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South African Journal of Botany 88 (2013) 247–251

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South African Journal of Botany

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An updated checklist for Tankwa National Park, South

H.M. Steyn a,⁎,S.P.Bestera,b, H. Bezuidenhout c,d a National Herbarium, South African National Botanical Institute, Private Bag X101, Pretoria 0001, b Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa c Scientific Services, South African National Parks, Kimberley 8306, South Africa d Applied behavioural ecology and ecosystem research unit, UNISA, Private Bag X6, Florida 1717, South Africa article info abstract

Article history: An updated checklist is provided for the flora of Tankwa , which occupies an area of Received 26 February 2013 143,600 ha. A total of 730 species and 780 plant taxa (species, subspecies and varieties), representing 267 genera Received in revised form 17 July 2013 in 73 families, are recorded for the park. This comprises 30 bryophytes, 7 pteridophytes, 189 monocotyledons and Accepted 19 July 2013 554 dicotyledons. Sixteen species are endemic or near-endemic to the Hantam-Tanqua-Roggeveld subregion. Available online 4 September 2013 Twenty-eight species are of conservation concern and six species have been declared as alien invasives. Edited by JC Manning © 2013 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Alien invasives Checklist Conservation Endemic species Flora Hotspot Tankwa Karoo National Park

1. Introduction Van Wyk and Smith, 2001). The park therefore was an obvious target for the South African National Parks (SANParks) Programme, a compo- According to the Convention on Biological Diversity (2012: 95) one of nent of the National Herbarium (PRE) Plant Collecting Programme the strategic actions of the Global Taxonomy Initiative is the “facilitation (Bester et al., 2012a, 2012b). Within this programme priority is given of all-taxa inventories in targeted national, regional and subregional to collecting in national parks that contain under-collected areas. priority areas”, such as biodiversity hotspots and protected areas. The Under-collected areas are determined by using data from SANBI's Succulent Karoo is one of only two entirely arid regions considered to plant database, PRECIS (Pretoria National Herbarium Computerised be global biodiversity hotspots (Conservation International, 2013; Information System). Any quarter degree squared grid (QDS) listing Desmet and Cowling, 2004). It boasts an extremely rich succulent less than 200 plant species is considered under-collected. flora with a remarkably high level of endemism (Cowling and Hilton- Surveys in under-collected areas like the TKNP not only enhance our Taylor, 1994; Hilton-Taylor, 1994; Mucina and Rutherford, 2006; Van knowledge and general understanding of these areas in terms of their Wyk and Smith, 2001), with an estimated 2439 endemic plant species floras, but also allow us to provide floristic checklists for specific areas. (38.4% of the total flora) (Conservation International, 2013). It has Checklists are important for conservation areas as they are fundamental been identified as a major conservation priority (Cowling and Hilton- to biogeographical analysis and conservation planning (Clark et al., Taylor, 1994; Hilton-Taylor, 1994; Hilton-Taylor and Le Roux, 1989). Al- 2011) and can also be used to address aspects such as the presence of though the Tankwa Karoo National Park (TKNP) falls within the Tanqua threatened and alien species (Zietsman and Bezuidenhout, 1999). Karoo and Western Mountain Karoo regional centres of endemism With accurate GPS locations and digital photographs, specificrecords (Hilton-Taylor, 1994) and partially within the Hantam-Roggeveld Cen- can also contribute to monitoring programmes of rare and endangered tre (Van Wyk and Smith, 2001), information on the plant diversity of plant species. the area is poorly documented (Gibbs Russell et al., 1984; Hilton- Taylor and Le Roux, 1989; Milton et al., 1997; Rubin, 1998; Van der 1.1. Study area Merwe et al., 2008a, 2008b; Van der Merwe and Van Rooyen, 2011a; The TKNP was declared a national park in 1986 (Rubin, 1998)and ⁎ Corresponding author. Tel.: +27 12 843 5136. since then has been extended from the original 27,064 ha (Rubin, E-mail address: [email protected] (H.M. Steyn). 1998) to 143,600 ha in 2012 (Coetzee, 2012)(Fig. 1). The park lies in

0254-6299/$ – see front matter © 2013 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.07.018 248 H.M. Steyn et al. / South African Journal of Botany 88 (2013) 247–251

Fig. 1. Map of TKNP showing the collecting localities within the park. a predominantly winter rainfall region (Rubin, 1998)andstraddlesthe The above mentioned facts challenge park management in achieving bio- border between the Northern and provinces of South Af- diversity objectives as stated in the Tankwa Karoo Management Plan rica. It includes low-lying plains with isolated hills (Rubin, 1998), as (SANParks, 2008). As part of specific management actions , well as parts of the Roggeveld escarpment and Roggeveld plateau , and mountain were re-introduced into the (Van der Merwe et al., 2008a, 2008b). The topographical range of this park since 2009. Preliminary observations in plant monitoring plots extensive landscape not only creates large , but also small, iso- show higher diversity in pioneer as well as perennial grass and non- lated micro-habitats. For more detailed information about the physical grass species (Strauss, 2012)andtheherbivoresseemtohaveapositive features and climate of the TKNP, see Rubin (1998) and Van der effect on the functioning of the ecosystems within the park. Merwe et al. (2008a, 2008b). In 1998 a plant checklist was published for TKNP (Rubin, 1998), but The Acocks (1988) veldtypes Mountain ( Type since then the boundaries of the park have been substantially extended 43), Succulent Karoo (Veld Type 31) and Western Mountain Karoo (Fig. 1). The aim of this survey was to compile an updated checklist for (Veld Type 28) are represented in the TKNP. These veldtypes are equiv- TKNP, including alien invasive, endemic and threatened plant species. alent to the Escarpment Mountain Renosterveld (Unit 60), Lowland Succulent Karoo (Unit 57) and Upland Succulent Karoo (Unit 56) of 2. Methods and materials Low and Rebelo (1996) respectively. The South African map (Mucina and Rutherford, 2006) recognises six vegetation types with- Staff of the National Herbarium, Pretoria, conducted a total of seven in the park, namely Nieuwoudtville-Roggeveld Dolerite Renosterveld collecting trips to TKNP between 2004 and 2011 as part of the National (FRd 1), Roggeveld Karoo (SKt 3), Roggeveld Shale Renosterveld (FRs Herbarium (PRE) Plant Collecting Programme. The collecting was done 3), Tanqua Escarpment Shrubland (SKv 4), Tanqua Karoo (Skv 5) and by 10 collectors (all staff of PRE), including the first two authors. Each Tanqua Wash Riviere (AZi 7). According to Van der Merwe et al. collecting trip targeted different areas of the park (Fig. 1)andwas (2008a, 2008b) the park includes one association of related done at various times of the year between July and October and includ- vegetation (Dicerothamnus rhinocerotis Mountain Renosterveld) and ed the range of habitats encountered, to best reflect the flora of the park. three associations of Succulent Karoo Biome related vegetation (Aridaria Herbarium specimens were collected of all that were noctiflora Tanqua and Loeriesfontein Karoo; glauca–Euphorbia flowering or fruiting at the various collecting sites. Information accom- decussata Escarpment Karoo and Stipagrostis obtusa Central Tanqua panying each specimen included information recorded on herbarium Grassy Plains). collecting labels, such as locality, , substrate, lithology, exposure, Over the years various authors have commented on the poor state of aspect and slope, etc. GPS readings were taken, but these mostly repre- the vegetation in the Tanqua Karoo (Acocks, 1988; Hilton-Taylor and Le sent a few general readings for a collecting site as a whole and not nec- Roux, 1989; Vlok, 2000). According to Milton et al. (1997) perennial essarily specific for each individual plant species that was collected. species in the Succulent Karoo need decades to re-establish after Herbarium specimens were mainly identified at PRE, but specialists overgrazing or disturbance and specific management actions are need- from Compton Herbarium (NBG) and the University of Stellenbosch edtospeeduprecovery(Vlok, 2000). According to Ferreira (2008) the Herbarium (STEU) were also consulted. Cuttings from non-flowering exclusion of moderate trampling and grazing by large mammals may stapeliads were grown at the nursery of the Pretoria National Botanical lead to a loss in plant diversity as the absence of disturbance through Garden until flowering. The flowers were then added to the herbarium trampling encourages crust formation and this in turn inhibits seedling sheets with non-flowering stems. Specimens are housed at PRE and establishment and therefore large herbivores need to be re-introduced. duplicates, where available, were distributed primarily to the South H.M. Steyn et al. / South African Journal of Botany 88 (2013) 247–251 249

African National Parks Herbarium (KSAN) in Kimberley, NBG in Cape these being confined to disturbed sites, with six species (0.8%) having Town and the McGregor Museum Herbarium (KMG) in Kimberley. invader status according to NEMBA (2004). Herbarium acronyms follow Holmgren et al. (1990). Specimen information was incorporated into SANBI's plant speci- men database (PRECIS), which enabled the analysis of distribution 4. Discussion data and the compilation of the checklist. Where possible the identities of specimens were verified by plotting distribution patterns using In a preliminary checklist published by Rubin (1998),259taxafrom ArcView (1998) for all taxa included in the park from PRECIS informa- 38 families and 125 genera were listed for the TKNP. According to Rubin tion. Where the distribution patterns of specimens were doubtful, (1998), the PRECIS database contained a possible additional 71 taxa and when compared to others of the same taxon, the identifications were 36 genera for the six quarter degree squared grids (QDS) surrounding verified and corrected where necessary. the park — a total of 320 taxa for these six grids. With the major exten- A checklist was compiled using existing specimen records from the sion of the park's borders, there was a need to re-assess the flora of the PRECIS database (including PRE, NBG and SAM), as well as specimens area. The current number of ca. 780 taxa (a significant increase of 144%) collected by Rubin and Van der Merwe (neé Rösch) in the H.G.W.J. from 73 families clearly highlights the importance of collecting efforts in Schweickerdt Herbarium (PRU). Rubin's specimens are used as part of previously under-collected areas. a field guide for the TKNP and are not proper herbarium specimens. The dominant plant family in the park is (19.5%), Nomenclature essentially follows PRECIS as on December 2012 with followed by Aizoaceae (sens. lat.) (10.2%) [8.3% for ‘mesembryanthema’ additions and changes where revisions were available. In the checklist, comprising only subfamilies Mesembryanthoideae + Rushioideae], families are arranged alphabetically within each major group, followed Scrophulariaceae (7.3%), Iridaceae (6.5%) and Fabaceae (5.9%)(Table 1). by genera and species (alphabetically) within each family. Each taxon This is in accordance with Gibbs Russell (1987) who stated that includes voucher specimen citations with the acronyms of herbaria Asteraceae and Fabaceae are dominant families in all in where the specimens and its duplicate(s) are housed in parenthesis. South Africa. Milton et al. (1997) stated that ‘mesembryanthema’ Doubtful identifications (D) are indicated where applicable. Naturalised and Crassulaceae dominate the vegetation in the Succulent Karoo, taxa are indicated by an asterisk (*). All plant names used in Rubin and Clark et al. (2011) noted the abundance of annuals and succulents (1998) are included in the checklist for easy reference, even though in Succulent Karoo vegetation, belonging to ‘mesembryanthema’. some are presently considered to be synonyms (for each synonyms its No plant species of conservation concern were listed by Rubin currently accepted name is then indicated). (1998). The current list includes 28 species (Table 2) with conservation status ranging from DDD (Data deficient-insufficient information) to VU 3. Results (Vulnerable) (Bester et al., 2012b; Red List of South African plants version, 2013.1; Von Staden et al., 2009). Three of these are threatened Of the total number of ca. 2500 plant specimens collected to date species (Vulnerable), namely Disa karooica S.D. Johnson & H.P. Linder, within the boundaries of the TKNP (including specimens housed in Haemanthus tristis Snijman and Moraea tanquana Goldblatt & Manning. PRE, NBG, SAM and PRU), ca. 1670 specimens were collected by PRE Although these species are afforded formal protection within TKNP, staff as part of the SANParks Programme targeting the TKNP specifically. continued sustainable management and protection of ecological pro- These collections have already led to the description of three new spe- cesses are important to ensure their survival. cies, from three families, as well as new records for the park and prov- ince (Bester et al., 2012b; Manning and Boatwright, 2013). Table 2 At the end of December 2012 the TKNP had a documented flora of ca. Plant taxa of conservation concern recorded in TKNP. 730 species (excluding infraspecific names and taxa identified to genus level only) or ca. 780 taxa, including infraspecific taxa, taxa identified to Taxa National National status criteria genus level only, and resembled taxa (cf. or aff. identifications). Both counts exclude specimens with doubtful distributions/identifications Antimima lokenbergensis (L. Bolus) H.E.K. Hartmann Rare (D) (Appendix A). The documented flora includes 30 bryophytes Antimima subtruncata (L. Bolus) H.E.K. Hartmann DDD Babiana praemorsa Goldblatt & J.C. Manning Rare (3.8%), seven pteridophytes (0.9%), 189 monocotyledons (24.2%) and Babiana tanquana J.C. Manning & Goldblatt Rare 554 dicotyledons (71.0%). The largest family is the Asteraceae with Babiana virginea Goldblatt Rare 145 species and 152 taxa, followed by Aizoaceae with 73 species and Chlorophytum lewisiae Oberm. Rare 80 taxa (Table 1); while twenty families are represented by only one Crassula decumbens Thunb. var. brachyphylla NT B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v) (Adamson) Toelken species in the park (Appendix A). Dioscorea elephantipes (L'Hér.) Engl. Declining Twenty-eight species (3.6%) are of conservation concern (Table 2), Disa karooica S.D. Johnson & H.P. Linder VU D2 16 species (2.1%) are considered to be endemic or near-endemic Emilia hantamensis J.C. Manning & Goldblatt NT D2 (Table 3) to the Hantam-Tanqua-Roggeveld subregion (HTR), while 18 Haemanthus tristis Snijman VU D1 species (19 taxa) (2.3%) are currently listed as alien plants, most of Haworthia venosa (Lam.) Haw. subsp. granulata Rare (Marloth) M.B. Bayer Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet ex Decne. DDD Ixia amethystina J.C. Manning & Goldblatt Rare Table 1 Lachenalia ameliae W.F. Barker NT B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v) Ten largest plant families in TKNP. Moraea fenestralis (Goldblatt & E.G.H. Oliv.) Goldblatt Rare Moraea fenestrata (Goldblatt) Goldblatt Rare Family No. of genera No. of species (No. of taxa) % of flora Moraea fragrans Goldblatt Rare Asteraceae 44 145 (152) 19.5 Moraea tanquana Goldblatt & J.C. Manning VU D1 Aizoaceae 25 73 (80) 10.2 Moraea vallisbelli (Goldblatt) Goldblatt NT B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v) Scrophulariaceae 13 53 (57) 7.3 Moraea vespertina Goldblatt & J.C. Manning Rare Iridaceae 13 49 (51) 6.5 Nemesia suaveolens K.E. Steiner Rare Fabaceae 15 40 (46) 5.9 Polycarena filiformis Diels Rare Hyacinthaceae 7 29 (31) 4.0 Romulea subfistulosa M.P.de Vos NT B1ab(ii,iii) Poaceae 15 28 (28) 3.6 Strumaria karooica (W.F. Barker) Snijman Rare Crassulaceae 3 18 (23) 3.0 Strumaria pubescens W.F. Barker Rare Asphodelaceae 6 19 (21) 2.9 Tritonia florentiae (Marloth) Goldblatt Rare Amaranthaceae 7 18 (19) 2.4 Zaluzianskya mirabilis Hilliard Rare 250 H.M. Steyn et al. / South African Journal of Botany 88 (2013) 247–251

Table 3 List of endemic/near-endemic plants collected in TKNP.

Taxa Family Notes References

Babiana tanquana J.C. Manning & Goldblatt Iridaceae On dolerite outcrops in the Tanqua Karoo. Endemic. Goldblatt and Manning (2007) Cyphia comptonii Bond Lobeliaceae Sandy or gravel washes on plains of the Tanqua Karoo. Endemic. Van der Merwe (2010) Ethesia tanquana Mart.-Azorín et al. Hyacinthaceae Near-endemic. Manning (pers. comm.) Euphorbia eustacei N.E.Br. Euphorbiaceae On mountain slopes (pers. obs.). Near-endemic. White et al (1941) Lasiosiphon rigidus J.C. Manning & Boatwr. Thymelaeaceae Restricted to loam soils on the banks and margins of seasonal washes and Manning and Boatwright drainage lines in the Tanqua Karoo. Endemic. (2013) Haemanthus tristis Snijman Amaryllidaceae Deep, shaly soil in seasonal washes in the SE parts of the Tanqua Karoo. Endemic. Snijman (1984) Hammeria meleagris (L. Bolus) Klak Aizoaceae Shaly soil from Calvinia to Sutherland. Endemic. Hartmann (2001) Ixia amethystina J.C. Manning & Goldblatt Iridaceae In stony clay soil in renosterveld on the edge of Roggeveld Escarpment. Endemic. Manning and Goldblatt (2006) Manulea latiloba Hilliard Scrophulariaceae Damp sandy or shaly soil in the Tanqua and Ceres Karoo with outliers Hilliard (1994) in Langeberge. Near-endemic. Mesembryanthemum eurystigmatum Aizoaceae On gravel plains in Tanqua Karoo. Endemic. Rubin (1998) Gerbaulet Moraea tanquana Goldblatt & J.C. Manning Iridaceae On dolerite outcrops in the Tanqua Karoo. Endemic. Goldblatt and Manning (2009) Nemesia suaveolens K.E. Steiner Scrophulariaceae Arid plains in the central Tanqua Karoo. Endemic. Steiner (2009) Scaraboides manningii Magee & B.-E.van Wyk Apiaceae Seasonally damp, dolerite or clay soils. Known from a single locality in Magee et al. (2009) TKNP as well as Mauwerskop near Vanrhynsdorp. Near-endemic. Tanquana prismatica (Schwantes) H.E.K. Aizoaceae Gravelly sandy soils on plains in the southern Ceres Karoo. Endemic. Hartmann and Liede (1986) Hartmann & Liede Tridentea parvipuncta (N.E.Br.) L.C. Leach Apocynaceae Sandy soils from Karoopoort to some dry valleys of the northern and Bruyns (2005) subsp. truncata (C.A. Lückh.) Bruyns north-eastern parts if the Cedarberg. Near-endemic. Zaluzianskya cohabitans Hilliard Scrophulariaceae Sandy clay or shale soils in karroid scrub. Calvinia to Roggeveld. Endemic. Hilliard (1994)

In Rubin (1998) five plant species were flagged as being endemic to currently on the list for the park, namely Argemone ochroleuca Sweet the Tanqua Karoo, namely H. tristis Snijman, Drosanthemum cymiferum subsp. ochroleuca, Atriplex lindleyi Moq. subsp. inflata (F. Muell.) Paul L. Bolus (doubtful identification), Eurystigma clavatum (L. Bolus) G. Wilson and Salsola kali L. All are proposed as category 1b plants L. Bolus (= Mesembryanthemum eurystigmoides Gerbaulet), Tanquana (NEMBA, 2004), which means that they require compulsory control as prismatica (Schwantes) H.E.K. Hartmann & Liede and Cyphia comptonii part of an invasive species control programme. Bond. For this study, the Hantam, Tanqua and Roggeveld as defined by The area of the Succulent Karoo Biome that is formally conserved is Van der Merwe and Van Rooyen (2011a) were used in terms of variously estimated at less than 0.5% (Low and Rebelo, 1996), less than delimiting what constitutes a HTR endemic. Based on this delimitation, 2% (Hilton-Taylor, 1994), around 5.8% (Mucina and Rutherford, 2006), 16 endemic or near-endemic plant species from both the Tanqua and and currently between 8.6% (Conservation International, 2013)and Roggeveld sections of the park were identified (Table 3)andfive of 2.9% (Red List of South African plants version, 2013.1). The expanding these are also of conservation concern (Table 2). The TKNP therefore National Parks (e.g. Namaqua and Tankwa Karoo) founded in this fulfils an important role in the conservation of both endemic species biome make a huge contribution to the total area earmarked for conser- as well as species of conservation concern. An increase in mountain vation in statutory reserves. These parks and reserves do not only con- communities (Roggeveldberge to the east and northeast) would com- serve individual species, but also ecosystems and key biodiversity plement the park in terms of increasing those communities that have processes. Data generated by the SANParks Programme in TKNP will the highest species diversity (Van der Merwe and Van Rooyen, 2011a, be used to better inform decisions regarding the conservation of this 2011b; Vlok, 2000). However, several Tanqua Karoo endemics occur in unique area, will assist with conservation and monitoring actions with- an area to the south and the west of the park and Vlok (2000, 2002) sug- in the park and will be taken up in the Park Management Plan and Con- gested the extension of the park to link up with existing conservation servation Development Framework (Strauss, 2012). areas in the Cederberg. This would not only ensure the inclusion of more endemic species (Vlok, 2000, 2002)andhighlydiverseareas 5. Conclusion (Van der Merwe and Van Rooyen, 2011a, 2011b), but would also capture ecotones and establish corridors for the migration of species Collecting efforts thus far in the TKNP have significantly increased (Vlok, 2000; Van der Merwe and Van Rooyen, 2011b). Clark et al. our knowledge of a severely under-collected and unique habitat and (2011) further stated that higher sections of the mountains its flora. This inventory of the plants of the park increases awareness e.g. Sneeukrans and the Hantamberge host numerous endemics and of the diversity and threats to the flora of this area. With the knowledge should be important foci for future conservation initiatives in this area. of the distribution and extent of habitats of species (available from her- Invasive alien species pose a management challenge as well as a barium vouchers), a programme can be put into place to monitor the major threat to biodiversity in protected areas (Spear et al., 2011)and impact of grazing and predicted climate change over time. The occur- information on their identity is a first step towards their monitoring rence of rare and threatened plants in the TKNP might stimulate further and eradication. Rubin (1998) listed six alien species whereas 24 were taxonomic, floristic and biogeographic research in the area. listed by Spear et al. (2011). Nineteen alien taxa are included in this The current TKNP, within the boundaries of the Succulent Karoo checklist (Appendix A); sight records and literature were excluded in Hotspot, is a relevant conservation area helping to maintain and con- compiling this checklist, but were included by Spear et al. (2011).The serve biodiversity in this unique part of the world. discrepancy in numbers could also be the result of taxonomic uncertain- ty or misidentification of certain specimens. Van der Merwe et al. Acknowledgements (2008a, 2008b) listed Nerium oleander L., Nicotiana glauca Graham, as well as Prosopis hybrids as invasive alien plants posing the biggest threat We would like to thank our colleagues, especially Ronell Klopper, to the indigenous vegetation in the Hantam-Tanqua-Roggeveld area. Alicia Grobler and Lize von Staden for their helpful comments on this These invaders are found especially along drainage lines and in dis- manuscript; grateful thanks to Dr John Manning for valuable comments turbed areas around watering points (Van der Merwe et al., 2008a, and suggestions that have improved this paper and especially the Plant 2008b). Three additional invasive alien plants (NEMBA, 2004)are Checklist (Appendix A); Cape Nature and Department of Tourism, H.M. Steyn et al. / South African Journal of Botany 88 (2013) 247–251 251

Environment and Conservation: Northern Cape for providing collecting Hilton-Taylor, C., 1994. Western Cape Domain (Succulent Karoo). In: Davis, S.D., Heywood, V.H., Hamilton, A.C. (Eds.), Centres of Plant Diversity. A Guide and Strategy permits; Les Powrie who helped with the map of the study area; Magda for Their Conservation. IUCN Publications Unit, Cambridge, pp. 204–217. Nel who located specimens in PRU; staff from NBG who verified some Hilton-Taylor, C., Le Roux, A., 1989. Conservation status of the fynbos and karoo biomes. identifications; Prof. Leanne Dreyer and Dr Kenneth Oberlander for In: Huntley, B.J. (Ed.), Biotic Diversity in Southern Africa: Concepts and Conservation. fi Oxford University Press, Cape Town, pp. 202–223. their help with Oxalis identi cations; SANParks for permission to work Holmgren, P.K., Holmgren, N.H., Barnett, L.C., 1990. 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