species.
A full site synopsis for the River Blackwater (Cork/Waterford) SAC is included as Appendix 1 of this report.
5.2.2 Blackwater Estuary SPA
The Blackwater Estuary SPA is a moderately-sized, sheltered south-facing estuary, which extends from Youghal New Bridge to the Ferry Point peninsula, close to where the river enters the sea. It comprises a section of the main channel of the River Blackwater to Ballynaclash Quay. At low tide, intertidal flats are exposed on both sides of the channel. On the eastern side the intertidal channel as far as Kinsalebeg and Moord Cross Roads is included, while on the west side the site includes part of the estuary of the Tourig River as far as Kilmagner.
The site is a Special Protection Area (SPA) under the E.U. Birds Directive, of special conservation interest for the following species: Wigeon, Golden Plover, Lapwing, Dunlin, Black-tailed Godwit, Bar-tailed Godwit, Curlew and Redshank. The E.U. Birds Directive pays particular attention to wetlands and, as these form part of this SPA, the site and its associated waterbirds are of special conservation interest for Wetland & Waterbirds.
The Blackwater Estuary SPA is an internationally important wetland site on account of the population of Black-tailed Godwit it supports. It is also of high importance in a national context, with seven species having populations which exceed the thresholds for national importance. The occurrence of Little Egret, Golden Plover and Bar-tailed Godwit is of particular note as
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these species are listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive. The Blackwater Estuary is also a Ramsar Convention site.
5.2.3 Ballymacoda (Clonpriest and Pillmore) SAC
This coastal site stretches north-east from Ballymacoda to within about 6 km of Youghal, Co. Cork. Though moderate in size, it has a good diversity of coastal habitats, including several listed on Annex I of the E.U. Habitats Directive. The site is a Special Area of Conservation (SAC) selected for the following habitats and/or species listed on Annex I / II of the E.U. Habitats Directive (* = priority; numbers in brackets are Natura 2000 codes): [1130] Estuaries, [1140] Tidal Mudflats and Sandflats, [1310] Salicornia Mud, [1330] Atlantic Salt Meadows, and [1410] Mediterranean salt meadows (Juncetalia maritimi).
Ballymacoda is a fine example of an estuarine complex, with intertidal flats well represented. The site is of high conservation importance because several of the habitats present are listed on Annex I of the E.U. Habitats Directive. However, there is also considerable ornithological interest; Ballymacoda is one of the most important bird sites in the country and supports a higher number of waders than any other Co. Cork estuary of its size. It also contains important numbers of Golden Plover and Bar-tailed Godwit, two E.U. Birds Directive Annex I species, an internationally important population of Black-tailed Godwit, and nationally important numbers of a further 13 bird species. A full site synopsis for the Ballymacoda SAC is included as Appendix 1 of this report.
5.2.4 Ballymacoda Bay SPA
This coastal site stretches north-east from Ballymacoda to within several kilometres of Youghal, Co. Cork. It comprises the estuary of the Womanagh River, a substantial river which drains a large agricultural catchment. Part of the tidal section of the river is included in the site and on the seaward side the boundary extends to, and includes, Bog Rock, Barrel Rocks and Black Rock. The inner part of the estuary is well sheltered by the Ring peninsula, a stabilised sand spit with sand dunes at its northern end and salt marshes on the landward side. Sediment types vary from muds to muddy sands in the inner part to fine rippled sands in the outer exposed part. The site is a Special Protection Area (SPA) under the E.U. Birds Directive, of special conservation interest for the following species: Wigeon, Teal, Ringed Plover, Golden Plover, Grey Plover, Lapwing, Sanderling, Dunlin, Black-tailed Godwit, Bar-tailed Godwit, Curlew, Redshank, Turnstone, Black-headed Gull, Common Gull and Lesser Black-backed Gull. The site is also of special conservation interest for holding an assemblage of over 20,000 wintering waterbirds. The E.U. Birds Directive pays particular attention to wetlands and, as these form part of this SPA, the site and its associated waterbirds are of special conservation interest for Wetland & Waterbirds. A full site synopsis for the Ballymacoda Bay SPA is included as Appendix 1 of this report.
5.3 Natura 2000 sites – Features of interests and conservation objectives.
The EU Habitats Directive contains a list of habitats (Annex I) and species (Annex II) for which SACs must be established by Member States. Similarly, the EU Birds Directive contains lists of important bird species (Annex I) and other migratory bird species for which SPAs must be established. Those that are known to occur at a site are referred to as ‘qualifying interests’ and are listed in the Natura 2000 forms which are lodged with the EU Commission by each Member State. A ‘qualifying interest’ is one of the factors (such as the species or habitat that
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is present) for which the site merits designation. The National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) are responsible for the designation of SACs and SPAs in Ireland.
The overall aim of the Habitats Directive is to maintain or restore the favourable conservation status of habitats and species of community interest. These habitats and species are listed in the Habitats and Birds Directives and Special Areas of Conservation and Special Protection Areas are designated to afford protection to the most vulnerable of them. These two designations are collectively known as the Natura 2000 network. European and national legislation places a collective obligation on Ireland and its citizens to maintain at favourable conservation status sites designated as Special Areas of Conservation and Special Protection Areas. The Government and its agencies are responsible for the implementation and enforcement of regulations that will ensure the ecological integrity of these sites.
The maintenance of habitats and species within Natura 2000 sites at favourable conservation condition will contribute to the overall maintenance of favourable conservation status of those habitats and species at a national level. Favourable conservation status of a habitat is achieved when its natural range, and area it covers within that range, is stable or increasing, and the ecological factors that are necessary for its long-term maintenance exist and are likely to continue to exist for the foreseeable future, and the conservation status of its typical species is favourable.
The conservation objectives for the Blackwater River (Cork/Waterford) SAC, Ballymacoda Bay SAC, Blackwater Estuary SPA and Ballymacoda Bay SPA are detailed in the following publications:
NPWS (2012) Conservation Objectives: Blackwater River (Cork/Waterford) SAC 002170, Version 1. NPWS, Department of Arts, Heritage & the Gaeltacht.
NPWS 2015. Conservation Objectives: Ballymacoda (Clonpriest and Pillmore) SAC 000077 NPWS, Department of Arts, Heritage & the Gaeltacht.
NPWS (2015) Conservation Objectives: Ballymacoda Bay SPA 004023 Version 1. NPWS, Department of Arts, Heritage & the Gaeltacht.
NPWS (2012) Conservation Objectives: Blackwater Estuary SPA 004028. Version 1.0. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht.
The favourable conservation status of a species is achieved when population data on the species concerned indicate that it is maintaining itself, and the natural range of the species is neither being reduced or likely to be reduced for the foreseeable future, and there is, and will probably continue to be, a sufficiently large habitat to maintain its populations on a long-term basis. The species and/or habitats listed as qualifying interests for the Blackwater River (Cork/Waterford) SAC, Ballymacoda Bay SAC, Blackwater Estuary SPA and Ballymacoda Bay SPA and specific conservation objectives are included in Tables 2 - 6.
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Table 2. Qualifying Species for the Blackwater River (Cork/Waterford) SAC
Species Species Conservation objective code 1029 Freshwater Pearl Mussel Margaritifera margaritifera Restore 1092 White-clawed crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes Maintain 1095 Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus Restore 1096 Brook Lamprey Lampetra planeri Maintain 1099 River Lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis Maintain 1103 Twaite shad Alosa fallax Restore 1106 Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar Maintain 1355 Otter Lutra lutra Restore 1421 Killarney Fern Trichomanes speciosum Maintain Restore = Restore favourable conservation condition, Maintain = Maintain favourable conservation condition Table 3. Qualifying Habitats for the Blackwater River (Cork/Waterford) SAC
Habitat Habitat Conservation Code objective 1130 Estuaries Maintain 1220 Perennial vegetation of stony banks Maintain 1140 Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide Maintain 1310 Salicornia and other annuals colonizing mud and sand Maintain 1330 Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco-Puccinellietalia maritimae) Restore 1410 Mediterranean salt meadows (Juncetalia maritimi) Maintain 3260 Water courses of plain to montane levels with the Ranunculion fluitantis and Maintain Callitricho-Batrachion vegetation 91E0 Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion Restore incanae, Salicion albae) 91J0 *Taxus baccata woods of the British Isles Under Review 91A0 Old sessile oak woods with Ilex and Blechnum in British Isles Restore Restore = Restore favourable conservation condition, Maintain = Maintain favourable conservation condition Table 4. Special Conservation Interests (SCIs) for Blackwater Estuary SPA
Species Species Scientific name Conservation code objective
A050 Wigeon Anas Penelope Maintain
A140 Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria Maintain
A142 Lapwing Vanellus vanellus Maintain
A149 Dunlin Calidris alpina Maintain
A156 Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa Maintain
A157 Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica Maintain
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Species Species Scientific name Conservation code objective
A160 Curlew Numenius arquata Maintain
A162 Redshank Tringa totanus Maintain
A999 Wetland and Waterbirds Maintain
Table 5. Qualifying Interests (QI) for Ballymacoda (Clonpriest and Pillmore) SAC
Habitat Qualifying Interests Conservation code objective
1130 Estuaries Maintain
1140 Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide Maintain
1310 Salicornia and other annuals colonising mud and sand Restore
1330 Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco-Puccinellietalia maritimae) Maintain
Restore = Restore favourable conservation condition, Maintain = Restore favourable conservation condition
Table 6. Special Conservation Interests (SCIs) for the Ballymacoda Bay SPA
Species Species Scientific name Conservation code objective
A050 Wigeon Anas Penelope Maintain
A052 Teal Anas crecca Maintain
A137 Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula Maintain
A140 Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria Maintain
A141 Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola Maintain
A142 Lapwing Vanellus vanellus Maintain
A144 Sanderling Calidris alba Maintain
A149 Dunlin Calidris alpina Maintain
A156 Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa Maintain
A157 Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica Maintain
A160 Curlew Numenius arquata Maintain
A162 Redshank Tringa totanus Maintain
A169 Turnstone Arenaria interpres Maintain
A179 Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus Maintain
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Species Species Scientific name Conservation code objective
A182 Common Gull Larus canus Maintain
A183 Lesser Black-Backed Gull Larus fuscus Maintain
A999 Wetland and Waterbirds Maintain
Restore = Restore favourable conservation condition, Maintain = Restore favourable conservation condition
To acknowledge the importance of Ireland's wetlands to wintering waterbirds, “Wetland and Waterbirds” may be included as a Special Conservation Interest for some SPAs that have been designated for wintering waterbirds and that contain a wetland site of significant importance to one or more of the species of Special Conservation Interest. Thus, a further objective is to maintain or restore the favourable conservation condition of the wetland habitat within the Cork Harbour SPA as a resource for the regularly-occurring migratory waterbirds that utilise it.
6. Water Quality data
6.1 River Basin Management Plan for Ireland 2018 – 2021 (2nd Cycle)
The Water Framework Directive (WFD) sets out the environmental objectives which are required to be met through the process of river basin planning and implementation of those plans. Specific objectives are set out for surface water, groundwater and protected areas. The challenges that must be overcome in order to achieve those objectives are very significant. Therefore, a key purpose of the River Basin Management Plan (RBMP) is to set out priorities and ensure that implementation is guided by these priorities.
The second-cycle RBMP aims to build on the progress made during the first cycle. Key measures during the first cycle included the licensing of urban waste-water discharges (with an associated investment in urban waste-water treatment) and the implementation of the Nitrates Action Programme (Good Agricultural Practice Regulations). The former measure has resulted in significant progress in terms both of compliance levels and of the impact of urban waste-water on water quality. The latter provides a considerable environmental baseline which all Irish farmers must achieve and has resulted in improving trends in the level of nitrates and phosphates in rivers and groundwater. It is acknowledged, however, that sufficient progress has not been made in developing and implementing supporting measures during the first cycle.
Overall, RBMP assesses the quality of water in Ireland and presents detailed scientific characterisation of our water bodies. The characterisation process also takes into account wider water quality considerations, such as the special water-quality requirements of protected areas. The characterisation process identifies those water bodies that are At Risk of not meeting the objectives of the WFD, and the process also identifies the significant pressures causing this risk. Based on an assessment of risk and pressures, a programme of measures has been developed to address the identified pressures and work towards achieving the required objectives for water quality and protected areas. Data relating to the 2nd Cycle of the WFD is provided in Table 7 and the location of these shown in Figure 5.
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Table 7. WFD Status 2nd Cycle
Catchment: Blackwater Munster (Code 18) – 2nd Cycle
This catchment includes the area drained by the River Blackwater and all streams entering tidal water between East Point and Knockaverry, Youghal, Co. Cork, draining a total area of 3,310km². The largest urban centre in the catchment is Mallow. The other main urban centres in this catchment are Fermoy, Mitchelstown, Youghal, Kanturk and Millstreet. The total population of the catchment is approximately 109,030 with a population density of 33 people per km². Several small coastal rivers drain the area to the southeast of Cork Harbour and the area at the eastern extreme of the catchment is drained by the Womanagh River which flows into the sea on the western side of Youghal Bay.
The proposed development site is located in the Tourig_SC_010 subcatchment. There are no AT RISK and/or REVIEW water bodies within this subcatchment.
Waterbodies relevant to the proposed project
Waterbody WFD Status Significant Pressure Category Pressure
Muckridge_010 Not at risk No N/a
Youghal Bay At risk Yes Agriculture/Pasture
Ballycotton Bay Not at risk No Na
Western Celtic Sea Not at risk No n/a
Source: EPA envision mapping and www.catchments.ie
Figure 5. WFD 2nd cycle waterbodies in the vicinity of the proposed development | Source: EPA Envision mapping https://gis.epa.ie/EPAMaps/) | not to scale
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7. Site Surveys
7.1 Habitats
Site surveys were carried out on the 14th of June 2021. Habitat mapping was carried out in line with the methodology outlined in the Heritage Council Publication, Best Practice Guidance for Habitat Survey and Mapping (Heritage Council, 2011). The terrestrial and aquatic habitats within or adjacent to the proposed development site was classified using the classification scheme outlined in the Heritage council publication A Guide to Habitats in Ireland (Fossitt, 2000) and cross referenced with Annex I Habitats where required.
A current overview of habitats recorded within the site is shown in Figure 6 and the habitats recorded on site are described in Table 8. Site photographs are included in Appendix 2. No Annex I habitats were recorded within the proposed development site. No protected species were recorded during the site visits. No aquatic habitats were recorded. The survey was carried out during mid-tide.
Table 8. Habitat present within proposed development site and their relative value
Habitat Comments
Habitats within works area
Buildings and artificial The existing lighthouse building, surrounding steps and railings provide access to the surfaces BL3/ Sea shoreline. Surrounding sandstone walls have little vegetation. The lower levels of the walls, piers and jetties site are typical of coastal constructions (CC1) that are partially inundated by sea CC1 water at high tide, or subject to wetting by sea spray or wave splash.
Species recorded here include the lichen species Verrucaria maura, Thrift Armeria maritima, Hogweed Heracleum sphondylium, Common Kidney Vetch Anthyllis vulneraria, Scurvy grass Cochlearia spp., Sow Thistle Sonchus oleraceus, Weld Reseda luteola.
This habitat is not a qualifying habitat for Natura 2000 sites and is not an Annex I habitat under the Habitats Directive.
Habitats outside works area
Rocky sea cliffs CS1 This habitat category includes steep or vertical rocky cliffs on the coast that are greater than 5 m in height. The upper shore areas are more heavily vegetated with areas of bare rock in the lower shore.
Lichen cover in this area extensive with Verrucaria spp. and Xanthoria spp. Species recorded here include Thrift, Sea Plantain, Scurvy grass, Common Kidney Vetch, Red Fescue Festuca rubra, and Sand Spurry Spergularia rubra.
A small grassland area is located just above the upper shore with Ivy Hedera spp., Fern Athyrium filix-femina and Purple Moor Grass Molinia caerulea.
Rocky Sea cliffs have Links with Annex I: Corresponds loosely to the annexed habitat, ‘vegetated sea cliffs of the Atlantic and Baltic coasts (1230)’. This is not a qualifying habitat for the Blackwater River (Cork/Waterford) SAC. This habitat is located outside the works area and will not be impacted by the proposed development.
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Habitat Comments
Exposed Rocky Shore The habitats to the south of the proposed development site include LR1. Rocks are LR1 largely bare, with a patchy distribution of terrestrial vegetation with Thrift. Species noted include Littorina saxatilis, Nucella lapillus and Melarhaphe neritoides which are common in the supralittoral zone. Below this, the shore is dominated by communities of Semibalanus balanoides, Nucella lapillus, Littorina littorea, Common Mussel (Mytilus edulis) and Limpets (Patella spp.). Algae including Fucus spiralis Corallina spp. are also located here.
This habitat is located outside the works area and will not be impacted by the proposed development.
Sand shores LS2 A sheltered shore runs below the rocky shore to the east of the proposed development site. This area is characterised by fine sands (approximately 10% of area) with exposed bedrock and small stones in places with Periwinkes and Sandhoppers. Bladder Wrack Fucus vesiculosus has patchy distribution.
This habitat has links with Annex I: Sand shores may contain examples of the annexed habitats, ‘mudflats and sandflats not covered by sea water at low tide (1140)’ and ‘annual vegetation of drift lines (1210)’. Mudflats and sandflats not covered by sea water at low tide (1140) is a qualifying habitat for the Blackwater River (Cork/Waterford) SAC. There is limited foraging habitat on the lower shore for wading birds.
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Figure 6. Habitats within proposed development site
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7.2 Otter
A review of existing NBDC records within a 10km radius of the study site (Grid Square X17) showed that Otter or signs of Otter have been recorded on 14 occasions, most recently in December 2017 (NBDC 13/06/21).
Otter is a qualifying interest for the Blackwater River (Cork/Waterford)) SAC which is one of the most important sites in Ireland for this species. The most recent national Otter Survey recorded Otter in 98.8% of the site assessed within the Blackwater catchment.
Otter could potentially forage along the shoreline to the east of the proposed development site. However, the habitats within the proposed development site do not provide valuable habitats for Otter. No holts or signs of Otter were recorded within 150m of the proposed works.
7.3 Birds
All birds recorded during the site visit are listed in Table 9. Bird species listed in Annex I of the Birds Directive are considered a conservation priority. During the survey, all birds seen or heard within the development site were recorded. Certain bird species are listed by BirdWatch Ireland as Birds of Conservation Concern in Ireland (BOCCI). These are bird species suffering declines in population size. BirdWatch Ireland and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds have identified and classified these species by the rate of decline into Red and Amber lists (Gilbert et al. 2021). Red List bird species are of high conservation concern and the Amber List species are of medium conservation. Green listed species are regularly occurring bird species whose conservation status is currently considered favourable. Birds species listed in Annex I of the Birds Directive (2009/147/EC) are considered a conservation priority. Species recorded within the site, as well as their conservation status, are shown in Table 9.
Table 9. Bird Species recorded during site surveys.
Species Birds Directive BOCCI Annex I Red List Amber List
Turdus merula Blackbird Motacilla alba Pied wagtail Chroicocephalus ridibundus Black-headed Gull X Corvus cornix Hooded Crow Phalacrocorax carbo Cormorant Larus argentatus Herring Gull X
No Annex I species were recorded onsite. Black-headed Gull, which is a SCI species for the Ballymacoda Bay SPA were recorded. Gulls were recorded in the vicinity of the site and although not recorded, could roost on the buildings of the site i.e., Black-headed Gull and Herring Gull. Few birds were recorded within proposed development site. It is noted that the majority of SCI species are confined to the winter months and therefore would not be recorded during a summer survey. However, there is little mudflat habitat suitable for foraging waders in the vicinity of the site. Overall, the proposed development site is of limited local value for bird species that are relatively common in the Irish countryside.
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7.4 Invasive Species
No high-risk invasive species were recorded during the recent site surveys.
8. Potential Impacts
Potential impacts could arise from the following:
• Potential impacts from loss of habitat. • Potential impacts from noise and disturbance • Potential impacts on water quality during construction • Potential impacts on water quality during operation • Spread of invasive species • Cumulative Impacts
8.1 Potential impacts from loss of habitat
The proposed development site is located 20m east of the Blackwater River (Cork/Waterford) SAC. An ecological appraisal of the proposed development site indicates that it supports common, exclusively manmade habitats which are not of high value in the context of the Natura 2000 designation. The habitats recorded within the proposed development boundary do not correspond to habitats listed on Annex I of the Habitats Directive. Cliffs and mudflat habitats outside the proposed development site boundary, both which have links to Annex I habitat, are outside the works area and will not be directly impacted by the proposed development.
The buildings and artificial surfaces within the site do not provide habitat for SCI birds and the habitats adjacent to the site have limited foraging potential.
The proposed development will not result in any significant deterioration in habitat quality or loss of habitat within the Blackwater River (Cork/Waterford) SAC. Therefore, it is concluded that the proposed development will not result in any loss or deterioration of habitat within Natura 2000 sites.
8.2 Potential impacts from noise and disturbance
Potentially increased noise and disturbance associated with the site works could cause disturbance/displacement of fauna. If of sufficient severity, there could be impacts on reproductive success. Disturbance can cause sensitive species to deviate from their normal, preferred behaviour, resulting in stress, increased energy expenditure and, in some cases, species mortality.
8.2.1 Otter
Otter is listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and is a conservation objective for the Blackwater River (Cork/Waterford) SAC. Potential impacts could arise due to disturbance of Otter as a result of increased noise and activity during site works. This could potentially lead to changes in feeding behaviour which if of sufficient severity could impact on reproductive success. If significant, disturbance of breeding Otter could have an impact on overall populations within the Blackwater River (Cork/Waterford) SAC.
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Otter is generally considered to be a nocturnal or crepuscular species, i.e. individuals are predominantly active at night, with peaks in activity shortly after dusk at just before dawn (Chanin 2003; OPW 2006). Therefore, apart from their breeding and resting sites, Otters are not considered to be sensitive to noise and light impacts during daylight hours. Furthermore, the occurrence of Otters in Irish towns and cities suggests that this species is able to habituate to human activities. Noise/vibration and lighting arising from construction activities have the potential to cause disturbance to Otters, leading to reduced connectivity between areas upstream and downstream of the proposed development for the duration of the construction phase.
The proposed platform is elevated and physically disconnected from the shoreline via the proposed balustrade, existing site perimeter walls and neighbouring property to the north and east. It is noted that the proposed development site is located to the immediate east of a busy road and boardwalk and to the immediate west of the estuary which has regular boat and ship traffic. The steps to the south of the site are used for beach access as well as regularly used diving rocks along the estuary shoreline. There are also existing viewing platforms to the north and south of the site along the boardwalk. It is noted that the planned decommissioning of the lights at Youghal Lighthouse will lead to a reduction in light pollution in the area.
Construction works, including minor piling works (1-2 days), will take place during normal working hours which will avoid the largely nocturnal foraging habits of Otter. It is noted that the site is located adjacent to a busy road and boardwalk. All works will be limited to the curtilage of the lighthouse and will not impact on Otter foraging habitat. The proposed construction activities will result in a slight increase in noise and disturbance, however this will temporary and not significant in the context of the existing noise environment and Otter’s ability to move away from and/or adapt to short-term disturbance. Any disruption of Otter foraging behaviour during the construction phase will not be significant.
During the operational phase the viewing platform will have limited hours and visitor numbers will be seasonal and constrained by its small size (i.e., maximum 15 persons). Given baseline noise and activity at the site, the small scale and design features, the proposed development site will not significantly increase noise or activity levels during the operational phase. Otters will continue to use habitats in the vicinity of the site in the operational phase. Therefore, there will no impact to Otter due to disturbance from the proposed development.
8.2.2 SCI Birds
The potential effects and impacts of disturbance have been widely recognised in wildlife conservation legislation, as has the need to develop conservation measures for birds whilst taking human activities into account. Article 4.4 of the Bird’s Directive (79/409/EEC) requires member states to “take appropriate steps to avoid… any disturbances affecting the birds, in so far as these would be significant having regard to the objectives of this Article”. This specifically relates to conservation measures concerning Annex I species.
The wintering birds listed as qualifying interests for the Blackwater Estuary SPA and Ballymacoda Bay SPA are strongly associated with estuarine shoreline areas or wetlands, habitat types absent from the proposed development site.
Given the proximity of the proposed development site to the shoreline/mudflat habitat, theoretically disturbance of important qualifying bird species could occur during the
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construction phase of the project. It is noted that the proposed development site is outside the SPA boundaries and is located adjacent to an existing road. There is limited mudflat habitat in the vicinity of the site. As noted in Section 8.2.1 the proposed development site is located to the immediate east of a busy road and boardwalk and to the immediate west of the estuary which has regular boat and ship traffic. The area is subject to noise disturbance from road traffic, pedestrians, and swimmers as well as light pollution from the adjacent road and existing dwellings.
During the construction stage, there may be a temporary increase in disturbance (including minor piling works of 1-2 days), but it will not be significant in the context of existing noise levels. The proposed platform is elevated and physically disconnected from the shoreline via the proposed balustrade, existing site perimeter walls and neighbouring property to the north and east. Furthermore, the proposed development will be largely screened from the shoreline by the existing stone walls and cliffs. Therefore, during construction and operation the site will be largely screened from the shoreline habitats.
During the operational phase the viewing platform will have limited hours and visitor numbers will be seasonal and constrained by its small size (i.e., maximum 15 persons). Given baseline noise and activity at the site as well as the small scale and design features, the proposed development site will not significantly increase noise or activity levels during the operational phase and noise will return to previous levels following construction.
No valuable habitat for SCI species was recorded within or adjacent to the proposed development site. The construction phase of the project will to a temporary increase noise and disturbance. No significant increase in noise or activity is predicted to occur during the operational phase. However, given the existing noise environment, the temporary nature of the works, visual screening, and the lack of valuable habitat for SCI species on or near the proposed development site, no impact on birds listed as qualifying interests for the Blackwater Estuary SPA and Ballymacoda Bay SPA is predicted to occur.
8.3 Potential impacts on water quality during construction
Potential impacts on aquatic habitats which can arise from surface water emissions during the construction phase of the proposed development include increased silt levels in surface water run-off, inadvertent spillages of hydrocarbons from fuel and hydraulic fluid.
Inadvertent spillages of hydrocarbon and/or other chemical substances during construction could introduce toxic chemicals into the aquatic environment via direct means, surface water run-off or groundwater contamination. Some hydrocarbons exhibit an affinity for sediments and thus become entrapped in deposits from which they are only released by vigorous erosion or turbulence. Oil products may contain various highly toxic substances, such as benzene, toluene, naphthenic acids and xylene which are to some extent soluble in water; these penetrate into the fish and can have a direct toxic effect. The lighter oil fractions (including kerosene, petrol, benzene, toluene and xylene) are much more toxic to fish than the heavy fractions (heavy paraffins and tars). In the case of turbulent waters, the oil becomes dispersed as droplets into the water. In such cases, the gills of fish can become mechanically contaminated and their respiratory capacity reduced (Svobodova et al. 1993).
High levels of silt can impact on fish species, in particular salmonids. If of sufficient severity, adult fish could theoretically be affected by increased silt levels as gills may become damaged
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by exposure to elevated suspended solids levels and aquatic invertebrates may be smothered by excessive deposits of silt. In areas of stony substrate, silt deposits may result in a change in the macro-invertebrate species composition, favouring less diverse assemblages and impacting on sensitive species. Significant impacts on fish stocks could impact on Otter due to a reduction in prey availability.
Silt can be extremely harmful to aquatic invertebrates and fish, particularly qualifying species for the Blackwater River (Cork/Waterford) SAC such as Freshwater Pearl Mussel. No populations of Freshwater Pearl Mussel or White Clawed Crayfish occur in the vicinity of the site. While migratory fish such as lamprey species, Twaite Shad and Atlantic Salmon could pass through the Blackwater Estuary, there is no valuable habitat for these species in the vicinity of the proposed development site. Given the small scale of the proposed development there is no potential for impact on these species from silt or hydrocarbon runoff during the construction phase.
The NPWS has mapped qualifying habitats for the Blackwater River (Cork/Waterford) SAC in the vicinity of the proposed development site. NPWS (2014a) maps 1130 Estuaries and 1140 Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide, to the east of the proposed development site. The transitional nature of these habitats means impacts are only likely to arise from extremely severe levels of siltation or major spills of hydrocarbons. While concrete floor for the platform will be cast in situ, given the scale of this is small (8.4m long and 5m wide) there is no significant risk of concrete spillage. All works will take place within the curtilage of the lighthouse. No chemicals, fuel or construction/demolition materials will be stored onsite. Given the small scale of the works, there is no potential for significant silt or hydrocarbon spillages or potential to impact on the conservation objectives of the Blackwater River (Cork/Waterford) SAC. Similarly, no significant impacts on the habitats within the Blackwater Estuary SPA, Ballymacoda SPA or Ballymacoda (Clonpriest and Pillmore) SAC are predicted to occur due to surface water runoff.
The proposed platform is small in scale and no significant increase in operational surface water runoff is predicted to occur.
Given the small scale of the proposed development, the robust nature of estuarine qualifying habitats, and the lack of valuable habitat for aquatic QI species in the vicinity of the site, no impact on the conservation objective of the Blackwater River (Cork/Waterford) SAC, Blackwater Estuary SPA, Ballymacoda SPA or Ballymacoda (Clonpriest and Pillmore) SAC is predicted to occur during the construction or operational phase.
8.4 Spread of Invasive Species
No high-risk invasive species were recorded within the proposed development. Therefore, there is no risk to Blackwater River (Cork/Waterford) SAC, Blackwater Estuary SPA, Ballymacoda SPA or Ballymacoda (Clonpriest and Pillmore) SAC via impacts from the spread of invasive species.
8.5 Cumulative Impacts
Cumulative impacts refer to a series of individually modest impacts that may in combination produce a significant impact. The underlying intention of this in combination provision is to
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take account of cumulative impacts from existing or proposed plans and projects and these will often only occur over time.
High negative threats, pressures and activities identified for the Cork Harbour SPA include roads, motorways, port areas, industrial or commercial areas, urbanised areas, human habitation and marine and freshwater aquaculture. Other developments near the proposed development site and their potential cumulative impacts are listed in Table 10.
Table 10. Other developments near site and potential cumulative impacts
Plans and Projects Key Policies/Issues/Objectives Directly Related to the Conservation of the European Network River Basin The project should comply with the The implementation and compliance Management environmental objectives of the Irish RBMP with key environmental policies, issues Plan 2018- which are to be achieved generally by 2021. and objectives of this management plan 2021 will result in positive in-combination • Ensure full compliance with relevant effects to European sites. The EU legislation implementation of this plan will have a positive impact for the biodiversity. It will • Prevent deterioration not contribute to in-combination or in- • Meeting the objectives for designated combination impacts with the proposed protected areas development.
• Protect high status waters
• Implement targeted actions and pilot schemes in focus sub-catchments aimed at: targeting water bodies close to meeting their objective and addressing more complex issues which will build knowledge for the third cycle.
Inland To ensure that Ireland’s fish populations are The implementation and compliance Fisheries managed and protected to ensure their with key environmental issues and Ireland conservation status remains favourable. That objectives of this corporate plan will Corporate they provide a basis for a sustainable world result in positive on-combination effects Plan 2016 - class recreational angling product, and those to European sites. The implementation 2020 pristine aquatic habitats are also enjoyed for of this corporate plan will have a other recreational uses. positive impact for biodiversity of inland fisheries and ecosystems. It will not To develop and improve fish habitats and contribute to in-combination or in- ensure that the conditions required for fish combination impacts with the proposed populations to thrive are sustained and works. protected.
To grow the number of anglers and ensure the needs of IFI’s other key stakeholders are being met in a sustainable conservation focused manner.
EU (Quality of Salmonid Waters) Regulations 1988. All works during development and operation of the project must aim to conserve fish and other species of fauna and flora habitat; biodiversity of inland fisheries and ecosystems and protect spawning salmon and trout.
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Plans and Projects Key Policies/Issues/Objectives Directly Related to the Conservation of the European Network Irish Water Proposals to upgrade and secure water Likely net positive impact due to water Capital services and water treatment services conservation and more effective Investment countrywide. treatment of water. Plan 2014- 2016
Water Irish Water has prepared a Water Services The WSSP forms the highest tier of Services Strategic Plan (WSSP, 2015), under Section asset management plans (Tier 1) which Strategic 33 of the Water Service No. 2 Act of 2013 to Irish Water prepare and it sets the Plan (WSSP, address the delivery of strategic objectives overarching framework for subsequent 2015) which will contribute towards improved water detailed implementation plans (Tier 2) quality and biodiversity requirements through and water services projects (Tier 3). reducing: The WSSP sets out the challenges we face as a country in relation to the • Habitat loss and disturbance from provision of water services and new / upgraded infrastructure; identifies strategic national priorities. It includes Irish Water’s short, medium • Species disturbance; and long-term objectives and identifies • Changes to water quality or quantity; strategies to achieve these objectives. and As such, the plan provides the context for subsequent detailed implementation • Nutrient enrichment /eutrophication. plans (Tier 2) which will document the approach to be used for key water service areas such as water resource management, wastewater compliance and sludge management. The WSSP also sets out the strategic objectives against which the Irish Water Capital Investment Programme is developed. The current version of the CAP outlines the proposals for capital expenditure in terms of upgrades and new builds within the Irish Water owned assets.
The overarching strategy was subject to AA and highlighted the need for additional plan/project environmental assessments to be carried out at the tier 2 and tier 3 level. Therefore, no likely significant in-combination effects are envisaged.
WWTP Ballyclough, Ballydesmond, Ballyduff WWTP, Discharges from municipal WWTPs are discharges Ballyhooley, Banteer WWTP, Boherbue required to meet water quality WWTP, Bweeng, Castlemagner, Cecilstown, standards. Irish Water Capital Clondulane, Cullen, Dromahane WWTP, Investment Plan 2014-2016 and 2017 – Fermoy WWTP, Freemount, Kanturk WWTP, 2021 proposes to upgrade water Kilbrin, Killavullen WWTP, Kilworth, Kiskeam, treatment services countrywide. The Knocknagree, Lismore WWTP, long-term in-combination impact is Lombardstown, Mallow WWTP, Meelin, predicted to be negligible. Millstreet WWTP, Nad, Newmarket, Rathcool, Rathmore WWTP
IPPC There are six IPPC Licence holders Discharges from these facilities are Programme discharging directly to the River Blackwater governed by strict limits to ensure SAC i.e., Dairygold, Micam, Road Binders, compliance with quality standards. The ALPS Electric Ireland, Newmarket Creameries long-term in-combination impact is Co-op, Micro-Bio Limited. predicted to be negligible.
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Plans and Projects Key Policies/Issues/Objectives Directly Related to the Conservation of the European Network Of these only Micro-Bio Limited discharges downstream of the proposed development site.
Quarries Twelve registered quarries occur on the River Extractive site that discharges process Blackwater (NS2, 2010). water into a watercourse requires a discharge licence under Section 4 of the Local Government (Water Pollution) Act 1977. Uncontrolled discharges of polluting matter to such media are an offence under the Act’s Section 3. The long-term in-combination impact is predicted to be negligible
The area surrounding the proposed development is has a mix of urban and rural land use with a mixture of residential, agricultural and industrial developments and an extensive road network. Wastewater is also discharged from a number of settlements (e.g. Youghal, Fermoy and Mallow) and local industry.
In the absence of any significant potential impacts on the on the qualifying interests and conservation interests for the River Blackwater (Cork/Waterford) SAC and in the absence of significant impacts on its conservation objectives, no potential in-combination impact from the proposed works has been identified.
9. Screening conclusion and statement
This AA screening report has been prepared to assess whether the proposed development, individually or in-combination with other plans or projects, and in view of best scientific knowledge, is likely to have a significant effect on any European site(s).
The screening exercise was completed in compliance with the relevant European Commission guidance, national guidance, and case law. The potential impacts of the proposed development have been considered in the context of the European sites potentially affected, their qualifying interests or special conservation interests, and their conservation objectives.
Through an assessment of the source-pathway-receptor model, which considered the ZoI of effects from the proposed development and the potential in-combination effects with other plans or projects, the following findings were reported:
• The proposed viewing platform at Youghal lighthouse, Youghal, Co. Cork, either alone or in-combination with other plans and/or projects, does not have the potential to significantly affect any European Site, in light of their conservation objectives.
Therefore, a Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment is deemed not to be required.
References
Birdwatch Ireland - http://www.birdwatchireland.ie/ Accessed 05/05/21
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Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government, 2010 revision Appropriate Assessment of Plans and Projects in Ireland – Guidance for Planning Authorities ();
Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government, 2010. Appropriate Assessment under Article 6 of the Habitats Directive; Guidance for Planning Authorities. Circular NPW 1/10 and PSSP 2/10
Environmental Impact Assessment of Projects Guidance on the preparation of the Environmental Impact Assessment Report (Directive 2011/92/EU as amended by 2014/52/EU) European Union, 2017 and
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) – www.epa.ie Accessed 15/06/21
European Commission (2000) Communication from the Commission on the precautionary principle.
European Commission (EC), 2001. Assessment of Plans and Projects Significantly Affecting Natura 2000 sites: Methodical Guidance on the Provisions of Article 6(3) and (4) of the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC ();
European Commission (EC), 2018Managing Natura 2000 Sites: The Provision of Article 6 of the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC ();
Fossitt J A (2000) A Guide to Habitats in Ireland. The Heritage Council, Kilkenny
Gilbert G, Stanbury A and Lewis L (2021), “Birds of Conservation Concern in Ireland 2020 – 2026”. Irish Birds 43: 1-22
Heritage Council, 2011. Best Practice Guidance for Habitat Survey and Mapping
Invasive Species Ireland - http://www.invasivespeciesireland.com/ Accessed 15/06/21
National Biodiversity Data Centre – www.biodiversityireland.ie Accessed 15/06/21
NPWS (2012a) Conservation Objectives: Blackwater River (Cork/Waterford) SAC 002170, Version 1. NPWS, Department of Arts, Heritage & the Gaeltacht.
NPWS (2012b) Conservation Objectives: Blackwater Estuary SPA 004028. Version 1.0. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht.
NPWS (2015a). Conservation Objectives: Ballymacoda (Clonpriest and Pillmore) SAC 000077 NPWS, Department of Arts, Heritage & the Gaeltacht.
NPWS (2015b) Conservation Objectives: Ballymacoda Bay SPA 004023 Version 1. NPWS, Department of Arts, Heritage & the Gaeltacht.
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Appendices
Appendix 1 Site synopses
Blackwater River (Cork/Waterford) SAC (Site Code 2170) Site Synopsis
The River Blackwater is one of the largest rivers in Ireland, draining a major part of Co. Cork and five ranges of mountains. In times of heavy rainfall the levels can fluctuate widely by more than 12 feet on the gauge at Careysville. The peaty nature of the terrain in the upper reaches and of some of the tributaries gives the water a pronounced dark colour. The site consists of the freshwater stretches of the River Blackwater as far upstream as Ballydesmond, the tidal stretches as far as Youghal Harbour and many tributaries, the larger of which include the Licky, Bride, Flesk, Chimneyfield, Finisk, Araglin, Awbeg (Buttevant), Clyda, Glen, Allow, Dalua, Brogeen, Rathcool, Finnow, Owentaraglin and Awnaskirtaun. The portions of the Blackwater and its tributaries that fall within this SAC flow through the counties of Kerry, Cork, Limerick, Tipperary and Waterford. Nearby towns include Rathmore, Millstreet, Kanturk, Banteer, Mallow, Buttevant, Doneraile, Castletownroche, Fermoy, Ballyduff, Rathcormac, Tallow, Lismore, Cappoquin and Youghal.
The site is a Special Area of Conservation (SAC) selected for the following habitats and/or species listed on Annex I / II of the E.U. Habitats Directive (* = priority; numbers in brackets are Natura 2000 codes):
• [1130] Estuaries • [1140] Tidal Mudflats and Sandflats • [1220] Perennial Vegetation of Stony Banks • [1310] Salicornia Mud • [1330] Atlantic Salt Meadows • [1410] Mediterranean Salt Meadows • [3260] Floating River Vegetation • [91A0] Old Oak Woodlands • [91E0] Alluvial Forests* • [1029] Freshwater Pearl Mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) • [1092] White-clawed Crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes) • [1095] Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) • [1096] Brook Lamprey (Lampetra planeri) • [1099] River Lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) • [1103] Twaite Shad (Alosa fallax) • [1106] Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) • [1355] Otter (Lutra lutra) • [1421] Killarney Fern (Trichomanes speciosum)
The conservation objectives for the site are detailed in: NPWS (2012) Conservation Objectives: Blackwater River (Cork/Waterford) SAC 002170, Version 1. NPWS, Department of Arts, Heritage & the Gaeltacht (dated 31 July 2012). The overall aim of the Habitats Directive is to maintain or restore the favourable conservation status of habitats and species of community interest.
The Blackwater rises in boggy land in east Kerry, where Namurian grits and shales build the low heather-covered plateaux. Near Kanturk the plateaux enclose a basin of productive Coal Measures. On leaving the Namurian rocks the Blackwater turns eastwards along the northern slopes of the Boggeragh Mountains before entering the narrow limestone strike vale at Mallow. The valley deepens as first the Nagles Mountains and then the Knockmealdowns impinge upon it. Interesting geological features along this stretch of the Blackwater Valley include limestone cliffs and caves near the villages and small towns of Killavullen and Ballyhooly; the Killavullen caves contain fossil
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material from the end of the glacial period. The associated basic soils in this area support the growth of plant communities which are rare in Cork because in general the county’s rocks are acidic. At Cappoquin the river suddenly turns south and cuts through high ridges of Old Red Sandstone. The Araglin valley is predominantly underlain by sandstone, with limestone occurring in the lower reaches near Fermoy.
Wet woodlands are found where river embankments have broken down and channel edges are subject to daily inundation. This is particularly evident in the steep-sided valley of the River Bride, between Cappoquin and Youghal. The river side of the embankments was often used for willow growing in the past (most recently at Cappoquin) so that the channel is lined by narrow woods of White and Almondleaved Willow (Salix alba and S. triandra), with isolated Crack Willow (S. fragilis) and Osier (S. viminalis). Rusty Willow (S. cinerea subsp. oleifolia) spreads naturally into the sites and occasionally, as at Villierstown on the Blackwater and Sapperton on the Bride, forms woods with a distinctive mix of woodland and marsh plants, including Gypsywort (Lycopus europaeus), Guelder-rose (Viburnum opulus), Bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara) and various mosses and algae. These wet woodlands form one of the most extensive tracts of the wet woodland habitat in the country.
A small stand of Yew (Taxus baccata) woodland occurs within the site. This is on a limestone ridge at Dromana, near Villierstown. While there are some patches of the wood with a canopy of Yew and some very old trees, the quality is generally poor due to the dominance of non-native and invasive species such as Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus), Beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menzsisii). However, it does have the potential to develop into a Yew dominated stand in the long term and the site should continue to be monitored.
Marshes and reedbeds cover most of the flat areas beside the rivers and often occur in mosaic with the wet woodland. Common Reed (Phragmites australis) is ubiquitous and is harvested for thatching. There is also much Marsh-marigold (Caltha palustris) and, at the edges of the reeds, the Greater and Lesser Pond-sedge (Carex riparia and C. acutiformis). Hemlock Water-dropwort (Oenanthe crocata), Wild Angelica (Angelica sylvestris), Reed Canary-grass (Phalaris arundinacea), Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria), Common Nettle (Urtica dioica), Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), Common Valerian (Valeriana officinalis), Water Mint (Mentha aquatica) and Water Forget-me-not (Myosotis scorpioides) are all also found.
At Banteer there are a number of hollows in the sediments of the floodplain where subsidence and subterranean drainage have created isolated wetlands, sunk below the level of the surrounding fields. The water rises and falls in these holes depending on the water table and several different communities have developed on the acidic or neutral sediments. Many of the ponds are ringed with Rusty Willow, rooted in the mineral soils but sometimes collapsed into the water. Beneath the densest stands are woodland herbs like Yellow Pimpernel (Lysimachia nemorum), with locally abundant Common Water-starwort (Callitriche stagnalis) and Marsh Ragwort (Senecio aquaticus). One of the depressions has Silver Birch (Betula pendula), Ash (Fraxinus excelsior), Crab Apple (Malus sylvestris) and a little Pedunculate Oak (Quercus robur) in addition to the willows.
Floating river vegetation is found along much of the freshwater stretches within the site. The species list is quite extensive, with species such as water-crowfoots, including Pond Water-crowfoot (Ranunculus peltatus), Canadian Pondweed (Elodea canadensis), pondweed species, including Broad-leaved Pondweed (Potamogeton natans), water-milfoil species (Myriophyllum spp.), Common Club-rush (Scirpus lacustris), water-starwort species (Callitriche spp.), Lesser Water-parsnip (Berula erecta) particularly on the Awbeg, Water-cress (Nasturtium officinale), Hemlock Waterdropwort, Fine-leaved Water-dropwort (O. aquatica), Common Duckweed (Lemna minor), Yellow Water-lily (Nuphar lutea), Unbranched Bur-reed (Sparganium emersum) and the moss Fontinalis antipyretica all occurring.
The grasslands adjacent to the rivers of the site are generally heavily improved, although liable to flooding in many places. However, fields of more species-rich wet grassland with species such as Yellow Iris (Iris pseudacorus), Meadowsweet, Meadow Buttercup (Ranunculus acris) and rushes (Juncus spp.) occur occasionally. Extensive fields of wet grassland also occur at Annagh Bog on the Awbeg. These fields are dominated by Tufted Hair-grass (Deschampsia cespitosa) and rushes.
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The Blackwater Valley has a number of dry woodlands; these have mostly been managed by the estates in which they occur, frequently with the introduction of Beech and a few conifers, and sometimes of the invasive species Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) and Cherry Laurel (Prunus laurocerasus). Oak woodland is well developed on sandstone about Ballinatray, with the acid oak woodland community of Holly (Ilex aquifolium), Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), Great Wood-rush (Luzula sylvatica) and the ferns Dryopteris affinis and D. aemula occurring in one place. Irish Spurge (Euphorbia hyberna) continues eastwards on acid rocks from its headquarters to the west, but there are also many plants of richer soils, for example Wood Violet (Viola reichenbachiana), Goldilocks Buttercup (Ranunculus auricomus), Broad-leaved Helleborine (Epipactis helleborine) and Red Campion (Silene dioica). Oak woodland is also found in Rincrew, Carrigane, Glendine, Newport and Dromana. The spread of Rhododendron is locally a problem, as is over-grazing. A few limestone rocks stand over the river in places showing traces of a less acidic woodland type with Ash, False Brome (Brachypodium sylvaticum) and Early-purple Orchid (Orchis mascula).
In the vicinity of Lismore, two deep valleys cut in Old Red Sandstone join to form the Owenashad River before flowing into the Blackwater at Lismore. These valleys retain something close to their original cover of oak with Downy Birch (Betula pubescens), Holly and Hazel (Corylus avellana) also occurring. There has been much planting of Beech (as well as some of coniferous species) among the oak on the shallower slopes and here both Rhododendron and Cherry Laurel have invaded the woodland.
The oak wood community in the Lismore and Glenmore valleys is of the classic upland type, in which some Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) and Downy Birch occur. Honeysuckle (Lonicera periclymenum) and Ivy (Hedera helix) cover many of the trees while Great Wood-rush, Bluebell (Hyacinthoides non-scripta), Wood-sorrel (Oxalis acetosella) and, locally, Bilberry dominate the ground flora. Ferns present on the site include Hard Fern (Blechnum spicant), Male Fern (Dryopteris filix-mas), the bucklerferns D. dilatata and D. aemula, and Lady Fern (Athyrium felix-femina). There are many mosses present and large species such as Rhytidiadelphus spp., Polytrichum formosum, Mnium hornum and Dicranum spp. are noticeable. The lichen flora is important and includes 'old forest' species which imply a continuity of woodland here since ancient times. Tree Lungwort (Lobaria spp.) is the most conspicuous and is widespread.
The Araglin valley consists predominantly of broadleaved woodland. Oak and Beech are joined by Hazel, Wild Cherry (Prunus avium) and Goat Willow (Salix caprea). The ground flora is relatively rich, with Pignut (Conopodium majus), Ramsons (Allium ursinum), Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) and Wild Strawberry (Fragaria vesca). The presence of Ivy Broomrape (Orobanche hederae), a local species within Ireland, suggests that the woodland, along with its attendant Ivy, is long established.
Along the lower reaches of the Awbeg River, the valley sides are generally cloaked with mixed deciduous woodland of estate origin. The dominant species is Beech, although a range of other species are also present, e.g. Sycamore, Ash and Horsechestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum).
In places the alien invasive species Cherry Laurel dominates the understorey. Parts of the woodlands are more semi-natural in composition, being dominated by Ash, with Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) and Spindle (Euonymus europaea) also present. However, the most natural areas of woodland appear to be the wet areas dominated by Alder and willows (Salix spp.). The ground flora of the dry woodland areas features species such as Pignut, Wood Avens (Geum urbanum), Ivy and Soft Shield-fern (Polystichum setiferum), while the ground flora of the wet woodland areas contains characteristic species such as Remote Sedge (Carex remota) and Opposite- leaved Golden-saxifrage (Chrysosplenium oppositifolium). In places along the upper Bride, scrubby, semi-natural deciduous woodland of willow, oak and Rowan occurs, with abundant Great Wood-rush in the ground flora.
The Bunaglanna River passes down a very steep valley, flowing in a north-south direction to meet the Bride River. It flows through blanket bog to heath and then scattered woodland. The higher levels of moisture here enable a vigorous moss and fern community to flourish, along with a well-developed epiphyte community on the tree trunks and branches.
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At Banteer a type of wetland occurs near the railway line which offers a complete contrast to the others. Old turf banks are colonised by Royal Fern (Osmunda regalis) and Eared Willow (Salix aurita), and between them there is a sheet of Bottle Sedge (Carex rostrata), Marsh Cinquefoil (Potentilla palustris), Bogbean (Menyanthes trifoliata), Marsh St. John's-wort (Hypericum elodes) and the mosses Sphagnum auriculatum and Aulacomnium palustre. The cover is a scraw (i.e. floating vegetation) with characteristic species like Marsh Willowherb (Epilobium palustre) and Early Marshorchid (Dactylorhiza incarnata).
The soil high up the Lismore valleys and in rocky places is poor in nutrients but it becomes richer where streams enter and also along the valley bottoms. In such sites Wood Speedwell (Veronica montana), Wood Anemone (Anemone nemorosa), Enchanter's-nightshade (Circaea lutetiana), Barren Strawberry (Potentilla sterilis) and shield-fern (Polystichum sp.) occur. There is some Ramsons, Three-nerved Sandwort (Moehringia trinervia) and Early-purple Orchid (Orchis mascula) locally, with Opposite-leaved Golden-saxifrage, Meadowsweet and Bugle (Ajuga reptans) in wet places. A stand of Hazel woodland at the base of the Glenakeeffe valley shows this community well.
The area has been subject to much tree felling in the recent past and re-sprouting stumps have given rise to areas of bushy Hazel, Holly, Rusty Willow and Downy Birch. The ground in the clearings is heathy with Heather (Calluna vulgaris), Slender St John's-wort (Hypericum pulchrum) and the occasional Broom (Cytisus scoparius) occurring.
The estuary and the habitats within and associated with it form a large component of the site. Very extensive areas of intertidal flats, comprised of substrates ranging from fine, silty mud to coarse sand with pebbles/stones are present. The main expanses occur at the southern end of the site, with the best examples at Kinsalebeg in Co. Waterford, and between Youghal and the main bridge north of it across the river in Co. Cork. Other areas occur along the tributaries of the Licky in east Co. Waterford, and Glendine, Newport, Bride and Killahaly Rivers in Waterford west of the Blackwater. There are also large tracts along the Tourig River in Co. Cork. There are narrow bands of intertidal flats along the main river as far north as Camphire Island. Patches of green filamentous algae (Ulva sp. and Enteromorpha sp.) occur in places, while fucoid algae are common on the more stony flats, even as high upstream as Glenassy or Coneen.
The area of saltmarsh within the site is small. The best examples occur at the mouths of the tributaries and in the townlands of Foxhole and Blackbog. Those found are generally characteristic of Atlantic salt meadows. The species list at Foxhole consists of Common Saltmarsh-grass (Puccinellia maritima), small amounts of Greater Seaspurrey (Spergularia media), glasswort (Salicornia sp.), Sea Arrowgrass (Triglochin maritima), Annual Sea-blite (Suaeda maritima) and Sea Purslane (Halimione portulacoides) - the latter a very recent coloniser. Some Sea Aster (Aster tripolium) occurs, generally with Creeping Bent (Agrostis stolonifera). Sea Couch (Elymus pycnanthus) and small isolated clumps of Sea Club-rush (Scirpus maritimus) are also seen. On the Tourig River additional saltmarsh species found include sea-lavenders (Limoniun spp.), Thrift (Armeria maritima), Red Fescue (Festuca rubra), Common Scurvygrass (Cochlearia officinalis) and Sea Plantain (Plantago maritima). Oraches (Atriplex spp.) are found on channel edges. Species such as Saltmarsh Rush (Juncus gerardi) and Sea Rush (J. maritimus) are found in places in this site also, and are indicative of Mediterranean salt meadows. Areas of Salicornia mud are found at the eastern side of the townland of Foxbole above Youghal, at Blackbog, along the Tourig and Kinsalebeg esturaies.
The shingle spit at Ferrypoint supports a good example of perennial vegetation of stony banks. The spit is composed of small stones and cobbles and has a well-developed and diverse flora. At the lowest part, Sea Beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima), Curled Dock (Rumex crispus) and Yellow Horned-poppy (Glaucium flavum) occur, while at a slightly higher level Sea Mayweed (Matricaria maritima), Cleavers (Galium aparine), Rock Samphire (Crithmum maritimum), Sea Sandwort (Honkenya peploides), Spear-leaved Orache (Atriplex prostrata) and Babington’s Orache (A. glabriuscula). Other species present include Sea Rocket (Cakile maritima), Herb-Robert (Geranium robertianum), Red Fescue and Kidney Vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria). The top of the spit is more vegetated and supports lichens and bryophytes, including Tortula ruraliformis and Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus.
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The site supports several Red Data Book plant species, i.e. Starved Wood-sedge (Carex depauperata), Killarney Fern (Trichomanes speciosum), Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium), Bird’s-nest Orchid (Neottia nidus-avis), Golden Dock (Rumex maritimus) and Bird Cherry (Prunus padus). The first three of these are also protected under the Flora (Protection) Order, 2015, while the Killarney Fern is also listed on Annex II of the E.U. Habitats Directive. The following plants, relatively rare nationally, are also found within the site: Toothwort (Lathraea squamaria) - associated with woodlands on the Awbeg and Blackwater; Summer Snowflake (Leucojum aestivum) and Flowering Rush (Butomus umbellatus) on the Blackwater; Common Calamint (Calamintha ascendens), Red Campion, Sand Leek (Allium scorodoprasum) and Wood Club-rush (Scirpus sylvaticus) on the Awbeg.
The site is also important for the presence of several E.U. Habitats Directive Annex II animal species, including Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), Brook Lamprey (Lampetra planeri), River Lamprey (L. fluviatilis), Twaite Shad (Alosa fallax fallax), Freshwater Pearl Mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera), Otter (Lutra lutra) and Salmon (Salmo salar). The Awbeg supports a population of White-clawed Crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes). This threatened species has been recorded from a number of locations and its remains are also frequently found in Otter spraints, particularly in the lower reaches of the river. The freshwater stretches of the Blackwater and Bride Rivers are designated salmonid rivers. The Blackwater is noted for its enormous run of salmon over the years. The river is characterised by significant pools, streams, glides, and generally, a good push of water coming through except in very low water. Spring salmon fishing can be carried out as far upstream as Fermoy and is highly regarded especially at Careysville. The Bride, main Blackwater upstream of Fermoy, and some of the tributaries are more associated with grilse fishing.
The site supports many of the mammal species occurring in Ireland. Those which are listed in the Irish Red Data Book include Pine Marten, Badger and Irish Hare. The bat species Natterer’s Bat, Daubenton’s Bat, Whiskered Bat, Brown Long-eared Bat and Pipistrelle, can be seen feeding along the river, roosting under the old bridges and in old buildings.
Common Frog, a Red Data Book species that is also legally protected (Wildlife Act, 1976), occurs throughout the site. The rare bush cricket Metrioptera roselii (Order Orthoptera) has been recorded in the reed/willow vegetation of the river embankment on the Lower Blackwater River. The Swan Mussel (Anodonta cygnea), a scarce species nationally, occurs at a few sites along the freshwater stretches of the Blackwater.
Several bird species listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive are found on the site. Some use it as a staging area, others are vagrants, while others use it more regularly. Internationally important numbers of Whooper Swan (average peak 174, 1994/95-95/96) and nationally important numbers Bewick's Swan (average peak 5, 1996/97- 2000/01) use the Blackwater Callows. Golden Plover occur in regionally important numbers on the Blackwater estuary (average peak 885, 1984/85-86/87) and on the River Bride (absolute maximum 2,141, 1994/95). Staging Terns visit the site annually, with >300 Sandwich Tern and >200 Arctic/Common Tern (average peak 1974-1994). The site also supports populations of the following: Red Throated Diver, Great Northern Diver, Barnacle Goose, Ruff, Wood Sandpiper and Greenland Whitefronted Goose. Three breeding territories for Peregrine Falcon are known along the Blackwater Valley. This, the Awbeg and the Bride River are also thought to support at least 30 pairs of Kingfisher. Little Egret breed at the site (12 pairs in 1997, 19 pairs in 1998).
The site holds important numbers of wintering waterfowl. Both the Blackwater Callows and the Blackwater Estuary Special Protection Areas (SPAs) hold internationally important numbers of Black-tailed Godwit (average peak 847, 1994/95-95/96 on the callows, average peak 845, 1974/75-93/94 in the estuary). The Blackwater Callows also hold Wigeon (average peak 2,752), Teal (average peak 1,316), Mallard (average peak 427), Shoveler (average peak 28), Lapwing (average peak 880), Curlew (average peak 416) and Black-headed Gull (average peak 396) (counts from 1994/95-95/96). Numbers of birds using the Blackwater Estuary, given as the mean of the highest monthly maxima over 20 years (1974-94), are Shelduck (137 +10 breeding pairs), Wigeon (780), Teal (280), Mallard (320 + 10 breeding pairs), Goldeneye (11-97), Oystercatcher (340), Ringed Plover (50 + 4 breeding pairs), Grey Plover (36), Lapwing (1,680), Knot (150), Dunlin (2,293), Snipe (272), Black-tailed Godwit (845), Bar-tailed Godwit (130), Curlew (920), Redshank (340), Turnstone (130), Black-headed Gull (4,000) and Lesser Black-backed Gull (172). The greatest numbers (75%) of the wintering waterfowl of the estuary are located in the Kinsalebeg area on the
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east of the estuary in Co. Waterford. The remainder are concentrated along the Tourig estuary on the Co. Cork side.
The river and river margins also support many Heron, non-breeding Cormorant and Mute Swan (average peak 53, 1994/95-95/96 in the Blackwater Callows). Heron occurs all along the Bride and Blackwater Rivers: 2 or 3 pairs at Dromana Rock; approximately 25 pairs in the woodland opposite; 8 pairs at Ardsallagh Wood and around 20 pairs at Rincrew Wood have been recorded. Some of these are quite large and significant heronries. Significant numbers of Cormorant are found north of the bridge at Youghal and there are some important roosts present at Ardsallagh Wood, downstream of Strancally Castle and at the mouth of the Newport River. Of note are the high numbers of wintering Pochard (e.g. 275 individuals in 1997) found at Ballyhay quarry on the Awbeg, the best site for Pochard in Co. Cork.
Other important species found within the site include Long-eared Owl, which occurs all along the Blackwater River, and Barn Owl, a Red Data Book species, which is found in some old buildings and in Castlehyde, west of Fermoy. Reed Warbler, a scarce breeding species in Ireland, was found for the first time in the site in 1998 at two locations. It is not known whether or not this species breeds on the site, although it breeds nearby to the south of Youghal. Dipper occurs on the rivers.
Land use at the site is mainly centred on agricultural activities. The banks of much of the site and the callows, which extend almost from Fermoy to Cappoquin, are dominated by improved grasslands which are drained and heavily fertilised. These areas are grazed and used for silage production. Slurry is spread over much of this area. Arable crops are also grown. The spreading of slurry and fertiliser poses a threat to the water quality of this salmonid river and to the populations of E.U. Habitats Directive Annex II animal species within it. Many of the woodlands along the rivers belong to old estates and support many non-native species. Little active woodland management occurs. Fishing is a main tourist attraction along stretches of the Blackwater and its tributaries, and there are a number of angler associations, some with a number of beats. Fishing stands and styles have been erected in places. Both commercial and leisure fishing takes place on the rivers. Other recreational activities such as boating, golfing and walking are also popular. Water skiing is carried out at Villierstown. Parts of Doneraile Park and Anne’s Grove are included in the site: both areas are primarily managed for amenity purposes. There is some hunting of game birds and Mink within the site. Ballyhay quarry is still actively quarried for sand and gravel. Several industrial developments, which discharge into the river, border the site.
The main threats to the site and current damaging activities include high inputs of nutrients into the river system from agricultural run-off and several sewage plants, dredging of the upper reaches of the Awbeg, over-grazing within the woodland areas, and invasion by non-native species, for example Rhododendron and Cherry Laurel.
Overall, the River Blackwater is of considerable conservation significance for the occurrence of good examples of habitats and populations of plant and animal species that are listed on Annexes I and II of the E.U. Habitats Directive respectively. Furthermore, it is of high conservation value for the populations of bird species that use it. Two Special Protection Areas, designated under the E.U. Birds Directive, are also located within the site - Blackwater Callows and Blackwater Estuary. Additionally, the importance of the site is enhanced by the presence of a suite of uncommon plant species.
Site Name: Ballymacoda (Clonpriest and Pillmore) SAC (Site Code 000077)
This coastal site stretches north-east from Ballymacoda to within about 6 km of Youghal, Co. Cork. Though moderate in size, it has a good diversity of coastal habitats, including several listed on Annex I of the E.U. Habitats Directive.
The site is a Special Area of Conservation (SAC) selected for the following habitats and/or species listed on Annex I / II of the E.U. Habitats Directive (* = priority; numbers in brackets are Natura 2000 codes): [1130] Estuaries, [1140] Tidal Mudflats and Sandflats, [1310] Salicornia Mud, [1330] Atlantic Salt Meadows, and [1410] Mediterranean salt meadows (Juncetalia maritimi).
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The site comprises the estuary of the Womanagh River, a substantial river which drains a large agricultural catchment. Part of the tidal section of the river is included in the site and on the seaward side the boundary extends to the low tide mark. The inner part of the estuary is well sheltered by a stabilised sandy peninsula (Ring peninsula). Intertidal mudflats and sandflats, which form part of the overall estuarine habitat, are well represented. The sediment types vary from muds to muddy sands in the inner part, to fine rippled sands in the outer exposed part. The macro-invertebrate fauna of the intertidal flats is well-developed, with the following species occurring: Corophium volutator, Hediste diversicolor, Arenicola marina, Macoma balthica, Scrobicularia plana, Cerastoderma edule and Lanice conchilega. In the more sheltered areas the intertidal flats are colonised by mats of green algae (mostly Enteromorpha spp.), with brown seaweeds occurring on the rocky shores of the shingle spits.
The main channel is flanked by saltmarshes and wet fields, much of the latter being improved for agriculture. The saltmarshes are mainly classified as Atlantic salt meadows, with such species as Sea Purslane (Halimione portulacoides), Lax-flowered Sea Lavender (Limonium humile) and Sea Milkwort (Glaux maritima). A large area of Mediterranean salt meadows is found on the island at Clonpriest East. This saltmarsh is well-established and has a well-developed topography with a highly representative vegetation cover. There is some saltmarsh dominated by dense Sea Rush (Juncus maritimus). This is a typical grassy upper Mediterranean salt meadow community and is located along the terrestrial grassy ridge and represents one of the upper saltmarsh communities in the overall saltmarsh zonation. The habitat is not grazed and a generally tall sward height is present. Other species present include frequent Red Fescue (Festuca rubra) and smaller amounts of Creeping Bent (Agrostis stolonifera), Saltmarsh Rush (Juncus gerardii), Common Scurvy-grass (Cochlearia officinalis), Sea Milkwort, Sea Plantain (Plantago maritima) and Sea Arrowgrass (Triglochin maritima). Curled Dock (Rumex crispus) is also present on some mounds. A range of passage waders occurs regularly in autumn, including such species as Ruff (5-10), Spotted Redshank (1-5) and Green Sandpiper (1-5). Numbers vary between years and usually a few of each of these species over-winter.
A similar community is also found in the established saltmarsh along the west side of The Duck. This community also contains Parsley Water-dropwort (Oenanthe lachenalii) and Distant Sedge (Carex distans). Sea Rush occasionally extends its distribution into a transitional zone landward of the Mediterranean salt meadow that is dominated by Common Couch (Elymus repens). There is also some mosaic type vegetation present with less frequent cover of Sea Rush inter-mixed with a midmarsh Armeria-Plantago sward. The Sea Rush clumps are present on small grassy tussocks with Red Fescue and Sea Milkwort. Other species present in this vegetation community include Sea Aster (Aster tripolium), Lax-flowered Sea Lavender, Saltmarsh Rush and Sea Purslane (Atriplex portulacoides). This community has a well-developed salt pan topography. Small amounts of Common Cordgrass (Spartina townsendii) are found within this community within some of the pans.
A rarer sub-type of Mediterranean salt meadow with Borrer’s Saltmarsh-grass (Puccinellia fasciculata) as an indicator species is present at this site. This is a very notable population of this rare species, which is listed on the Flora (Protection) Order, 2015 and is also listed in the Red Data book. The species is only found from seven 10km2 squares along the Barrow Estuary, Wexford and Dublin shorelines since 1960. The Borrer’s Saltmarsh-grass is present in a narrow band of saltmarsh developing along the upper extent of tidal inundation in the area behind the embankment.
Part of the site is also a Special Protection Area (SPA) for birds; the main interest of the area lies in its waterfowl, with flocks of up to 20,000 regularly present during winter (e.g. 5 year mean peak, 1995/96-1999/00 = 24,784). A total of 107 wetland species have been recorded from this site. Of particular note is that the site supports an internationally important population of Black-tailed Godwit (899, average peak 1995/96–1999/00). In addition, it supports nationally important populations of a further 15 species (all figures are average peaks for the 5 winters 1995/96 to 1999/2000): Shelduck (150), Wigeon (1,232), Teal (1,170), Ringed Plover (236), Golden Plover (14,480), Grey Plover (688), Lapwing (5,893), Knot (378), Sanderling (147), Dunlin (4,410), Bar-tailed Godwit (792), Curlew (1,621), Redshank (511), Greenshank (24) and Turnstone (191). The presence of large flocks of Golden Plover and Bartailed Godwit is of particular note as these species are listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive. A range of other species have populations of regional or local importance, including Brent Goose (100), Shoveler (29) and Oystercatcher (682). The site is also notable for supporting large concentrations of gulls in autumn and winter. Principal species are Black-headed Gull (2,320), Common Gull (1,220), Lesser Blackbacked Gull (6,285), Herring Gull (128) and Great Black-backed Gull (455).
Much of the land adjacent to the estuary has been reclaimed and is subject to intensive agriculture, with cattle grazing and silage being the most common land uses. However, many of these fields remain marshy and are
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important feeding and roosting areas for wildfowl, Golden Plover and Lapwing. The most serious threat to the site is water pollution, primarily from slurry spreading.
Ballymacoda is a fine example of an estuarine complex, with intertidal flats well represented. The site is of high conservation importance because several of the habitats present are listed on Annex I of the E.U. Habitats Directive. However, there is also considerable ornithological interest; Ballymacoda is one of the most important bird sites in the country and supports a higher number of waders than any other Co. Cork estuary of its size. It also contains important numbers of Golden Plover and Bar-tailed Godwit, two E.U. Birds Directive Annex I species, an internationally important population of Black-tailed Godwit, and nationally important numbers of a further 13 bird species.
Site Name: Ballymacoda Bay SPA (Site Code 004023)
This coastal site stretches north-east from Ballymacoda to within several kilometres of Youghal, Co. Cork. It comprises the estuary of the Womanagh River, a substantial river which drains a large agricultural catchment. Part of the tidal section of the river is included in the site and on the seaward side the boundary extends to, and includes, Bog Rock, Barrel Rocks and Black Rock. The inner part of the estuary is well sheltered by the Ring peninsula, a stabilised sand spit with sand dunes at its northern end and salt marshes on the landward side. Sediment types vary from muds to muddy sands in the inner part to fine rippled sands in the outer exposed part. The macroinvertebrate fauna of the intertidal flats is well-developed, with the following species occurring: Ragworm (Hediste diversicolor), the crustacean Corophium volutator, Lugworm (Arenicola marina), Baltic Tellin (Macoma balthica), Peppery Furrowshell (Scrobicularia plana), Common Cockle (Cerastoderma edule) and the tubeworm Lanice conchilega. In the more sheltered areas the intertidal flats are colonised by mats of green algae (mostly Ulva spp.), with brown seaweeds occurring on the rocky shores of the shingle spits. Common Cord-grass (Spartina anglica) has spread within the estuary since the late 1970s. The main channel is flanked by salt marshes and wet fields, much of the latter being improved for agriculture.
The site is a Special Protection Area (SPA) under the E.U. Birds Directive, of special conservation interest for the following species: Wigeon, Teal, Ringed Plover, Golden Plover, Grey Plover, Lapwing, Sanderling, Dunlin, Black- tailed Godwit, Bar-tailed Godwit, Curlew, Redshank, Turnstone, Black-headed Gull, Common Gull and Lesser Black-backed Gull. The site is also of special conservation interest for holding an assemblage of over 20,000 wintering waterbirds. The E.U. Birds Directive pays particular attention to wetlands and, as these form part of this SPA, the site and its associated waterbirds are of special conservation interest for Wetland & Waterbirds.
Ballymacoda Bay is of high ornithological importance for supporting an excellent diversity and large number of wintering waterbirds – it is of international importance because it regularly supports an assemblage of over 20,000 birds. The site provides both feeding and roosting areas for the birds. Furthermore, both Golden Plover (10,920) and Black-tailed Godwit (765) occur here in internationally important numbers (all counts given are mean peaks for the five year period 1995/96- 1999/2000). A further eleven species of waders and ducks occur here in nationally important numbers, i.e. Wigeon (907), Teal (887), Ringed Plover (153), Grey Plover (535), Lapwing (4,063), Sanderling (98), Dunlin (3,192), Bar-tailed Godwit (581), Curlew (1,145), Redshank (357) and Turnstone (137). The site is also notable for supporting nationally important populations of some gull species in autumn and winter: Black-headed Gull (1,560), Common Gull (1,120) and Lesser Black-backed Gull (5,051). A total of 107 species were recorded from the site between 1971 and 1988.
Ballymacoda Bay SPA is one of the most important sites in the country for wintering waterfowl. It qualifies for international importance on the basis of regularly exceeding 20,000 wintering birds but also for its Golden Plover and Black-tailed Godwit populations. In addition, it supports nationally important populations of a further fourteen species. Two of the species which occur, Golden Plover and Bartailed Godwit, are listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive. Ballymacoda Bay is also a Ramsar Convention site.
Blackwater Estuary SPA
The Blackwater Estuary SPA is a moderately-sized, sheltered south-facing estuary, which extends from Youghal New Bridge to the Ferry Point peninsula, close to where the river enters the sea. It comprises a section of the main channel of the River Blackwater to Ballynaclash Quay. At low tide, intertidal flats are exposed on both sides of the channel. On the eastern side the intertidal channel as far as Kinsalebeg and Moord Cross Roads is included, while on the west side the site includes part of the estuary of the Tourig River as far as Kilmagner.
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The intertidal sediments are mostly muds or sandy muds, reflecting the sheltered conditions of the estuary. Green algae (Ulva spp.) are frequent on the mudflats during summer, and Bladder Wrack (Fucus vesiculosus) occurs on the upper more stony shorelines. The sediments have a macrofauna typical of muddy sands, with polychaete worms such as Lugworm (Arenicola marina), Ragworm (Hediste diversicolor) and the marine bristle worm Nephtys hombergii being common. Salt marshes fringe the estuarine channels, especially in the sheltered creeks.
The site is a Special Protection Area (SPA) under the E.U. Birds Directive, of special conservation interest for the following species: Wigeon, Golden Plover, Lapwing, Dunlin, Black-tailed Godwit, Bar-tailed Godwit, Curlew and Redshank. The E.U. Birds Directive pays particular attention to wetlands and, as these form part of this SPA, the site and its associated waterbirds are of special conservation interest for Wetland & Waterbirds.
The Blackwater Estuary is of high ornithological importance for wintering waterfowl, providing good quality feeding areas for an excellent diversity of waterfowl species. At high tide, the birds roost along the shoreline and salt marsh fringe, especially in the Kinsalebeg area. The site supports an internationally important population of Black- tailed Godwit (620) and has a further seven species with nationally important populations: Wigeon (953), Golden Plover (2,628), Lapwing (3,054), Dunlin (1,807), Bar-tailed Godwit (161), Curlew (1,007) and Redshank (520) - all figures are mean peaks for the five winters 1995/96 to 1999/2000.
Other species which occur include Light-bellied Brent Goose (19), Shelduck (123), Teal (407), Mallard (105), Shoveler (21), Red-breasted Merganser (7), Cormorant (43), Little Egret (12), Grey Heron (17), Oystercatcher (401), Ringed Plover (28), Grey Plover (49), Knot (43), Greenshank (25) and Turnstone (52). The site is also notable for the large concentrations of gulls that occur in autumn and winter, including Lesser Black-backed Gull (390), Black-headed Gull (345), Common Gull (253), Great Black-backed Gull (227) and Herring Gull (64).
The Blackwater Estuary SPA is an internationally important wetland site on account of the population of Black- tailed Godwit it supports. It is also of high importance in a national context, with seven species having populations which exceed the thresholds for national importance. The occurrence of Little Egret, Golden Plover and Bar-tailed Godwit is of particular note as these species are listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive. The Blackwater Estuary is also a Ramsar Convention site.
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Appendix 2. Site photographs
Photograph 1. Lighthouse and cottage looking south
Photograph 2. Rocky Shore habitat to east of site (LR1)
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Photograph 3. Access to shore
Photograph 4. Rocky shore (LR1)
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Photograph 5. Sea cliffs
Photograph 6. Sandy shore LS2
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Photograph 7. Generator room for demolition.
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