DOCSLIB.ORG

Indigenous Womxn in the Marine Corps

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Indigenous Womxn in the Marine Corps THESIS CALIFORNIASTATE UNIVERSITY SAN J\1ARCOS THESIS SIGNATURE PAGE THESIS SUBlVIITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENTOF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE MASTER OF ARTS IN SOCIOLOGICAL PRACTICE TITLE: Warrior Womxn: Indigenous Womxn in theMarine Corps AUTHOR(S): Jamie Jackson DATE OF SUCCESSFUL DEFENSE: 04/29/2020 THE THESIS HAS BEEN ACCEPTED BY THE THESIS COMMITTEE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENTOF THE REQUIREtvlENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN SOCIOLOGICAL PRACTICE Lori Walkington 05/05/2020 Co:tv1:MITTEE CHAIR SIGNATURE DATE Richelle Swan 05/05/2020 COMMITTEE MEMBER SIGNATURE DATE Sharon Elise 05/05/2020 Sl�Ma,S,Mo) COMMITTEE MEMBER SIGNATURE DATE COMMITTEE MEMBER SIGNATURE DATE Warrior Womxn: Indigenous Womxn in the Marine Corps Thesis Jamie Curtis Jackson California State University San Marcos TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................ 2 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ 3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM .......................................................................................... 8 LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................................... 12 RESEARCH ON VIOLENCE AGAINST INDIGENOUS WOMXN ................................. 13 RESEARCH ON WOMXN IN THE MILITARY ............................................................... 17 THEORY .................................................................................................................................. 20 INTERSECTIONALITY ...................................................................................................... 20 BLACK FEMININST STANDPOINT THEORY ............................................................... 22 INDIGENOUS FEMINISM ................................................................................................. 23 METHODS ............................................................................................................................... 25 PARTICIPANTS AND PROCEDURES .............................................................................. 25 DATA COLLECTION ......................................................................................................... 28 REFLEXIVITY..................................................................................................................... 29 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS .......................................................................................... 30 METHODS USED IN PREVIOUS RESEARCH ................................................................ 31 FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 33 KINSHIP AND COMMUNITY ........................................................................................... 33 THE IMPACT OF COLONIZATION: POVERTY ON INDIGENOUS RESERVATIONS ............................................................................................................................................... 38 RACE, GENDER AND THEIR INTERSECTIONS ........................................................... 44 VIOLENCE AGAINST INDIGENOUS WOMXN ............................................................. 54 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................... 77 LIMITATIONS ..................................................................................................................... 79 RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................................................... 79 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................... 82 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 85 APPENDIX A: INTERVIEW QUESTIONS ........................................................................... 93 Introduction: .......................................................................................................................... 93 APPENDIX B: INFORMED CONSENT ................................................................................. 95 APPENDIX C: RECRUITMENT FLYER ............................................................................... 98 2 ABSTRACT This qualitative research investigates the lives of 8 Indigenous womxn from various Indigenous tribes who served in the United States Marine Corps. It examines how intersecting social identities impact Indigenous womxn’s experiences with violence in the Marine Corps. Female service members experience high rates of violence in the military. Similarly, Indigenous womxn experience high rates of violence outside the military. Literature about the military tends to focus on the experiences of men and White womxn, while literature about Indigenous women in the military is non-existent. I utilized Intersectionality, Black Feminist Standpoint Theory and Indigenous Feminism to understand how intersecting social positions impact Indigenous womxn’s experiences with violence in the Marine Corps. Research data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 8 participants who were womxn or self-identified as womxn, grew up on an Indigenous reservation or community, served at least one enlistment in the Marine Corps and were enrolled with an Indigenous tribe. The findings reveal how kinship and community on the reservation shape Indigenous womxn’s social identities and how those intersecting social identities impact their experiences particularly with violence, in the Marine Corps. Key Words: Indigenous, Indigenous Feminism, Standpoint Theory, Intersectionality, Military, Marine Corps, Veterans, Rape, Sexual Assault, Indigenous Women Veterans 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Heavenly Father: Heavenly Father, you have been my greatest source of strength and inspiration. This would not have been possible without you, thank you for allowing me to do this. Chris: Babe, I would never have gotten through this program without your love and support. Thank you for holding me down and not letting me quit. I love you. xoxo Camille, Ava and Christopher: My babies, thank you for sacrificing your time with me for this thesis and for still loving me on those stressful days. I look forward to spending more time together. Mommy loves you! Shimá dóó Shizhé’é: Ahéhee’ for the love and support you have shown me on my journey. I appreciate all your help, especially with the kids. I’m also grateful to you for sharing your knowledge about our land, people and culture. You two are my greatest teachers. Ayóó Ánííníshní. Shitsilí, Shaundiin and Natalia: Thanks for your words of encouragement, support and love. I look forward to being there for Natalia one day as she navigates higher education. I love you. Shawntae, Daisy and Maricruz: Ladies! Wow, I can’t believe we did it. I could not have gotten through this without our group texts, zoom meetings and FaceTime. It was a pleasure to learn and grow with such brilliant, beautiful and badass womxn. My Committee: Dr. Walkington, Dr. Swan and Dr. Elise, thank you for always pushing and challenging me. I am so grateful for your knowledge, mentorship and guidance. Dr. Walkington, I want to especially thank you for helping me keep it together when I was feeling overwhelmed and also for being patient with me through this entire process. You are awesome! I hope to be a great scholar like you all one day. Participants: I cannot begin to express how grateful I am to you all for sharing your stories. You all have inspired me to continue climbing the ladder, so that Indigenous womxn’s voices can continue to be heard. You all possess great knowledge and resilience; may you continue to walk in beauty. Ahéhee’ 4 As I was growing up, I used to listen to my dad as he recalled his experiences of racism while serving in the United States Marine Corps. When I enlisted later, I felt prepared to encounter racism but what I was not prepared to face was sexism. In hindsight I realize that it was naïve to believe that being a womxn would not create a different experience for me. In the early eighties, womxn were not allowed to serve in the infantry; therefore, my dad did not interact with female Marines and he certainly did not have knowledge of their experiences. I attended boot camp at Parris Island, South Carolina where male and female recruits1 were strictly prohibited from interacting. This included looking in their direction as I recall a female recruit being disciplined by a Drill Instructor for staring at a male recruit. This was only the beginning because I was in for a rude awakening. When I arrived at my first duty station I was given what was called the, “don’t be a slut speech” by a female Corporal. 2 It was intended to inform me of the responsibility I had to not make other female Marines look bad by sleeping around or appearing to sleep around. It did not take me long to discover that other junior Marines were participating in a bet on who would sleep with me first. At physical training (PT), it was not uncommon for the males to feel my legs to see if I shaved. Male Marines from other commands whistled and made sexual gestures as we conducted PT on base. I remember being called Pocahontas and asked if I smoked a peace pipe or peyote because of my Native American heritage. 3 Some people
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Multiple Injustices Critical Issues in Indigenous Studies
    MULTIPLE INJUSTICES CRITICAL ISSUES IN Indigenous STUDIES Jeffrey P. Shepherd and Myla Vicenti Carpio series editors advisory board Hokulani Aikau Jennifer Nez Denetdale Eva Marie Garroutte John Maynard Alejandra Navarro-Smith Gladys Tzul Keith Camacho Margaret Elizabeth Kovach Vicente Diaz R. AÍDA HERNÁNDEZ CASTILLO MULTIPLE INJUSTICES Indigenous Women, Law, and Political Struggle in Latin America TUCSON The University of Arizona Press www.uapress.arizona.edu © 2016 The Arizona Board of Regents All rights reserved. Published 2016 Printed in the United States of America 21 20 19 18 17 16 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN-13: 978-0-8165-3249-0 (cloth) Cover design by Leigh McDonald Cover illustration produced in Pilar Hinojosa’s Sumi-e workshop in the Feminine Prison of Atlacholoaya, Morelos. Publication of this book is made possible in part by the proceeds of a permanent endowment created with the assistance of a Challenge Grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities, a federal agency. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data [to come] This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). CONTENTS List of Illustrations vii Acknowledgments ix Introduction 3 1 Activist Research on Justice and Indigenous Women’s Rights 33 2 Multiple Dialogues and Struggles for Justice: Political Genealogies of Indigenous Women in Mexico, Guatemala, and Colombia 67 3 Indigenous Justices: New Spaces of Struggle for Women 123 4 From Victims to Human Rights Defenders: International Litigation and the Struggle for Justice of Indigenous Women 163 5 From the Multicultural State to the Penal State: Incarcerated Indigenous Women and the Criminalization of Poverty 190 Final Thoughts 229 Appendix 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Protecting Native Mothers and Their Children: a Feminist Lawyerin
    William Mitchell Law Review Volume 40 | Issue 3 Article 4 2014 Protecting Native Mothers and Their hiC ldren: A Feminist Lawyering Approach Joanna Woolman Mitchell Hamline School of Law, [email protected] Sarah Deer Mitchell Hamline School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://open.mitchellhamline.edu/wmlr Recommended Citation Woolman, Joanna and Deer, Sarah (2014) "Protecting Native Mothers and Their hiC ldren: A Feminist Lawyering Approach," William Mitchell Law Review: Vol. 40: Iss. 3, Article 4. Available at: http://open.mitchellhamline.edu/wmlr/vol40/iss3/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews and Journals at Mitchell Hamline Open Access. It has been accepted for inclusion in William Mitchell Law Review by an authorized administrator of Mitchell Hamline Open Access. For more information, please contact [email protected]. © Mitchell Hamline School of Law Woolman and Deer: Protecting Native Mothers and Their Children: A Feminist Lawyerin PROTECTING NATIVE MOTHERS AND THEIR CHILDREN: A FEMINIST LAWYERING APPROACH Joanna Woolman† and Sarah Deer†† I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 944 II. BACKGROUND: NATIVE AMERICAN EXPERIENCES WITH CHILD PROTECTIVE SERVICES ................................................ 947 A. Precolonial Native Motherhood .......................................... 947 B. Colonization and Native Mothers ....................................... 950 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Ohitika Chade Wiya
    Running head: OHITIKA CHADE WIYA Ohitika Chade Wiya – Brave Hearted Woman: A Narrative of Recovery, Reclamation and Renewal of an Indigenous woman’s body image by Toni Sparkling Eyes Letendre A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation University of Alberta © Toni Sparkling Eyes Letendre, 2016 OHITIKA CHADE WIYA ii Abstract Body image research with Indigenous women typically focuses on the concept of health and their understandings of health. However, it is necessary to acknowledge how Indigenous women’s body image has been shaped through heteropatriarchy and settler colonialism. The purpose of this autoethnography was to understand Indigenous women’s body image. This study has been guided through an Indigenous perspective that draws from my own Indigenous background as a Nakota and the theoretical framework of Indigenous feminism(s). The guiding research question was ‘how can we create a safe space for Indigenous women to seek empowerment and find opportunity to share their own body image narratives of heteropatriarchal colonial and sexual violence?’ Typically, in our society when individuals speak up about the violence they experience, they are victim-blamed and shunned. When Indigenous women experience colonial or sexual violence (e.g. missing and murdered Indigenous women), they are silenced. I used epiphanies to capture these experiences and to challenge the conceptualization of Indigenous bodies within the biomedical and mainstream media discourse. I drew from remembered moments that have significantly impacted my body image experiences. I created a three-part collection of poetry and prose to capture my thoughts, feelings, and emotions from racism, sexism, and discrimination growing up in Edmonton, Alberta.
    [Show full text]
  • General Vertical Files Anderson Reading Room Center for Southwest Research Zimmerman Library
    “A” – biographical Abiquiu, NM GUIDE TO THE GENERAL VERTICAL FILES ANDERSON READING ROOM CENTER FOR SOUTHWEST RESEARCH ZIMMERMAN LIBRARY (See UNM Archives Vertical Files http://rmoa.unm.edu/docviewer.php?docId=nmuunmverticalfiles.xml) FOLDER HEADINGS “A” – biographical Alpha folders contain clippings about various misc. individuals, artists, writers, etc, whose names begin with “A.” Alpha folders exist for most letters of the alphabet. Abbey, Edward – author Abeita, Jim – artist – Navajo Abell, Bertha M. – first Anglo born near Albuquerque Abeyta / Abeita – biographical information of people with this surname Abeyta, Tony – painter - Navajo Abiquiu, NM – General – Catholic – Christ in the Desert Monastery – Dam and Reservoir Abo Pass - history. See also Salinas National Monument Abousleman – biographical information of people with this surname Afghanistan War – NM – See also Iraq War Abousleman – biographical information of people with this surname Abrams, Jonathan – art collector Abreu, Margaret Silva – author: Hispanic, folklore, foods Abruzzo, Ben – balloonist. See also Ballooning, Albuquerque Balloon Fiesta Acequias – ditches (canoas, ground wáter, surface wáter, puming, water rights (See also Land Grants; Rio Grande Valley; Water; and Santa Fe - Acequia Madre) Acequias – Albuquerque, map 2005-2006 – ditch system in city Acequias – Colorado (San Luis) Ackerman, Mae N. – Masonic leader Acoma Pueblo - Sky City. See also Indian gaming. See also Pueblos – General; and Onate, Juan de Acuff, Mark – newspaper editor – NM Independent and
    [Show full text]
  • Fort Bowie U.S
    National Park Service Fort Bowie U.S. Department of the Interior Fort Bowie National Historic Site The Chiricahua Apaches Introduction The origin of the name "Apache" probably stems from the Zuni "apachu". Apaches in fact referred to themselves with variants of "nde", simply meaning "the people". By 1850, Apache culture was a blend of influences from the peoples of the Great Plains, Great Basin, and the Southwest, particularly the Pueblos, and as time progressed—Spanish, Mexican, and the recently arriving American settler. The Apache Tribes Chiricahua speak an Athabaskan language, relating Geronimo was a member of the Bedonkohe, who them to tribes of western Canada. Migration from were closely related to the Chihenne (sometimes this region brought them to the southern plains by referred to as the Mimbres); famous leaders of the 1300, and into areas of the present-day American band included Mangas Coloradas and Victorio. Southwest and northwestern Mexico by 1500. This The Nehdni primarily dwelled in northern migration coincided with a northward thrust of Mexico under the leadership of Tuh. the Spanish into the Rio Grande and San Pedro Valleys. Cochise was a Chokonen Chiricahua leader who rose to leadership around 1856. The Chockonen Chiricahuas of southern Arizona and New primarily resided in the area of Apache Pass and Mexico were further subdivided into four bands: the Dragoon Mountains to the west. Bedonkohe, Chokonen, Chihenne, and Nehdni. Their total population ranged from 1,000 to 1,500 people. Organization and Apache population was thinly spread, scattered of Apache government and was the position that Family Life into small groups across large territories, tribal chiefs such as Cochise held.
    [Show full text]
  • In the Shadow of Billy the Kid: Susan Mcsween and the Lincoln County War Author(S): Kathleen P
    In the Shadow of Billy the Kid: Susan McSween and the Lincoln County War Author(s): Kathleen P. Chamberlain Source: Montana: The Magazine of Western History, Vol. 55, No. 4 (Winter, 2005), pp. 36-53 Published by: Montana Historical Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4520742 . Accessed: 31/01/2014 13:20 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Montana Historical Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Montana: The Magazine of Western History. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 142.25.33.193 on Fri, 31 Jan 2014 13:20:15 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions In the Shadowof Billy the Kid SUSAN MCSWEEN AND THE LINCOLN COUNTY WAR by Kathleen P. Chamberlain S C.4 C-5 I t Ia;i - /.0 I _Lf Susan McSween survivedthe shootouts of the Lincoln CountyWar and createda fortunein its aftermath.Through her story,we can examinethe strugglefor economic control that gripped Gilded Age New Mexico and discoverhow women were forced to alter their behavior,make decisions, and measuresuccess againstthe cold realitiesof the period. This content downloaded from 142.25.33.193 on Fri, 31 Jan 2014 13:20:15 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ,a- -P N1878 southeastern New Mexico declared war on itself.
    [Show full text]
  • Book of Abstracts
    Fourth Biennial EAAS Women’s Network Symposium Feminisms in American Studies in/and Crisis: Where Do We Go from Here? April 28 and 29, 2021 BOOK OF ABSTRACTS EAAS Women’s Network [email protected] http://women.eaas.eu IN COLLABORATION WITH 2 INTERSECTIONAL FEMINISM AND LITERATURE: THINKING THROUGH “UGLY FEELINGS”? Gabrielle Adjerad In light of what has been institutionalized in the nineties as “intersectionality” (Crenshaw, 1989), but emanated from a long tradition of feminism fostered by women of color (Hill-Collins, Bilge, 2016), feminist theory has increasingly shed light on the plurality of women’s experiences, the inseparable, overlapping and simultaneous differences constituting their identities, and the materiality of the various dominations engendered. At the turn of the twenty-first century, this paradigm seems compelling to address fictional diasporic narratives addressing the diverse discriminations encountered by migrant women and their descendants in the United States. However, adopting an intersectional feminist approach of literature, for research or in the classroom, raises methodological issues that this paper contends with. Some thinkers have considered the double pitfall of considering, on the one hand, the text as a mimetic document of plural lives and, on the other, of essentializing a symbolical “écriture feminine” (Felski, 1989). Some have highlighted the necessary critical movement between the archetypal dimension of gender and the social and historical individuals diversely affected by this ideology (De Lauretis, 1987). Yet, beyond this tension between an attention paid to abstraction on the one hand and experience on the other, we can consider that hegemony is made of different ideologies that may contradict one another (Balibar, Wallerstein, 1991).
    [Show full text]
  • International Womxn's
    1 Carr Center for Human Rights | International Women‘s Day MARCHMARCH 8, 2021 8, 2021 CARR CENTER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS POLICY HARVARDRealizing KENNEDY the Rights SCHOOLof Womxn and Girls Worldwide International Womxn’s Day In recognition of International Womxn’s Day this year, we spoke with faculty and fellows across the center and asked them to share their insight on one question: What do we need to focus on in the coming year to fully realize the rights of womxn and girls around the world? Here’s what they had to say. 2 Carr Center for Human Rights | International Women‘s Day Of the estimated 450 million people working in global supply chains, the vast majority of low-paid, low-skilled workers are womxn. When multinational corporations aim to maximize profits by offshoring, outsourcing, and subcontracting, they often turn to suppliers whose low prices reflect poor working conditions and indecent wages. In this context, differing social roles make womxn especially vulnerable to exploitation and abuse. Consequently, gender- based violence and pay gaps are endemic to global supply chains. COVID-19 has exacerbated this affront to womxn’s rights by slashing demand for consumer products—especially apparel, which relies heavily on the labor of womxn. Over the past year, many global supply chain workers were laid off, experienced wage theft, or worked in unsafe environments. For womxn, who often already work ELIZABETH BENNETT multiple (paying and unpaying) jobs, this has created an unconscionable spike in income- and time-poverty. In the coming year, to more fully realize the rights Research Fellow, Carr Center; of womxn and girls in global supply chains, we need to focus on gender in due Joseph M.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cretaceous System in Central Sierra County, New Mexico
    The Cretaceous System in central Sierra County, New Mexico Spencer G. Lucas, New Mexico Museum of Natural History, Albuquerque, NM 87104, [email protected] W. John Nelson, Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, IL 61820, [email protected] Karl Krainer, Institute of Geology, Innsbruck University, Innsbruck, A-6020 Austria, [email protected] Scott D. Elrick, Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, IL 61820, [email protected] Abstract (part of the Dakota Formation, Campana (Fig. 1). This is the most extensive outcrop Member of the Tres Hermanos Formation, area of Cretaceous rocks in southern New Upper Cretaceous sedimentary rocks are Flying Eagle Canyon Formation, Ash Canyon Mexico, and the exposed Cretaceous sec- Formation, and the entire McRae Group). A exposed in central Sierra County, southern tion is very thick, at about 2.5 km. First comprehensive understanding of the Cretaceous New Mexico, in the Fra Cristobal Mountains, recognized in 1860, these Cretaceous Caballo Mountains and in the topographically strata in Sierra County allows a more detailed inter- pretation of local geologic events in the context strata have been the subject of diverse, but low Cutter sag between the two ranges. The ~2.5 generally restricted, studies for more than km thick Cretaceous section is assigned to the of broad, transgressive-regressive (T-R) cycles of 150 years. (ascending order) Dakota Formation (locally deposition in the Western Interior Seaway, and includes the Oak Canyon [?] and Paguate also in terms of Laramide orogenic
    [Show full text]
  • NORMAN K Denzin Sacagawea's Nickname1, Or the Sacagawea
    NORMAN K DENZIN Sacagawea’s Nickname1, or The Sacagawea Problem The tropical emotion that has created a legendary Sacajawea awaits study...Few others have had so much sentimental fantasy expended on them. A good many men who have written about her...have obviously fallen in love with her. Almost every woman who has written about her has become Sacajawea in her inner reverie (DeVoto, 195, p. 618; see also Waldo, 1978, p. xii). Anyway, what it all comes down to is this: the story of Sacagawea...can be told a lot of different ways (Allen, 1984, p. 4). Many millions of Native American women have lived and died...and yet, until quite recently, only two – Pocahantas and Sacagawea – have left even faint tracings of their personalities on history (McMurtry, 001, p. 155). PROLOGUE 1 THE CAMERA EYE (1) 2: Introduction: Voice 1: Narrator-as-Dramatist This essay3 is a co-performance text, a four-act play – with act one and four presented here – that builds on and extends the performance texts presented in Denzin (004, 005).4 “Sacagawea’s Nickname, or the Sacagawea Problem” enacts a critical cultural politics concerning Native American women and their presence in the Lewis and Clark Journals. It is another telling of how critical race theory and critical pedagogy meet popular history. The revisionist history at hand is the history of Sacagawea and the representation of Native American women in two cultural and symbolic landscapes: the expedition journals, and Montana’s most famous novel, A B Guthrie, Jr.’s mid-century novel (1947), Big Sky (Blew, 1988, p.
    [Show full text]
  • National Conference
    NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE POPULAR CULTURE ASSOCIATION AMERICAN CULTURE ASSOCIATION In Memoriam We honor those members who passed away this last year: Mortimer W. Gamble V Mary Elizabeth “Mery-et” Lescher Martin J. Manning Douglas A. Noverr NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE POPULAR CULTURE ASSOCIATION AMERICAN CULTURE ASSOCIATION APRIL 15–18, 2020 Philadelphia Marriott Downtown Philadelphia, PA Lynn Bartholome Executive Director Gloria Pizaña Executive Assistant Robin Hershkowitz Graduate Assistant Bowling Green State University Sandhiya John Editor, Wiley © 2020 Popular Culture Association Additional information about the PCA available at pcaaca.org. Table of Contents President’s Welcome ........................................................................................ 8 Registration and Check-In ............................................................................11 Exhibitors ..........................................................................................................12 Special Meetings and Events .........................................................................13 Area Chairs ......................................................................................................23 Leadership.........................................................................................................36 PCA Endowment ............................................................................................39 Bartholome Award Honoree: Gary Hoppenstand...................................42 Ray and Pat Browne Award
    [Show full text]
  • Promise Beheld and the Limits of Place
    Promise Beheld and the Limits of Place A Historic Resource Study of Carlsbad Caverns and Guadalupe Mountains National Parks and the Surrounding Areas By Hal K. Rothman Daniel Holder, Research Associate National Park Service, Southwest Regional Office Series Number Acknowledgments This book would not be possible without the full cooperation of the men and women working for the National Park Service, starting with the superintendents of the two parks, Frank Deckert at Carlsbad Caverns National Park and Larry Henderson at Guadalupe Mountains National Park. One of the true joys of writing about the park system is meeting the professionals who interpret, protect and preserve the nation’s treasures. Just as important are the librarians, archivists and researchers who assisted us at libraries in several states. There are too many to mention individuals, so all we can say is thank you to all those people who guided us through the catalogs, pulled books and documents for us, and filed them back away after we left. One individual who deserves special mention is Jed Howard of Carlsbad, who provided local insight into the area’s national parks. Through his position with the Southeastern New Mexico Historical Society, he supplied many of the photographs in this book. We sincerely appreciate all of his help. And finally, this book is the product of many sacrifices on the part of our families. This book is dedicated to LauraLee and Lucille, who gave us the time to write it, and Talia, Brent, and Megan, who provide the reasons for writing. Hal Rothman Dan Holder September 1998 i Executive Summary Located on the great Permian Uplift, the Guadalupe Mountains and Carlsbad Caverns national parks area is rich in prehistory and history.
    [Show full text]