ß∏nh gi∏ c∏c ch≠¨ng tr◊nh ph∏t tri”n trong khu v˘c trung Tr≠Íng S¨n An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

B∏o c∏o sË 3 Central Truong Son Initiative Report No.3 AN ASSESSMENT OF DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES IN THE CENTRAL TRUONG SON LANDSCAPE

Compiled by Aylette Villemain Tran Kim Long Herbert Christ Bach Tan Sinh Nguyen Thanh Hai Do Duc Tho

Central Truong Son Initiative Report No. 3 Hanoi, 2003 The opinions expressed in this document represent those of the authors and editors. They do not necessarily reflect the opinions of WWF.

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Suggested citation: Villemain, A., Christ, H., Nguyen Thanh Hai, Tran Kim Long, Bach Tan Sinh and Do Duc Tho. 2003. An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape. Central Truong Son Initiative Report No. 3. WWF Indochina/WWF-US Hanoi, Vietnam.

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Forest Protection Department Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development 2 Ngoc Ha Street Hanoi, Vietnam An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

BACKGROUND TO THE CENTRALTRUONG SON REPORTS

In response to concerns about the increasing pace of biodiversity loss and the need to increase the scale and integration of global conservation efforts - WWF together with its conservation partners have developed a new approach to conservation – ecoregion conservation. Scientists have undertaken a major analysis of the world’s biodiversity and identified more than 800 ecoregions that reclassify the way we view the natural world. From this global inventory, 238 ecoregions have been identified that comprise the most valuable and representative global biodiversity. These priority ecoregions have been labeled as the Global 200.

In 1998, the Forests of the Lower Mekong Ecoregion Complex (FLMEC) was selected as one of the first locations to initiate an ecoregion based conservation programme. With initial support from WWF-US and USAID, the programme has now been established as one world’s first fully functioning Ecoregion Action Programmes (EAP).

In March 2000, over eighty scientists from Cambodia, Lao P.D.R., Vietnam, and many other countries participated in an ambitious and groundbreaking assessment of biological conservation priorities within the Forests of the Lower Mekong Ecoregion Complex. The results of this biological assessment have since been published in the report entitled “Towards a Vision for Biodiversity Conservation in the Forests of the Lower Mekong Ecoregion Complex”.

After the biological assessment and a ‘situation analysis’ to examine the threats and opportunities, WWF decided to focus on two of the Global 200 ecoregions falling within the Forests of the Lower Mekong Ecoregion Complex – the Greater Truong Son and the Central Indochina Dry Forests.

The Greater Truong Son comprises the most unique and diverse biodiversity within the FLMEC. The discovery of the saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis) by WWF and Vietnamese scientists in 1992 in Vu Quang Nature Reserve drew the world’s attention to the biodiversity associated with this mountain chain. Since that first remarkable discovery, many other new species have been found, including a number of large mammals such as the large-antlered (giant) muntjac (Muntiacus vuquangensis) and the Annamite striped rabbit (Nesolagus timminsi). These discoveries highlight the Greater Truong Son as one of the world’s most remarkable and unique ecoregions. In addition to these species totally reliant on successful conservation in the ecoregion, a number of wider-ranging, highly threatened species such as the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), tiger (Panthera tigris) and the world’s most endangered large mammal, the lesser one-horned (Javan) rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) are found in the ecoregion.

The Central Truong Son Initiative* is a pilot initiative being developed by WWF’s Greater Truong Son EAP, with a view towards establishing the process of working at three scales - ecoregional/national policy, landscape and site. The aim of this fledgling initiative is to create a partnership of a broad range of stakeholders - from local communities to international organisations - working together to secure biodiversity conservation and sustainable development in the Central Truong Son Landscape (CTSL).

Following the methodology of the ecoregional approach, the Central Truong Son Initiative is based on coordinated conservation action, designed under a large-scale framework and guided by a long-term vision of success. The approach is based on the recognition that uncoordinated actions at individual sites are neither efficient nor effective at conserving functioning ecological systems or halting the loss of natural resources. In order to be more effective, a more ambitious coordinated effort is required that is developed and designed under an overarching strategy. The need for such a coordinated effort resulted in the establishment of an advisory group comprising 16 government institutions. This unprecedented collaboration will work as a vital support body to the Central Truong Son Initiative in its planning process towards a conservation strategy for the CTSL.

In order to develop such a comprehensive, overarching strategy, there is a great deal of information that needs to be assimilated. Through a process of lengthy and detailed consultations, the necessary information has been identified and collected. This series of reports presents that information in a format that is both suitable for informing those involved with the strategy development process, and conducive to those merely interested in the status and issues of the CTSL.

* Truong Son is also known as the "Say Phou Louang" in Lao P.D.R., and as the "Truong Son" internatinally. The Central Truong Son is one landscape in the ecoregion.

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An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The key assumptions guiding the analysis of data gathered during this study were that:

Forests are key habitats, and; Human activities pose the greatest threat to forests and biodiversity, in particular through (a) extraction, (b) encroachment and (c) infrastructure.

A further guiding principle of the analysis was that human social and economic development is the foundation and ultimate aim of conservation. Given these orientations, the initial analysis thus focused on identifying tensions between socio-economic development and conservation where a conservation strategy could help mitigate or avoid negative consequences from economic development on Vietnam’s natural resource base.

The first order of analysis was on national plans, strategies, and programs. Here the search was for awareness of and provision for the resolution of the conflicts which are inherent between socio- economic and conservation goals. Our analysis produced the following findings:

1. Strategies are sector-biased, often with a weak geographical focus (possible exception: Program 135). This bias is cascaded down, along with targets and objectives, to the lowest levels.

2. The body of strategies and plans is heavily dominated by socio-economic targets. (The only conservation-related target we found outside the Biodiversity and Environmental strategies is the 43% forest cover target.)

3. Plans and strategies are typically un-funded; national programs provide the mechanism to actually fund initiatives.

4. National programs not only serve to funnel government funds, but strongly guide Official Development Assistance (ODA) flows.

5. There is no national program to support the targets of the Environmental Strategy or of the Biodiversity Strategy.

6. The one conservation target supported by a national program is the 43% forest cover target.

7. Many key socio-economic targets plan to increase human activity in remote mountain areas (e.g., resettlements, new economic zones, roads, production of export crops). These targets are in direct competition and conflict with conservation issues.

Conclusions drawn with respect to the strategies and plans, were: firstly, that the degree to which strategies influence how projects are planned and implemented is largely determined by national programs. Secondly, since there are no national programs (i.e., funding) to support their environmental protection, biodiversity or conservation targets and objectives, there is little cause to believe that these objectives routinely receive serious attention in the planning and implementation of government programs (exception: re- and afforestation which are targeted by a national program).

Having determined that the national strategic framework has an uneven influence on planning actual development initiatives, further investigations focused on actual projects to determine if and how conflicts among targets are being resolved and decisions made on the local level. Two sets of findings resulted, one concerning the planning process itself, and the other related to the actual portfolios of projects. Key findings related to the planning process were that:

v An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

1. Provincial People’s Committees (PPC) (not sector ministries) direct the activities of local ministry representatives;

2. Budgets of government agencies are largely restricted to salaries and administrative costs;

3. Investments and development activities conducted by government agencies are typically financed through extra-budgetary sources (National Programs/ODA-supported projects).

The consequences for the resolution of conflicts among targets or the furtherance of conservation targets are significant. First and foremost, planning is not based on a local needs assessment. Planning is heavily driven by a search for national programs or international donors with funds for which the concerned unit qualifies. Such a money chase is in no way unique to Vietnam. What is different is that in wealthier countries there is a reasonably stable annual discretionary budget with which an agency develops and implements a basic program, augmenting it with outside funding. In Vietnam, however, there is virtually no basic program. Local administrations rely upon extra-budgetary funds to construct a basic program – typically with a one-year horizon (only with international projects is there any assurance of follow-up funding) and channeled through a complex budgetary planning process.

It is therefore not surprising that collecting information on a sub-province level becomes time consuming and problematic. National programs, like strategies, tend to have a strong sector bias (as opposed to geographic), only rarely with program budgets down to the commune level. Multi- channeled financing and multiple institutional managers mean information is collected at different administrative levels, in different agencies, in different cities, etc. Given the geographic orientation of a conservation landscape, however, the commune is the key administrative unit. Unfortunately, no one presently tracks the number or value of project, program, plan or strategy by location. Nor is there evidence of evaluation of the distribution of projects, value of investment per capita, etc. by location. Perhaps most importantly, no mechanism appears to exist to identify or address basic contradictions and competition among socio-economic and conservation targets.

Consequently, although our study has identified 147 projects (not counting subactivities) being implemented in the priority conservation areas of the proposed CTSL, we suspect that this does not show the complete picture. Despite the gaps, however, the list of projects we have identified shows clear geographical patterns, concentrations, accumulations and sector foci. In particular, there is clear evidence that socio-economic and conservation targets are in conflict and that environmental and biodiversity conservation is at risk. For example, project portfolios are dominated by infrastructure projects (both in number and in value) throughout the target provinces and evidence suggests that environmental impact assessments as well as other conservation measures are given at best passing attention. In addition, State Forest Enterprises (SFE) with logging rights control significant portions of protected areas and in two key areas are so clustered so that as a group they cover large contiguous cross-border areas.

Analysis led to the identification of two key geographic where socio-economic development patterns appear to place priority conservation areas at risk areas: (1) the Bach Ma-Hai Van Pass Area (Da Nang/Thua Thien Hue (T.T. Hue)) which is ranked as the area with highest biodiversity conservation importance in Vietnam but is simultaneously the target of major infrastructure investments, and (2) the Kon Tum/Binh Dinh/Gia Lai cross-border area where logging by SFEs and sharp population increases through resettlement and spontaneous migration put serious strains on remaining biological resources.

vi An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Central Truong Son Initiative’s acknowledgement

The successful completion of the Central Truong Son Initiative’s initial stage is thanks to the help, support and advice of a vast number of people and organizations. It is impossible to thank every single one of these contributors within this page, but an attempt has been made to thank as many people as possible and hopefully all organizations involved.

The programme and the entire process behind it recognizes the invaluable support of His Excellency, Vice Minister Nguyen Van Dang, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development whose level of involvement and commitment have been integral to the development of the Central Truong Son Initiative. The Initiative must pay a particular debt of thanks to Dr. Nguyen Ba Thu, Director of the Forest Protection Department of MARD, for the constant support and enthusiasm he has provided dur- ing the development process.

The six-member core consultative group was a driving force behind the shaping of this programme. Therefore, special acknowledgement for the key role in the process undertaken by the core advisory group is due to Mr. Tran Quoc Bao, Prof. Le Quy, Mr. Vu Van Dung, Mr. Tran Lien Phong, Mr. Nguyen Lam Thanh, Prof. Dr. Pham Nhat.

The technical and administrative support for the development of the Initiative was provided by the Ecoregion Action Programme office at WWF Indochina in Hanoi led by Michael Baltzer together with Mac Tuyet Nga, James Hardcastle, Nguyen Thi Dao and Rob Shore. Also from WWF Indochina Programme, special thanks are due to Eric Coull, Hoang Thanh, Tran Minh Hien, Barney Long, Mai Ky Vinh, Martin Geiger, Le Trong Trai and other staff from WWF Indochina for their support and involvement, Jenny Springer and Kristin Clay from WWF-US for their invaluable support during the process.

Finally, an gratitude is due to the provincial People’s Committees, Forest Protection Departments, Agriculture and Rural Development Departments and all the other local stakeholders consulted in the Central Truong Son Landscape provinces (Quang Tri, Thua Thien Hue, Da Nang, Quang Nam, Kon Tum, Gia Lai and Binh Dinh).

USAID and WWF-US has provided the invaluable financial support for the development of the Central Truong Son Initiative.

vii An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

viii An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

TABLE OF CONTENTS

BACKGROUND ...... iii...... EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... ix LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES ...... xi LIST OF MAPS ...... xii ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ...... xiii INTRODUCTION ...... 1

PART I: BACKGROUND, DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES AND PLANS 1.1 Country Setting ...... 2 1.2 Boundaries of the Study Area ...... 2 1.2.1 Geographic Boundaries ...... 2 1.2.2 Administrative Boundaries ...... 3 1.3 Conservation Issues ...... 3 1.3.1 Habitats ...... 4 1.3.2 Flora ...... 4 1.3.3 Fauna ...... 5 1.3.4 Particular threats and affected taxa ...... 5 1.4 Land and resource management ...... 6 1.4.1 Legal Framework ...... 6 1.4.2 Land Classification and Protected Area System ...... 7 1.4.3 Resource Managers ...... 10 1.5 National Strategies, Plans and Programs ...... 14 1.6 Planning and Budget Process ...... 16 1.7 ODA Strategies, Programs and Projects ...... 17 1.7.1 General ...... 17 1.7.2 Infrastructure ...... 18 1.7.3 Rural Development ...... 19 1.7.4 Natural Resource Management ...... 20 1.7.5 Regional Distribution of ODA ...... 22

PART II: IMPACT ASSESSMENT 2.1 Assessment Methodology ...... 23 2.2 Overview of Development Initiatives in the CTSL ...... 24 2.3 Quang Tri ...... 27 2.3.1 Situation in the CTSL ...... 27 2.3.2 Summary of Development Initiatives ...... 27 2.3.3 Likely Impacts ...... 30 2.4 Thua Thien Hue and Da Nang ...... 31 2.4.1 Situation in the CTSL ...... 31 2.4.2 Summary of Development Initiatives - Thua Thien Hue ...... 32 2.4.3 Likely Impacts ...... 32 2.4.4 Summary of Development Initiatives - Da Nang ...... 35 2.4.5 Likely Impacts ...... 35 2.5 Quang Nam ...... 37 2.5.1 Situation in the CTSL ...... 37 2.5.2 Summary of Development Initiatives ...... 37 2.5.3 Likely Impacts ...... 38 2.6 Binh Dinh ...... 41 2.6.1 Situation in the CTSL ...... 41 2.6.2 Summary of Development Initiatives ...... 42 2.6.3 Likely Impacts ...... 42

ix An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

2.7 Kon Tum ...... 44 2.7.1 Situation in the CTSL ...... 44 2.7.2 Summary of Development Initiatives ...... 45 2.7.3 Likely Impacts ...... 45 2.8 Gia Lai ...... 48 2.8.1 Situation in the CTSL ...... 48 2.8.2 Summary of Development Initiatives ...... 49 2.8.3 Likely Impacts ...... 52

PART III: RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 54

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 57

ANNEX I: List of laws ...... 59

ANNEX II: Summary of National Plans, Stategies and Programs ...... 61

ANNEX III: Communes in the CTSL: Location, Population, Resource Managers ...... 66

ANNEX IV: Forest Land in Target Provinces ...... 79

ANNEX V: Protected Areas in the CTSL ...... 80

ANNEX VI: SFEs with logging permits in the Central Truong Son Landscape ...... 81

ANNEX VII: Development Programs and Projects by Provinces ...... 83 Quang Tri T.T. Hue Da Nang Quang Nam Quang Ngai Binh Dinh Kon Tum Gia Lai ANNEX VIII: Report series of the Central Truong Son Initiative ...... 115

x An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES

Table 1: Forest land distribution in the CTSL ...... 7 Table 2: Protected Areas in the CTSL ...... 9 Table 3: List of Natural Resources Management Projects in Vietnam ...... 21 Table 4: ODA allocated to specific regions and urban authorities (million USD) ...... 22 Table 5: Development Initiatives included in the Impact Assessment ...... 25 Table 6: Provincial Share of Conservation Areas (ha) ...... 26 Table 7: Province Area in the CTSL and in CPAs ...... 27 Table 8: Summary of Development Initiatives per Sector in CL in Quang Tri ...... 28 Table 9: Communes in Dak Rong District ...... 28 Table 10: Development Initiatives in Quang Tri ...... 29 Table 11: Province Area in the CTSL and in CPAs ...... 31 Table 12: Summary of Development Initiatives per Sector in T.T. Hue and Da Nang ...... 32 Table 13: SFEs with Logging Rights in T.T. Hue ...... 33 Table 14: Development Initiatives in T.T. Hue ...... 34 Table 15: Development Initiatives in Da Nang ...... 36 Table 16: Province Area in the CTSL and in CPAs ...... 37 Table 17: Summary of Development Initiatives per Sector in the CL in Quang Nam ...... 38 Table 18: SFEs with Logging Rights in Quang Nam ...... 38 Table 19: Development Initiatives in Quang Nam ...... 40 Table 20: Province Area in the CTSL and in CPAs ...... 42 Table 21: Summary of Development Initiatives per Sector in the CL in Binh Dinh ...... 42 Table 22: Development Initiatives in Binh Dinh ...... 43 Table 23: Province Area in the CTSL and in CPAs ...... 44 Table 24: Summary of Development Initiatives per Sector in the CL in Kon Tum ...... 45 Table 25: SFEs with Logging Rights in the CL in Kon Tum ...... 46 Table 26: Development Initiatives in Kon Tum ...... 47 Table 27: Province Area in the CTSL and in CPAs ...... 48 Table 28: Summary of Development Initiatives per Sector in the CL in Gia Lai ...... 49 Table 29: Planned Forestry Interventions ...... 49 Table 30: Development Initiatives in the CL in Gia Lai ...... 51 Table 31: Population Distribution and Increases in Gia Lai ...... 52 Table 32: SFEs with Logging Permits in Gia Lai ...... 53

FIGURES

Figure 1: Top 10 Donors (Disbursements in 2000) ...... 17 Figure 2: Top 10 ODA sectors in 2000: ...... 18 Figure 3: Number of Rural Development Projects in CTSL Provinces ...... 20 Figure 4: Provincial Shares in CTSL and CPAs ...... 26

xi An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

LIST OF MAPS

Map 1: The CTSL with Administrative Boundaries ...... 3 Map 2: Protected Areas in the CTSL ...... 9 Map 3: Quang Tri Province in the CTSL ...... 27 Map 4: Communes in CPAs in Quang Tri ...... 28 Map 5: T.T. Hue and Da Nang Provinces in the CTSL ...... 31 Map 6: Logging Allowances of SFEs in T.T. Hue ...... 33 Map 7: SFEs with Logging Rights in Da Nang Province ...... 35 Map 8: Quang Nam Province in the CTSL ...... 37 Map 9: SPE with Logging Permits and Protected Areas in Quang Nam ...... 39 Map 10: Binh Dinh Province in the CTSL ...... 41 Map 11: Kon Tum Province in the CTSL ...... 44 Map 12: SPE and Conservation Areas in Kontum ...... 46 Map 13: Province Location in the CTSL ...... 48 Map 14: State Forest Enterprises with logging rights in Gia Lai ...... 53 Map 15: Critical Areas for Coordinated Conservation Efforts ...... 57

xii An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

Abbreviations And Acronyms

ADB Asian Development Bank AFDAgence Francaise de development AusAIDAustralian Agency for International Development BC Biodiversity Conservation CEMMA Committee for Ethnic Minorities and Mountainous Areas CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CL Conservation Landscape CPA Conservation Priority Area CPC Commune People’s Committee CTS Central Truong Son (or Central Truong Son) CTSL Central Truong Son Landscape DARD Department of Agriculture and Rural Development DFID Department for International Development DI Development Initiatives DLA General Department of Land Administration DPC District People’s Committee DEMMA Department for Ethnic Minorities and Mountainous Areas DoSTE Department of Science, Technology & Environment DPI Department of Planning and Investment FFI Faunna and Flora International Finnida Finnish International Development Agency FIPI Forest Inventory and Planning Institute FLMEC Forest of the Lower Mekong Ecoregion Complex FPDForest Protection Department GEF Global Environtment Facility GIS Geographic Information Systems GOV Government of Vietnam ICCO Interchurch Development Cooperation - Netherlands IFADInternational Fund for Agriculture Development IUCN The World Conservation Union JBIC Japan Bank for International Cooporation JICA Japanese International Cooperation Agency LUC Land-use Certificate MARDMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Development MOF Ministry of Finance MOLISA Ministry of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs MOSTE Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment MPI Ministry of Planning and Investment NGO Non-governmental organization ODA Official Development Assistance PPC Provincial People’s Committee SFE State Forest Enterprise SOE State-owned Enterprise TOR Terms of Reference T.T. Hue Thua Thien Hue VNAT Vietnamese National Administration for Tourism WB World Bank WWF Worldwide Fund for Nature

xiii An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

xiv An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

INTRODUCTION

Due to its outstanding biodiversity value, the CTSL has been identified as a “Priority Landscape” for the conservation of the FLMEC 1. In November 2000, the Central Truong Son Initiative was launched to develop a regionally coordinated approach to mitigating the growing threats to forests and biodiversity in the area. This initiative is an intensive, collaborative conservation effort, involving government institutions in Lao P.D.R. and Vietnam at central and local levels, as well as international organizations.

The WWF is now leading the effort in Lao P.R.D. and Vietnam to develop a Conservation Strategy for the area. To this end, a series of studies were commissioned in 2001. This study focuses on development plans, programs and projects of the Government of Vietnam (GOV) and ODA likely to impact on conservation (positively and negatively) in the CTSL. In particular, this study was charged with:

describing the present GOV and ODA policies, strategies, programs and projects that may influence conservation in the CTSL,

assessing the impact of the above on the biodiversity of the CTSL, and

identifying opportunities and constraints for linking conservation efforts to existing government plans for the area.

The study was conducted by a team of national and international consultants between August and December 20012. In the first phase information was gathered on strategies and plans in Hanoi and in the eight target provinces. In September, with the international consultants on board, the team analyzed data collected and decided that (1) a commune-level focus was necessary to site an investment in- or outside the target area, (2) greater definition was required for infrastructure investments to evaluate potential impact, and (3) information collection efforts should focus on priority (core and corridor) areas. Given their importance for biodiversity conservation, additional information should be collected on (a) State Forest Enterprises, (b) Resettlement, and (c) population changes. Two of the national consultants then returned to the field in November to collect district/commune-level information3.

This report constitutes the final analysis and presentation of findings of the study. All data used in the printed version of the main report and the annexes are available as digital files. Additional background data are supplied on the CD-ROM accompanying this report. Geographic Information System (GIS) data sets and printable map layouts in MapInfo format were created for each of the CTS provinces and the CTSL. Digital data sets based on data provided by WWF Indochina and published data sources (Vietnam Atlas) and related to the conservation landscape are available on the CD ROM accompanying this document.

1 This area represents all non-marine and non-estuarine parts of Lao P.D.R., Cambodia and Vietnam, excluding the Northern Highland areas of Laos and Vietnam See "Towards a Vision for Biodiversity Conservation in the Forests of the Lower Mekong Ecoregion Complex," Baltzer, Dao and Shore, WWF/Hanoi, 2001. 2 Mr. Bach Tan Sinh, described the planning process and synthesized national development plans. Mr. Tran Kim Long summarized ODA projects at national level. Mr. Nguyen Thanh Hai and Mr. Do Duc Tho collected information in the target provinces. The international team members, Ms Aylette Villemain and Mr. Herbert Christ coordinated the data analysis second field trip, provided the final data analysis and drafted the present report. 3 Quang Ngai was not included in the second field trip since it contains no priority conservation areas, thus eliminating the need to collect commune-level information for this study.

1 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

PART I: BACKGROUND, DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES AND PLANS

1.1 Country setting

Vietnam has a population of 76.4 million, an area of 331,041 square kilometers including an extensive coastline, about 6.7 million hectares of relatively fertile agricultural land, and roughly nine million hectares of forests. The agricultural economy can be characterized as farming-family based rural economy linked to world markets through State Owned Enterprises (SOE). These principles of a State-led market economy were most recently confirmed during April 2001 9th plenum of the Poliburo of the Communist Party.

Despite the rapid growth of the economy (about 8% per annum in the 1990s) per capita income is about US$300, and up to one-third of the population is still classified as poor. Agriculture now contributes about 27% of GDP but employees about 60-70% of the workforce. Poverty is still mainly a rural problem that is exacerbated by geographical remoteness and accentuated by seasonality and natural disasters. It is anticipated that future growth is likely to be highly specific to areas with adequate road access and influenced by the three growth poles [the Ha Noi-Hai Phong-Ninh Binh triangle, the Quang Nam-Quang Ngai-Binh Dinh area with satellite activity along Highway 9 and close to Plei Ku (wood, coffee, rubber, starch); and the Northeast South region] and in a few other provincial towns 4.

1.2 Boundaries of the Study Area

1.2.1 Geographic Boundaries

The CTSL is a subset of the FLMEC which represents all non-marine and non-estuarine parts of Lao P.D.R., Cambodia and Vietnam, excluding the Northern Highland areas of Lao P.D.R. and Vietnam. The CTSL is defined using geomorphological boundaries within the Greater Truong Son Global 2000 Ecoregion of the FLMEC 5. In principle, it encompasses the central section of the main Annamite chain, together with associated foothills. The two key geomorphological units are a narrow mountainous range from the Lao Bao pass in the west to the Hai Van pass in the East, and the broad Kon Tum plateau, incorporating Mount Ngoc Linh (the highest point in the Priority Landscape at 2,598 m).

The CTSL is, in essence, a spatial representation of the full range of biodiversity and biological processes necessary to promote the long-term survival of all taxa within the priority landscape. It builds on the current system of protected/special use forests in Vietnam by using a “Conservation Landscape” (CL) approach to maintain natural processes and viable species populations at all levels of organisation.

The Landscape is zoned according to conservation priority into core zones, habitat corridors and transition zones. Core areas are large areas of contiguous habitat. Habitat corridors provide connectivity between patches of primary habitat in order to maintain ecological processes, communities and populations. Transition Zones are continuums of natural habitat types across ecological gradients, such as altitude, latitude or rainfall. They are particularly important for the conservation of species that make seasonal movements.

4 UNDP "Agriculture and Rural Development" p. 24. 5 Nomenclature clarification: The "Central Truong Son" is the internationally recognized name for the mountain chain in central Vietnam and Lao P.D.R.. The local name in Vietnam is the "Central Truong Son."

2 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

Map 1: The CTSLwith Administrative Boundaries

1.2.2 Administrative Boundaries

The CTSL extends from Lao P.D.R. in the west into central Vietnam where it transects eight provinces: Quang Tri, T.T. Hue, Da Nang, Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh, Kon Tum and Gia Lai (Map 1). Geomorphology paid equally little respect to district boundaries (47), and even transverses individual communes (Program 362)6. The CTSL communes are predominantly in upland areas, with some communes in the eastern “transition zones” located in the foothills and plains.

1.3 Conservation Issues 7

Vietnam’s natural forest cover was reduced from 44% in 1943 to 33% by 1983. The reduction is accelerating, with cover (in 1995) standing at 27.5% 8. Natural forest is variously estimated to cover between 8.6-9.3 million hectares of Vietnam, roughly half of the 19 million hectares classified as forest land in 1998 9. Forest density is greatest in the Central Highlands, where it covers 39% of the land area.

6 In some cases, individual communes contain sections that alternately belong to "Core," "Corridor" and Transition zones. 7 This section is summarized from the draft "Biological Assessment" report and BirdLife International's "Expanding the Protected Areas Network…" report. 8 BirdLife, "Protection …." 9 "Forest land" in Vietnam refers to land that should have forest according to the Government. "Forest land" does not necessarily imply that there are trees or a forest at present.

3 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

The main conservation threats in Vietnam include encroachment, hunting, illegal logging, gathering of non-timber forest products at unsustainable levels, and wildlife trade. Based on analysis of these issues and FLMEC targets, specific conservation targets for the CTSL were set forth in the “Biological Assessment” commissioned by the WWF/Hanoi in 2001, as presented below.

1.3.1 Habitats

Lowland forest (0-700 m). Lowland forest is considered a single habitat, extending from sea level to 700 m. Lowland forest is by far the most threatened terrestrial habitat. Closed canopy forest now covers only 20.1% of the priority landscape below 700 m, and much of this remaining area has been heavily disturbed by over-exploitation. Habitat loss, as a result of agricultural expansion, road development and settlement of migrants, threatens most remaining areas of lowland forest in the priority landscape. The conservation of remaining areas of lowland forest is of the highest importance from social, economic and watershed protection, as well as biodiversity, perspectives.

Lower and medium montane forests (700-1,500 m). The 0 to 700 m elevation zone covers the largest area of the priority landscape, but the most widespread forest habitat is lower montane forest. As with lowland forest, this habitat has been extensively cleared and remaining areas have been heavily degraded. Their loss will prevent the restoration of natural forest cover to deforested lowland areas through the process of natural regeneration.

This habitat supports the highest number of key butterfly species, key vascular plant species and vegetation formations. This is the second most important habitat for key bird species. This habitat supports a high number of key mammal species, including sunda pangolin, pig-tailed macaque and ‘grey-shanked’ Douc langur.

Upper montane forest (above 1,500 m). Upper montane forest is the least threatened primary habitat in the Priority Landscape. Of the 107,360 ha of the priority landscape above 1,500 m, 85,217 ha (or 79.4%) is forested, and a significant proportion of this is included within existing or proposed protected areas.

1.3.2 Flora

The area that supports the greatest variation in elevation and topography, and hence, the greatest floral diversity is the Ngoc Linh massif. This area is of unparalleled importance for plant conservation within the priority landscape, and is worthy of international recognition.

Plant species and forest formations restricted to lowland forest are among the most threatened within the priority landscape. Highly threatened plant species include those of high economic value as sources of timber or medicine.

Forest formations with Keteleeria evelyniana [only known from Ngoc Linh (Kon Tum) Nature Reserve and Bach Ma National Park] are of the highest importance for conservation.

The valuable timber species Fokienia hodginsii, found in Kon Ka Kinh Nature Reserve, are threatened by timber extraction, and are of high importance for conservation.

One notable Dipterocarpaceae formation is dominated by Parashorea stellata, one of the most valuable timber species in central Vietnam, and one which is severely threatened by over-exploitation and clearance of lowland forest for cultivation.

4 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

1.3.3 Fauna

The Greater Truong Son appear to be a major centre of mammal endemism. All populations within the priority landscape are of global conservation importance, because of the restricted global ranges of these taxa. In addition to the Annamite endemics, globally significant populations of a few other mammal taxa, that are rare or endangered are supported. It is these taxa, together with the Annamite endemics, that are of the highest conservation importance within the Priority Landscape.

Mammals: The mammal community is not only representative of the Greater Truong Son but also distinct, and, therefore, a high regional and global priority for conservation.

Birds: Lowland galliformes (e.g. pheasants) are highly endemic and threatened; thought to be globally significant. Most lowland galliformes are concentrated in lowland forest, one of the most threatened habitats in the Priority Landscape. Threats to this group include not only habitat loss, but indiscriminate snaring and trapping and a possible threat from trade.

Primates: All primate taxa in the CTSL are severely threatened by hunting and trade. Providing that hunting and trade can be controlled, primates are potentially conservable within a system of relatively small forest protected areas. 1.3.4 Particular threats and affected taxa

Wild animal trade. The first group of taxa threatened by over-exploitation is that valued in the wild animal trade. This group includes pangolins, primates, bears, tiger, civets, cervid deer, wild cattle, Asian elephant, turtles, Tockay gecko and several species of snake. For many taxa, trade is the biggest threat to their survival in the Priority Landscape.

Animal snaring. The second group threatened by over-exploitation comprises taxa threatened by snaring. Lowland galliformes, wide-ranging large mammals and some endemic and near-endemic animal taxa are included within this group.

High Value Plants. Medicinal plants and other plants with high economic value are highly threatened. These species include Aquilaria crassna, the source of agarwood, and Ngoc Linh Ginseng Panax vietnamensis, which is used to produce a tonic. Both of these species are threatened with extinction as a result of over-exploitation.

Timber species. The fourth group threatened by over-exploitation is formed by timber species. Selective extraction of timber trees takes place in almost all forested areas. It is those species that are in demand from the timber industry that are most seriously threatened by over-exploitation. In the Priority Landscape, these species include Fokienia hodginsii, Erythrophleum fordii and Dalbergia cochinchinensis.

Finally, BirdLife’s “Expanding the Protected Areas Network in Vietnam for the 21st Century” specifically names issues directly implicating the CTSL:

Quang Tri and Binh Dinh have no protected areas but still retain and have responsibility for important areas of natural forest which should be afforded some protection.

Gia Lai, Quang Nam, and Quang Ngai are three of eight provinces with less than 10% of their natural forest protected.

Only 8% of the evergreen and only 15% of coniferous forests in Kon Tum Montane Forests is protected (Kon Tum and Quang Nam);

Of mixed forests, 0% of Annamite Range Moist Forests (Phong Nha Nature Reserve) and only 13% of Kon Tum Montane Forests are protected. 5 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

1.4 Land and resource management

1.4.1 Legal Framework

Since the beginning of the ‘Doi Moi’ renovation process in the late 1980s, Vietnam’s legal framework has undergone major revisions, essentially reorganising the way land and natural resources are managed. Government policy has gradually shifted away from a centrally- planned economy with collective land property and land management towards a more market- oriented system. Recent government decisions have steadily aimed at increasing the importance of individual households in the management of land resources while reducing state control and changing the role of government agencies and state enterprises accordingly. The driving force behind these efforts has been the need to increase land productivity and to ensure better land management.

Before the first land law was promulgated in January 1988, land had no real owner in Vietnam and land management had no clearly defined legal basis. It was therefore a major step to formulate the first land law, and a major effort for legislators, which took nearly 7 years and over 70 draft laws before the land law was passed by the National Assembly10.

The first land law defined land as the property of the entire people, controlled by the State, and entitled legal land users to own the buildings erected and the fruits of their labour and investments in the land. The land users, including institutions, groups and individuals, thus were given the right to use but not to own the land. Land was to be assigned for long-term employment and land users were obliged to follow government regulations and specific instructions defined when the land was entrusted. Among others, the law prohibited to leave agricultural land fallow or uncultivated and to destroy and burn forests.

In 1993, a new Land Law was promulgated that recognized for the first time customary land use rights, granting the right to receive Land Use Certificates (LUC) to all who use land on a stable basis. Another important change was the introduction of the “five rights” to exchange, transfer, lease, inherit and mortgage the land use right. The new Land Law gave land users the right to receive guidance and assistance from the State in the improvement of the land, to receive benefits from public projects of land protection and to receive legal protection against violations of their land use rights. In return, the land user was made responsible for the protection, improvement and management of the land, to fulfil cadastral procedures, pay tax and administrative fees and to fulfil other obligations in accordance with legal regulations. Land was valued in monetary terms for tax purposes and to determine property values.

The 1993 Land Law thus introduced for the first time the notion that land had a value and could be traded as a commodity within the legal provisions. The Land Law also introduced a number of important land management requirements, namely the need to carry out cadastral surveys and to prepare land use plans and land registers. The People’s Committees at district level and village level, assisted by the land management offices, were charged to set up land registers, to keep records of transactions and to issue land use certificates. Land could be allocated based on approved land use plans indicating appropriate land use and management responsibilities11.

10 Ngo Ba Thanh (1994): The new Land Law of 1993 of Vietnam. Article published in Vietnam Law & Legal Forum November 1994. 11 Relevant laws are identified in the "List of Laws" (page 59)

6 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

It is noteworthy that modern land management practices were introduced less than a decade ago. Many of the new rights and land management requirements have not reached the lower levels of the state administration and the remote areas of the country.

These provisions of the 1993 Land Law required the state administration to allocate all land to specific owners and, with the granting of the LUC, to transfer responsibility for land management to individual households, groups, organisations and institutions. This policy thus implied a substantial disengagement of the State from the task of managing the country’s land and forest resources. In practice, this process was implemented rather slowly, often meeting resistance at local level. In the meantime, land allocation of permanent agricultural areas has made considerable progress, but forest land allocation is still far from complete. By the end of 1999, the Government had allocated 0.47 million hectares of forest to different collective bodies and 0.62 million hectares of forest and forestland to 198,446 households. Land allocated to and/or managed by SFEs totaled roughly 6.8 million hectares. Responsibility for the management of natural forest areas is up to now restricted to government organizations: SFEs, state farms, management teams for special use and protection areas, and forestry control services12. Table 1: Forest land distribution in the CTSL Total Forest land Forest Land by Use (ha) Total area (ha) Province Special use Protection Production (ha) without with without with without with without with forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest Quang Tri 309,313 138,160 40,093 40,093 99,418 29,728 169,803 68,339 T.T. Hue 505,399 na 217,527 79,893 54,669 198,809 100,368 141,424 62,490 Da Nang 125,624 67,148 52,354 24,127 15,933 22,338 16,650 79,159 19,994 Quang Nam 1,040,748 na 388,804 85,450 85,450 198,809 100,368 141,424 62,490 Quang Ngai 513,151 na 143,682 6,770 1,664 238,655 84,873 101,353 40,073 Binh Dinh 602,555 153,309 222 0 127,946 116,685 65,489 36,624 Gia Lai 1,549,571 758,270 64,955 51,981 285,310 152,996 1,215,206 553,293 Kon Tum 966,200 612,489 134,140 76,283 335,698 215,290 496,362 315,077 Source - Summarised from the "Land Use Management" report to WWF by Cenused, 2001 1.4.2 Land Classification and Protected Area System

According to the Land Law, land is classified into five categories, namely:

1. Agricultural land; 2. Forestry land; 3. Land for residential areas; 4. Specialised land; 5. Unused land.

The definition of the land classes is based on its intended use (“to be used as’’), implying that intended land use would ultimately corresponded to actual use, leaving as “unused land” any land for which the use had not been determined and which had not (yet) been allocated accordingly.

Forest land includes (a) land with forest, and (b) land without forest, but which should be afforested through planting, assisted natural regeneration, or protection of the vegetation. Forest land is divided into three categories: Special-use forest, protection forest and production forest13.

12 p. 28-29, CENESUD-WWF "Land Use Management." Study 13 As defined in the Regulation on Management of Special-use, Protection and Production Forest" (08/2001/QD-TTg; January 11, 2001).

7 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

Protection Forests are intended to protect watersheds and soils, control soil erosion, limit the effects of natural disasters, regulate climate, and contribute to environmental protection. Production forest is mainly planned for forest development aiming at production and forest product development in combination with eco-environment protection. Special Use Forests are intended to preserve nature and typical national forest ecosystems, protecting plant and animal gene resources, providing sites for scientific research and preserving historical and cultural heritage and famous landscapes.

The protected area network is constantly developing, with several proposals awaiting decree for extending existing protected areas and decreeing new ones. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD), which is designated management responsibility for the national Special-use Forests system, plans to expand the system of Special-use Forests by some 700,000 hectares to reach 2 million hectares by the year 2010.

Special Use Forests are classified into three types:

National Parks: a natural area to conserve one or several ecosystems;

Nature Conservation Area: including (a) nature reserves to protects a natural area and (b) Species/Habitat Conservation Areas to protect habitat for one or more species of rare or typical trees and animals;

Culture/Historical Sites: natural landscape having specific aesthetic, cultural, research or historic values.

At present, Vietnam has 94 special use forests covering roughly 2.4 million ha, with 12 national parks (roughly 500,000 ha); 48 nature reserves (roughly 2.3 million ha); 16 habitats/ species protected areas (400,000 ha), 27 cultural and historical sites and 18 landscape/seascape protected areas (136,757 ha)14. Some 575,000 ha (almost one-quarter) of special use forests are not forested (e.g., scrub, grassland and agriculture), including large areas in nature reserves and in national parks15.

Within the CTSL, 7 protected areas have been decreed so far, and 7 more are proposed. The total area is roughly 402,287 and they pass through roughly 62 communes (two communes include areas from two national parks)16.

Protected areas established by government decree are eligible for budget support for operation (salaries, administration) and investment (e.g., infrastructure development) and may receive allocations from national programs (e.g., 5MHP)17. The total national budget for national parks in 2000 was roughly VND 20 billion (US$1,500,000), or VND 1.66 million (US$125,000) per park18.

14 Dr. Nguyen Ba Thu, Director of FPD: "Management and Protection in Protected Areas in Vietnam." Conservation Education Network. "Internal Newsletter," No 3, 4/2001. 15 "Expanding the Protected Areas Network …", p. 6. 16 See Commune List Annex for affected communes 17 Government budget allocations are channeled to protected areas through Ministry budgets where they belong to ministries (e.g. National Parks through MARD), or through province budgets (e.g. Nature Reserves). 18 Dr. Thu, p. 6

8 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

Table 2: Protected Areas in the CTSL Protected Area Province Area (ha) Status Dak Rong Nature Reserve Quang Tri 40,526 Decreed Bach Ma National Park T.T. Hue 22,031 Decreed Bac Hai Van Conservation Area T.T. Hue 14,547 Proposed Phong Dien Nature Reserve T.T. Hue 41,548 Proposed Ba Na - Nui Chua Nature Reserve Da Nang 8,838 Decreed Ban Dao Son Tra Nature Reserve Da Nang 4,439 Decreed Nam Hai Van Cult/Hist Site Da Nang 10,850 Proposed Phu Ninh Nature Reserve Quang Nam 23,000 Proposed Song Thanh Nature Reserve Quang Nam 93,000 Proposed Ngoc Linh (Quang Nam) Nature Reserve Quang Nam 18,430 Proposed An Toan Nature Reserve Binh Dinh 26,044 Proposed Ngoc Linh (Kon Tum) Nature Reserve Kon Tum 41,424 Decreed Kon Ka Kinh Nature Reserve Gia Lai 41,710 Decreed Kon Cha Rang Nature Reserve Gia Lai 15,900 Decreed

Map 2: Protected Areas in the CTSL

9 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

1.4.3 Resource Managers

Sector Agencies

Since the 1990’s, a broad array of legislation has been promulgated formalizing a structure of state agencies dealing with land and natural resources management. The most important institutions and their summarized responsibilities are listed below.

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

The key line ministry in the rural development, agriculture, and forestry sectors is the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD). Since its creation in December 1995, the MARD combines the responsibilities of the former ministries for forestry, agriculture, food industries and water resources management. Among its 18 departments under the direction of a Minister and six Vice-Ministers, are the Forest Protection Department (FPD) (described more fully below), the Forestry Development Department (FDD), and the Agriculture and Forestry Extension Department (AFED). Other important organizations under MARD include the Forest Inventory and Planning Institute (FIPI) with its regional branches, and the State Forest Enterprises (described more fully below)19. MARD is responsible for managing special-use forest systems and directly managing national parks20. Furthermore, MARD is responsible for a large number of ODA projects and the national programs related to rural infrastructure development, re- and afforestation, including the 5 Million Hectare Program (also know as Program 661).

Forest Protection Department

The forest protection department was established in 1973 to protect, but not preserve, forests. At the central level, the Forest Protection Department (FPD) belongs to MARD and is charged with the management and protection of forests nation-wide. On the provincial level, there are currently 58 Forest Protection Sub-sections, of which 44 report to the PPC and 13 report to the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (DARD). In addi- tion, there are 368 Forest Protection Stations at the district level. At the end of 2000, 8,764 persons were employed by the FPD21.

Only the FPD has forest guards to take enforcement action on forest land. Forest protection functions of the FPD and its Forest Protection Branches (provincial and district level) to an extent overlap and duplicate forest protection responsibilities of the SFEs at local level.

State Forest Enterprises

State Forest Enterprises (SFE) are semi-autonomous state-owned entities, which currently hold land use rights over about 6.8 million hectares of forest, a little over a third of Viet Nam’s total forest land. Of this, 29% are protection forest, 44% production forest, 22% barren land, and 5% agricultural land (1999). Virtually all SFEs (99.5%) manage forest plantations, and two out of three are involved in forest protection activities under the 5 Million Hectare Program (5MHP). SFE activities included wood harvest from natural and plantation forest, saw milling22, forest plantations (487,000 ha) and forest protection (770,000 ha). In the period leading up to Decision 187 (September

19 (are not directly under the Central Level Management but under the Corporations of MARD like VINAFOR). 20 At present, all national parks except Con Dao and Tram Chim are under MARD. Mai, p. 20. 21 Mai, p. 23-24 22 To date, only State Forest Enterprises (SFEs) have the right to cut and sell indigenous timber.

10 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

1999), roughly 580,000 m3 of wood was harvested annually from natural and plantation forests (roughly 2,300 m3 per SFE).

Legal logging in Vietnam’s natural forests is being progressively restricted to 300.000 m3/ha in an effort to maintain and improve the forests. According to Decision 187, up to 20% of the wood can be removed in natural forests classified as very essential and essential protection forests. Where bamboo covers 80% or more of area, up to 20% of the volume may be exploited, and in essential and very essential watershed protection forests planted with State funds, up to 10% of the planted area may be exploited.

Up until 1999, the majority of SFEs (87%) were administered by the provincial DARDs. With the passage of Decision 187 in September 1999, SFEs have been reclassified as follows:

SFEs to be maintained and consolidated to operate under business mechanisms: (a) SFE’s manging natural and planted forests planned for production and less-critical protection forests, and (b) SFEs planting forests for industrial materials (paper production, particle board, etc.), (c) protection and plantation of protection forests in “very crucial” and “crucial” areas less than 5,000 ha in size.

SFEs to be changed into Protection Forest Management Boards. Management Boards: SFEs who manage 5,000 ha or more of essential or very essential watershed protection forest or whose land consists of 70% or more of such land.

SFEs to be changed into other types of business: SFEs managing less than 1,000 ha of forest land located in between agricultural land and close to residential areas or SFEs facing difficulties.

In the CTSL, 34 SFEs control roughly 893,633 hectares of forest land (153,656 in transition and 740,976 in priority areas) and hold logging licenses. These forests controlled by SFEs involve 122 communes, ten of which have land controlled by two SFEs23.

General Department of Land Administration

The Land Law of 1993 mandated the establishment of a specialized agency to deal with land administration, including land allocation and land use planning, land registry administration, and arbitration in land disputes. This agency, the General Department of Land Administration (GDLA), has offices at the provincial and district levels and a cadre at the commune level.

The Department of Land Administration (DLA) at the provincial level, together with the cadastral officers at District and Commune levels, is in charge of the administrative execution of cadastral mapping, land registration and issuing of land use certificates. In practice, the DLAs have been mainly focusing on cadastral mapping and allocation of lowland agricultural areas.

Ministry of Planning and Investment

The Ministry of Planning & Investment (MPI) is the coordinating and advisory agency to the government on national socio-economic development planning. MPI is also responsible for reviewing all provincial plans. The Prime Minister approves plans for important economic zones, and sixteen designated cities24 and some important fields or projects drawing from the state budget. For the other provinces, MPI has the power to delegate authority to the chairmen of the

23 See Annex 4 for a list of SFEs with logging permits in the Central Truong Son and the commune list annex for SFEs by commune. 24 The sixteen cities include national cities (Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Hai Phong, Da Nang, Hue) and regional cities (Can Tho, Bien Hoa, Vung Tau, Nha Trang, Buon Me Thuot, Vinh, Nam Dinh, Ha Long, Viet Tri, Thai Nguyen and Hoa Binh). These cities are under the direct management of the central government.

11 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape provincial people’s committees to approve provincial development plans. On the environmental protection front, MPI (together with MoSTE) is responsible for co-ordinating with ministries, branches and locaties to integrate the strategy and action plans with socio-economic strategies, as well as initiating the preparation of environmental action plans for the regions.

At provincial-level, the Departments of Planning and Investment (DPI) are standing members of provincial councils for investment project appraisal and play an important role in the planning and coordination of sector strategies, and investment and resource management at the provincial level. DPIs main functions include (1) setting up programs and plans for socioeconomic development, (2) managing Foreign Direct Investment, ODA and foreign investment cooperation, and (3) coordinating among departments in the implementation process of socioeconomic plans and programs/project, (4) coordinating with the Department of Finance (DOF) to develop draft annual budgets to be submitted to the PPC and on up to the National Assembly, and (5) guiding various provincial department at the district level in establishing master plans, programs, and projects.

Other Important Sector Agencies

The Ministry of Science and Technology (MoSTE) advises the government on national socio-economic development planning and its provincial representatives Department of Science, Technology and Environment (DoSTE) are key members of the PPCs’ development planning advisory team. MoSTE is the key organization in developing and implementing the National Action Plan on Biological Diversity and implementing the National Environment Action Plan (in part working with the National Board for Sustainable Development which is being established to oversee, guide and facilitate implementation of the National Environment Action Plan programs).

MOLISA, the Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs, is the agency responsible for implementing the Hunger Eradication and Poverty Reduction Program (Program 133). The National Committee for Ethnic Minorities and Mountainous Regions (CEMMA) implements the Program for Socio-economic Development in Communes with Extreme Difficulties (Program 135). The Ministry of Culture and Information is responsible for directly managing cultural/historical sites (a category of “special use forest”). The Vietnamese National Administration of Tourism (VNAT) also promotes infrastructure investments in the CTSL. The ministries of Transportation and Construction set standards and implement cost norms for infrastructure development (e.g., roads, dams). Finally, once the development and investment plans have been approved, the Ministry of Finance (MOF) is to ensure that the budget required is available.

Local Government

Vietnam has 61 provinces and “national cities” (i.e., cities directly under central government administration): the conservation landscape transects 8 provinces25. On the province level, the key administrative units are the PPC, Provincial People’s Councils, and District People’s Committees (DPC). According to the Land Law, the land belongs to the people. Since the People’s Committees are the representatives of the people, they are in charge of land allocation.

.25 Da Nang is technically a "national city," which gives it province-level status. Hue, in principle, also has this status. For the purposes of this study, however, these distinctions are of minimal importance. Hence, to facilitate our presentation, we include the city of Hue in the Province of T.T. Hue, and simply count and refer to Da Nang as a province since it is administratively handled as such.

12 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

Provincial People’s Committees

According to Vietnamese Law26, the People’s Committees (PC) are the State administrative organs on local level. As executive offices of the People’s Council, they control the implementation of the Constitution, the laws and the written decisions of the State organs at higher levels. The PC at each level of local government enjoy a high degree of autonomy and executive powers and oversee the work of the local branches of the line ministries, which are generally hierarchically linked to the respective PC and not to the higher levels of their ministry.

PPCs make annual plans for economic and social development for submission to the central government. They establish the estimated budgets for the province for government approval. Annual action plans are prepared under the poverty alleviation programs to apply for matching funding from the central government. They are also responsible for providing information on transport and communication needs as well as constructing and managing the provincial road network.

PPCs directly manage special use forests, other than National Parks (MARD) and Cultural/Historical Sites (Ministry of Culture). Local-level l ministry-affiliated offices (e.g., DARD, DPI, DoSTE) are administratively under the PPC, but technically under their respective line ministries.

Provincial People’s Councils

Provincial People’s Councils have been vested the powers to decide the measures for management and use of the land, forests and other natural resources in their localities. This includes the responsibility to prepare land use plans, to carry out land allocation and to issue land use certificates as specified in the Land Law. They are also charged with making plans and taking measures to eradicate hunger and alleviate poverty. Finally, they also have decision- making responsibility for policies, budgets, and revenues, reviewing allocations to lower levels of government. Their own budget is allocated by the People’ Committees.

District People’s Committees

District People’s Committees (DPC) formulate annual plans for economic and social development for provincial approval, implement the district budget and ratify plans for commune-level economic and social development. They are additionally responsible for road planning, making recommendations on the location of capital construction projects (for which the District DPIs currently play the lead role in planning commune infrastructure projects)27. The District PC is the responsible body for land allocation and land use planning at commune and village level and commonly in charge of the overall management of all projects carried out on its territory, including those approved at provincial or national level. Since the revision of Program 327 (now 661), this applies also to projects carried out under this national program28.

There are no financial incentives, except the usual Government travel allowances (as approved for 133 and 135 in March 99), for district-level cadres to reach the distant communes, however, and long periods away from the district may take them away from other income-earning activities used to supplement state salaries. Low motivation of district-level authorities is thus linked to limited implementation of government programs in the most remote communes.

26 Official Gazette (10/1996): Ordinance on the concrete tasks and powers of the people's council and people's committee at each level 27 The involvement in road planning is generally limited if the roads are of provincial or national importance. 28 Specific initiatives financed through one of the national programs (e.g., forest protection contracts) may be managed by other agencies or insitutions (e.g., SFEs, National Parks).

13 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

Commune People’s Committees (CPCs)

Communes are the lowest administrative unit and are charged with socio-economic planning and developing an annual budget. Most communes are relatively recent entities, however, (formed in the post-revolutionary period) and have relatively little management or planning experience. Most government-sponsored projects are managed from the provincial or district levels.

Management Boards

Management boards are to be established for each protection forest and special use forest of 1,000 ha or more. The forest management board is to be the forest owner, replacing other investors (e.g., forest protection sub-departments in Kon Ka King in Gia Lai, special-use forest management board in Bach Ma) and as such is to be responsible for managing, protecting and developing the allocated forest, including preparation and submission of annual management plans. To date, however, forest management boards have not yet been granted land use rights in part due to land use conflicts within the forests29.

Management boards have been formerly established in all national parks, and 60% of nature reserves. In practice, they usually consist of protected area management organizations, headed by a director and protected area management staff. Management boards are formerly headed by the appropriate local people’s committee unit. Seventy percent of these management boards are under provincial forest protection departments and 30% under the provincial DARD.

Households and Communities

For forest land consisting of degraded land and bare hills, land users may obtain LUCs giving them long-term use of the land. For forest land with natural or planted forest, or land covered with vegetation that needs to be protected, families and individuals may obtain a contract signed with the appropriate insitutions (e.g., State Forest Enterprises), which gives them responsibility to protect and manage the land for which they are paid. Households, families, and individuals who live in watershed and special-use forests, or in specified state-owned lands may contract for land use with the Management Board or other authority.

1.5 National Strategies, Plans and Programs

The Government of Vietnam’s current Ten Year Socio-Economic Development Strategy (2001-2010) and accompanying Five Year Development Plan (2001-1005) were discussed and approved at the 9th National Party Congress in March 2001. These documents, prepared by the Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI), are based on input from sector ministries, regions and provinces. The specific targets in these plans center on the improved welfare of the people and the modernization and industrialization of the country, through a development strategy built on four main principles30:

Sustainable economic growth as the force for reducing poverty and fostering industrialization;

Stability, (political, social, and economic); Equity, based on a reasonable living standard and equal opportunity;

29 To Dinh Mai "Analyzing the Management Organization System of Natural Protected Areas in Vietnam" Consultant report prepared for the Project on Strengthening Protected Area Management (SPAM) 2001.( p. 16) 30 A summary of key targets is in Annex 6. A more complete review of the plans and strategies can be found in Mr. Sinh's report.

14 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

Participation, with people and communities determining their own futures with government facilitation.

A series of strategies in turn focus the plans’ objectives and targets in time and space, providing direction for the development of specific programs and investment plans. For the study of the CTSL, two groups of strategies were deemed particularly important: (1) those promoting conservation targets (e.g., the National Strategy for Environmental Protection and National Action Plan on Biological Diversity) and (2) those promoting economic development initiatives that potentially compromise conservation interests in the Central Truong Son (e.g., new roads, resettlement, new economic zone development). Specifically, strategies examined included:

National Strategy for Environmental Protection (NSEP)

National Action Plan on Biological Diversity

Poverty Reduction Strategy

Agricultural and Rural Development Strategy

Forest Development Strategy31

National Transport Strategy

Strategies and plans are important for identifying strategic objectives and targets, which are cascaded down to lower levels and entered into local and sector strategies and plans. Neither “plans” nor “strategies” have any direct budgetary importance, however. National Programs, decreed by the central government to support strategies, provide a framework for financing development initiatives. In practice, these programs not only steer national budgeting, but strongly influence international donor assistance flows as well (see ODA section). A review of National Programs that support the above mentioned strategies and that influence conservation targets in the Central Truong Son, included:

The Five Million Hectare Reforestation Program (Program 661/327)

Hunger Eradication and Poverty Reduction (Program 133)

Socio-Economic Development in Communes with Extreme Difficulties (Program 135)

Although national programs address targets in the strategies, there is no singular or unique link between a given strategy and a national program. On the one hand, not all strategies have a national program charged with implementing its targets. Neither the Environmental nor the Biodiversity Strategies, for example, have national programs to fund concrete activities (e.g., environmental impact assessments). On the other hand, several national programs may address a single strategy’s targets32. The targets that most frequently appeared in the 11 plans, strategies and programs reviewed are:

Economic infrastructure development (roads) (6 times)

Hunger Eradication (5 times)

Regeneration/protection of forests (43% coverage) (5 times)

31 Included examination of the "Development Program of Wood and Forest Products Processing to 2010 (MARD Draft, 2000) 32 All three of the above national programs address Poverty Alleviation Strategy targets

15 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

Poverty Reduction (5 times)

Social infrastructure development (schools, clinics) (5 times)

Income generation/job creation (5 times)

Economic development targets clearly outnumber conservation targets (though several of the strategies demand sustainability issues to be taken into account). The natural tension between economic development and conservation goals can, and do, lead to competition and conflict among targets. Tensions exist not only among strategies and programs, but unresolved conflicts and inconsistencies occur within single strategies33.

The most pressing issue for the contemplated conservation strategy is the regeneration /protection of forests. A plurality of strategies and programs include the target of 43% forest coverage by 2010. These strategies and programs, however, also promote targets that risk increasing encroachment (e.g., new economic zones, expansion of export crop production areas) and intensifying human activity (resettlement, new road construction)34.

At present no entity is addressing the inherent competitions and conflicts between socio- economic and conservation targets. A Sustainability Management Board has been proposed by the Government, but to date, neither this nor any other mechanism is in place that is in a position to harmonize the policy framework or modify specific development interventions.

1.6 Planning and Budget Process

The Law on Government Budget (LGB) passed in 1996 decentralized budget management and redefined the respective responsibilities of the central and local levels. The LGB delegates authority to local government for generating revenues and for expenditure in the fixed period of 3 to 5 years (under the Government Decree No 51/1998/CP dated July 18, 1998), thus paving the way for local governments to carry out their functions with greater autonomy. In addition, a complex planning process produces approved annual development and investment plans to guide expenditures35. Once the development and investment plans have been approved, the Ministry of Finance is to ensure that the budget required to implement the plans are available. In practice, however, this is not always the case.

Budgets managed by the GOV, either directly through the State Budget or through National Programs, are typically allocated on an annual basis. Although funds for basic operational costs (e.g., salaries) are reliably budgeted at constant or slightly increasing levels through the annual budget, there is usually only very limited discretionary funding for concrete development initiatives. Funding for development initiatives must therefore be found elsewhere.

There are three issues for conservation that arise from this funding pattern. First, local government officials interested in implementing development initiatives cannot rely on the regular budget appropriation process. S/he has to seek extra-budgetary funding, i.e., via national programs or international donor funded projects. The planning process is therefore driven by where monies may be available – not by local development needs. Second, concrete

33 The Wood Processing strategy requires restricting harvesting in natural forests while (1) significantly increasing the harvesting of wood, bamboo and rattan, (2) constructing wood processing factories in remote, mountainous areas, and (3) increasing exports. 34 Of particular concern is the number of strategies and programs targeting new road construction into remote, mountainous areas: As will be shown later, the number of actual projects and associated funding flows correlate closely with these priorities. 35 See Mr. Sinh's report for a detailed presentation of the development planning process.

16 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape planning and feasibility work often commences only once the budget allocation has been made. This is typically the first instance where commune-level planning occurs. The responsible unit then has the remaining budget year in which to conclude planning, execute the project and complete disbursements. The speed with which such projects must be executed compromises the ability of a project unit to adequately consider conservation issues and options36. Third, where funds are made available purely on an annual basis, there is no guarantee of future or follow-up funding. Planning for initiatives requiring a longer-term horizon, like conservation initiatives, therefore has to be done under the umbrella of an externally funded project or remains uncertain on a year-to year basis.

1.7 Official Development Assistance Strategies, Programs and Projects

1.7.1 General

According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), with US$1.3 billion, Vietnam was the fifth largest recipient of official development assistance internationally in 1999 (after China, Indonesia, Egypt and India). In 2000, ODA receipts grew to US$1.65 billion and reached an estimated US$1.75 billion in 200137. According to Government data, the total value of signed ODA projects and programs since 1993 exceeds US$17 billion.

Roughly 45 donors and 300 non-governmental organizations (NGO) are active in Vietnam. Bilateral donors as a group provided some 73% of ODA disbursements, with Japan alone

Figure 1: Top 10 Donors (Disbursements in 2000)

Germany 21

Australia 32

Netherlands 34

Sweden 49

UN Agencies 53

Denmark 54

France 58

WB 139

ADB 226

Japan 870

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Source - UNDP“ODA 2000.” Hanoi, December 2001

36 In Decree 52/CP, for example, investors are required to consider environmental concerns through all six steps of appraisal including: (1) Report on Pre-feasibility Studies; (2) Report on Feasibility Studies; (3) Appraisal of Investment Project; (4) Investment Decision Contents; (5) Technical Design Appraisal Contents; and (6) Approval of Technical Statistics. The implication of these new requirements is that such issues as the exploitation and sustainable use of natural resources, the control of the trading in the rare species as well as the unique biomaterial are to be considered in the preparation of the feasibility studies of the project and appraisal of the project. The problem is that a highly restrictive time frame leaves no time to perform these tasks with appropriate consideration (even if local officials actually had the funds to travel to the proposed and possible alternative locations for infrastructure objects). 37 Part of the reason for the significant growth in disbursements in recent years relates to the resumption of some large amounts of quick disbursing loans, including from Japan's Miyazawa Program during 2000, as well as from the World Bank and IMF following agreements reached on a Poverty Reduction Support Credit and a Poverty Reduction Growth Facility during 2001. See the UNDP "ODA 2001" Report for further detail.

17 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape accounting for 54%. Japan remains the largest donor to Vietnam, disbursing US$870 million in 2000. The ADB was the second largest donor, followed by the World Bank (WB), France, Denmark, and Germany. Total assistance provided via international NGOs is estimated at some US$83 million.

ODA predominantly targeted infrastructure projects, particularly energy and transport, which received nearly US$800 million in ODA in 2000 (an increase of 7% over 1999). Policy and institutional support attracted US$241 million (an increase of 274%), followed by education and training US$230 million (a 45% increase in 2000), and rural development (US$217 million). Human development and rural development received 14% and 13% respectively of total ODA in 2000. At the same time, ODA disbursements for large infrastructure projects and other capital investments, particularly from Japan and the Asian Development Bank (ADB), continued to climb, reaching around 60% of total ODA disbursements.

More than half the investment in major infrastructure benefited the energy sector (roughly US$400 million or 31% of total ODA. The second largest ODA sector was transport, with 85% of the programs concentrated in a few donor portfolios (JBIC, ADB, WB). A majority of these funds finance highways, such as National Highways 1, 5, and 18, as well as a bridge rehabilitation program (particularly in support of the Reunification Railway). The under developed all-weather rural road system, is slated to become an important target of development assistance as several international donors, including JBIC, WB, ADB, shift their strategies to a greater focus on direct poverty alleviation and increasing access to remote areas. The structure of ODA changed importantly in 2000. Capital investment programs dropped from 71% (1999) down to 62% of ODA (90% are loans from JBIC, ADB and the WB). Free standing technical assistance increase by 18% to represent 21% of ODA in 2000.

Figure 2: Top 10 ODA sectors in 2000 38:

Natural Resources 58

Industry 63

Agriculture 88

Health 90

Social Development 122

Education & Training 124

Area Development 129

Economic management 214

Transport 257

Energy 406

0 100 200 300 400 500 Source - UNDP“ODA 2000.” Hanoi, December 2001

38 UNDP, "ODA 2000." Hanoi, December 2001.

18 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

1.7.2 Infrastructure

Roughly half of ODA funds, by far the largest share, are allocated to major infrastructure programs and projects in line with the Government’s ambitious targets outlined in the Socio- Economic Development Strategy 2001-2010 and relevant sector strategies. The transportation sector received 16% of total ODA and the programs were heavily concentrated in a few donor portfolios, namely JBIC (US$148 million), ADB (US$55 million) and the WB (US$38 million). The key large investments are in the Hai Van tunnel, Highways 5, 10 and 18, railway bridge rehabilitation and a new Red River bridge construction project. The drinking water and sanitation is heavily dominated by ADB, which accounts for nearly 40 per cent of ODA in this field with projects providing water supply and sanitation facilities to provincial towns and Ho Chi Minh City.

1.7.3 Rural Development

Rural development ranks fourth with roughly 13 percent of total ODA. Total disbursement increased by US$24 million in 2000, reversing the 1997-1999 trend. The increase was largely in area development, or the integrated rural development sub-sector (ADB, WB, IFAD). ODA flows into sectoral areas largely in line with national priorities. Most of the funds were related to loans for rural finance and credit, infrastructure and transport. Grant funds were concentrated in poverty reduction projects in rural areas sponsored by multilateral and bilateral donors and had either implicit or explicit linkages with the Programs 133 and 135. Disbursements in agriculture (nearly US$88 million) focused on irrigation and flood protection (ADB, WB) and International IFAD support agriculture research and conservation in the North Central Coast.

Rural infrastructure accounts for over half of all loan assistance provided in the rural sector. Until recently, donor assistance to developing the rural road network in the most isolated uplands areas was limited. The UNDP “Compendium of Rural Development Assistance” notes that with the commencement of a few large new projects (ADB, WB, AusAID, CIDA) which are focused on the construction of roads and bridges and the improvement of inland waterways, rural access now accounts for the second most important component of rural infrastructure in terms of ODA allocations with a total value of US$344.24 million.

Figure 3: Number of Rural Development Projects in CTSLProvinces

Gia Lai Ongoing (1999) Kon Tum New (2000) Binh Dinh Quang Ngai Quang Nam Danang TT Hue Quang Tri

0 1020304050 Sources - UNDPCompendium of Rural Development Assistance (02/2000); UNDPVietnam web site, (12/2001)

19 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

The largest component of commitments for projects working in Program 135 districts is allocated to rural infrastructure followed by agriculture, forestry and fisheries, and health. Of the ongoing projects, 27 are focused on the ministries, and 52 are working nationally. Those active in the CTSL provinces include in Figure 3 above:

Externally assisted programs undertaken in the upland areas of the Central Region have been limited because of the difficulties of access and low population densities. Exceptions are the Forest Protection and Rural Development Project (WB), the Forestry Sector Project (ADB) and the Gia Lai Agro-Forestry Extension Project (NZODA). All these projects aim to reduce damage to forests and biodiversity by protecting existing forest and reducing the poverty of the local inhabitants. Other projects in the Central Region with a poverty focus have tended to concentrate on lowland areas, although the World Bank Community Based Rural Infrastructure Project (to be implemented in Nghe An and Quang Nam beginning 2001 or 2002) will cover many upland communes in T.T. Hue as well as other central provinces. Rural Transport II (WB and DFID) will address the gaps in the road network to communes in Quang Tri and Quang Binh. Other important poverty oriented projects in the area will include the forthcoming Asian Development Bank Central Highlands Livelihoods Project (Gia Lai, Kon Tum, Dak Lak) and the upcoming ADB Central Region Poverty Reduction Project (T.T. Hue, Quang Tri and Quang Binh).

1.7.4 Natural Resource Management

Disbursements in natural resource management have increased from US$45 million in 1999 to US$121 million in 2000. The top donors are the WB (US$53.6 million) followed by the EU (US$16 million), JICA (US$16), DANIDA (US$13), and the Government of the Netherlands (US$12,641). Other donors include the Global Environment Facility (GEF) (via UNDP and WB), CIDA, GMZ (Germany), the Canada Fund, WWF, IUCN and BP.

More than half (13) of the projects target assistance to national parks. Over half of the funding, however (about US$62 million) is supporting wetland and coastal areas.

20 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

Table 3: List of Natural Resources Management Projects in Vietnam Project Name Start End ‘000 USD Donor Community Based Conservation Management: 1998 2003 2,175 CIDA China-Viet Nam Cuc Phuong Conservation Project 1999 2001 235 BP/Statoil Conservation of the Pu Luong - 2001 748 GEF-WB Cuc Phuong Limestone Landscape Conservation of the Pu Luong - 2001 240 Canada Fund Cuc Phuong Limestone Landscape Social Forestry and Natural Resource 1997 2003 16,249 EU Conservation in Nghe An Province Tam Dao National Park Conservation Project 2002 2005 1,591 BMZ Preparation of the Kon Cha Rang and Kon 2001 2005 0 GEF-UNDP Ka Kinh Nature Reserves management plan Contributing to biodiversity conservation 2000 2003 21 GEF-UNDP of Bach Ma National Park Contributing to biodiversity conservation of 2000 2003 25 GEF-UNDP Cat Ba National Park through community activity Contributing to biodiversity conservation 2000 2003 27 GEF-UNDP of Tam Dao National Park Cat Tien National Park Conservation Project 1998 2003 6,975 NETHGOV Forest Protection and Rural Development 1998 2003 5,160 NETHGOV Project: Chu Mom Ray Nature Reserve Strengthening the Forestry Management 2000 2003 496 NETHGOV Capacity in Thua Thien Hue Province Protection and conservation of the golden 2001 2007 480 German Zoological Alangur and its habitat (Cat Ba National Park) Soc., Conservation Int’l., IUCN/US Forest Protection and Rural Development 1999 2003 21,500 WB Strengthening Protected Area 2000 2002 1,526 DANIDA Management in Viet Nam (SPAM) Creating Protected Areas for Resource 1999 2004 5,806 GEF-UNDP Conservation using Landscape Ecology (PARC) Bach Ma - Hai Van Green Corridor, 2001 2004 1,128 GEF-WB++ Bach Ma - Hai Van Green Corridor, 2001 2004 333 WWF-IC Reforestation of Coastal Sandy 2001 2004 15,758 JICA Soil Areas (Phase I) Coastal Wetlands Protection 2000 2006 31,760 WB and Development Project Coastal Wetlands Protection 2000 2005 11,300 DANIDA and Development Project Cat Ba Natural Resources Conservation Project 2000 2002 180 FFI, British Env. Fund; AusAID Hon Mun Pilot Marine Protected 2001 2005 2,100 GEF / WB / Area Pilot Project Denmark / IUCN

Source - UNDPVietnam web site, December 2001, modified and completed

21 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

1.7.5 Regional Distribution of ODA

Overall, ODA funds have become increasingly decentralized in that development assistance is increasingly directed to initiatives on a sub-national level (66% of total ODA disbursement were targeted at specific provinces in 2000 compared with roughly 30% in 1995). Geographic distribution is presented in Table 4, below.

Table 4: ODA allocated to specific regions and urban authorities (million USD) 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995-2000 Norther Uplands 38.8 51.3 78.0 128.0 284.2 185.3 765.6 Red River Delta 78.4 78.4 88.5 191.9 233.0 232.2 902.4 of which - Hanoi 41.2 29.6 31.4 71.8 89.4 83.7 347.1 North Central Coast 27.0 43.9 63.2 61.9 73.6 82.1 351.7 South Central Coast 14.3 39.2 62.0 63.0 70.8 57.1 306.4 Central Highlands 12.8 23.8 18.3 26.4 33.4 35.6 150.3 South-east 31.9 54.2 70.1 119.5 115.3 194.7 585.7 of which - HCMC 11.2 24.3 37.8 50.9 50.9 49.6 224.7 Mekong Delta 27.0 36.1 58.0 105.9 94.3 166.8 488.1 Total 230.2 326.9 438.2 696.9 904.8 954.1 4,122.0

Source - UNDP“ODA 2000.” Hanoi, 2001

22 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

PART II: IMPACT ASSESSMENT

2.1 Assessment methodology

Part II of the report presents an assessment of the impacts (both negative and positive) of the development policies, plans and programs described in the first part.

National and provincial development plans and strategies were not considered as such in the assessment, since they do not directly affect biodiversity conservation. Only if plans and strategies are translated into practical development initiatives as programs and projects (with budgets) do they have an impact. Therefore, only funded programs and projects were included in the assessment.

The assessment starts with a general presentation of the different categories of development initiatives identified in the study and their expected positive and negative impacts on biodiversity conservation. Since there was no impact analysis of specific development initiatives or program components available, project and programs were sorted by their main component into the following categories:

1. Infrastructure, including sedentarization and resettlement 2. Forestry 3. Agriculture, irrigation and livestock improvement 4. Industry, tourism and handicrafts 5. Education and health 6. Biodiversity conservation 7. Other

Individual development initiatives may be listed in more than one program/project category, if substantial proportions of activities and investments fall into separate categories.

Expected negative impacts were assessed based on overall biodiversity conservation requirements. Specific conservation needs of individual taxa could not be taken into account due to the wide range of requirements of specific taxa. The assessment therefore focused on the known main threats to biodiversity, only. The main categories of conservation threats are related to:

a. Habitat loss and degradation; b. Disturbance and extraction; c. Air and water pollution, climate change.

Habitat loss and degradation comprises all activities that lead to the physical destruction of habitats or affect the biological composition or the physical characteristics of a habitat in a permanent way. Typical examples include deforestation, logging, land clearing and burning, but also afforestation and plantation with exotic and industrial tree species, damming of rivers, sealing of soils, soil erosion and strip mining. Habitat loss and degradation occur on a local scale and are usually caused by human activity within or in close vicinity of the affected habitats. Negative impacts resulting in habitat loss or degradation may be totally or partially

23 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape reversible if the affected areas are not very large and surrounded by intact habitats. Regeneration can however only take place if the causes of the habitat loss or degradation are halted over a longer period of time.

Disturbance and extraction activities such as hunting, snaring, fishing, gathering of firewood and medicinal plants or harvesting of plants cause temporary habitat modifications which can lead to permanent degradation and habitat loss if the disturbance and extraction levels are higher than the regeneration capacity of the respective habitat.

Air and water pollution can be caused by temporary disturbances (e.g. road construction, forest fires, road accidents) or may be of more permanent nature, caused, for example, by uncontrolled waste water disposal from industrial or commercial installations, oil and gas seepage from service stations etc.

Positive impacts can be expected from activities aiming at:

Protection and rehabilitation of existing habitats as part of biodiversity conservation and forest protection activities;

Creation of buffer zones around existing habitats through tree planting, forest protection and sustainable agricultural production.

Avoidance of pollution through wastewater treatment, controlled garbage disposal etc.

As pointed out in the report, the most important habitats for conservation are forests. For conservation purposes, lowland forests (below 700 m above sea level) are considered to be of highest importance, since habitat loss due to agricultural expansion, road development and settlement of migrants threatens most remaining areas of lowland forest. With increasing elevation, forest habitats become less threatened and remaining forest cover increases. However, forests at all elevation levels are essential for the protection of a wide range of taxa and secondary habitats, such as rivers, streams, rapids and headwaters.

For the purposes of this study, the focus was on forests in priority areas of the planned conservation landscape, making no distinctions between forests of different elevation. Threats and positive impacts expected from different development initiatives were identified and their geographic distribution in the conservation landscape described. Clusters, contiguousness and other such spatial patterns that emerged were then compared with the priority areas for biodiversity conservation in order to identify areas with high conservation priority.

2.2 Overview of Development Initiatives in the CTSL

The national consultants identified 146 development initiatives under implementation in the CTSL in 2001. More than half of these involve infrastructure development and around one third is related to agriculture and forestry. Only three development initiatives directly related to biodiversity conservation were identified during the provincial surveys39.

Summaries of the likely negative and positive impacts from development initiatives are presented for each of the provinces in the CTS conservation landscape. For this purpose, the specific situation in each of the eight provinces of the CTS conservation landscape was analyzed by:

39 Subsequent research identified three additional initiatives in the Bach Ma - Hai Van area that had not been included in the original provincial lists and are hence not included in the subsequent analysis.

24 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

Table 5: Development Initiatives included in the Impact Assessment40

Province Total Main Sectors of Development Initiatives All DI* Sectors Infra. For. Ag./Irr. Ed./H. Ind. BC Other Multi

Quang Tri 17 13 2 6 0 0 1 0 6 22 % 59.1 9.1 27.3 0.0 0.0 4.5 0.0 27.3 100.0 T.T. Hue 1411133010119 % 57.9 5.3 15.8 15.8 0.0 5.3 0.0 5.3 100.0 Da Nang 15 14 2 1 0 0 0 2 0 19 % 73.7 10.5 5.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.5 0.0 100.0 Quang Nam 17 12 3 0 0 0 0 2 0 17 % 70.6 17.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.8 0.0 100.0 Quang Ngai 2092 63 00 11 21 % 42.9 9.5 28.6 14.3 0.0 0.0 4.8 4.8 100.0 Kon Tum 2411362102125 % 44.0 12.0 24.0 8.0 4.0 0.0 8.0 4.0 100.0 Binh Dinh 17 10 1 4 1 0 0 1 0 17 % 58.8 5.9 23.5 5.9 0.0 0.0 5.9 0.0 100.0 Gia Lai 2249 14 31 11 23 % 17.4 39.1 4.3 17.4 13.0 4.3 4.3 4.3 100.0 Total 146 84 23 27 13 4 3 9 10 163 % 51.5 14.1 16.6 8.0 2.5 1.8 5.5 6.1 100

*Total number of DI can be smaller than the sum of DI sectors due to multisectoral initiatives

1. Identifying the plans, programs and projects relevant for the CTS conservation landscape;

2. Specifying the type of interventions undertaken by these development initiatives;

3. Filtering out initiatives with little or no impact on conservation in the CTSL;

4. Trying to focus the interventions geographically, by identifying target communes for each development initiative where possible;

5. Analyzing expected impacts and mapping geographic patterns;

6. Comparing the importance of expected impacts from development initiatives with other factors affecting conservation.

The results of this assessment are presented on the following pages. The assessment approach per province was chosen to be able to (a) present areas of interest in more detail, (b) focus on development initiatives in priority conservation areas, (c) provide province-specific data and maps which can be used for future discussions and planning exercises.

Since a provincial focus risked to miss clusters or contiguousness in border areas between provinces, digital geographic data sets were prepared to cover the entire CTSL as well as individual provinces. The digital data sets were manipulated during the assessment process using GIS analysis and mapping tools to provide data on specific provinces as well as on selected cross-boundary areas. Spatial distribution of the CTS conservation landscape and of conservation priority areas among the eight provinces are shown in the following table and graphs.

40 Note: The initial number of development initiatives was considerably higher. The figures here refer to those initiatives that were considered to have an impact on the study area. See Annex 5 for a complete list of development initiatives by province as identified by Messrs Hai and Tho.

25 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

Two final points concerning the data presented below: First, given the fact that the boundaries of the CTSL cut through the provinces without regard to administrative borders, it was necessary to gather information as close to the commune-level as possible in order to determine whether an initiative occurred within the priority target area or not. Since data in is not readily available on the commune-level, this significantly increased the time and effort needed to collect information41. One consequence of this development is that Quang Ngai is not addressed in the following analysis. This is because only a small area of the CTSL falls in Quang Ngai, that area is entirely “transition” (i.e., no priority area), and analysis of the initial province level data and SFE activities revealed no significant threats. Consequently the second data collection effort excluded Quang Ngai, concentrating instead on the seven provinces with priority areas. Second, geographic data for the neighboring provinces of T.T. Hue and Da Nang were combined into one set of map data to simplify the mapping process.

Table 6: Provincial Share of Conservation Figure 4: Provincial Shares in Areas (ha) CTSLand CPAs

Conservation Priority CTS Conservation Landscape share per Province Total Area Landscape Areas Province

Binh Dinh Quang Tri Ha 475,700 140,000 65,710 8% Quang Tri % 100.0 29.4 13.8 Gialai 5% DaNang-Hue Quang Tri 15% 11% DaNang-Hue T.T. Hue Ha 591,600 393,700 298,210 Quang Ngai Quang Nam Da Nang % 100 67 50 7% KonTum Quang Nam Ha 1,061,100 842,600 431,860 Quang Ngai Quang Nam KonTum Gialai 32% % 100.0 79.4 40.7 22% Binh Dinh KonTum Ha 970,700 593,300 230,470 % 100.0 61.1 23.7

Quang Ngai Ha 517,200 193,300 300 Conservation Priority Area per Province % 100.0 37.4 0.1 Gia Lai Ha 1,557,600 291,900 229,320 Binh Dinh Quang Tri % 100.0 18.7 14.7 11% 5% Quang Tri Binh Dinh Ha 608,100 221,800 152,080 Gialai DaNang-Hue DaNang-Hue 16% 21% Quang Nam % 100.0 36.5 25.0 Quang Ngai KonTum Total Ha 5,782,000 2,676,600 1,407,950 0% Quang Ngai KonTum Gialai % 100.0 46.3 24.4 16% Quang Nam Binh Dinh 31%

41 The consultants charged with gathering province level information were sent on a second data gathering mission after attempts to gather commune-level information in Hanoi proved inadequate.

26 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

2.3 Quang Tri

Map 3: Quang Tri Province in the CTSL

2.3.1 Situation in the CTSL

About 140,000 ha of the CTSL is situated in Quang Tri. This corresponds to almost one third of the province area but represents just 5% of the total CL. The CL is restricted to the southwestern parts of the province with practically all consevetion priority areas (CPA) located in Dak Rong district.

Table 7: Province Area in the CTSLand in CPAs

Conservation Priority Province Total Area Landscape Areas

Quang Tri Ha 475,700 140,000 65,710 % 100.0 29.4 13.8

2.3.2 Summary of Development Initiatives

During the provincial surveys, 17 development initiatives were identified which are either located in the CTS conservation landscape or in its vicinity. The total planned budget of these initiatives is 68.7 million USD of which about 64 million USD are earmarked for 13 infrastructure programs (6 with agricultural components). Only 3.7 million USD are so far directed towards forestry programs and 1 million for biodiversity conservation (Annex 5). For one larger agricultural diversification program financed by the World Bank (VN-PE-4844) no budget figures could be obtained.

27 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

Table 8: Summary of Development Initiatives per Sector in the CLin Quang Tri

Province Total Main Sectors of Development Initiatives All DI* Sectors Infra. For. Ag./Irr. Ed./H. Ind. BC Other Multi

Quang Tri 17 13 2 6 0 0 1 0 6 22 % 59.1 9.1 27.3 0.0 0.0 4.5 0.0 27.3 100.0

All communes in the CPA are targeted by multiple development initiatives, most by as many as 4-6. Where commune-level information could not be obtained, district-level figures were used to arrive at an average commune allocation. The table and map below show the communes in the conservation priority zone and list the projects targeting them.

Table 9: Communes in Dak Rong District

ID Commune Project Ref. Project Count 23 Mo O 3,6,14,17 4 24 Dak Rong 1,6,13,14,15,17 6 25 Trieu Nguyen 6,14,15,17 4 26 Ba Long 6,12,13,14,17 5 27 Hai Phuc 6,10 2 28 Ba Nang 6,10,14,17 4 29 Ta Long 3,6,10,13,14,17 6 30 Huc Nghi 3,6,10,14,17 5 31 A Vao 6,10,12,14,17 5 32 Ta Rut 6,12,13,14,17 5 33 A Bung 6,11,12,13,14,17 6 34 A Ngo 6,11,12,14,17 5 Note: See Annex 5 for detailed project listings

Map 4: Communes in CPAs in Quang Tri

28 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

Table 10: Development Initiatives in Quang Tri

No. Cat. Name of Initiative Main Interventions Implem. Donor Budget (in Agency (Proj. Code) US$’000) 2 I Rural Transport II Road and Bridge PMU 18 WB () 4,840 Construction and Improvement 3 I Strengthening Capacity School, bridge and DMI UNDP/ 2,017 for Hunger Eradication transformer station UNCDF and Poverty Reduction construction (VIE/96/026 VIE/98/C02) 10 I Infrastructure construction Road rehabilitation, CEMMA Gov. () 532 in very poor communes wells construction, school and irrigation 11 I Infrastructure Construction Road rehabilitation, CEMMA Gov. () 83 in 5 border communes wells construction, school and irrigation 13 I Commune Group Center School, Health Care station, CEMMA Gov. () 276 Development Project water supply, transfomer station, road and irrigation system construction 14 I Program 135 Rural infrastructure CEMMA Gov. 2,152 (from 1999 - 2001) construction and (Prog.135) improvement 15 I Rural Clean water Water supply and sanitation Gov. () 700 and Environment system construction and Sanitation Program improvement and capacity building Subtotal Infrastructure 10,599 1 I/A Rural Infrastructure Infrastructure development, DARD ADB & CFD 6,100 Sector Project agriculture production, (VIE-1564) 6 I/A Central Region Livehood Road rehabilitation, wells MPI/DPI ADB /DFID 14,178 Improvement Project construction, school (TA 3392 renovation, capacity VIE) strengthening for commune level cadres, crop production 7 I/A Quang Tri Rural Afforestation, clean water DARD Finland (-) 6,700 Development Program supply, rural environment (Phase I) and sanitation 8 I/A Quang Tri Rural Afforestation, clean water DARD Finland (-) 4,250 Development Program supply, rural environment (Phase II) and sedentarization 12 I/A Sedentarization Project Afforestation, forest CEMMA Gov. () 159 protection, infrastructure construction 17 I/A Socio-economic Master Infrastructure construction, DPC Gov. (-) 22,000 Plan for difficult and agriculture demonstration, border communes Subtotal Infrastructure with Agricultural Components 53,387 5 A Agriculture Diversification Rubber Planting DARD WB na Project (VN-PE -4844) Subtotal Agriculture 0 18 BC Natural Conservation Zone Office construction, botanical PPC Gov. (-) 1,000 Contruction Project in gardens, fedding and Dakrong curing zones, forest protection Subtotal Biodiversity Conservation 1,000 9 F Afforestation in 3 Ha Tinh, Afforestation of bare land MARDGermany (-) 3,200 Quang Binh, Quang Tri and support to poor families 16 F Five Million Hectare Afforestation, reforestation, MARDGov. 533 Reforestation Program natural regeneration, forest (5MHP) protection, seedling production Subtotal Forestry 3,733 Total 68,719

29 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

2.3.3 Likely Impacts

The planned investments in rural infrastructure development include activities such as road rehabilitation, well construction, school renovation, rural electrification etc. Some of the programs combine infrastructure measures with activities in irrigation, crop production or capacity strengthening.

Construction activities for road rehabilitation, electrification, wells, buildings and irrigation structures are likely to cause local disturbances to vegetation, wildlife and water courses, through land clearing and extraction of construction materials such as wood, sand and gravel. Water supply and irrigation-related construction may permanently change the water regime of small rivers and bordering wetlands.

Better access to remote areas may attract people from other areas, especially along the main roads, such as the Ho Chi Minh (HCM) highway, which traverses the CPA from north to south. Road construction along the HCM highway will have direct negative impacts on vegetation and wildlife during the construction phase and through increased traffic volumes and spontaneous settlement along the road.

Population increases along the road and in the commune centers will lead to higher pressure on land, vegetation and wildlife through land clearing, hunting, gathering and other human activities. Gas stations and vehicle repair workshops along the road may cause surface and groundwater pollution and can seriously affect the local environment.

A large part of the CL in Quang Tri belongs to the protected area of Dak Rong, which covers most of Dak Rong district east of the HCM highway and connects to the protected area of Phong Dien in T.T. Hue province. On-going sedentarization efforts may reduce the population pressure within the protected areas by attracting populations from remote hamlets to more centrally located commune villages, but this also risks to increase the pressure on land, vegetation and wildlife in the surrounding areas of these villages.

Expected positive impacts are rather limited. Selective areas may see forest cover increases and better forest protection through the forestry and biodiversity conservation programs. Sedentarization may lead to reduced pressure on biodiversity resources in remote areas and may facilitate control over protected areas. Better access to protected areas and CPA may also help control human activities, but this depends on protection services through forest protection stations and patrols with adequate vehicle and staff resources.

As a whole, the recorded development initiatives will most likely improve the living conditions in the area and will create the basis for agricultural intensification and better access to markets. The communes in the CL receive substantial support from international donor agencies such as ADB, DFID, Finland, Germany and the World Bank. Present investment levels and their focus on infrastructure development and agricultural intensification do not, however, provide sufficient support for forest protection and biodiversity conservation activities due to comparatively few initiatives and low levels of funding.

With expected increases in populations and human activities along the HCM highway and in the commune centers, efficient protection of biodiversity resources can therefore at present not be ensured.

30 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

2.4 Thua Thien Hue and Da Nang Map 5: T.T. Hue and Da Nang Provinces in the CTSL

2.4.1 Situation in the CTSL

The combined area of Da Nang and T.T. Hue provinces contributes almost 400,000 ha, or about 15% of the total CTSL. From the opposite perspective, roughly two thirds of the total province areas are included in the CL, half of which belongs to CPA. All the hilly and mountainous areas in the western parts of the provinces have been included in the CPA. In the southern part of T.T. Hue, the CL reaches the coast in the area of the Hai Van Pass.

In T.T. Hue, the CL covers 54 communes in 6 districts with a population of about 212,000. Two thirds of the communes (37) are located in the core protection zones.

In Da Nang province, the CL concerns only 7 communes with a population of 65,000. Six communes belong to the conservation priority areas.

Table 11: Province Area in the CTSLand in CPAs

Conservation Priority Province Total Area Landscape Areas

T.T. Hue Ha 591,600 393,700 298,210 Da Nang % 100 67 50

31 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

Table 12: Summary of Development Initiatives per Sector in T.T. Hue and Da Nang

Province Total Main Sectors of Development Initiatives All DI* Sectors Infra. For. Ag./Irr. Ed./H. Ind. BC Other Multi

T.T. Hue 14 11 1 3 3 0 1 0 1 19 % 57.9 5.3 15.8 15.8 0.0 5.3 0.0 5.3 100.0 Da Nang 15 14 2 1 0 0 0 2 0 19 % 73.7 10.5 5.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.5 0.0 100.0

2.4.2 Summary of Development Initiatives - T.T. Hue

At present 14 development initiatives concern the CL of T.T. Hue. Of the 59.2 million USD planned for development investments, at least 97% are dedicated to infrastructure and agricultural development. Of the remaining 1.7 million USD about 1.1 million are earmarked for Education and Health interventions, which typically include a substantial proportion for construction activities. At present, only 0.6 million USD are planned for forestry activities as part of the 5MHP and only 33,000 USD are reserved for biodiversity conservation. The main donors are World Bank, ADB, DFID and Finnida.

2.4.3 Likely Impacts

The planned investments in rural infrastructure development concern the typical range of activities from road rehabilitation to wells construction, school renovation, rural electrification etc. The Agricultural Diversification Project with support from the World Bank and Central Region Livelihood Improvement Project by ADB/DFID combine infrastructure and agricultural interventions and account for almost half of the planned investments in the CL. Together with the 135 Program they involve the largest number of communes in the CL and the core zones. Another large program is the ‘Irrigation System Construction Project’ which is implemented in the whole province. At present it is unclear which communes in the CL are affected by this program.

Expected negative impacts are typical for infrastructure activities, including land clearing and extraction of construction materials causing disturbances to vegetation, wildlife and water courses. Water supply and irrigation-related construction may permanently change the water regime of small rivers and bordering wetlands. Major road construction along the HCM highway and other main roads will have negative effects on vegetation and wildlife through disturbances during the construction phase and increased traffic volumes.

The most important negative effects can be expected along the newly constructed sections of the HCM highway passing through A Luoi district in the eastern parts of T.T. Hue. Increases in vehicle circulation will bring additional people into the area and will most probably result in spontaneous settlement, installation of restaurants, service stations, repair shops etc. While this will mean better income and marketing opportunities it will at the same time lead to higher pressure on land, vegetation and wildlife and environmental pollution from vehicles, gas stations and repair workshops. Similar negative impacts can be expected from other road construction/rehabilitation works in the province, namely along highway no.1 and possibly the provincial roads No. 601 and 589.

32 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

Other major negative impacts on biodiversity can be expected from logging activities by SFE. Logging allowances of the five SFE located within the CTSL amount to 6,000 m3 per year. If these SFEs apply annual cuts according to their logging allowances, the biological resources in the logging areas will suffer considerable damage. Most of these areas fall into CPAs and the combined areas of the SFEs link the core conservation areas of the eastern parts of the CTSL in Vietnam and Lao P.D.R. with the protected areas of Bach Ma and Ba Na and the proposed protection zones in the Hai Van area. This area is part of the only section of the CTSL where the conservation landscape stretches uninterrupted from inside Lao P.D.R. to the Vietnamese coast. Logging of the remaining natural forests in these areas would pose a serious threat to biodiversity conservation efforts in the CTS.

Table 13: SFEs with Logging Rights in T.T. Hue

Name of SPE Area Logging % of Allowance cuttable (m3/year) wood Huong Thuy Enterprise 5,946 1000 67 Khe Tre Enterprise 2,838 800 80 Nam Hoa Enterprise 8,536 1200 57 Nam Dong Enterprise 22,686 2000 15 Huong Giang Enterprise 6,458 1000 63

Map 6: Logging Allowances of SFEs in T.T. Hue

33 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

Table 14: Development Initiatives in T.T. Hue

No. Cat. Name of Initiative Main Interventions Implem. Donor Budget (in Agency (Proj. Code) US$’000) 1 I Rural Infrastructure School, road, irrigation, DPC Finnida 4,500 Development in dam construction, (76904501) Phong Dien Dist. training, and agricultural development, water supply systems 2 I Community Based School, roads, health MPI/DPI WB () 5,600 Rural Infrastructure care station and project irrigation construction, training and capacity building 3 I Rural Transport Road and Bridge PMU 18 WB 4,901 Project II construction and (P059864) improvement 6 I Hoa My Lake Spillway, water inlet sluice DARD WB (-) 884 Improvement Project 10 I Program 135 School, markets, water CEMMA 1,463 supply, roads, transformer station, health care station and irrigation construction, training and agricultural development, etc. 11 I Commune Group School, Health Care CEMMA na Center Construction Project station, water supply, transformer station, road and irrigation system construction Subtotal Infrastructure 17,348 4 I/A Agricultural Diversification Rubber planting, crop plant DARD WB 14,155 Project cultivation, road construction (VN-PE- 4844) 5 I/A Central Region Livehood Rural infrastructure MPI/DPI ADB /DFID 13,127 Improvement Project construction, agriculture (TA 3392 development, training, VIE) capacity building, credit 12 I/A Irrigation System Irrigation System DARD 12,857 Construction Project construction /CPC Subtotal I/A 40,139 9 I/A Five Million Hectare Afforestation, reforestation, MARD(5MHP) 556 Reforestation Program natural regeneration, forest /DARD protection, seedling production, protected area management, etc. Subtotal Forestry 556 13 I/A The Central Tiger Corridor WWF () 33 Conservation Subtotal Biodiversity/Conservation 33 14 E/H Thuong Long Community Capacity Building, cultural DPC ICCO (-) 150 & I Development Project conservation, medical bag, Environment Development, School construction 15 E/H General development Training, community medical DPC NAV (-) 571 & I Project in A Luoi bag, agricultural demonstration, environment and school construction 16 E/H General development Training, community medical Nam Dong NAV (-) 357 & I Project in Nam Dong bag, agricultural DPC demonstration, environment and school construction Subtotal Forestry 1,079 Total 59,154

34 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

2.4.4 Summary of Development Initiatives - Da Nang

Although much smaller in area, the CL in Da Nang is the target of 14 infrastructure projects with an investment volume of 55.9 million USD. The biggest program concerns the road construction to Son Tra peninsula which is part of the CL but no CPA. Other important investments related to Son Tra are the construction of a storm-raid shelter for fishing vessels and a land use plan for the harbour area in Tho Quang. Important funding is also provided for other coastal interventions, such as dyke construction and aquaculture-related service infrastructure.

Rural infrastructure investments off the coast are on the other hand rather modest in nature, focusing on small-scale electrification and the establishment of markets, primary schools and road improvement.

The most important non-coastal programs are related to irrigation rehabilitation and construction (10.9 million USD) in the rural district of Hoa Vang, which to a large extent is situated within the CPA of Bach Ma/Ba Na/Hoa Van. This area is also targeted by the 5MHP, which has at present earmarked 0.38 million USD for forestry activities.

Another important project for BC is the Ba Na - Nui Chua Nature Conservation Project in Hoa Vang District, which plans to establish touristic installations and infrastructure such as villas, hotels, sporting ground and a suspension cable car system in the nature reserve to help promote tourism in the area.

2.4.5 Likely Impacts

Planned infrastructure investment along the coastal areas and on Son Tra will have comparatively little impact on the conservation priority areas, which are located in the higher lying areas of Da Nang province. Irrigation development is typically focusing on low-lying areas and valley bottoms and thus doesn’t pose a serious threat for BC. Agricultural intensification in the valley may help reduce pressure on sloping agriculture and can thus have a positive impact on BC.

Limited threats to BC can be expected from tourism development in the protected areas, from road construction and spontaneous settlement along roads and in commune centers due to the proximity of Da Nang city.

The most important threat, however, is probably the continued logging of forests in the CPAs. Song Nam forestry enterprise in Hoa Vang District has been granted an annual logging allowance of 2000 m3. Being situated in the center of several protected areas42 this enterprise

Map 7: SFEs with Logging Rights in Da Nang Province

Name of SPE Area Loging % of Allowance cuttable (m3/year) wood Song Nam Enterprise 10,176 2000 25

42 Ba Na in the south, Bach Ma in the northwest and the proposed protected areas of Bac Hai Van and Nam Hai Van in the northeast

35 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape is part of a network of several SFEs in the provinces of T.T. Hue, Da Nang and Quang Nam holding substantial logging allowances. If these SFEs exercise their logging rights considerable damage will be done to the biodiversity resources of the CTSL in this area.

Table 15: Development Initiatives in Da Nang

No. Cat. Name of Initiative Main Interventions Implem. Donor Budget (in Agency (Proj. Code) US$’000) 1 I Rural Infrastructure Road, market, primary Hoavang UNDP/ 363 Development Project school, small culverts DPC AusAID (VIE/97/04) 2 I Sanitation and Garbage site construction, Da nang WB/ 41 Environment Project 22 pumping stations, 4 new URENCO AusAID (-) sewage treatment and 16 waste transmission stations building 3 I Dien Ngoc - Sontra Construction of new road, DoT (-) 26,598 Road Project bridge, culverts 4 I Rural Electricity Network Low voltage network OPEC () 667 5 I Rural Electricity Network Low voltage network JBIC () 533 7 I Storm - raid Shelter Construction of Vessel DARD () 4,583 Constrcution Project - parking Station for 2000 Tho Quang, Son Tra vessels 8 I Land Using Plan of Road, drain systems, water Son Tra, (-) na harbour area - Tho Quang, supply and power supply DoC Son Tra in 200 ha of land 10 I Dyke Construction Program Breakwater dyke, jetty DARD (-) 8,867 14 I Road Hoabac- Talang Road construction DoTC () 467 15 I Infrastructure of Construction of road, Aquaculture () 3,906 Aquaculture- service- sewage system, Department Industry Zone electricity system, etc. 19 I Well Construction Well construction Singapore 1 Red Cross 22 I/ House construction House construction EMW () 0 Tour- for farmers ism 24 I/ Bana - Nui Chua Nature Built villas, hotels, NA () 667 Tour- bag, agricultural sporting ground, ism Subtotal Infrastructure 46,693 9 I Irrigation System Reservoir and dams power DARD of (-) 9,200 construction and station and canal construction Hoa Vang improvement Program 12 A/I Dongnghe- Tuyloan Concretized this system Hoavang () 1,738 irrigation system PPC Subtotal Algriculture 10,983 11 F Mountainous Economy and Afforestation, reforestation, DARD (-) na Agricultural- Forest forest protection and Production Dev. Program regeneration, seedling production, protected area management.6 6 F Five Million Hectare Afforestation, reforestation, DARD (5MHP) 380 Program natural regeneration, forest protection, seedling production Subtotal Forestry 3800 17 Other Assistance to people's Assistance in cash/ materials Da Nang ENDA () 29 resettlement WU 18 Other Region Devt project World vision Hoa Vang World 29 DPC vision () Subtotal Forestry 58 Total 58,609

36 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

2.5 Quang Nam

2.5.1 Situation in the CTSL

With 842,600 ha, Quang Nam province contains almost one third of the CTSL in Vietnam. Almost 80% of the total province area fall within the CL and 40% in CPAs. The CL covers almost the entire western part of the province outside of the coastal plains and concerns 106 communes.

Table 16: Province Area in the CTSLand in CPAs

Conservation Priority Province Total Area Landscape Areas

Quang Nam Ha 1,061,100 842,600 431,860 % 100.0 79.4 40.7

Map 8: Quang Nam Province in the CTSL

2.5.2 Summary of Development Initiatives

Two of the largest development initiatives in the CTSL are executed in Quang Nam province with the support from the WB and DFID. The Community Based Rural Infrastructure Project (91.3 million USD) and the Rural Transport II Project (106.0 million USD) alone account for three-quarters of all development investments in relation to the CL. As in most other provinces, development initiatives show a strong bias towards infrastructure development, representing 70% of all development initiatives and 93% of all planned investments. A large number of communes in the CL are targeted by these programs which cover the typical set of rural infrastructure interventions (schools, markets, water supply, roads, transformer stations, health care stations and irrigation infrastructure).

Surprisingly the provincial surveys did not identify any agricultural programs accompanying the infrastructure development efforts. Three Forestry initiatives, accounting for 17.1 million

37 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

USD in planned investments were found, of which two are under preparation with support from KfW and JBIC. No other initiatives with expected impacts on Biodiodiversity Conservation (BC) were identified.

Table 17: Summary of Development Initiatives per Sector in the CLin Quang Nam

Province Total Main Sectors of Development Initiatives All DI* Sectors Infra. For. Ag./Irr. Ed./H. Ind. BC Other Multi

Quang Nam 17 12 3 0 0 0 0 2 0 17 % 70.6 17.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.8 0.0 100.0

2.5.3 Likely Impacts

Expected negative impacts are typical for the planned range of rural infrastructure initiatives and correspond to those mentioned before. They will be of limited importance but will contribute to higher pressure on the biological resources through better access to remote areas and better living conditions in the CL.

More important negative effects can be expected from road construction along the HCM highway traversing the western part of the province from North to South and passing through large parts of the CL. Land clearing and extraction of materials during the construction phase will cause local disturbances to vegetation, wildlife, water courses and other habitats. Once completed, increase traffic and spontaneous settlement along the highway will lead to increased human activities with negative impacts on biological resources due to land encroachment, hunting, gathering, pollution etc.

Additional negative impacts will result from logging activities of State Forest Enterprises. At present three of the six SFEs in Quang Nam hold logging permits in the CTSL. Song Kon enterprise, located on the border with Da Nang and T.T. Hue has a logging allowance of 1,800 m3/a. This SFE is part of a group of seven SFEs holding logging rights in the Ba Na/Bach Ma/Hai Van priority conservation area (Map 7). If these SFEs exercise their combined logging rights of almost 10,000 m3 per year considerable damage to biological resources in the area are unavoidable (cf section on Da Nang).

Tra My and Phuoc Son forest enterprises are both located in CPAs in the southwestern part of the province. Tra My Enterprise holds the largest logging allowance in Quang Nam (10,700 m3/a) and is located just north of the proposed Ngoc Linh Nature Reserve. Phuoc Son enterprise has a logging allowance of 1,900 m3/a and is situated in an area bordering the proposed Song Thanh Nature Reserve. Since this area is also passed through by the HCM highway the combined negative impacts from logging and human activities caused by the new highway should be considerable. Table 18: SFEs with Logging Rights in Quang Nam

Name of SPE Area Logging % of Allowance cuttable (m3/year) wood Tra My Enterprise 2000 10,700 19 Phuoc Son Enterprise 380 1,900 20 Song Kong Enterprise 12,770 1,800 19

38 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

Map 9: SFE with Logging Permits and Protected Areas in Quang Nam

39 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

Table 19: Development Initiatives in Quang Nam

No. Cat. Name of Initiative Main Interventions Implem. Donor Budget (in Agency (Proj. Code) US$’000) 1 I Community Based School, markets, water supply, MPI/DPI WB/DFID() 91,350 Rural Infrastructure Project roads, transformer station, health care station and irrigation construction, training and capacity building 2 I Rural Transport II Rural road and bridge PMU 18 WB/DFID 106,000 construction (P059864) 3 I Rural Infrastructure Sector School, markets, water supply, DPI ADB & AFD 10,500 Project roads, transformer station, (VIE-95-CO1) health care station and irrigation construction, training and capacity building 4 I Rural Infrastructure Road, Irrigation construction DARD UNDP/ 8,837 Development Fund AuSAID (VIE/97/041) 5 I Water supply and Well and latrine construction () 7,000 environment project 10 I Commune Group Center School, markets, water () 4,753 Development Program supply, roads, transformer station, health care station cultural building 11 I Program 135 School, markets, water supply, PPC 9,067 roads, transformer station, health care station and irrigation construction, training and agricultural development, etc. 13 I Rural road improvement 11 km road improvement 394 14 I Commune road construction 2.58 km road construction 60 15 I Residential area and Water supply, roads, bridge 54 infrastructure construction construction . 16 I Rural infrastructure Water supply, roads, bridge 34 construction construction 17 I Living condition 10,000 improvement for mountainous people 24 I Community development School, water supply, roads EMWF () 100 program transformer station, health care station construction 26 I Pascal Dam construction ICCO () 27 Subtotal Infrastructure 248,176 7 F Protective Afforestation Afforestation (JIBIC) () 3,000 Project 8 F Economic and protective Afforestation, (KFW) () 4,000 Afforestation Project 12 F Five Million Hectare Afforestation, reforestation, 10,133 Reforestation Program natural regeneration, forest protection, seedling production protected area management, etc. Subtotal Forestry 17,133 25 Other Community and region WVI () 667 development program 27 Other Community and region RIDEP () 217 development program Subtotal Other 884 TOTAL 266,193

40 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

2.6 Binh Dinh Map 10: Binh Dinh Province in the CTSL

2.6.1 Situation in the CTSL

Binh Dinh province contributes about 220,000 ha or 8% to the CTSL. A little more than one third of the province area thus falls within the CL and one quarter is considered as conservation priority areas.

41 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

The CPA is restricted to the northwestern quarter of the province and connects to the CSAs located in the northeastern parts of Gia Lai.

Table 20: Province Area in the CTSLand in CPAs

Conservation Priority Province Total Area Landscape Areas

Binh Dinh Ha 608,100 221,800 152,080 % 100.0 36.5 25.0

2.6.2 Summary of Development Initiatives

According to the provincial surveys, 17 different development initiatives are currently implemented or planned in the CL, with a total investment volume of 210.5 million USD. More than half of the initiatives (9) and 19% of all investments are earmarked for rural infrastructure. Two major irrigation rehabilitation and construction projects alone, however, absorb 160 million USD or 75% of all investments in the CL. The larger one, supported by the WB has been completed in 2001, while the second one (60 million USD) will be implemented during the period 2001-2005. Due to this contribution, the agricultural sector receives 79% of all investments. Forestry and education/health projects are of minor importance with only one initiative in each sector.

Table 21: Summary of Development Initiatives per Sector in the CLin Binh Dinh

Province Total Main Sectors of Development Initiatives All DI* Sectors Infra. For. Ag./Irr. Ed./H. Ind. BC Other Multi

Binh Dinh 17 10 1 4 1 0 0 1 0 17 % 58.8 5.9 23.5 5.9 0.0 0.0 5.9 0.0 100.0

2.6.3 Likely Impacts

Negative impacts of a limited extent can be expected from the typical rural infrastructure initiatives in the CL. Road construction in An Tao and Vinh Thanh districts will increase the pressure on the areas in the vicinity of the road. Road rehabilitation seems to be accompanying resettlement and sedentarization efforts in the mountainous districts, which should bring about 10,000 new households into the area with the resulting increase in human pressure on land and biological resources. Targeted communes include Vinh Thanh, Hoai An, An Lao and Bok Toi. Sharp population increases recorded during the past 5 years in some of the communes of Gia Lai and Quang Ngai bordering the northwestern corner of Binh Dinh indicate a general increase in population pressure in this section of the CTSL which should also effect the neighboring communes in Binh Dinh. Up until now, population increases have been rather modest in the communes in Binh Dinh belonging to the CL, however.

Recent and planned investments in irrigation infrastructure should in principle have a positive impact on conservation efforts, since the resulting agricultural intensification can reduce the pressure on sloping agricultural land and can help protect the remaining forests and shrublands from being converted to upland fields. Without concerted efforts linking investments to protection or conservation efforts these effects may remain quite limited, though.

42 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

Table 22: Development Initiatives in Binh Dinh

No. Cat. Name of Initiative Main Interventions Implem. Donor Budget (in Agency (Proj. Code) US$’000) 1 I Construction Infrastructure wells, hospital, school MARD WB, ADB 6,939 in Commune with Extreme construction, road (135) Difficulties rehabilitation, etc.

4 I Clean Water and Sanitation Water Supply MARD() 1,276

5 I Program on Mountainous Basic infrastructure () 7,502 and Sendenterization and Fix Cultivation (22 Projects) 7 I Construction of drinking Water Supply Committee AFD () 350 water System of Mountain and Ethnic Minorities 8 I Rehabilitation and Road Rehabilitation Committee Province () 610 improvement of An Hoa - of Mountain An Tan - An Lao Road and Ethnic Minorities 9 I Rural infrastructure Rural Infrastructure MARD ADB,AFD () 4,260 Development Project

11 I Community-based Rural Rural Infrastructure MARD WB (135) 350 Infrastructure (for 1,700 poorest communes)

21 Other Program for Hunger Living Standart of poor MOLISA ADB, WB 18,840 Eradication and Poverty farmers province (133) Reduction and district budgets 25 I Development of Rural Electric supply Industrial Japan () 348 Electricity Network Ministry Subtotal Infrastructure 40,475 12 F Afforestation Forestry Development MARD, ADB, WB, () 3,350 Province and district Subtotal Forestry 3,350 14 A Planting and Upgrading Crop production MARD() 5,267 cashew Garden

16 A Planting Mango Trees Crop production MARD() 1,333

20 I Dinh Binh Lake Project Irrigation for plants MARD () 60,000

23 I Irrigation Rehabilitation Irrigation MARDWB () 100,000 Project Subtotal Agriculture 166,600 27 H/E Secondary Education Training and Equipment Ministry of () 138 Assistance provision Training and Education Subtotal Education/Health 138 TOTAL 210,563

43 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

2.7 Kon Tum

2.7.1 Situation in the CTSL

The CTSL extents across the northern and northeastern mountainous parts of Kon Tum province, covering some of the highest elevation areas in the CTSL. About one fifth of the CL is located in the province, representing almost two thirds of the province area. About 230,000 ha are classified as CPA, corresponding to 16% of the CPAs in the CTSL.

Table 23: Province Area in the CTSLand in CPAs

Conservation Priority Province Total Area Landscape Areas

Kon Tum Ha 970,700 593,300 230,470 % 100.0 61.1 23.7

Map 11: Kon Tum Province in the CTSL

44 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

2.7.2 Summary of Development Initiatives

With over 500 million USD in planned investments, Kon Tum has by far the largest development program in the CTSL. However, more than half (288 million USD) of the investments are reserved for the construction of a paper powder factory in Dak To district. Planned forestry initiatives are quite ambitious aiming at the afforestation of 120,000 ha and the protection of 216,000 ha in the mountainous districts over the period 2001-2010. Investments earmarked for this purpose amount to approximately 110 million USD although it remains somewhat unclear if the budgetary and logistical resources have actually been secured for this program.

Almost half of the 24 development initiatives in the CL in Kon Tum focus on infrastructure development with a planned investment volume of 73.4 million USD. A large part (56.6 million USD) of this is reserved for road construction and rehabilitation, including the HCM highway and several other national and provincial roads.

Agricultural investments center on the promotion of industrial tree plantations (rubber, coffee) with a total volume of 56.6 million USD. A much smaller program is reserved to the improvement of irrigation dams and reservoirs (6.5 million USD).

Table 24: Summary of Development Initiatives per Sector in the CLin Kon Tum

Province Total Main Sectors of Development Initiatives All DI* Sectors Infra. For. Ag./Irr. Ed./H. Ind. BC Other Multi

Kon Tum 24 11 3 6 2 1 0 2 1 25 % 44.0 12.0 24.0 8.0 4.0 0.0 8.0 4.0 100.0

2.7.3 Likely Impacts

Rural infrastructure development and resettlement programs concern all districts in the CL, namely Kon Plong, Ngoc Hoi, Dac Glei, Dac Ha and Dac To Districts. Targeted communes are numerous, but are not clearly identified in most programs. Resettlement plans aim at the installation of around 20,000 people, but uncontrolled settlement in new economic zones and commune centers may by far exceed these figures. Improved infrastructure installations in rural centers could lead to a concentration of rural populations in areas with higher development potential, thus reducing the pressure on remote areas and the natural forests located in these areas. General population pressure, spontaneous in-migration and agricultural intensification efforts in should however in combination with the opening of new or improved roads lead to substantial increases in human activities in the CL and the CPAs with resulting negative impacts on biological resources.

Additional negative impacts are expected to occur due to logging of natural forests in the CL. SFEs in Kon Tum hold logging allowances totalling over 26,000 m3/a. Although SFE data and map references did not match perfectly due to spelling differences, most of the SFEs holding logging allowances could be located and placed on the province maps. Map 12 shows the spatial distribution of SFEs (SFEs with logging allowances are printed in bold) and Table 18 shows the respective allowances.

45 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

Given the widespread coverage of SFEs with logging rights and the high level of the allowances, degradation of biological resources due to logging activities has to be expected. In combination with propulation pressure in and around resettlement areas and along the new roads these factors will lead to a degradation of the remaining resources in the CL. The areas were the worst impacts are expected are located in the northern tip of the province in the Ngoc Linh area, where the conservation priority areas of Dong Ampham in Laos are linked to the northern parts of the CTS by a small band of protected areas disected by the HCM highway.

Table 25: SFEs with Logging Rights in the CL in Kon Tum

Name of SPE Area Loging % of Allowance cuttable (m3/year) wood Dak PoKo Enterprise 15,814 2,880 63 Rung Thong Enterprise 13,570 3,218 107 DakTo Enterprise 19,524 4,230 88 Ngoc Linh Enterprise 20,057 2,083 43 Mang La Enterprise 18,779 1,970 35 Mang Den Enterprise 21,582 3,727 87 Tan Lap Enterprise 19,450 5,049 3,079 DakRuong Enterprise 20,751 3,017 75

Map 12: SFEs and Conservation Areas in Kon Tum

46 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

Table 26: Development Initiatives in Kon Tum

No. Cat. Name of Initiative Main Interventions Implem. Donor Budget (in Agency (Proj. Code) US$’000) 1 I Infrastructure construction wells, road rehabilitation, MARD WB, ADB 7,842 in communes with Extreme school, hospital, etc. (135) Difficulties 2 I Resettlement in New Farmers from other provinces MARD4,219 Economic Zone and Immigration 3 I HO CHI MINH Road Road construction Min. of 25,133 Transport 4 I National Road No 14C Road Rehabilitation Min. of 3,400 Transport 5 I National Road No 40 Road Rehabilitation Min. of 1,333 Transport 6 I National Road No 24 Road Rehabilitation Min. of 3,200 Transport 7 I Clean Water and Sanitation Water Supply MARD, 1,276 province 8 I Sendenterization and Fix MARD, Cultivation Program province 3387..8 9 I Rehabilitation and Road Rehabilitation (No 676) CEMMA, Province 8,000 Improvement of M.Den - province (NA) Ngoc Ring Road 10 I Rehabilitation and Road Rehabilitation Transpor- Province 8,667 Improvement of provincial -tation (NA) Road No 673 Department 12 I Dac Ta - Ngoc Linh Road Rehabilitation Transpor- Gov. 6,933 Road (No. 673) -tation Kuwait () Department 22 A/I Program for Hunger Living Standard of poor MOLISA GOV, ADB, 33,889 Eradication and Poverty farmer WB, etc. Reduction (133) Subtotal Infrastructure 107,280 13 F Afforestation Forestry Development MARD () 107,462 14 F Natural regeneration and Forestry Development MARD () 2,483 forest protection 16 F Dac To Nursery Garden Seedling Production MARD, 587 DARD of province Subtotal Forestry 110,532 18 A Rubber Master Plan Agriculture Development MARD 24,046 19 A Coffee Plantation Agriculture Development MARD 2,600 A Agroindustrial rubber crop Rubber planting MARDAFD 30,000 project (3099VN) 20 A Improving and Upgrading ADB, AFD 5,147 Plan: Dams and Reservoirs (16) () 21 A To Build new Dams and Reservoirs (14) () 2,435 23 A Multi Credit Program Credit Financial Gov. () 3,200 Ministry Subtotal Agriculture 67,428 24 Ind Paper Powder Factory Paper Production Industrial Paper 228,066 Ministry Company () Subtotal Industry 228,066 28 E/H Education Support Training Min.of Edu ADB () 1,067 29 E/H Nation Health care Support Health Min. of 467 Health Subtotal Education/Health 1,534 25 Other Production Support and Rural Inhabitant () 507 Small Commercial Dev 30 Other Woman Loan Program Credit MOLISA Caritas 1,000 for Production Dev. Australia () Subtotal Other 1,507 TOTAL 502,956 47 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

2.8 Gia Lai

2.8.1 Situation in the CTSL

The CTSL covers about 300,000 ha of the three northern districts of Gia Lai province but only 19% of the province. CPA comprise almost the entire district of Kbang, the northern half of An Khe and some smaller portions of Mang Yang district. Table 27: Province Area in the CTSLand in CPAs

Conservation Priority Province Total Area Landscape Areas

Gia Lai Ha 1,557,600 291,900 229,320 % 100.0 18.7 14.7

Map 13: Province Location in the CTSL

48 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

2.8.2 Summary of Development Initiatives

At present, there are about 40 different development programs under way in the province, including infrastructure development, resettlement and sedentarization, forestry, biodiversity conservation, agriculture, health, education, industries, tourism and handicrafts. However, only 22 of these concern the district in the CL. Table 28: Summary of Development Initiatives per Sector in the CLin Gia Lai

Province Total Main Sectors of Development Initiatives All DI* Sectors Infra. For. Ag./Irr. Ed./H. Ind. BC Other Multi

Gia Lai 22 4 9 1 4 3 1 1 1 23 % 17.4 39.1 4.3 17.4 13.0 4.3 4.3 4.3 100.0

The most important initiative in the CL is a resettlement program as part of the 70 million USD Sendentarization and Fixed Cultivation and Program of Resettlement in New Economic Zones. The main activities carried out under these and other rural infrastructure programs include road construction and rehabilitation, construction and renovation of schools, wells and drinking water systems and small dams. The communal infrastructure under the sedentarization and fixed settlement program will be part of the resettlement scheme for around 2400 people from other provinces who will be settled in the districts of Kbang and Mang Yang.

Important investments are also foreseen in the forestry sector with a total of 127,3 million USD43 earmarked for afforestation, forest protection, forestland allocation and other forestry related activities. The provincial authorities listed nine different programs implemented by government agencies in the area of forestry. The estimated targets for these programs are presented in Table 29.

Table 29: Planned Forestry Interventions Location

Location Category Kbang, An Khe, CTSL Mang Yang, Chu (ha) Par districts (ha) Afforestation 60,000 7,800 Forest Enrichment 40,000 720 Forest Protection 60,000 36,400 Forest Conservation Management 910,000 500,000 Forest Land Allocation 60,000 27,000

All forestry programs relate to the 5MHP and are partially implemented in the CTSL communes in the districts of Kbang, An Khe, Mang Yang. However, only one of these projects receives donor assistance (ADB). In addition, the biodiversity conservation project for Kon Ka Kinh is putting 41,700 ha under protection in the Kbang district.

43 It remain, however, unclear how much of these investments are targeting the communes in the CL communes.

49 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

Agricultural initiatives, on the other hand, are very limited in the CL. Among the 7 agricultural programs carried out in the province, only one is relevant for conservation areas, namely the construction of an irrigation dam in Kon Rong commune, Kbang district with a command area of 80 ha.

On the other hand, there are several planned agro-industrial and wood processing installations that have important effects on biodiversity conservation.

The Sugar Factory in An Khe will promote the production of 2500 ha of sugarcane in the CL. A plywood factory, also in An Khe will need 54,000 m3 of raw material per year, the rubber- processing factory in Pleiku will need 4,500 ha of rubber and the joint-venture cassava amidon processing factory intents to produce 5,750 ha of cassava. All these figures represent targets estimated for the communes in the CL.

50 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

Table 30: Development Initiatives in the CLin Gia Lai

No. Cat. Name of Initiative Main Interventions Implem. Donor Budget (in Agency (Proj. Code) US$’000) 1 I Construction Infrastructure well construction, road MARD WB,ADB na in Commune with rehabilitation, school (135) Extreme Difficulties renovation, etc. 2 I Program on Sendentarization well construction, road MARD, 68,720 and Fixed Cultivation and rehabilitation, school gov't and Program of Resettlement renovation, houses, hospitals,etc. province in New Economic Zones 10 I District Roads Road Rehabilitation and Transpor- 3,800 construction of new road tation Department Subtotal Infrastructure 72,520 12 F Afforestation Forestry Development MARD, 20,000 gov and province 13 F Forest enrichment Forestry conservation MARD8,400 14 F Forest Protection Forestry conservation MARD4,000 15 F Forest Conservation Forestry Development and MARD 3,310 Management Biodiversity Conservation 16 F Forest land Allocation Forestry Development MARD, 22,640 gov and province 17 F Forestation Project for Afforestation for material MARD, 28,000 Wooden Material gov and province 18 F Rational Use of Natural Forest and Water resources MoSTE 330 Resources and Environment Protection Program 20 F/I Forestry Sector and Afforestation, reforestation, MARD40,000 Community-Based Watershed natural regeneration, forest Rehabilitation and protection, road rehabilitation, Management social infrastructure 21 F Raw Material Area Material afforestation MARD580 Development for the MDF for the MDF factory Manufactory Project in Gia Lai Subtotal Forestry 127,260 19 BC Natural Conservation Area: Biodiversity conservation MARD, 1,239 Kon Ka Kinh gov and province Biodiversity/ Conservation 1,239 25 A Construction: Irrigation DARD 83 Kon Rong Dam 29 Ind An Khe Sugar Factory Sugar cane MARD10,000 30 Ind An Khe plywood Factory Wood production MARD24,000 32 Ind Cassava Amidon Processing Cassava processing MARD2,300 Factory Industry 36,300 35 E/H Programme on Community Construction, equipment Ministry of 200 Health Care provision and training Heath Care 36 E/H Training and Education Training and equipment Min. of 29,600 Activities Education 37 E/H Elementary Education Training and equipment Min. of 700 Project Education 38 E/H Leprosy Patient Health Department 245 Support Project of Health Education/Health 30,745 42 Other Hunger Eradication The poor households MOLISA na TOTAL 268,147 Note:*approximate data

51 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

2.8.3 Likely Impacts

Major negative impacts on biological resources can be expected as a result of resettlement activities and spontaneous in-migration of additional household. Although the names of the communes where resettlements are planned could not be obtained, the assumption can be made that the locations of resettlements coincide with communes where the population grows disproportionally fast and where the provincial 5-year plan predicts considerable population increases for the period 2001-2005.

An analysis of the population data for the communes in the CTSL showed that the population growth varied widely during the period 1995-2000. Of the 364 communes which are at least partially within the CTSL, 140 had population increases of less than 10%, 172 had increases of 10-30 %, 36 grew between 30 and 100 % and 14 had increases of over 100%.

Table 31: Population Distribution and Increases in Gia Lai Commune Total Commune Population Percent Change 1995 2000 2005 1995-2000 2000-2005 1995-2005 TT. KBang 9,426 13,756 17,857 46 30 89 Dak Rong 2,064 2,789 3,346 35 20 62 Son Lang 1,230 3,269 6,047 166 85 392 Kon Pne 925 1,048 1,103 13 5 19 KRong 3,128 4,023 4,588 29 14 47 So Pai 2,454 4,107 5,855 67 43 139 Lo Ku 1,614 2,378 3,029 47 27 88 Dong 3,653 5,012 6,107 37 22 67 Nghia An 2,461 3,264 3,897 33 19 58 To Tung 3,933 5,141 5,961 31 16 52 Kong Long Khong 2,258 3,155 3,861 40 22 71 Kong Bo La 2,015 2,437 2,688 21 10 33 Dak Hlo 2,083 2,651 3,079 27 16 48 Ha ßong 2,213 2,730 3,087 23 13 39 Dak Doa 4,457 7,602 10,548 71 39 137 Ayun 6,479 8,242 9,294 27 13 43 Hai Yang 1,442 2,527 3,607 75 43 150 HRa 4,869 7,189 9,004 48 25 85 Kon Dong 4,634 5,321 5,402 15 2 17 Ha Tay 2,453 2,727 2,815 11 3 15 TT. An Khe 9,137 32,856 41,279 260 26 352 Tu An 5,649 7,355 8,493 30 15 50 Ha Tam 2,274 3,084 3,713 36 20 63 Cuu An 5,056 6,325 7,011 25 11 39 Song An 7,047 8,604 9,302 22 8 32 Tan An 8,729 10,784 11,801 24 9 35 An Thanh 3,578 4,749 5,593 33 18 56 Thanh An 2,623 3,985 5,092 52 28 94 Gia Lai 107,884 167,110 203,459 55 22 89 All 8 Provinces 1,240,115 1,474,043 1,631,314 19 11 32

52 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

Commune population in the CTSL grew in the period 1995-2000 by 19%, rising from 1.24m to almost 1.5m people. In the same period, the population in the communes in the CTSL in Gia Lai grew by 55%. According to provincial projections, this disproportional growth in Gia Lai will continue at a similar rate over the next 5 years, leading to a population increase of almost 100,000 people or 90% in the 27 communes belonging to the CTSL.

This population increase is partially guided by resettlement programs, but may also comprise a certain percentage of uncontrolled in-migration. In either case the resettled people depend on subsistence agriculture for their livelihoods. This implies a considerable increase in pressure on the surrounding forest areas and the biodiversity resources, due to the required increase in agricultural areas, firewood collection, hunting, and other extraction activities.

Other important negative effects can be expected from road construction along the HCM highway and other main roads. Land clearing and extraction of materials during the construction phase will cause local disturbances to vegetation, wildlife, watercourses and other habitats. Once completed, increase traffic and spontaneous settlement along the highways will lead to increased human activities with negative impacts on biological resources due to land encroachment, hunting, gathering, pollution etc.

Another major risk factor for conservation is the logging of natural forests in the CL. According to information obtained from the provinces, six SFE currently hold logging permits with at total allowable annual logging rate of 28,710 m3. If these logging quotas were to be applied considerable damage to biological resources would be the consequence. Table 32: SFEs with Logging Permits in Gia Lai

Name of SPE Area Loging % of Allowance cuttable (m3/year) wood Tram Lap Forestry Enterprise 16,719 8,600 59 Ha Nung Forestry Enterprise 12,712 3,770 54 Krong Pa Forestry Enterprise 18,410 3,230 90 Mang Yang II Forestry Enterprise 42,863 1,470 41 Ka Nak Forestry Enterprise 17,381 3,540 57 Dak Rong Forestry Enterprise 20,742 8,100 68 Total 28,710

Map 14: State Forest Enterprises with logging rights in Gia Lai

53 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

PART III: RECOMMENDATIONS

The Government of Vietnam has shown a strong commitment to the concepts of environmental protection, biodiversity and conservation. Given Vietnam’s imperative to promote socio- economic development and the government’s scarce resources, however, government funding patterns are likely to remain similar to those shown in this report. To change these patterns and give local institutions a chance to re-conceive the planning process in favor of a more needs- based, conservation-conscious approach, outside support will be necessary.

The first recommendation is, therefore, to establish a national conservation program with a funding level and budgeting process appropriate to furthering conservation initiatives.

In the interests of developing an “integrated mosaic of complementary land-use practices” rather than focusing on protected areas as isolated refuges,

It is further recommended that the national conservation program focus on changing institutional behaviour through awareness raising and targeted institutional development. Key for conservation would be: (1) Strengthening local administrative units and the technical staff therein, (2) Ensuring budget availability for basic functions (e.g., conducting independent EIAs for major infrastructure projects being planned, and (3) Providing technical assistance and some targeted funding to (a) ensure coordination across sectors and between different development initiatives at local and provincial level (perhaps using the “sustainability committee” concept already being considered), and (b) link the planning process more closely to local needs – focusing on the conservation of the local natural resource base.

Concerning actual projects, the single largest infrastructure investment in the CTSL is the Ho Chi Minh Highway. Its impact on conservation will clearly be mixed. The planning for the highway is for all intents and purposes complete, however. Hence there is little that a conservation strategy can bring to bear on this investment, other than to perhaps recommend that a small “lessons learned” study be conducted to evaluate the actual impacts on conservation it will have.

On the other hand, several critical areas could be identified where well-designed interventions can make a significant difference to protecting and conserving biological resources in the near and medium term. These should focus geographically on four key areas of conservation and biodiversity interest, namely:

(1) Dak Rong (QT)/Phong Dien (TTH), (2) Bach Ma (TTH)/Ba Na/Nam Hai Van (DN), (3) Ngoc Linh (QN, KT)/Song Thanh (QN), (4) Kon Ka Kinh / Kon Cha Rang (GL)/ An Toan (BD)

All these areas represent key areas in the CTSL and are the targets of important ongoing and upcoming development initiatives which entail serious risks to conservation efforts. Here, several measures could be taken to develop concrete approaches for identifying and mitigating potential negative impacts:

54 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

Adjust CTSL to match administrative boundaries where only small areas are concerned.

Promote the establishment of already proposed protected areas.

Conduct detailed geographic analyses of the critical areas and the development initiatives targeting them.

Develop coordination and planning mechanisms in collaboration with provincial and national authorities to (a) ensure better integration of sectoral development initiatives and (b) counteract negative effects by identifying and funding of accompanying mitigation measures.

Make concrete recommendations for raising budgets and increasing professional staff involved in forest protection and biodiversity conservation in priority conservation areas.

Develop a mechanism to bring together conservation efforts in protected areas and protection forests (currently managed independently) and to evaluate, coordinate and mitigate logging plans among SFEs in the three key cross-border areas

Link productive investments to conservation initiatives as a means to leverage negative economic impacts of conservation efforts with benefits

From other interventions.

Identify initiatives to anticipate and mitigate the negative impacts of uncontrolled population growth in selected communes in bordering communes of Gia Lai, Kon Tum and Quang Ngai.

Increase local awareness of natural resource conservation as critical to ensure sustainable, improved standards of living.

Seek support from international donors engaged in development initiatives (or possibly GEF) to carry out the above measures.

55 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

Map 15: Critical Areas for Coordinated Conservation Efforts

56 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Protected Areas in Vietnam

BirdLife International/Vietnam, Forest Inventory and Planning Institute (FIPI). “Expanding the Protected Areas Network in Vietnam for the 21st Century: An Analysis of the Current System with Recommendations for Equitable Expansion”. Conservation Report No. 6. Hanoi. 1999.

BirdLife International/Vietnam, Forest Inventory and Planning Institute (FIPI) “Sourcebook of Existing and Proposed Protected Areas in Vietnam.” Hanoi, February 2001.

To Dinh Mai. “Analyzing the Management and Organization System of Natural Protected Areas in Vietnam”. Consultant report prepared for the Project on Strengthening Protected Area Management (SPAM). Hanoi, 2001.

Central Truong Son

CENESUD “Existing Land Use Management in the Central Truong Son”. Prepared for WWF/Vietnam. Hanoi. July 2001.

Tordoff, Andrew W, Robert J. Timmins, Robert J. Smith and Mai Ky Vinh, “Central Truong Son Biological Assessment.” Draft Report to WWF/Vietnam. Hanoi, September 2001.

Baltzer, M.C., Nguyen Thi Dao, R.G. Shore. Towards a Vision for Biodiversity Conservation in the Forests of the Lower Mekong Ecoregion Complex. WWF Indochina/WWF-US, Hanoi, 2001.

Official Development Assistance

Agrisystems Limited. “Final Report on a Proposed Loan to the Government of Vietnam: Central Region Poverty Reduction Project.” January 2001.

“European Union Development Cooperation Activities in Vietnam 2000.” EU. June 2001.

MARD, ANZDEC. “Evaluation of State Forest Enterprises: Working Papers and Final Report.” Prepared for the ADB. June 1999.

MARD and FAO. “Proceedings of the National Workshop on Participatory Land Use Planning and Forest Land Allocation.” Agriculture Publishing House. 1997. Hanoi.

Social Assessment of the Community-Based Rural Infrastructure Project. Oxfam Hong Kong. Unpublished evaluation prepared for the Ministry of Planning and Investment and the World Bank. Hanoi, March 2000.

Thomas Sikor. “The Political Economy of Decollectivization.” Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley. 1999.

UNDP. “ODA 2000.” Ha Noi, December 2001.

UNDP. “Compendium of Rural Development Assistance in Vietnam.” Ha Noi, February 2000.

57 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

UNDP and MPI. Agriculture and Rural Development. Policy Research Paper prepared for Viet Nam’s Ten Year Socio-Economic Development Strategy 2001-2010. 2000. Hanoi.

World Bank. “Vietnam: Country Assistance Strategy of the World Bank Group 1999-2002.” Hanoi. 1998.

World Bank. “Vietnam 2010: Entering the 21st Century, Vietnam Development Report 2001.” Hanoi. 2000.

Government of Vietnam Publications, Decrees, Directive and Laws

Decision No. 133/1998/QD-TTg of July 23, 1998. Regarding Approval of 1998-2000 National Programme for Assistance in Hunger Eradication and Poverty Reduction.

Decision No. 135/1998/QD-TTg of July 31, 1998. To Approve the Programme on Socio- Economic Development in Mountainous, Deep-Lying and Remote Communes with Special Difficulties.

General Statistical Office. Statistical Yearbook 2000. Statistical Publishing House, Hanoi, 2001.

General Statistical Office. Statistical Data of Vietnam Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery 1975- 2000. Statistical Publishing House, Hanoi, 2001.

58 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

ANNEX I: LIST OF LAWS

DATE DOCUMENT TITLE 1962 First Nature Reserve (Cuc Phuong) 06/09/1972 Laws on Forest Protection 20/04/1981 Resolution 37/NQ-TW 30/12/1986 Decision 1171-QD Regulations on management of special-use forests 29/12/1987 Law on Land (Repealed) 12/08/1991 Decree 58 LCT/HDNN8 Forestry Protection and Development Act 17/01/1992 Decree 17 HDBT Implementing the Law on Forest Protection and Development 15/09/1992 Decision 327 CT Policies for the use of bare land, denuded hills, forests, alluvial flats and water bodies 15/09/1992 Decree 556 TTg Revising and supplementing Decision No. 327 CT 30/09/1992 Law on Organization of the Government 29/04/1993 Circular 03 UB/NLN Appraisal and approval of projects and compilation of Program 327 08/05/1993 Circular 300 CV/RDGuidelines for the allocation of land in accordance with Decision 327 CT 07/07/1993 Land Law (Replaces Land Law of 1987) 06/09/1993 Decree 64 Agricultural Land Allocation 1994 Environment Protection Law 15/01/1994 Decree 02 CP Allocation of forest land to organizations, households and individuals for long-term forestry purposes 15/01/1994 Circular 06 Implementation of Forestry Land Allocation 02/05/1994 Decision 202 On contracts for forest protection, maintenance, natural regeneration and planting 18/05/1994 Decree No 39 CP Organizational system, duty and authority of Forest Protection 22/12/1995 Decision 845/TTg Biodiversity Conservation Action Plan 28/05/1996 Decision No 347 TTg Decision on duty, right of Forest Protection Department 16/03/1998 No. 346 TT-TCDC Guidance on the procedures for land registration, formulation of cadastral documents and issuance of certificate of land use rights

29/07/1998 Decision 661 QD/TTg On the target, task, policy and organization for the implementation of the project of planting five million new hectares of forest 29/07/1998 Circular No. 28 TTLB Guiding the implementation of the Decision No. 661 and No.163 02/12/1998 Law No. 10 QH10 Law Amending and Supplementing a Number of Articles of the Land Law 21/12/1998 Decision 245 QD/TTg Implementation of the State’s management at different levels on forest and forest land 05/01/1999 Decision 02 Regulations on wood and forest products QD-BNN-PTLN exploitation

59 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

12/03/1999 Decision 47 Regulate check-up of production, transportation and QD-BNN-KT business of wood and forest products 16/07/1999 Directive 19 CT-TTg Implementing measures to accelerate consumption of wood from planted forests 16/09/1999 Decision 187 QD-TTg Reform of Organization and management mechanism of State Forest Enterprises 12/12/1999 Decision 34 Working regulations between Forest Protection QD/BNN/ TCCB Department and National Parks 20/10/2000 Circular No. Guidance on the implementation of 109/ TTLT/BNN-BTC Decision 187 11/01/2001 Decision 08 QD-TTg Regulation on management of special-use forest, protection forest and production forest

60 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

ANNEX II: SUMMARY OF NATIONALPLANS, STRATEGIES AND PROGRAMS

Socio-Economic Development Plans

Socio-Economic Development Strategy 2001-2010

The Government of Vietnam’s current Ten Year Socio-Economic Development Strategy for the period 2001-2010 and the Five Year Development Plan 2001-2005 were discussed and approved at the 9th National Party Congress in March 2001. These are the core planning documents that set the tone and direction for all other plans. They are prepared by the Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI) based on input for sector ministries, regions and provinces.

Key targets include:

Double the year 2000 GDP to roughly US$60 billion by 2010, Protect and increase forest cover to 43% (roughly 28% in 1995), Increase investment in economic and social infrastructure in rural areas, Plan and improve the rational use of land, water and forest resources closely linked to environmental protection, Complete allocation of land and forest to households and develop policies to make it possible for those working in the forest to earn a living from forest-related activities, and Raise the living standards of ethnic minority people in mountainous areas.

Five Year Socio-Economic Plans (current, 2001-2005)

Where the Ten Year Plan identifies national strategic directions (e.g., substantially reducing poverty), the Five Year Plans identifies some basic targets (e.g. targeting the poorest communes), specifies priority development sectors, and outlines policy principles. Five Year Socio-Economic Development Plans exist for all provinces, some districts and some sectors. The development of these plans is the responsibility of the Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI) and its province-level offices (Department of Planning and Investment – DPI), in coordination with line ministries, national programs, provinces and “national” cities.44

National Strategies

The Government’s long-term goal centers around the improved welfare of the people and the modernization and industrialization of the country, through a development strategy built on four main principles:

Sustainable economic growth as the force for reducing poverty and fostering industrialization; Stability, (political, social, and economic); Equity, based on a reasonable living standard and equal opportunity; Participation, with people and communities determining their own futures with government facilitation.

44 Five cities in Vietnam have “province-level” legal status. They include Hanoi, Hai Phong, Hue, Da Nang, and Ho Chi Minh City.

61 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

To realize these objectives, the national government has developed a series of strategies which serve as the basis for developing programs and investment plans. The ones most relevant for the CTS include the following:

Poverty reduction Strategy

The Comprehensive Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, drafted by MPI sets the outlines of the macroeconomic, structural and sectoral policies and measures the Government plans to take. Goals are set not only in terms of reducing the number of poor households, but also in terms of improving the poor’s access to basic services. This strategy lays the framework for two important national programmes affecting the CTSL: the Hunger Eradication and Poverty Alleviation (Program 133) and the Communes in Extreme Difficulties programs (Program 135), and influences the investment decisions of many others.45 These programs, more fully discussed below, aim to work in a decentralized way with promotion of community participation. To date, however, most decision-making takes place at provincial levels. Given government’s commitment to implementing Decree 29 (“Grassroots Democracy”) together with new ODA projects designed around the principles of participatory and community-based decision making, this situation will likely change.

Agricultural and Rural Development Strategy:

Double GDP (value of agriculture, forestry and fisheries to increase 4-4.5%/yr; total export turnover for agricultural and forestry products to reach US$6-7 million). 100% of communes have access to roads, schools, health clinics, electric power for consumption, 80% of households receive fresh water. Agriculture’s share in the rural economy should drop to 45-50% by 2010 and to 30% in 2020. Forest cover raised to 38-39% by the year 2005 and 43% by 2010. Hunger eradication and poverty reduction. Reduction of rural population.

Forestry Development Strategy

Forest cover (27.5% in 1995) raised to 38-39% by the year 2005 and 43% by 2010. Protection forest extended to 6 million hectares by 2010. Special use forests extended to 2 million hectares by 2010. Wood production increased to 9+ million m3 by 2005 and to 17.5 million m3 by 2010. Export turnover increased to US$500 million in 2005 and US$1 billion in 2010.

Development Program of Wood and Forest Products Processing to 2010 (MARD Draft, 2000)

Current objectives are:

1. Transform the wood processing industry from a mechanical/physical to a mechanical/physical/chemical one with diversified products;

2. Strengthen links between development of the wood processing industry and domestic and export market demand;

45 In locating particle board plants, priority is given to constructing plants in mountainous areas where materials are available in order to hasten rural mountainous modernization, industrialization and employment generation. In contrast, other key criteria for siting these investments include developed infrastructure and proximity (50-60 km) to harbors.

62 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

3. Contribute to protect natural forests, speed up forestation, increase forest cover, protect the ecological environment, generate more employment, improve income and living conditions in mountainous areas, alleviate hunger and reduce poverty, develop rural and mountainous economy.

New plants (particle board and laminated bamboo board) are to be developed in locations close to raw materials (50-60 km), with good access to harbors, and well-developed infrastructure (roads, electricity, water). Priority is to be given to plants located in rural mountainous areas “to speed up… modernization and industrialization while generating more employment.”

Specific targets include:

Wood harvesting from natural forests to remain stable at 300,000 m3/year. Harvesting from planted forests should increase from 600,000 m3/year in 2000 to 1million m3 in 2005 and 2.8 million m3 in 2010. Bamboo (arundinaria spathiflora): 500,000 tons/yr in 2005 and 1 million tons in 2010. Sugarcane bagasse (for particle boards): 800,000 to one million tons of sugar cane should produce roughly 140-180,000 tons of bagasse/yr. Nipa stems (particle board) can supply 50-60,000 tons of stem annually.

Given these figures, and anticipating an increase for consumption from 0.02 (2000) to 0.04 (2010) m3/capita/yr, it is expected that Vietnam will need to import raw materials to meet demand. Annual import requirements for 2001-2005 are thus estimated at 250,000 m3 wood, 20,000 tons rattan, rising to 500-600,000 m3 wood and roughly 30,000 tons rattan by 2010

It is expected that the government will focus investment capital on enterprises producing fiber, particle boards and derivative products with total estimated capital investment of VND 5,662.6 billion. It is furthermore proposed that land use tax be reduced or exempt for two business cycles for planted material forests.

National Transport Strategy (2001-2020)

The vision of the National Transport Strategy is to comply with the government’s overall strategy to reduce poverty while promoting economic growth. The strategy intends to satisfy the demand of the entire society, including the poor, for high-quality, low-priced, safe and environmentally sustainable services in urban, rural, mountainous, and remote island areas and border communes.

Specific targets include:

Complete primary and secondary transport network by 2010; Provide transport infrastructure and services with all-weather access to all communes by 2010.

National Strategy for Environment Protection (NSEP) 2001-2010

The overall vision of the strategy is to protect and improve the environment to enhance the quality of life and health of the people and to ensure sustainable development of the country.

The three strategic objectives are:

Prevent and control pollution,

63 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

Protect, conserve and sustainable use natural and biodiversity resources, and Improve environmental quality in urban, industrial and rural areas.

The accompanying National Environment Action Plan (2001-2005) sets forth seven priorities, namely: sustainable industrial development; solid and hazardous wastes; water management; forest management; environment institution strengthening; environmental education; and community involvement.

National Action Plan on Biological Diversity

Approved in 1995, MOSTE is the key organization responsible for implementation of the Vietnam National Biodiversity Action Plan. Specific issues addressed include:

Planning and enlargement of forest land in 87 previously identified specialized forests with priority given to protected areas of high biodiversity value (such as Bach Ma National Park). Biodiversity Action Plans (BAP) are to be prepared for each of Vietnam’s biodiversity regions. The development of these regional BAPs are expected to be closely co-ordinated with the preparation of the regional environmental action plans so that they are complementary and mutually supportive. National Programmes

National Programs are decreed by the central government to support specific strategies. These programs often receive not only state budget funding, but international assistance, both through direct government budget support (large loans) and ODA projects supporting the objectives of these national programs. Some use a “matching funds” mechanism, with State funding matching province budgets. The key programs affecting the conservation targets of the CTSL include the Five Million Hectare Reforestation Program (Program 661), the Hunger Eradication and Poverty Reduction Program (Program 133), and the Programme for Socio- economic Development in Communes with Extreme Difficulties (Program 135). Below is a selection of objectives and targets most relevant to conservation issues in the CTSL.46

The Five Million Hectare Reforestation Program: (Program 661/formerly Program 327)/ MARD

The origin of the Five Million Hectare Program (5MHRP) lies with the Decree 327 Program (focused on infrastructure, forestry and land settlement) of 1993-95. This program is modified by Decision 556 (1996-98) and was, as a result, re-oriented towards forest protection. The current 5MHRP vision is an environmentally sustainable rural economy comprising (a) forests covering 43% of the country (an estimated 5 million ha) and (b) a Hill and Mountain Economy free of hunger, with substantially reduced poverty and secure and resilient livelihoods. To do so, the 5MHRP focuses on (a) the creation and more effective protection of special use forests and watershed protection forests; (b) the economic regeneration or expansionof forests to meet domestic consumption and export needs of the wood products industry; and (c) the effective development of communes with bare lands/hills to create more employment, improve incomes and reduce the pressure on forests.

46 See Sinh’s report for a full description of objectives and targets under each of these programs.

64 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

This program is organized through provincial “Project Operating Boards” guiding “Provincial Management Boards” set up under the respective Provincial DARDs (also known at “661 Offices”). Contracts and land use certificates are issues to management boards (SFE, Nature Reserve, Watershed, etc.), households with Forest Protection Contracts, households with enrichment planting contracts, and households with land allocation and land use certificate. To date, the vast majority of allocations and contracts are to management boards.

The Five Million Hectare Reforestation Program most directly responds to objectives in the Agriculture and Rural Development Strategy and the Forestry Development Strategy, but also addresses elements of the 133 and 135 Programs.

In 1999, an international partnership was established between the MARD and 15 representatives of the donor community and international organizations, forming a shared sector support program. A partnership steering committee and secretariate has been established.

National Target Program for Hunger Eradication and Poverty Reduction (Program 133)/ MOLISA

The National Programme for Hunger Eradication and Poverty Reduction uses a top down approach. Activities are typically prescribed in central ministries, but the targets are often unclear and little budget support is provided for their implementation. Some 30% of the program’s budget is used for the provision of credit through the Vietnam Bank of Agricultural and Rural Development (VBARD) and VBP (Vietnam Bank for the Poor). The components of most importance for conservation include:

Sedentarization, resettlement and new economic zones development (MARD); Infrastructure development in poor communes and resettlement (CEMMA); Promotion of agriculture and off-farm production (MARD); Extension services for agriculture, forestry and fisheries (MARD); Income generation (MOLISA); and Assistance to ethnic minorities facing extreme difficulties (CEMMA)

Program for Socio-economic Development in Communes with Extreme Difficulties (Program 135)/CEMMA

This program aims to generate income and employment, improve infrastructure and build local administrative capacity in communes faced with extreme difficulties in mountainous and remote areas. At the national level, the Committee for Ethnic Minorities and Mountain Affairs (CEMMA) has responsibility for Program 135. This program complements the Decree of Grassroots Democracy (Decree 29) which aims to foster participation of people in planning and decision making at the local level. The Program originally identified 1,715 underprivileged communes as its target, revised the target upward to 1,878, and could go as high as 2,500, about one in four.

65 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape Dak Rong Quang Tri

Enterprise Enterprise Enterprise Enterprise Enterprise Enterprisse Enterprise Enterprise Enterprise Enterprise Enterprise Enterprise Enterprise State Managers Enterprise Highway CTS Zone HCM District Province Change Percentage Population Commune Ethnic Percent Change 1995 2000 1995 2000 Non-Forest Forest Protected LOCATION, POPULATION, RESOURCE MANAGERS POPULATION, LOCATION, Population Total Commune Total 1995 2000 2005 -2000 -2005 1995 2000 2005 -2000 -2005 (SOE) (SFE) Area Count ANNEX ANNEX III: COMMUNES IN THE CENTRAL TRUONG SON LANDSCAPE: 2 Trieu Ai 0 3,449 4,139 4,459 20 8 0 0 0 0 0 Transition25 Trieu Nguyen 6,14,15,17 Trieu Hai 4 1,575 1,890 2,036 20 Trieu Phong Quang Tri 8 CORE Trieu Hai Dak Rong Dak Rong Quang Tri 1 Cam Chinh 5 1 3,310 3,972 4,279 20 8 0 0 0 0 0 CORE Road No 6 Dak Rong Cam Lo Quang Tri 3 Trieu Thuong4 Hai Lam 0 6,073 7,288 7,851 0 20 3,570 4,284 813 4,615 Tan Lien 2014 Huc 0 8 6,17 0 0 0 10,14,17 2 0 0 2,745 3 0 3,196 0 3,443 Transition 1,985 0 16 2,393 2,578 0 824 Dak Rong 21 Transition 225 8 1,6,13,14,15,17 279 1,892 2,347 626 331 Ba Long 2,478 24 2,780 24 3,50727 Hai Phuc 3,778 19 Trieu Hai 6,12,13,14,17 6 2628 Transition Ba Nang 5 CORE 8 Trieu Hai 6,10 2,615 2,761 2,763 6,10,14,17 3,424 2,977 Trieu Phong 3,770 Quang Tri 24 6 2 4 10 8 1,664 Hai Lang 340 1,923 2,072 CORE Quang Tri 408 123 Huong Hoa 16 440 153 Huong Hoa 20 182 8 24 1,551 8 1,923 Huong Hoa 19 2,010 Quang Tri 226 24 Huong Hoa CORE 280 Quang Tri 5 333 Huong Hoa 24 Dak Rong CORE 19 CORE Trieu Hai Dak Rong Dak Rong Trieu Hai Quang Tri Dak Rong Dak Rong Trieu Hai Quang Tri Dak Rong Dak Rong Quang Tri 5 Hai Truong6 Hai Phu7 Hai Tho8 Hai Le9 Hai Son10 Hai Chanh11 TT. 7Khe Sanh12 Tan Lap 0 13 5,172 7 7 0 6,206 1 6,686 6,14,17 3,622 20 5,163 4,346 0 6,196 4,682 115 1 6,675 1 Thuan 8 3,64716 20 3 4,376 7,296 Huong Loc 20 5,98417 3,883 4,714 8,756 Ba Tang 7,181 8 4,659 2,661 9,433 1,3,6,10,12,13,14,17 6,10,12,14,15,1718 7,736 8 0 5,019 3,032 20 Thanh 819 3,266 20 6 20 A Doi 20 1,6,10,12,14,1720 8 0 0 14 1,281 A Xing 8 021 1,357 1,886 8 8 A Tuc 1,6,10,12,14,17 6 2,032 1,533 822 0 0 1,651 1,3,6,10,12,14,17 Xy 962 0 023 47 1,909 6 1,193 Mo o 13 0 3,6,10,14,17 7 535 0 0 2,128 1,417 1,6,10,12,13,14,17 0 2,292 8 0 1,781 0 663 24 8 7 1,018 2,093 0 0 11 0 5 0 1,103 1,236 2,252 787 0 1,236 1,332 1,633 0 19 1,334 Transition 1,533 1,939 8 18 1,339 24 1,506 0 6,10,14 3,6,14,17 0 0 21 1,501 Transition 1,417 0 1,622 0 48 1,716 1,527 19 Transition 8 24 0 0 2,128 13 8 Transition 19 0 2,029 Transition 1,688 4 6 3 -2 2,093 0 8 0 Transition 24 997 2,251 CORE 1,295 8 Transition 1,236 1,119 1,214 Transition Transition 2,011 1,199 1,332 -5 24 1,506 2,166 1,105 1,292 1,622 24 1,371 Transition 55 1,500 8 24 7 8 24 8 Transition 8 8 Transition 9 979 Transition 967 1,214 Transition 1,199 1,442 Huong Hoa 1,292 24 24 Trieu Hai 19 Dak Rong 8 CORE Hai Lang Huong Hoa Transition Hai Lang QuÙng Tri QuÙng Tri Huong Hoa Quang Tri Quang Tri Hai Lang Hai Lang Quang Tri Quang Tri Huong Hoa Quang Huong Tri Hoa Hai Lang Hai Lang Quang Tri Quang Tri Quang Tri Huong Hoa Quang Tri Huong Hoa Huong Hoa Dak Rong Quang Tri Huong Hoa Dak Rong Quang Tri Huong Hoa Quang Tri Quang Tri Huong Hoa Quang Tri Huong Hoa Quang Tri ID Commune Project Ref. Project

66 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape Phu Loc T.T Hue

Bac Hai Van Enterprise Enterprise Enterprise Enterprise; Nam Hoa State Managers Highway CTS Zone HCM District Province Change Percentage Population Commune Commune Ethnic Percent Change 1995 2000 1995 2000 Non-Forest Forest Protected Population Total Commune Total 1995 2000 2005 -2000 -2005 1995 2000 2005 -2000 -2005 (SOE) (SFE) Area Count 29 Ta Long 3,6,10,13,14,17 6 1,847 2,334 2,514 26 8 1,806 2,240 2,314 24 3 CORE Huong Hoa Dak Rong Dak Rong Quang Tri 32 Ta Rut33 A Bung34 A Ngo35 Phong My 6,12,13,14,17 6,11,12,13,14,1736 Phong Thu37 6 Phong Xuan 5 6,11,12,14,1738 1,4,6,11 Phong Son39 1,653 2,150 Huong Van 5 1,928 1,2,3,1140 2,692 1 2,077 Huong Binh 2,90041 4 1,960 Huong Ho 17 2542 2,138 1,2 2,3,11 Hong Tien 2,303 4 3,72943 8 Binh Dien 8 4,641 444 1 5,839 3,891 9 Binh Thanh 1,441 1,884 4,844 1,787 3 24 3 2,337 6,094 2,4,10 2 2,366 845 2,023 2,776 2,946 Huong Tho 2,3,4,10,11 26 2446 3,007 5,364 8,361 1,595 24 Thuy 24Bang 4 10,409 6,678 1 13,03947 1,978 26 25 8,402 Duong Hoa 276 13 2,103 3 5 19 24 1 1,730 3,11 24 24 369 2 2,154 25 1,980 CORE 2,710 0 CORE 421 6,785 26 2,10,11 2,416 518 3 1 8,447 6 3,040 10,62848 25 690 34 TT. Phu Loc 0 049 2,710 0 2 22 24 26 868 Loc Bon 0 3,374 CORE 4050 3 4,245 26 26 Loc An 64 0 3,909 051 0 1 4,867 Xuan Loc 25 0 2,618 CORE 9 0 2652 6,123 126 3,260 0 Loc Hoa 5,626 0 2653 4,102 0 0 25 7,004 Loc Dien 169 0 384 054 8,812 0 0 25 Loc Tri 26 0 237 514 0 0 24 3 11 0 26 155 0 34 0 CORE 721 0 Loc Thuy 26 1056 0 0 0 8,544 Transition Loc 0Tien 0 40 34 10,637 3 13,383 3557 0 CORE Loc Hai 058 CORE 40 1 24 11 1 0 0 0 CORE TT. A Luoi 47 0 9,83859 12,248 26 15,410 10,692 Hong 1Van 0 1,599 13,312 Dak Rong CORE Dak 60Rong 16,749 0 66 CORE 0 0 2,218 Hong Trung 1 3,5,9,10,13 24 Transition61 Dak Rong 2,791 2,171 Dak Rong 25 34 Bac Son 2,703 1 0 12,343 062 26 0 Quang Tri 15,367 2,5,10,11,14 0 39 Quang 3,401Tri 19,334 Hong Kim 26 40 10,1163 5 6,898 Hong Bac 26 0 25 24 CORE 0 064 0 8,588 10,805 5 Hong Quang 0 4,047 CORE Phong Dien65 26 26 Transition 0 0 5,038 344 Nham 9,523 Phong Dien 24 0 11,856 2,5 6,339 5,10 1,210 14,917 2 2,3,5,10,11 0 T.T Hue 0 0 6,741 1,435 2,3,5,11 460 26 Dak Rong Transition 0 24 2,013 24 8,393 0 0 10,560 0 1,649 9,380 645 Quang Tri 10,959 2,133 Nam Hoa 5 26 13,788 26 19 0 25 2,895 34 Phong Dien 0 2,3,5,10,11 2 2 0 0 4 0 0 17 40 Phong Dien 1,348 26 0 29 T.T Hue 40 1,512 0 Transition 1,216 26 0 1,432 1,072 0 2,121 36 657 0 1,450 5 0 0 1,593 1,406 0 Transition 1,824 2,234 0 12 1,730 849 0 1,543 0 0 1,321 0 0 1,191 Transition 19 2,064 0 Huong 0Tra 11 31 1,487 40 Transition Phong Dien 2,655 2,086 T.T 29Hue Huong Thuy 26 0 T.T Hue 40 0 0 0 0 1,130 23 0 34 Phong Dien 0 13 40 1,512 Huong 1,191Tra T.T TransitionHue 769 Transition 2,101 0 0 0 29 CORE 0 40 1,593 T.T Hue 1,029 635 0 2,000 34 1,443 Huong Tra Transition 1,719 0 0 Huong Tra Huong 0Tra CORE 34 Huong 818Thuy 1,487 T.T Hue 34 0 39 T.T Hue T.T Hue T.T Hue 1,091 1,871 Transition 0 26 CORE Transition 40 -13 29 0 Transition Huong CORETra 26 33 CORE Huong Tra CORE T.T Hue T.T Hue Transition CORE Huong Thuy T.T Hue Phu Loc Phu Loc T.T Hue Bach Ma Phu Loc T.T Hue Phu Loc Phu Loc T.T Hue Bach Ma, T.T Hue Phu Loc T.T Hue A Luoi Bac Hai Van Phu Loc T.T Hue A Luoi Bac Hai Van T.T Hue Phu Loc Phong Dien T.T Hue Bac Hai Van A Luoi Phu Loc A Luoi T.T Hue T.T Hue A Luoi T.T Hue T.T Hue A Luoi T.T Hue T.T Hue A Luoi T.T Hue A Luoi T.T Hue T.T Hue ID Commune Project Ref. Project 30 Huc Nghi31 A Vao 3,6,10,14,17 6,10,12,14,17 5 5 802 1,466 940 1,689 1,013 1,820 17 15 8 8 1,362 720 1,689 893 1,720 1,000 24 24 2 12 CORE CORE Dak Rong Dak Rong Quang Tri Dak Rong Quang Tri

67 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape Luoi T.T Hue Hai Van Nang uong Giang A Enterprise Enterprisse Enterprise; Nam Dong Enterprise Enterprise Enterprise; Nam Dong Enterprise Enterprise Enterprise; Nam Dong Enterprise Enterprise Enterprise; Nam Dong State Managers Road Nang Highway CTS Zone HCM District Province Change Percentage Population Commune Commune Ethnic Percent Change 1995 2000 1995 2000 Non-Forest Forest Protected Population Total Commune Total 1995 2000 2005 -2000 -2005 1995 2000 2005 -2000 -2005 (SOE) (SFE) Area Count 81 Thuong Quang 2,4,5,11,1682 5 Huong Huu 1,31983 1,482 Huong Giang 5,10,11,16 1,864 12 3,5,11,16 4 26 1,514 4 630 2,051 2,842 1,164 843 1,266 35 1,182 1,593 34 39 9 1,62087 40 Thuong Nhat 2,026 26 2,492 2,4,5,10,11,16 CORE 25 688 23 Thuong Lo 1,527 1,62589 CORE 2,081 P. Tho Quang 3,5,10 6 6,7,8,,15 28 3 1,411 4 1,512 Nam Hoa 1,615 15,942 17,169 842 18,496 7 984 8 1,380 CORE 7 17 Khe Tre 8 Nam Dong 40 CORE T.T Hue x 735 967 x 1,217 Nam Dong 32 T.T Hue x 26 Khe Tre CORE Khe Tre CORE Nam Dong 14 National T.T Hue Nam Dong T.T Hue Son Tra Nam Dong Bach Ma Son Tra Nam Dong T.T Hue Son Tra TP Da 70 Hong Thai71 Hong Thuong72 Huong Phong73 2,5,10,11 2,5,10,15 Huong Lam74 2,5,10,11 Dong Son75 A Dot 4 476 5,10,11 A Roang 477 Huong Nguyen 1,497 2,5,11 943 1,667 2,5,10,11 1,069 2,09778 3 254 1,499 TT. Khe Tre 2,5,10,1179 11 2,5,11 305 Huong Phu 13 1,47080 3 4 1,514 26 384 Huong Son 40 1,905 4 1,022 20 942 3,4,5,10 3 1,367 876 3 799 1,630 1,080 2,3,4,5,10 26 1,917 1,499 1,828 1,069 947 26 1,750 2,511 1,329 1,306 34 2,012 15 4 1,316 2,822 34 12 5 40 1,514 39 8 0 15 2,354 37 1,711 24 1,028 38 2,832 2,537 CORE 1,142 40 15 799 3,563 1,359 3,158 1,617 1,069 1,819 CORE 3,973 1,504 696 20 13 1,359 2,300 11 1,972 24 931 26 34 2,481 34 42 1,190 CORE 26 3184 27 26 34 Huong Hoa 11 86285 26 Huong Loc 1,153 28 23 CORE86 CORE 1,432 15 Thuong Long CORE 34 31 CORE 2,5,10,11,14 16 21 3,5,16 CORE 24 43 36 5 35 40 CORE 3 1,666 1 39 2,011 CORE 2,736 Transition 2,097 1,820 2,282 1,980 21 2,871 2,491 36 9 9 1,458 26 26 1,951 H A Luoi 2,530 A Luoi 34 7 T.T Hue Khe Tre 30 T.T Hue A Luoi 10 CORE 14 T.T Hue A Luoi A Luoi 43 A Luoi 40 T.T Hue T.T Hue Nam Dong Bach Ma A Luoi Transition T.T Hue T.T Hue Nam Dong T.T Hue T.T Hue Nam Dong CORE T.T Hue Khe Tre Nam Dong T.T Hue Nam Dong Bach Ma T.T Hue Nam Dong T.T Hue ID Commune Project Ref. Project 66 A Ngo67 Son Thuy68 Phu Vinh69 Hong Ha 5,11 3,5 2,5 2,5,10,11 2 2 4 2 2,024 2,225 2,429 1,005 2,487 3,056 1,147 3,226 888 1,443 20 12 938 14 26 1,180 30 26 1,719 6 2,300 809 26 3,129 1,082 1,518 34 375 34 36 502 40 704 CORE 34 CORE 40 CORE CORE A Luoi A Luoi T.T Hue T.T Hue A Luoi A Luoi T.T Hue T.T Hue 90 P. Hoa Hiep 6,9 2 15,801 17,018 18,333 8 8 x x x CORE Lien Chieu Industrial Park Nam Lien Chieu TP Da

68 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape TP. Da Nang TP. Da Nang TP. Da Nang TP. Da Nang TP. Da Nang Hoa Vang

Hai Van Enterprise Forest Hai Van; Ma Cooih Enterprise Ba Na Enterprise Enterprise Enterprise Enterprise Ma Cooih Enterprise State Managers Highway CTS Zone HCM District Province Change Percentage Population Commune Commune Ethnic Percent Change 1995 2000 1995 2000 Non-Forest Forest Protected Population Total Commune Total 1995 2000 2005 -2000 -2005 1995 2000 2005 -2000 -2005 (SOE) (SFE) Area Count ID Commune Project Ref. Project 91 Hoa Bac 6,9,14 3 3,127 3,368 3,628 8 8 432 445 477 3 7 CORE Song Nam Nam 93 Hoa Lien94 Hoa Khuong95 Hoa Phu96 Tam Lanh 6,997 6,9 TT. P Rao98 Ch'om99 A Xan100 6 2 Tr'Hy101 2 Lang 9,348102 10,068 A Tieng 10,846 8,835 1,10,11103 B HaLl¶ 9,516 10,251 1,10,11104 1 8 A Vuong 1,10,11105 0 Ta Lu 8 3,672 1,2,10,11 8 3106 0 1,10,11 Song Kon 3,955 1,4,10,11 6,392 3 4,261 8 6,797 2,093 2,559 3 7,285 1,4,11 2,155 2,824 x 4 1,250 8 2,231 2,924 3 1,459 4 1,4,10,11 6 x 1,655 879 1,650 1,11 10 8 3 x 1,117 1,718 1,602 3 17 917 7 1,356 1,778 1,709 4 x 1,538 4 1,801 4 236 953 13 x 1,284 4 2,559 21 1,403 2,003 2,971 243 2 1,250 7 x 2,680 4 1,453 2,155 3,362 13 1,459 3,106 3 3,481 260 2,498 1,619 3,780 5 4 9 1,117 4,380 1,650111 13 5 17 3 A Rooih 8 1,356 4,515 1,602 1,718 1,540 4 1,739 1,991 879 16 4 11 16 16112 2,015 7 Za 21Hung CORE 1,384 917 4 2,971 Corridor Transition 1,403 Corridor 3 Corridor 9 3,362 14113 CORE 953 1,626 Ma Cooih 1,11 16 3,897 3,780 16 Corridor 1,360 4 1 13 Corridor 1,4,11 1,576 Corridor 16 -64 16 1,4,10,11 4 2 16 Corridor Corridor CORE Corridor 3 4115 928 Corridor Dai Son116 982 Dai 785Lanh 1,099 1,017117 1,183 Dai Hong 863 1,225118 Dai Dong 6 979119 Dai Quang 2,4,8 8 10 2,4,8 4 4 13 4 Nam 928 Dong Nghe 1,099 8 Hoa Vang 3 1,183 8 785 987 Ba Na 3 Song Kon 1,371 1,144 Hoa Vang 2,819 863 16,446 17,398 2,992 16,521 1,000 1 8 Hoa Vang 6 3,105 Hien 1 10 Hien Hien 6 16 9,589 1 16 11,201 6 11,692 11,235 16 11,662 11,192 -5 11,450 Phu Ninh Transition Hien 11,643 Hien CORE 12,082 17 4 Quang Nam Hien Quang Nam Transition Quang Nam TX. Tam Ky Hien 4 Quang Nam 4 2 -4 Quang Nam Quang Nam Hien Quang Nam Hien 4 Quang Nam Hien Quang Nam Quang Nam Quang Nam Ca Dang - CORE CORE Hien CORE Transition Transition Hien Quang Nam Hien Quang Nam Quang Nam Dai Loc Dai Loc Quang Nam Dai Loc Dai Loc Quang Nam ı˚i LÇc Quang Nam Quang Nam QuÙng Nam 92 Hoa Ninh 6,9 2 3,331 3,588 3,865 8 8 57107 60 A Ting108 64 Tu 5109 Ba 4,10,11 7110 Dang CORE 3 11 1,659 1,875 1,492 1,11 13 1 -20 1,659 939 1,875 2 0 1,034114 Ca 2,173Dang 1,071 1,058 2,481 13 10 1,107 2,895 1,146 2,998 16 4 1,2,10,11 17 5 Corridor 937 4 4 1,034 4 Ba Na 1,198 2,481 1,058 2,876 1,325 10 1,107 3,334 1,458 Hoa 1,283Vang 1,510 16 16 5 10 Corridor 16 16 4 Corridor 1,325 CORE 1,458 Song Kon 1,690 10 16 CORE Hien Song Kon Quang Nam Song Kon Hien Hien Quang Nam Ca Dang - Quang Nam Hien Hien Quang Nam Quang Nam

69 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape Enterprise State Managers Highway TransitionTransitionTransition Duy Xuyen Quang Nam Duy Xuyen Quang Nam TransitionTransitionTransition Que Son Quang Nam Que Son Que Son Quang Nam Que Son Quang Nam Quang Nam CTS Zone HCM District Province Change Percentage Population Commune Commune Ethnic Percent Change 1995 2000 1995 2000 Non-Forest Forest Protected Population Total Commune Total 1995 2000 2005 -2000 -2005 1995 2000 2005 -2000 -2005 (SOE) (SFE) Area Count My Phu ID Commune Project Ref. Project 124 Duy Phu125 Duy Hoa126 Duy Son127 Duy Trung128 2,4,7 TT. Thach 4,7129 Laee 2,7130 2 Zuoih 3131 LaDee132 2 4,533 Chaval 4,677133 2 Ta Bhing 4,989134 1 10,705 Ca Dy 11,128 11,870 3 0 4135 DacPree 4 4 7 5,842136 2,4 Dakpring 6,228137 7 6,847 TT. Dong 0 1 7138 1 Que Phuoc 2 1,242 4139 1,065 10 Que Lam 1,532 4 1,297 0 1,689140 1,655 1,602 Que Ninh 1,426 5,970 1,802 1,950141 1,981 6,563 Que Trung 23 2,106 2,144 22 0 4,8142 7,246 2,341 Que Loc 2,574 1 22 7143 10 8 10 4,11 Que Phong 1 960144 10 11 10 4,8 1,065 Que Long 1,242 0 1,056 10 3,4,8 968145 1,297 1,532 1,161 10 Que Hiep 1,602 2 1,689 1,056 706 1,431 1,691146 1,950 1,532 1,161 Que An 10 CORE 4,8 2 2,106 799 2,152147 22 1,691 23 4,088 4 TT. Tan An 2,341 4,288 10 2 9 3148 878 22 Transition 2,584 3,365 -9 Hiep 4,654Hoa 10 10 3,960149 1,851 10 2,4 11 Hiep Thuan 13 5,018 4,298 Transition 9,656 10 10 2,201 10,394150 5 11,280 5,220 2 CORE Que Tho CORE 2,430 10 5,665 10 18151 1 968 Phuoc Tra CORE CORE 4,10,11 9 19 8,250 8 1,056152 Phuoc Gia 9 4 8,813 4,10 706 1,165 6,890 0 CORE 2 153 9,564 10 7,078 Que Binh 9 799 7,682154 9 9 1,4,10,11 2,4,8 Que Luu 3 7155 882 CORE 0 0 Thang Phuoc 10 3 1,4,10 2156 1,918 13 TT. Tien 9Ky 2,578 4 2,076157 9 1,2,4,8,11 Tien Ha 2,888 1,615 CORE 2,150 3 8 10158 2,662 1,711 Tien Chau 2,304 1,4 3 1,772159 2,392 8 7,814 Tien 12Lanh CORE 2,477 3 5 8,465 6 8,765 -8 4 546 1,4,10 2,779 4 1 2,955 4 674 2 8 1,4,10 3,060 4 2,215 698 1 2,445 2,617 4 2,532 2,304 6 2,714 3 23 Song Thanh Giang 2,810 2,544 Ca Dy 6,605 Giang CORE 10 Song 3Thanh 2,808 7,293 Song Thanh Duy Xuyen 4 4,120 4 Giang CORE Giang 7,552 0 4,312 Quang Nam 4 Song Thanh 10 4 CORE Song 4,189 Quang ThanhNam 5,344 Duy Xuyen Giang Quang Nam Giang 10 CORE 5,401 576 Quang Nam 4,746 4 10 Quang Nam 5,593 Giang Quang Nam 4,851 5 636 4 5,023 Transition Quang Nam Quang Nam 1 -3 CORE Transition 702 Quang Nam 2 Song Thanh 10 4 Giang 4 10 Transition Quang Nam CORE CORE Transition Transition Giang Transition Quang Nam Transition Transition Transition Transition Que Son Que Son Quang Nam Que Son CORE Transition Que Quang SonNam Quang Nam Que Son Quang Nam Que Son Hiep Duc Quang Nam Quang Nam Quang Nam Hiep Duc Hiep Duc Hiep Duc Quang Nam Hiep Duc Quang Nam Quang Nam Hiep Quang DucNam Quang Nam Hiep Duc Hiep Duc Quang Nam Hiep Duc Quang Nam Tien Phuoc Quang Nam Quang Nam Tien Phuoc Quang Nam Tien Phuoc Tien Phuoc Quang Nam Quang Nam 120 Dai Nghia121 Dai Hiep122 Dai Thanh123 Dai Chanh 4,8 4 2 10,718 11,834 12,254 0 0 10 1 6,180 5,193 4 6,823 5,979 5,544 7,065 6,943 5,755 7,189 10 7 16 4 4 4 Transition Transition CORE CORE Dai Loc Quang Nam Dai Loc Quang Nam Dai Loc Dai Loc Quang Nam Quang Nam

70 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape (QN) (QN) Enterprise Enterprise Enterprise Enterprise State Managers Highway CTS Zone HCM District Province TransitionTransition Phuoc Hiep Nui Thanh Quang Nam Nui Thanh Quang Nam Change Percentage Population Commune Commune Ethnic Percent Change 1995 2000 1995 2000 Non-Forest Forest Protected Population Total Commune Total 1995 2000 2005 -2000 -2005 1995 2000 2005 -2000 -2005 (SOE) (SFE) Area Count ID Commune Project Ref. Project 196 Tra Mai 1,4,10 3 1,525 1,799 1,992 18 11 1,525 1,799 2,035 18 13 CORE Tra My Quang Nam 164 Tien An165 Tien Loc166 Tien Lap167 TT. Kham Duc168 Phuoc Hiep 4,10169 Phuoc Duc 1 3,4,10 1,4,10,11170 Phuoc Nang 2171 Phuoc My172 11 3 Phuoc Chanh 4 3,620 1 1,10,11173 0 3,936 Phuoc Cong 2,785 3,874174 1,2,4,10,11 2,586 4,086 Phuoc Kim 2,834 4,10,11 2,670 1,789 4,182175 2,798 2,765 Phuoc Thanh 1,975 4,191 9 1 3 4,10,11176 2,045 5 Tam Son 2 -2177 3 2 1,975 Tam Thanh 3 10 1,406 4,10,11 4,10 2,033 1,762178 1,513 -1 Tam Hiep 2,045 4 1,945 1,567 3 0 1,003 4 2,014 1,107179 3 1,146 Tam Nghea 8 3 10 4 670 542180 4 2 Tam My 10 1181 4 1,468 4 745 598 Tam Tra 4 1,653182 662 1,810 4 1,406 TT. 619Tra My 1,712 863 1,896 1,972 1,513 1,945 726 1 11 2,286 10 13 1,753 1183 2,254 997 Tra Kot 697 1,107 2184 16 4,615 9 4 1 4 8 Tra Nu 3,388 3 1,283 4 4,889 10 2185 3,944 Tra Dong 5,282 1,468 16 11 4,261 16186 16 CORE 562 0 -4 Tra Duong 1,653 1,4,10,11187 16 1,916 6 16 Tra TransitionGiang 592 CORE CORE 1188 662 Transition 13 Tra Bui 4,10,11 8 1 1 686 8 1,4,10 11,322 CORE 11,717 Transition 726 12,659 4 16 2,4189 Transition 2,865 5 Tra Doc 9,832 CORE 1,4,11 10,346 841 10,713190 2,935 1,012 3 3 Tra Tan 3,171 CORE 16 1,046 10 3191 Tra Leng 1,083 5 8 1,005 1 2 16 2 2,896 1,133 CORE 3192 3 1,254 2,928 4 Tra Don 1,4 3,032 8193 3,410 CORE Tra Giac 2,312 13 4 3,486194 2,514 4 870 Tra Giap 3,610 1 2,603 4 11 620195 1 1,012 Tra Tap 969 Phuoc Son 1,4,10,11 1,046 2 1,005 695 4 1,096 2 9 Song Thanh 1,183 3,412 1,133 Phuoc Son 1,4,10 3,703 11 756 1,281 4 1,664 3,834 1 Quang Nam 4 3 Song Thanh 4,10 4 1 1,840 12 13 Phuoc Son 13 1,567 10,11 1,604 13 9 Quang Nam 310 2,165 Song Thanh 1,347 3 1,816 13 9 Phuoc Son 11 CORE 2,640 CORE CORE 1,584 1,536 Transition 363 4 2,923 Song Thanh 1,938 Quang Nam -15 Transition 2 1,265 Phuoc Son 13 CORE 1,536 410 3,412 22 2 14 1,664 Quang Nam 1,683 -13 Phuoc Son 3,703 3,480 1,840 17 11 3,515 26 Tien 4,189Phuoc Transition Quang Nam 1,643 2,081 21 3,640 Quang Nam 1,887 13 2,165 Tien Phuoc 1,347 11 1,586 9 10 2,640 Song Tien ThanhPhuoc Quang Nam 1,536 1 Phuoc Son Transition 2,986 Quang Nam Phuoc 1,737 15Son 13 1,265 13 Quang Nam 1,586 22 -16 Quang Nam 4 14 Phuoc Son 1,794 CORE CORE Quang Nam 1,643 3,480 13 13 Transition 25 1,887 3,515 2,134 Transition Tra My 3,976 Transition 13 CORE Phuoc Son 15 1 Quang Nam CORE 13 13 Phu Ninh Phu Ninh Transition CORE Nui Thanh Nui Thanh Phu Ninh Tra My CORE Quang Nam Quang Nam Nui Thanh Quang Nam Tra My Quang Nam Tra My Tra My Quang Nam Quang Nam Nui Thanh Quang Nam Tra My Tra My Ngoc Linh Quang Nam Tra My Quang Nam Tra My Tra My Quang Nam Tra My Tra My Quang Nam QuÙng Nam Ngoc Linh Tra My Quang Nam Quang Nam Tra My Quang Nam Tra My Quang Nam Quang Nam Tra My Quang Nam 160 Tien Ngoc161 Tien Hiep162 Tien Canh163 Tien Tho 2,4,10 2,4 1,2 3 4 2,552 2 2,578 2,641 2 3,742 4,116 2,205 1 1 3,787 2,880 2,832 2 10 4,320 6,357 31 -8 6,583 -2 47 4 CORE Transition Transition Transition Tien Phuoc Tien Phuoc Quang Nam Quang Nam Tien Phuoc Quang Nam Tien Phuoc Quang Nam

71 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape (QN) (QN) (QN) State Managers Highway CTS Zone HCM District Province Change Percentage Population Commune Commune Ethnic Percent Change 1995 2000 1995 2000 Non-Forest Forest Protected Population Total Commune Total 1995 2000 2005 -2000 -2005 1995 2000 2005 -2000 -2005 (SOE) (SFE) Area Count 197 Tra Cang 10,11 2 2,607 2,983 3,303 14 11 2,607 2,983 3,374 14 13 CORE Ngoc Linh Tra My Quang Nam ID Commune Project Ref. Project 198 Tra Linh 10 1 1,851 2,080 2,154 12 4 1,851 2,080 2,353 12 13 CORE Ngoc Linh Tra My Quang Nam 199 Tra Nam200 Tra Don201 Tra Van202 1,10 Binh Khuong203 Binh An 10204 Binh Minh205 Tra Xuan 1,4 2206 Tra Giang207 2,086 Tra Thuy 1208 2,424 Tra Hiep 2,684209 1,431 2 Tra Phu 1,656 16210 1,500 Tra Tho 2,911211 11 Tra Tan 3,496 4,079 16212 3,063 8,845 Tra Khe 2,086 9,458213 -9 2,424 Tra Nham 20 117214 2,742 3,064 1,430 Tra Son 9,094 -12 3,416215 7,338 1,656 16 Tra Lam 3,653 7 7,847 6,667 2,911 1,873216 21,812 Tra Thanh 23,325 3,496 13 11 -19217 16 302 227 3,955 Tra 204Quan 2,807 2,004218 7 Tra Phong 7 13 3,002 20 CORE 1,375 432 7219 1,385 1,470 Tra Linh 829 2,298 1,783 13220 475 -31 3,000 364 4,017 1,907 Tra Binh CORE 2,562 112 3,375221 8,725 7 2,753 1,518 Transition Tra Bui 10,548 3,609 294 29 7 2,370222 191 10 1,320 11 Tra Trung 2,534 -16 316 257 1,554223 1,703 1,145 7 Tra Xinh 1,662 Transition 1,345 21 2,410 -19 56 1,127 1,169224 7 7 1,414 Tinh Hiep 2,564 1,205 1,177 1,256 18 1,512225 Transition 838 3,461 1,516 Tinh Dong 7 Transition 3,414 -31 7 -2 2,862226 1,629 1,321 2,869 Tinh Giang 7 1,505 3,060 5 2,334 1,290227 Transition 6 3,083 29 1,478 Son 2,496Dung 7 2,015 7 -17 1,507 1,122 1,580228 -16 7 2,165 Son Mua Transition 1,580 2,701 1,321 77 Transition229 7 1,690 2,328 7 -2 1,420 Son Tan 973 56 1,143 2,489 7230 1,318 1,202 7 Son Tinh Transition 18 2,942 1,889 958 5 7 -14231 4,496 1,292 Transition 7 2,020 2,433 TT. Di Lang 1,029 1,123 3,695232 2,615 1,279 3,951 7 Son Thuong 1,750 7 7 5 43 Transition -2 864 1,256233 -17 2,132 787 Son -18Bao 2,246 Transition 1,350 1,281 2,296 1,259234 2,402 7 56 Son Thanh 826 7 1,343 1,979 7,362 7 1,030 Ngoc Linh 7 12,795 7235 -2 160 13,682 1,101 1,443 2,127 Son Tra HyMy 6,067 1,120 883 22 Transition236 Transition 6,870 Transition 7,111 -14 3,822 -18 1,606 Son Thuy 74 7,346 7 5 7 Tra My 7,348 3,141 1,726 Transition 5 Quang Nam 7,858 2,802 3,375 7 13 7 7 Transition 43 9,119 7 734 -18 Quang Nam 7 9,751 Tra My 3 1,070 1,829 7,362 Transition 949 7 12,795 225 Transition 7 4,022 2,051 2,981 13,682 7 876 669 3,188 2,758 7 2,978 8,094 149 Quang Nam 20,404 74 Binh 2,949 TransitionSon 21,819 7 121 1,918 214 941 Transition 2,891 702 2,051 12 152 -31 4,981 213 -18 137 2,382 Tra Quang BongNgai 7 -36 5,326 7 Binh Son 754 7,651 Transition 7 220 3,176 7 147 Quang Ngai 8,329 5,968 Transition 72 7 3,250 Quang Ngai Binh Son 7 5 5,298 221 902 13 236 4,856 3,475 3,620 5,665 12,342 Transition 2,732 13,156 2,829 2,482 7 Tra Bong Quang Ngai 6,519 Tra Bong 3,783 3,043 7 -11 3 154 2,667 1,726 9 7,096 2 7 5,470 203 2,746 Quang Ngai 7,588 1,855 -31 Quang Ngai 5,849 Transition Tra Bong 4,732 Transition 7 Transition -39 7 7 7 11 Tra 5,085Bong 45 9 Quang Ngai 7 5,670 3,017 Transition Transition 72 Transition Quang Ngai 7 5,033 Tra Bong 3,088 7 7 Transition 5,409 Tra 3,318Bong Transition Quang Ngai 7 -11 3,594 4,563 Quang Ngai 5,197 2 4,967 Tra Tan FE Transition Tra Bong 5,585 Tra 5,338Bong 7 Tra Bong 7 45 Tra Bong Quang Ngai Quang Ngai Transition 9 Quang Ngai Tra Bong Transition Quang Ngai 7 7 Tra Bong Quang Ngai Tra Bong Transition Tra Bong Transition Quang Ngai Quang Ngai Tra Bong Quang Ngai Tra Bong Quang Ngai Quang Ngai Son Tinh Tra Bong Quang Ngai Quang Ngai Tra Bong Son Tay Son Tinh Quang Ngai Quang Ngai Quang Ngai Son Son TinhHa Son Tay Son Tay Quang Ngai Son Tay Quang Ngai Quang Ngai Quang Ngai Son Ha Quang Ngai Son Ha Quang Ngai Son Ha Quang Ngai Son Ha Quang Ngai Son Ha Quang Ngai Quang Ngai

72 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape Hoai An Hoai An Hoai An Hoai An Hoai An Hoai An Hoai An Hoai An Hoai An Phu My Phu My State Managers Highway CTS Zone HCM District Province Change Percentage Population Commune Commune Ethnic Percent Change 1995 2000 1995 2000 Non-Forest Forest Protected Population Total Commune Total 1995 2000 2005 -2000 -2005 1995 2000 2005 -2000 -2005 (SOE) (SFE) Area Count ID Commune Project Ref. Project 241 Ba Bich242 Ba Vi243 Ba Tieu244 Ba Xa245 Ba Ngac246 Ba To247 Ba Nam248 An Trung249 An Dung250 An Vinh251 An Toan252 1,460 NA An Tan 1,510253 NA 1,615 An Hoa 2,977254 1,592 2,648 NA An Quang 2,480255 2,832 3 NA 2,652 An Nghia 3,377256 2,171 2,962 -11 An Hao 3,089 7 NA 56 3,167 3,303 2,655 4,715 NA 7 NA 1,387 -12 2,904 3,793 7 667 1,046 42 3,198 1,435 4,056 NA 2,828 2,646 1,154 1,542 7 1,512 1,475 2,516 2,829 1,284 -20 7 1,538 2,356 2,704 9 NA 3,208 297 1,711 3 2,532 475 10 2,062 -11 7 2,814 10 4,460 2,935 3,024 7 56 510 11 4,693 7 4 3,154 4,479 9,336 2,078 7 4,963 -12 9,918 566 3,603 936 2,322 1,032 10,488 11 7 42 Transition 634 3,872 1,005 2,583 1,154 Transition 485 2,250 1,116 7 5 1,284 1,376 -20 Transition 7 11,815 6 2,702 12 12,159 7 1,538 12,855 526 Transition 12 11 255 6 1,711 7 11 7 6 Transition 584 11 3 20 11 12 Transition 440 Transition 21 8 Transition Transition 11 6 30 492 876 11 24 Transition 547 33 979 1,089 3 465 27 12 37 12 520 14 11 10 3 11 578 13 12 CORE Transition Ba 12To FE 3 Transition Transition 11 0 An Son FE Ba To FE An Son FE Transition Ba To FE 0 An Son FE Transition Ba To Ba To Ba To An Lao Ba To Ba To Quang Ngai An Lao Ba To Quang Ngai Quang Ngai Binh Dinh Ba To An Lao An Son FE An Son FE Quang Ngai An Son FE Binh Dinh Quang Ngai An Son FE Quang Ngai Binh Dinh An Toan Quang Ngai An Lao An Son FE Binh Dinh FPPMU of An Lao An Lao An Lao Binh Dinh Binh Dinh Binh Dinh An Lao Binh Dinh Hoai An Binh Dinh 237 Son Ky238 Son Ba239 Ba Dinh240 Ba Le 4,809 4,682 3,136 5,007 4,211 3,980 12,618 13,493 4,503 -3 217 1,270 34 2,555 7 2,732 7 7 4,569 101 3,781 4,448 11,887 2,979 12,882 4,780 7 4,000 214 4,299 -3 1,207 34 2,172 8 2,608 7 Transition 7 80 Transition Transition 20 Transition Ba To Son Ha Son Ha Quang Ngai Quang Ngai Ba To Quang Ngai Quang Ngai 257 An Son258 Dak Mang259 An Tin NA NA260 An Duc261 An Huu NA262 Bok Toi NA 328263 840 386 An Tuong NA 899 428 1,000264 An Nghia 8,953 18 NA 9,579 10,128 7 11265 NA 8,521 My Trinh 11 8,939 7 9,451 320266 NA 5,342 My Hoa 804 6 5,778 358 5 6,109 899 1,270 NA 398 1,000 1,382 6 11,923 8 4 1,536 12,885 12 13,625 12 NA 6 11 9 11 5 8 0 8,822 9,183 11 Transition 9,709 6 CORE 6 3 0 1,221 6,661 6,971 1,365 25 4 7,370 1,518 31 3 0 20 9,827 6 12 10,284 10,873 5 38 Transition 3 11 6 5 42 4 0 CORE 23 6 0 3 4 Transition 11 FPPMU of Transition 1 3 4 CORE FPPMU of 0 1 3 0 0 1 Hoai An FPPMU of 0 CORE Hoai An 0 Binh Dinh FPPMU of Binh Dinh 0 CORE FPPMU of FPPMU of Hoai An CORE FPPMU of Binh Dinh Hoai An Hoai An Binh Dinh Hoai An Binh Dinh FPPMU of Hoai An Binh Dinh Binh Dinh FPPMU of FPPMU of Hoai An Binh Dinh Phu My Phu My Binh Dinh Binh Dinh

73 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape +CCP FE FE FE FE FE of Phu Cat of Phu Cat of Phu Cat Protection Department +CCP Tay Son Protection Department +CCP Protection Department +CCP of Tay Son of Tay Son Department State Managers Farm FE Protection Highway Farm FE CTS Zone HCM District Province Change Percentage Population Commune Commune Ethnic Percent Change 1995 2000 1995 2000 Non-Forest Forest Protected Population Total Commune Total 1995 2000 2005 -2000 -2005 1995 2000 2005 -2000 -2005 (SOE) (SFE) Area Count ID Commune Project Ref. Project 270 Vinh Hoa NA 742 1,389 1,516 87 9 742 862 959 16 11 CORE Mulbery Song Kon Vinh Thanh Binh Dinh 271 Vinh Hiep NA 2,648 2,638 2,817 0 7 464 519 577 12 11 CORE Song Kon Vinh Thanh Binh Dinh 267 My Hiep NA 13,504 14,779 15,625 9 6 1 1 1 0 0 CORE Forest Phu My Binh Dinh 268 Vinh Son269 Vinh Kim NA NA272 Vinh Hao 2,172273 Vinh Quang 2,606 2,876 2,535274 NA 2,478 Vinh 20Thinh 2,737 NA 10275 -2 CaSon 1,964 10 NA 2,195276 Cat Lam 2,441 1,894 12 2,117 2,826277 2,712 Cat Hanh 2,355 7,436 11 2,891 NA 12 5,953278 6,313 Cat Hiep -4 NA CORE 11 5,941 -20 6,292 7 NA 6,676 6 CORE 391279 6 Binh Tan NA 4,327 308 437 4,743 6280 6,264 5,017 344 Tay Thuan 486 7,107 10 13,729 383 7,514 383 15,127 12 15,994 NA 12 13 Mulbery 6 428 11 10 NA 6,968281 11 Song Kon 6 476 Binh Thua 7,290 6 Song Kon CORE 31 7,707 12 CORE 35 0 11 5 15 6,019 NA282 Tay Giang 39 5,893 6 CORE 17 0 6,238 6,994 Vinh Thanh 13283 Binh 7,829Dinh Vinh Thanh Binh Thanh 19 -2 8,280 Binh Dinh 0 11 0 13 NA 12 6 CORE 12 0 7,551 6 NA 130 7,836 Transition 8,285 Song Kon 0 145 45 Song Kon 4 161 CORE 11,236 12,610 50 13,332 12 6 10,356 Song Kon 12 11,142 56 11 11,780 Vinh Thanh 11 6 1 Transition Binh Dinh 8 Vinh Thanh CORE Binh Dinh 12 6 1 FPPMU 2 CORE FPPMU Vinh Thanh Binh Dinh 1 0 2 0 FPPMU 0 2 0 Phu Cat 0 0 Transition Phu Cat Forest Binh Dinh 0 FPPMU of Binh Dinh CORE Phu Cat Forest Binh Dinh CORE Tay Son Phu Cat Binh Dinh Binh Dinh Forest Tay Son Binh Dinh FPPMU Tay FPPMU Son Binh Dinh Tay Son Binh Dinh Tay Son Binh Dinh

74 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape Ngoc Hoi Kon Tum Dak GleiDak Glei Kon Tum Kon Tum Ngoc Hoi Kon Tum 7715 Dak Glei Kon Tum DucNong FE Protection Department DacPoKo FE DacPoKo FE DacPoKo FE DucNong FE NRC +CCP NRC (KT) FENRC (KT) NRC (KT) (KT) State Managers Rubber Farm Coffee Farm Coffee Farm TanCanh Rubber Farms DucNong FEs Group Rubber Group Tum Rubber and Rubber and Rubber Tum Highway CTS Zone HCM District Province Change Percentage Population Commune Commune Ethnic Percent Change 1995 2000 1995 2000 Non-Forest Forest Protected Population Total Commune Total 1995 2000 2005 -2000 -2005 1995 2000 2005 -2000 -2005 (SOE) (SFE) Area Count ID Commune Project Ref. Project 301 Dak Nong302 Dak Xu NA303 TT. Dak To NA NA 2,044 2,406 2,573 18 1,867 7 2,858 3,056 1,762 7,080 2,267 8,625 53 9,269 2,427 7 22 29 1,333 7 2,184 7 2,338 1,968 Transition 3,088 64 3,306 57 7 X Transition 7 DucNong Transition Plei Can & SaLoong & Ngoc Hoi Kon Tum Dak To Kon Tum 286 Dak Bla NA 5,499 5,909 6,319 7 7 3,423 4,151 4,444 21 7 Transition Tan Lap KonTum FE TX. Kon Kon Tum 284 Binh Tuong NA 11,744 12,719 13,447 8 6 1 1 1 0 0 Transition Forest Tay Son Bûnh ıËnh 287 TT. Dak Glei288 Dak Plo289 NA Dak Man290 Dak Nhoong NA291 Dak Pet NA NA 3,861 4,170 4,503 NA 8 809295 883 8 Dak Long 769 1,336296 944 Dak KRoong 2,305 1,512 869297 1,617 2,823 Dak Mon 9 929298 3,022 8,932 TT. Plei 13Can 5,669 13 NA NA 22 7 6,062299 7 Dak Ang -37 7300 7 NA NA 1,229 744 Dak Duc 1,512 7 Transition 707 883 1,619 7,715 869 945 23 4,757 NA 2,648 2,601 5,093 19 930 2,973 2,732 NA 7 -38 3,179 2,921 23 3,376 3,004 7 12 4,025 5,590 5 CORE 7 7 4,303 6,007 Corridor 7 7 19 86 Corridor 2,079 CORE 2,436 2,393 2,490 2,973 7 7 3,107 2,732 2,663 3,183 3,659304 2,925 X 3,106 1,002 Dak Na 3,913 20 22305 4,025 2,100 X 14 Mang Xang 18 4,309 2,237 7 110 7 30 7 7 1,913 2,490 7 2,807 CORE NA 7 NA 2,666 CORE 3,599 DacNhoong Transition 3,853 30 CORE 28 NgocLinh X 7 X X Ngoc Linh 7 Dak Glei Corridor X 2,157 Transition 1,731 Dak Glei Plei Can 2,403 Kon Tum 2,041 2,570 2,183 Kon Tum 11 X 18 DacNhoong 7 DacBa FE 7 DucNong 1,973 1,593 DacBa FE 2,390 2,041 2,559 2,185 21 28 Dak Glei Dak Glei 7 Kon Tum 7 Ngoc Hoi Kon Tum Dak Glei Kon Tum Corridor Corridor Kon Tum Ngoc Hoi Kon Tum NgocLinh Dak To Kon Tum Dak To Kon Tum 292 Dak Choong NA 3,063 3,356 3,589 10 7 2,818 3,356 3,593 19 7 CORE RungThong Ngoc Linh Dak Glei Kon Tum 285 Dak Cam NA 2,611 2,805 3,000 7 7293 Muong Hoong 488294 Ngoc Linh 608 NA 651 25 NA 7 Transition 1,971 2,222 2,376 13 1,719 1,929 7 2,063 Tan Lap 1,757 12 2,159 KonTum FE 2,312 7 23 1,580 1,927 7 2,063 22 TX. Kon CORE Kon Tum 7 CORE NgocLinh Ngoc Linh Dak Glei NgocLinh Kon Tum Ngoc Linh Dak Glei Kon Tum

75 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape NRC NRC II FE FE I FE FE FE State Managers Farm Company Farm Farm Rubber FE Rubber Coffee and DacHrin Rubber Farms Rubber Highway CTS Zone HCM District Province Change Percentage Population Commune Commune Ethnic Percent Change 1995 2000 1995 2000 Non-Forest Forest Protected Population Total Commune Total 1995 2000 2005 -2000 -2005 1995 2000 2005 -2000 -2005 (SOE) (SFE) Area Count ID Commune Project Ref. Project 327 TT. Dak Ha NA 11,296 13,642 14,588 21 7 544 657 703 21 7 Transition Coffee Dak Ha Kon Tum 315 Ngok Yeu NA 1,550 1,832 1,959 18 7 1,426 1,832 1,961 28 7 CORE NgocLinh Dak To Kon Tum 306 Ngok Lay NA 956 1,128 1,206 18 7 880 1,128 1,208 28 7 CORE NgocLinh Dak To Kon Tum 309 Tu Mo rong310 Ngok Tu NA311 Van Lem312 Kon Dao NA313 Dak Ha314 Dien Binh NA NA 893 879 NA 2,938 NA 3,377 940316 3,611 Dak Ring317 Mang Buk -2 15 3,037318 Ngok Tem 3,630 2,121 7 3,882 7 2,569 2,747 NA 1,607 20 2,684 4,392 815 NA 1,667 5,349 3,355 21 1,783 5,720 NA 3,592 7 873 7 22 25 4 2,768 935321 3,599 Hieu 7 3,853 7 7322 804 7 Po E 2,447 1,179323 30 1,461 Dak Ruong 2,768 3,798 1,262 Corridor 441 7 1,649324 2,960 4,085 Tan Lap 2,479 47 1,766 4,368 7 965 2,235 13 Corridor 1,033 2,390 13 8 119 Corridor 7 NA NA -10 7 NA 7 Transition 7 2,251 7 7 NA 2,768 Transition TanCanh 3,494 Transition 2,231 2,964 4,085 QuangTrung 2,235 4,373 23 2,393 17 1,548 3,608 0 7 1,947 3,869328 1,178 Dak PXi 2,082 4,137 1,481 7329 8,420 Dak Hring 1,584 7 CORE 26 2,833 Dak To Dac Hrin 7 3,029 CORE 26 DacTo FE 7 -66 CORE Kon Tum 7 7 NA 1,408 NA 7 2,754 1,927 1,084 3,263 2,063 2,164 1,481 3,494 1,586 37 728 18 37 Dak To 779 7 7 -66 2,528 7 6,849 Kon Tum Dak To 2,872 Transition 5,469 CORE 3,071 Dak To TanLap FE 5,848 7 CORE Kon Tum 14 Dak To TanLap FE -20 Transition MangCanh Kon Tum Dak To 7 7 Kon Tum 2,313 4,369 Kon Tum 2,857 3,598 Kon Plong 3,059 3,852 Kon Tum Kon Plong -18 24 Kon Plong Kon Tum Kon Tum 7 7 MangLa FE Transition Transition MangLa FE MangDen Kon Plong DacUy Kon Kon Tum Plong Kon Plong Kon Tum Kon Kon PlongTum Kon Tum Dak Ha Kon Tum Dak Ha Kon Tum 307 Dak Sao308 Dak To Kan NA NA 3,072 1,857 3,721 2,120 3,979 2,267 21 14 7 7 2,350 1,684 3,144 2,092 3,366 2,240 34 24 7 7 Corridor Corridor DacTo FE DacTo FE Dak To Dak To Kon Tum Kon Tum 319 Dak Koi320 Mang Canh NA NA325 Dak Pne 1,599 1,783326 2,544 1,907 Dak To Re 2,986 3,193 12 NA 17 7 NA 7 1,471 1,783 2,340 1,909 2,986 3,197 21 1,129 28 1,274 7 1,843 1,362 2,879 7 Transition 3,079 13 56 CORE 7 7 1,129 1,274 1,597 1,364 2,725 13 2,918 71 7 7 DacRuong CORE Transition MangCanh Kon Plong Dac Tre Kon Tum Kon Plong Kon Tum MangDen Kon Plong Kon Plong Kon Tum Kon Tum

76 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape KBangKbang Gia Lai Gia Lai Mang Yang Gia Lai Mang Yang Gia Lai Dak Ha Kon Tum KBang Gia Lai Mang Yang Gia Lai Kon Ka Kinh Kon Ka Kinh Kon Ka Kinh Mnag Yang II and Kong Chieng FEs Dac Rong FE Kon Ka Kinh Ha Nung, Krong Pa Rang and Tram Lo Ku and Mnag Yang II Kon Ka Kinh and Kong Lap FEs Kanak FEs Chieng FEs State Managers Farms Rubber Farm Coffee and DacHrin Rubber Farms Rubber Farm Coffee and DacHrin Rubber Thanh Trung Highway CTS Zone HCM District Province Change Percentage Population Commune Commune Ethnic Percent Change 1995 2000 1995 2000 Non-Forest Forest Protected Population Total Commune Total 1995 2000 2005 -2000 -2005 1995 2000 2005 -2000 -2005 (SOE) (SFE) Area Count ID Commune Project Ref. Project 331 Ngok Wang332 Ha Mon NA NA 2,199 2,931 3,134 33 6,291 7 5,683 6,077 1,676 2,469 -10 2,643 7 47 1,924 7 2,193 2,348 Transition 14 7 Transition NgocWang KonTum FE DacUy Dak Ha Kon Tum Dak Ha Kon Tum 330 Dak Ui NA 4,452 5,175 5,534 16 7 2,999 3,900 4,176 30 7 Transition DacUy Dak Ha Kon Tum 351 Hai Yang 12 1 1,442 2,527 3,607 75 43 645 818 1,000 27 22 Transition 333 Ngok Reo334 Dak La335 TT. KBang336 NA Dak Rong337 Son Lang NA 1,2,12 1,12 12 3 2,308338 2,764 Kon Pne 2,956339 9,426 13,756 2 KRong 5,283 17,857340 6,296 20 So Pai 6,733 46 2,064341 1 Lo Ku 2,789 7 1,10,12342 19 30 3,346 Dong 1,230 1,914 3,269 1,566 35 7 12,25 2,513 6,047 2,042 2,691 1,12,13 20 3 166 1,962 2,650343 Nghia An 2,842 31344 2,040 30 85 12 To Tung 3,043 2 1,12,13 2,459345 925 Kong Long Khong 3 45 7 30 2,950 1,048346 831 1,103 Kong Bo La 3,128 12 1,700 21 Transition Transition347 2,454 4,023 Dak 12Hlo 7 2,542 13 4,588 3 4,107348 1 20 105 Ha Dong 5,855 12 Transition 29 5 3,653 12 1,614 67 50 5,012 CORE 2,378 14 1 6,107 3,029349 43 1 925 Dak Doa 3,030 CORE 12 1,048 2,258350 37 47 Ayun 1 3,644 12 3,155 2,461 1,103 941 4,155 3,861 22 1 3,264 27 1,700 13 3,897 3,933 20 1,922 40 1,202 5,141 1,498 2,015 33 5,961 1,472 1 81 2,437 1,917 12 5 14 22 1,794 2,688 1 2,442 KonTum FE 19 31 13 2,083 2,258 22 28 21 CORE 12 2,651 CORE 16 2,213 2,776 3,079 514 2,730 3,397 22 10 CORE 27 3,087 3,865 1 27 617 23 4,503 1,223 Transition 23 CORE 5,221 1,355 16 4,457 737 Dak Ha 22 1 1,494 7,602 13 So Pai, 10,548 17 20 Transition 11 206 6,479 Kon Tum 2,403 71 16 8,242 19 Kon Cha 2,730 241 10 9,294 39 3,087 Transition KBang KBang 280 27 CORE Transition 14 1,353 1,748 17 13 Gia Lai Gia Lai 13 2,425 Lo Ku FE 16 4,355 29 4,935 So Pai FE CORE Transition 5,565 Lo Ku FE 39 So Pai, 13 Transition 13 CORE KBang KBang Kanak FE Gia Lai KBang Gia Lai Gia Lai KBang KBang KBang Gia Lai Gia Lai KBang Gia Lai Gia Lai KBang Mang Yang Gia Lai Gia Lai

77 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape State Managers Highway CTS Zone HCM District Province Change Percentage Population Commune Commune Ethnic Percent Change 1995 2000 1995 2000 Non-Forest Forest Protected Population Total Commune Total 1995 2000 2005 -2000 -2005 1995 2000 2005 -2000 -2005 (SOE) (SFE) Area Count ID Commune Project Ref. Project 356 Tu An357 Ha Tam358 Cuu An359 Song An360 Tan An361 12 An Thanh 12362 Thanh An 12 12 12 1 12 1 12 1 5,649 2,274 7,355 1 3,084 8,493 5,056 3,713 1 6,325 7,047 1 30 7,011 8,604 36 1 9,302 8,729 15 3,578 10,784 25 11,801 20 4,749 22 2,623 3,486 5,593 11 24 3,985 1,504 4,045 5,092 1,820 8 33 4,671 3,464 9 2,191 3,858 52 18 16 6,253 4,276 21 2,894 6,794 28 1,785 3,182 15 7,346 11 20 2,112 3,482 2,202 2,487 Transition 2,669 9 11 10 Transition 3,410 18 Transition 8 21 9 18 Transition 28 Transition Transition Transition An Khe FE An Khe An Khe An Khe An Khe Gia Lai Gia Lai Gia Lai Gia Lai An Khe An Khe An Khe Gia Lai Gia Lai Gia Lai 352 HRa353 Kon Dong354 Ha Tay355 TT. An Khe 12 12,29,30 12 12 3 1 1 9,137 32,856 4,634 41,279 1 5,321 4,869 260 5,402 7,189 2,453 9,004 26 2,727 15 2,815 48 2,342 2 2,957 11 25 3,715 1,471 3,069 3 1,577 26 3,862 1,601 4,837 2,398 26 2,705 7 26 2,793 Transition 25 13 2 Transition Transition 3 Transition An Khe Gia Lai Mang Yang Mang Yang Gia Lai Gia Lai Chu Pah Gia Lai

78 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape districts: Dakrong, Huong Hoa and Cam Lo. mgmt teams, 2 special use forest mgmt teams (Bach Ma & Bac Hai Van) ural forest and 8790 ha of planted forest 505,727 ha of forestry land, 377,964 ha of nat Special use Protection Production ANNEX IV: FOREST ANNEX IV: LAND IN TARGET PROVINCES w/o forest w/forest w/o forest w/forest w/o forest w/forest w/o forest w/forest Province area (ha) Total Forest land (ha) Total Forest Land by Use (ha) Comment T.T Hue 505,399Kon Tum na 217,527 966,200 79,893 54,669 612,489 198,809 134,140 100,368 141,424 76,283 335,698 62,490 9 Fes, 3 project mgmt teams, 2 watershed 215,290 496,362 315,077 Da NangQ. NamQ NgaiBinh DinhGia Lai 125,624 1,040,748 602,555 513,151 67,148 1,549,571 na 52,354 na 388,804 143,682 24,127 153,309 85,450 758,270 15,933 6,770 222 85,450 64,955 22,338 1,664 198,809 51,981 16,650 0 238,655 100,368 285,310 127,946 79,159 84,873 141,424 152,996 116,685 19,994 101,353 1,215,206 62,490 65,489 553,293 40,073 2/3 mountainous; 29 state enterprises mange 36,624 Quang Tri 309,313 138,160 40,093 40,093 99,418 29,728 169,803 68,339 Forest Concentrated in in prov. Quang 3 Tri Summarized from Summarized the from "Land Use Management" to report WWF by Cenused, 2001. 79 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape s ai, Van ure Reserve uous with Bac Hai Van and Nam Hai Bac Hai Van mmunes: Hoa Ninh and nservation zone of province, Managed by mgmt team of Ngoc Linh State mgmt team bounding Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh and Kontum. BirdLife/PPC GEF proposal enterprise board; 70 staff w/18 persons The Kon Ka Kinh & Kon Chu Rang is district forest control station managed; (Kon Tum); The (Kon Song Tum); Thanh mgmt team and Hre ethnic groups, hunting of FPD Prov. and Kinh ethnic groups in buffer The Kon Ka Kinh & Kon Chu Rang is Dang, De De and Trieng ethnic groups. product collection gold mining exploitation of forest products & forest fire extracting at rate of 6,000 m3/yr Dak Roong FE, Krong Pa FE, Yang Mang in K'Bang Vietnam district. and forest fire. 5 SFEs. Rung Thong FE spontaneous migration from northern Binh Dinh and Kontum; mgmt board Eliminating Famine and Reducing Poverty) is settling migrants from other areas of ransition zone between Central Highlands Ba Na species, 306 mammal species hunting, exploitation of forest products species of butterfly habitat types, "center of plant diversity"; non-timber forest products; local249 bird species cultural and historical sites Van site; populations; mgment by MARD, and 105 ha by Khe Tre natural & plantation forestupper montane evergreen forest; 10 bird Major threats: forest clearance for ag., Enterprise levels central Vietnam transition zone of natural habitats the sites, Highway 2 bisects the siteconservation concern cultural and historical site (DaNang) remaining area of lowland evergreen forest 6 in restricter- central Vientam; range birds; mammals of global conservation coverage in Vietnam and resources Districts; Contiguous with Ngoc Linh species of mammal, 160 bird, 51 herpetile; 209 butterfly; and 5 restricted range bird provinces; Fixed Cultivation andspecies under FPSD. Eleven employees Sedentarisation Program (Fund for habitat types remaining in Vietnam lower montane evergreen forest, 62 species Ba Na in TT-Hue, supports the largest remaining in TT-Hue, and hunting; shifting cultivation;area of lowland evergreen forest in Kieu village Van contiguous with Phong Dien Nature Reserve communes (ha) area (ha) Board ANNEX V: AREAS IN PROTECTED THE CENTRAL ANNEX V: TRUONG SON LANDSCAPE Name Province CTS Area Forest Status Mgmt Biodiversity value Conservation issues Comment National Park Ngoc Linh (Kon Tum) Nature Reserve Kon Tum 4 46,574 36,501 Decreed Yes Primary forest, montane evergreen and Xe Bach Ma TT HuePhong Dien 5 TT Hue 22,373 17,410Ba Na -Nui Chua Da Nang 3 Decreed Yes 30,585 3 Rich wide biological range diversity, of 29,817 illegal exploitation of timber and Proposed 8,838 No Contiguous with 6,942 with Dakrong Together Nature Reserve Decreed Hunting and forest fires Yes lowland evergreen/montane evergreen Hunting, unsustainable exploitation Contiguous with Dakrong Nat covers two co Nature Reserve in supports Quang Tri, the largest Nature Reserve and coastal region of southern Vietnam; some mammal species at unsustainable Nature ReserveBan Dao Son Tra Da NangNature Reserve Nam Hai Van Cult/Hist Site Da NangPhu Ninh 1Nature Reserve Song Thanh Nature Reserve Quang Nam 2 4,439 Quang Nam 3,432 4 10,850 11 Decreed 5,559 23,000Nature Reserve 93,249 Yes Proposed An Toan 88,587 Red shanked Douc Langur Yes Proposed Binh Dinh not applicable Proposed Yes with Ngoc Together Linh one (Kon Tum) Gie-trieng Co Tu, and NoMnong ethnic 1 Hunting, wood & non-timer forest Not available Largest co 26,044 Managed by mgmt team forests High human pop. Density Proposed No Inhabitants, forest exploitation, T Lien Chieu town and Hoa Bac District, of the largest areas of contiguous Prov FPD management minorities rely heavily on forest land located in Phuoc Son & Nam Giang Hoa Phu Nature Reserve of mammal, 169 species of bird and 151 zone, coffee plantations, hunting, primary natural forest of good condition Bac Hai Van Bac Hai Van Nature Reserve TT Hue 4 14,547 Proposed Yes Important component of a wider Ngoc Linh extraction, Timber hunting, major(Quang Nam) Quang Nam Phu Loc District FPD; contig 5 conservation landscape with an unbroken population centers, main railway bisects Bach Ma National 18,430Park and Nam Hai Kon Ka Kinh naNature Reserve Gia Lai Proposed No Longest altitudinal gradient of natural 5 Economic Po Villagezone at Tac Kon Cha Rang 41,710 Gia Lai My Tra Dist FPD 1 Decreed 15,900 Yes 15,900 2,000 ha mixed coniferous and broadleaf Decreed Yes forest containing Fokienia Hodginsii; 42 I FE; hunting & rattan collection; primary natural forest, abuts Quang Ng Dakrong Nature Quang Tri 12 40,093 40,093 Decreed No with Phong Together Dien nature reserve Small scale timber extraction; trapping Reserve Sources - Sources Book," "Source Birdlife WWF reports

80 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape ood (m3) (m3/year) area (ha) available (m3/year) "cuttable" wood W

1,500 2,000 329.000 1,796 350 Transition Logging Allowance m3 Annualm3 estimated m3 Processing Log Cut New Planted 2,000 8,0005,000 1,150 8,000 20,000 2,000 3,500 - None in CTS 45,000 25,000 Thuong Quang An An Nghai, Quang, Thinh Vinh ANNEX ANNEX VI: SFES WITH LOGGING PERMITS IN THE CENTRAL TRUONG SON LANDSCAPE Name of Provinces and Commune Area (ha) 2001-2010* for Averages 1996 & 1997 Remarks Gia Lai Province Province Kon Tum their State Forest Enterprises 3 Nam Hoa Enterprise 3 Duong Hoa, Binh Thanh 8,536 1,200 2,100 1,582 118 Core 2 Enterprise Khe Tre 4 Nam Dong Enterprise 25 Huong Giang, Huong Huu, Huong Son, Thuong Long, Thuong Nhat, Huong Giang Enterprise 4 2,838 Thuong Long, Thuong Nhat, Thuogn Lo, Thuong Quang, Huong Son 5 Huong Nguyen 22,686 8007 My Tra Enterprise 2,0008 Phuoc Son Enterprise 1,0009 13,200 Ca Dy Enterprise 7 My Bui, TownshipTra Tra 8 Phuoc Kham DucPhuoc Township, 9 Ca Dy 1,409 4,999 757 70 6,458 Core 1,000 35,273 Core 35,518 380 1,600 2,000 1,900 10,700 1,900 14,484 3,136 520 5,910 30 2,600 308 1,327 Core Core Core 59 Transition 6 Song Nam Enterprise 6 Hoa Bac 10,176 2,000 8,000 1,000 2,200 150 Core 1 Huong Thuy Enterprise 1 Duong Hoa, Thuy Chau, Phu Bai, Phu Son 5,946 1,000 1,500 1,295 768 Core 11 Ca Dang - Macoih Enterprise 11 Ca Dang, Macooih 17,199 1,600 8,250 3,262 632 Core 16 Song Kon Enterprise 16 Quang, Hao, Vinh Hiep, Vinh Hoa, Vinh Kim, Vinh Son, Vinh Vinh 19,846 2,019 4,800 8,000 125 Core 10 Phuoc Hiep Enterprise12 Song Kon Enterprise13 10 2 Enterprise Ba To Phuoc Hiep14 Enterprise Tan Tra 12 A Song Ting, Kon, Ba,Tu 13 Ba Ba Xa, NamBa To, 14 Bui Tra 17 An Khe Enterprise18 Dak Rong Enterprise19 Ha Nung Enterprise20 Kong Chieng Enterprise21 Kanak Enterprise22 17 18 Krong Pa Enterprise23An,Gia Hoi Song Dac Rong 21 Lo Ku Enterprise 1924 Dac Somei, Ha Dong, Hai Dac Dang, DangKon Tang, 2 EnterpriseYang Mang Son Lang25 So Pai Enterprise26 Lap Tram Enterprise 22 25 27An, Dong Nghai Krong, Lo Ku, Dong Dac Somei, Ha Dong, Hai Dac Dang, JangKon Tang, 26 12,770 Krong, Lo Ku, Dong 29 28 19,880 20,000 Son Lang, Dac Krong So Pai, Dong, Son Lang 1,800 21,000 1,700 1,370 3,500 42,863 9,500 9,200 6,400 1,470 7,900 3,600 20,909 2,018 2,340 20,742 18,410 5,866 1,918 12,712 17,381 1,261 18,000 8,100 1,903 3,230 6,300 13,625 16,719 3,770 3,540 1,197 1,759 2,160 Transition 11,900 22 3,200 8,600 3,600 20 Transition 7,000 6,200 709.000 3,600 Core 110 5,900 Transition 14,700 3,662.000 12,037 Transition 3,557 100.000 213.000 13,755 4,481 3,972 2,833 Transition Core 9 Core Core Core Core Core Core 15 An Son Enterprise 15An Hoa, An Tan, An Toan, An An Vinh, Dung, An Trung, 36,594 5,59527 Dak PoKo Enterprise 10,800 31 Dac Glei town, Dac Plo, Dac Pet 12,000 Core 15,814 2,880 4,600 5,042 298 Corridor III Da Nang ProvinceIV Quang Nam Province III IVV Quang Ngai VI Binh Dinh Province V VI 197,230 8,000 42,150 III Province Quang Tri Thua Thien Hue Province II I 76,312 6,000 19,400 14,565

81 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape ood (m3) (m3/year) area (ha) available (m3/year) "cuttable" wood W

Logging Allowance m3 Annualm3 estimated m3 Processing Log Cut New Planted 893,633 Ngoc Linh, Name of Provinces and Commune Area (ha) 2001-2010* for Averages 1996 & 1997 Remarks their State Forest Enterprises 31 Mang La Enterprise32 Mang Den Enterprise33 Lap Enterprise Tan 34 DakRuong Enterprise 35 36 Hieu, Po E, Lap, Dac Tan Pne, 37 38 Dac Ring, Mang Buk Dac Koi 21,582 19,450 18,779 3,727 5,049 1,970 20,751 4,300 164 3,017 5,600 2,136.000 4,000 2,681 2,439 740 190 142 3,634 Core 90 Core 221 Core Transition 29 Enterprise DakTo 30 Ngoc Linh Enterprise 34 33 Mang Ngoc Xang, Lay, Dac Man, Yeu, Muong Ngoc Hoong, Tem, Dac Kan, Van Sao, Dac To 20,057 2,083 4,900 19,524 4,230 4,074 4,800 1,500.000 66 1,425 Core 33 Corridor TOTAL No. of Hectares of which those in the transition area representof which those in the priority area represent 152,656 740,976 28Rung Thong Enterprise 32 Dac Choong, 13,570 3,218 3,000 4,400 30 Core * MARD Decision 1283/BNN-PTLN Interviews Source: by Messrs Hai and Tho Management with Protection Forest Units respective

82 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape Detail 3 2,587 14,178 0 Year Year to Date Start End Loan Grant GOV TOTAL Expended NGOs Code Agency Implementing Dackrong, Trieu nguyen, Dackrong, Trieu QUANG QUANG TRI PROVINCE Thuan, AThuan, A Doi, Xing (T), DMI UNDP/ VIE/96/ 1997 2001 1,860 158 2,017 1,982

Huong Hoa Dist.; Long, ALong, Ba Tuc, tang, Dackrong (C) Long, Tan Lien, Tan Hop, Lien, Tan Long, Tan Ba Nang, Ta Long, Ba Huc Nang, Ta Nghi, A Hai Phuc, Mo O, Vao, Huong Hiep, Dackrong, Nguyen, Trieu Ba Long, A Rut, Ta A Ngo, Bung of Linh Hai Van and Trieu An, Gio Gia Binh, Gio Phong, Cam Chinh, Cam Tuyen Cam Thuy, Dackrong Dist. Hai Ba, Hai An, Que, Hai Hai Khe, Hai Lang Thanh, Thuan, AThanh, Thuan, doi, Dakrong, Town, Quang Tri Improvement improvement Phuoc Trieu Trach, Trieu agriculture production, Tan road rehabilitation, wells construction, Huong Son, Huong Linh,school renovation and Thuan, Huong APhung, Thanh, Doi, Huc, Xy, AA Doi, capacity strengthning A xing, Xy Tuc, (T); AA Xing, Lap, Tan Tuc, for commune level O, Mo Ba Long, Hai Phuc, Ba Nang, cardes, crop Thanh, Tan Huong Tan, Long, AHuc Ta Nghi, Vao, production ... A Rut, Ta A Bung, Ngo (C) Tan of Bao Lao Construction and senitation Thien, Hai Tho, Hai Duong, ANNEX ANNEX VII: DEVELOPMENT AND PROJECTS PROGRAMS BY PROVINCE: Plan, Program, Project (Examples) Corridor (c), Border (B) for Hunger Eradication transformer station and PovertyReduction in A Quang Tri Giang, Trieu construction Doi, Long, Mo O, Ta A Long, Huc Xing, Ta Nghi, Huc Nghi (C) HuongSon UNCDF 026 and VIE/98/ C02 development project construction and Lang,Do, Trieu Trieu 0038 ODA Projects/progams Sector Project development, Kim, Thai, Vinh Vinh AA Doi, Tuc (T); CFD 1564) Improvement Project development such as Huong Loc, Huong Lap, Thanh, Huong Loc, Ba Tang, DFID VIE Diversification Project Truong Vinh Truong, Development Program rural(Phase water I)supply, Hai Hoa, Hai Tan, Hai Hai Tho (T) environment and Hai Thanh, Truong, Hai 4844 3 Strengthening Capacity School, bridge and Thuan, Mo Van, O, Trieu 4 Phong Trieu coastal rural Rural infrastructure SonAn, Trieu Trieu NA DPC Norway SRV- 2000 2003 4,000 1,000 5,000 131 1 Rural Infrastructure Infrastructure Thuy, Vinh Cam Tuyen, Thanh, Thuan, Ba Tang, DARD ADB & (VIE- 1998 2004 4,880 1,220 6,100 1,921 2 II Rural Transport Road and Bridge 9 Districts5 Agriculture 6 Rubber Planting Central Region Livehood Rural infrastructure 33 communes: Ba Tang, Khe, LinhHa, Vinh Vinh Lien, Thuan, Lap, Tan Tan Cam Chinh (C) MPI/DPI PMU 18 ADB / WB TA 3392 DARD 2001 2006 WB7 11,07851 2001 VN-PE- Rural Quang 2005Tri 19982005 Afforestation, clean x Hai Chanh, Hai Son, Hai Chanh, Hai Son, 4,840 DARD 787 Finland - 1997 2000 x 6,700 4,932 Category Name of Strategy, Main Interventions Areas Project Commune: Core (C), Target GOV Donors/ Project Life of Project Financial

83 84 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central TruongLandscape Central Son the in Initiatives Development of Assessment An Category Name of Strategy, Main Interventions Project Areas Target Commune: Core (C), GOV Donors/ Project Life of Project Financial Detail Plan, Program, Project (Examples) Corridor (c), Border (B) Implementing NGOs Code Agency Start End Loan Grant GOV TOTAL Expended Year Year to Date 8Quang Tri Rural Afforestation, clean Dakrong ( 13 communes), NA DARD Finland - 2000 2004 x 4,250 0 Development water supply, rural Cam Lo (1 communes) Program (Phase II) environment and and Hai Lang senitation (7 communes) 9 Afforestation in 3 Afforestation of bare Vinh Linh, Gio Linh, Hai Lang (T,C), MARD Germany - 1997 2001 x 3,200 1,200 Ha Tinh, Quang Binh, and and support to Cam Lo, Hai Lang Quang Tri poor families 10 Infrastructure Road rehabilitation, Huong Lap, Huong Son, Huc (C), Ba Tang, A doi, Xy, CEMMA Gov. 2001 2001 532 532 construction in very wells construction, Huong Phung, Huong Linh, A Tuc, A Xing, Thanh, poor communes school and irrigation Huc, Ba Tang, A Doi, Xy, Thuan, Huong Loc (T), A Tuc, A Xing, Thanh, A Vao, Huc Nghi, Ta Long, Thuan, Huong Loc of Ba Nang, Hai Phuc (C) Huong Hoa; A Vao, Huc Nghi, Ta Long, Ba Nang, Hai Phuc of Dakrong; Vinh O of Vinh Linh 11 Infrastructure Road rehabilitation, Tan Thanh, Tan Long, A Ngo, A Bung, (C) CEMMA Gov. 2001 2001 83 83 Construction in wells construction, Huong Tan, A Ngo, A Bung 5 border communes school and irrigation

12 Sedentralization Project Afforestation, forest Huong Loc, Ba tang, Huong Huong Loc, Ba Tang, CEMMA Gov. 2001 2001 159 159 protection, Lap, A Doi, Thanh, Ha A Doi, Thuan, Thanh (T), infrastructure Thanh, Huong Phung, A Ngo, A Vao, A Bung, construction A Ngo, A Vao, A Bung, Ta Rut, A Tuc, Ba Long (C) Ta Rut, A Tuc, Tan lap, A Roong, Thuan, Vinh Truong, Linh Thuong, Hai Phuc, Ba Long 13 Commune Gorup Center School, Health Care Ta Long, Dackrong, A Bung, Ba Long, Ta Rut, CEMMA Gov. 1996 2005 276 276 Development Project station, water supply, Ba Long, Ta Rut, A Bung, Ta Long, DarKrong, transfomer station, O O, Cma nghia, A Bung (C),Khe Sanh, road and irrigation Cma Tuyen, Atuc, Thuan, A Tuc, Thuan (T) system contruction Huong Lap, Khe Sanh, Lao Boa, Vinh O, Ben Quan, Linh Thuong 14 Program 135 Rural infrastructure Ba Tang, A Doi, Xy, A Tuc, Ta Long, Ta Rut, Huc, CEMMA Gov. Program 1999 2001 2,152 2,152 (from 1999 - 200) construction and A Xing, Thanh, Thuan, Thuan, Huong Loc, A Vao, 135 improvement Huong Loc, Huc, Huong Huc Nghi, Trieu Nguyen, Linh, Huong Phung, Huong Mo O, DaKrong, Ba Long, Son, Huong Lap, Tan Lap, Ba Nang, A Bung, Tan Long, Tan Thanh, A Ngo (C), Ba Tang, Thanh, Huong Tan, A Vao, Huc A Doi, Xy, A Tuc, A Xing, Nghi, Ta Long, Ba Nang, Tan Lap, Thuan , Huc Hai, Ba Long, Ta Rut, Huong Loc(T) Dakrong, Mo O, Trieu Nguyen, A Ngo, A Bung, Linh Thuong, Vinh Truong, Gia Linh, Vinh O, Vinh Ha, Vinh Khe, Cam Tuyen An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape Detail Year Year to Date Start End Loan Grant GOV TOTAL Expended 2000 2010 x 22,000 0 VIE(SF) NGOs Code Agency Implementing city ODA 2002 2005 1,680 420 2,100 Dackrong (C), Huong Hoa (B) DPC Gov. Long, Huc DaKrong, Nghi, Ta - rieu Nguyen of Dac Krong; Lao Bao; ABa Nang, Vao,AA Bung, Nguyen, Trieu Ba Long, Rut, Ngo, Ta Long, Huc Nghi, Ta Dackrong, Mo O, Huc (C) Huong Nguyen, Hiep, Trieu Huong Tan, Huc, Ba Tang,Huong Tan, Thuan, Thanh, Huong Mo Loc,O (T), ABa Nang, Vao, AAdoi, Atuc, Axing, A xi, A Bung, Rut, Ngo, Ta Gio Linh; Linh Long of Linh Phuoc and Trieu Vinh of Trieu Phong of Trieu District Ba Long, Hai Phuc area management, etc. forest protection, improvement Equipment and means Ward 1. 2 ofcapacity building Major demonstration, Huong Son, Huong Linh AA xing, A Tuc, Doi, construction, improvement andcapacity building T Gio Phong, Gio Chau of regeneration, forestprotection, seedling Hai Lang & Gio Linh production, protected xzones, Water supplyWater and sanitation inEnvironment and supply sanitation andsystem Water Dong Ha TownForest and waterprotection of Kinh Truc Lake Major city Afforestation, forest Linh Hai, Hai Thai, and water protection. Linh Thuong, Cam Tuyen, Other (forest) Cam Thuy Commune ADB 1514- 1997 ADB 2002 9,470 19982003 3,350 12,820 x 4,000 2,130 308 Master Plan for difficult construction,and border communes agriculture Hop, Lien, Tan lap, Tan Tan Lien, Thuan, Lap, Tan Tan Huong Lap, Huong Phung, Thanh, Huong Loc, Ba Tang, Dong Ha TownSanitation Project in construction and TownQuang Tri purchasing, drain and Town Quang Tri garbage treatment Environment Sanitation sanitation systemProgram Huong Linh, Huong Phung Huong Loc(T), construction and of Huong Hoa; Dac krong Reforestation Program reforestation, natural Huong Phong.Hoa. Trieu Phong Trieu (c) Zone ContructionProject in Dackrong botanical gardens, fedding and curing Plan, Program, Project (Examples) Corridor (c), Border (B) 17 Socio-economic Infrastructure Long, Thanh, Tan Tan 15 Rural Clean water and supply and Water 9 communes: Huong Loc Nguyen Dakrong, Trieu (C), Gov. 1993 2001 x 700 700 16 Five Million Hectare Afforestation, Ben Hai. Hai. Trieu Road 9. Huong Hoa (B), MARD18Nutural Conservation Gov. Office contruction, 5MHP Dackrong conservation zone 1999 2010 PPC x Gov. 533 - 2001 2005 x 1,000 Outside Project Area Area but Outside with Project potential impacts (important cities, infrastructure, etc.) ODA Category Name of Strategy, Main Interventions Areas Project Commune: Core (C), Target GOV Donors/ Project Life of Project Financial

85 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape Detail Year Year to Date Start End Loan Grant GOV TOTAL Expended 26 NGOs Code OXFAM 2001 x 249GOV 150 GOV 2001 x 15 x 10 WB 1996 2003 x 1,284 950 Agency Implementing Vinh Linh Dist. Vinh Thuy, Vinh Long, Vinh Chap, Long, Vinh Vinh Thuy, Hien, Hoa, Vinh Thanh, Vinh construction/rehabilitation ofirrigation installations, O, Quang, Vinh Vinh afforestation, clean Tan, Thai, Thanh, Vinh Giang, Vinh Vinh Vinh water and sanitation Khe, Ha, Vinh Vinh Ho Xa and Ben Quan of breeding, vaccination, Rural Development in Agriculture Quang Tri Germany 1995 2003 x 4,564 2,172 Tan Lam areaTan Hunger Eradication and Poverty Reduction in mountainous areas of Dakrong, community development, training development in remote Linh areas Dist. of Vinh Assistance Returnee Programhealth officer training Medical equipment and Equipment provision,machine procurement Quang tri Hospital for Hospital Quang Tri training Medical support 22 coastal provinces, Program Cadres Training for pour villages Quang Tri.Agriculture Encouraging Conduction Program for pour people State administration ReformCareer development and production support programJob creating program Spain EC VIE/ Quang Tri 2000 Quang Tri 1992 2001 1999 Quang Tri 2,571 ALA/95- x 71 2,643 60,000 GOV GOV GOV 2001 1999 2002 x x 1,450 137 681 x 50 Development & Hunger Crop production,Eradication and Poverty industrial crop LinhReduction in Vinh Lam, VinhSon, Vinh Vinh promotion, seed Dist. NA Nam, Vinh Vinh Tu, Vinh production, livestock Kim, Vinh Vinh Trung, ODA 2002 2006 5,000 1,250 6,250 National Health Support health care station, Plan, Program, Project (Examples) Corridor (c), Border (B) GOV Category Name of Strategy, Main Interventions Areas Project Commune: Core (C), Target GOV Donors/ Project Life of Project Financial Outside Project Area Area with Outside no Project important potential impacts

86 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape Detail Year Year to Date Start End Loan Grant GOV TOTAL Expended NGOs Code Peace Tree (england) tional Agency Implementing Cam Lo, Gio Linh, Plan 2001 x 793 436 Community Development NA and infrastructure Linh Vinh Interna- householdsFriendship village construction for 100 poor households Residential area construction Environment restoration construction and mine and explosive 5, Dong Ha Ward Towndisarmament, resettlement Rubber tree cultivation, income increaseRegion development program Nature disater Gio Linhminimization and protection Nature disater preventation and Phuong coi commune - protection Linh Phong, Vinh Trieu Cam lo Vietnam Linh Phong, Vinh Trieu Province-wide 2001 SODI MAG WVI x 2001 2001 WVI 2002 300 2001 2002 100 CRS 2001 x 2002 x x 2,700 2001 20 224 2003 x 222 20 165 455 x 240 construction Resettlement for 100 Residential area Ai tu town, trieu phong SODI 2001 x 204 Plan, Program, Project (Examples) Corridor (c), Border (B) NGO Category Name of Strategy, Main Interventions Areas Project Commune: Core (C), Target GOV Donors/ Project Life of Project Financial

87 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape (in US$ 000: 15,000 VND = US$ 1) Year Year to Date Start End Loan Grant GOV TOTAL Expended NGOs Number Program, etc. Implementing (outside), other (dams...) Agency Hoa Lien (C), Hoa Khuong (T) DEVELOPMENTAND PROJECTS: PROGRAMS DA NANG by JBIC project and Ngu Hanh Son (Hoa Hai) Hoa Khanh, Hoa Hai Hoa Bac, Hoa Minh, natural regeneration, Hoa Khuong, Hoa Hiep,forest protection, seedling production, Hoa Phu (C,T), Hoa Lien (C), Hoa Son, Hoa Phat Tho Quang, Hoa protected Nhon, area Hoa Khuong (T) pumping stations, 4 new sewage Lien Chieu districts treament and 16 waste production, protected area management, etc. transmition stations management, etc. vessels 200 ha of land Project (Examples) Border (B), Major City Network Hoa Phong, Hoa Son) Constrcution Project - Tho Quang, Son Tra parking Vessel Station for 2000 of harbour area - Tho Quang, Son Tra power supply in water supply and contrcution and improvement Program canal construction power station and Ninh, Hoa Hiep, Hoa Qui, Hao Phu, Hoa Son, Hoa Hoa Ninh, Hoa Bac (C), of Hoa Vang - DoC x 9,200 Reforestation Program reforestation, Hoa Phu, Hoa Lien, Hoa Ninh (C), Hoa Hiep, Development Project school,small culvertsEnvironment Project construction, 22 Sontra, Ngu Hanh Son,Road ProjectNetwork road , bridge, culverts Districts URENCO AusAid DPC Dist.except ones invested AusAID 041 Program Agricultural- and Forest Production Development Program reforestation, natural protection, seedling regeneration, forest jetty Hoa Xuan, Hoa Qui 5 Rural Electricity Low voltage network Dist.(Hoa Phat, Hoa Vang NA JBIC 2000 2001 x 533 330 3 Dien Ngoc - Sontra Construction of new Ngu Son Tra, Hanh Son Tho Quang (C) DoT7 Storm - raid Shelter - Construction of8 Land Using Deteal Plan Road, drain Tho systems,Quang of Son Tra Tho Quang of Son Tra 20029 Tho Quang (C) 2004 Tho Quang (C) Irrigation System x Reservoir and dams Hoa Lien, Hoa Khuong, DARD Son Tra, Hoa Hiep, Hoa Phu (C, T), DARD x 26,598 - 2001 2001 2002 2002 x x 4,583 6 Five Million Hectare Afforestation, Hoa Bac, Hoa Ninh, Tho Quang, Hoa Bac, DARD 5MHP 1999 2001 x 380 296 1 Rural Infrastructure Road,market, primary district Hoa Vang (C,T) Hoang Vang Hoavang UNDP/ VIE/97/ 1996 2001 X 363 363 2 Senitation and Gabbage site4 Hai Chau, Thanh Khe, Rural Electricity NA Low voltage network Communes of Hoa Vang (C,T) Hoa Vang Danang WB/ - OPEC 1997 2005 1997 32.59 2000 1.24 7.22 x 41.05 450 667 11 Mountainous Economy Afforestation, Lien Chieu Hoa Vang, DARD - 10 Dyke Construction Breakwater dyke, Lien Chieu, Hoa Vang, (C,T), Lien Chieu, Hoa Vang DARD - x 8,867 I ODA Projects/progams Danang Name of Program, Main Interventions Areas Target Core (C), Corridor (c), GOV Donors/ Project Life of Project Financial Detail II project/ programs Gov.

88 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape (in US$ 000: 15,000 VND = US$ 1) Year Year to Date Start End Loan Grant GOV TOTAL Expended 2001 2001 X 8 Inter. NGOs Number Program, etc. ENDA X 29 29 Nang WU Da Nang Village Hoa Quy DPC EMW Hoa Quy DPC EMW X(HCM) 7 Company DPCDPC vision Red Cross Implementing (outside), other (dams...) Agency (Hoa Bac- Ta Lang (Hoa section) Bac- Ta system swimming pool construction,etc. & Ben Thanh Co. Tourism Conservation Project Built villas, hotels, sporting Outsite ( IMPORTANT) NA x NA NA etc. green area for people, (10 ha near Han river) tourism Project (Examples) Border (B), Major City Nui Chua Nutural ground, suspention cable District House construction SOS village Danang City Outsite ( Not Important) DOLISA SOS 2001 2001 X 21 Assistance to people's Assistance in cash/ Lien Chieu district Lien Chieu (C) Da Industry Zone electricity system,etc. resettlementRegion Devt project vision World materials Irigation damsIrigation dams district Hoa Vang House construction for House constructionfammers Dam constructiuon NA Dam constructiuon Hoa (C,B)Quy district Hoa Vang Hoa Quy district outside Hoa Vang outside World systemtourism area 2001 tennis ground, Ngu Hanh Son district X (40 Km from EMWDa Nang) 29 2001 2001 tourismCo. X 0 Dong Nghe- Tuy Dong Loan Nghe- Tuy Concretized this irigation systemInfrastructure of Thanhloc Dam district Hoa Vang Road LangHoa Bac- Ta system Road construciton Construction of road, Thanh Loc Dan (B) district Hoa Vang sewage system (C,B) Hoa Vang Outside Thanh Khe district Hoa Bac (C) Hoa Vang DoTC PMU 1 2002 2002 2001 2002 2002 2003 x PPC 1,738 x x 467 556 ground, suspention cable Ba Na area Infrastructure of Aquaculture-service- sewage system, Construction of road, Thoquang ward, E7 districtSonTra Tho Quang (C) Aquaculture Department 2001 2005 x 3,906 Well ConstructionWell constructrion Well district Hoa Vang (C,B) Hoa Vang Hoa Vang Singapore 2001 2001 X 1 1 Ba Na - Nui Chua Nutural 1 park Danang Water entertaiment, Water 1 Da Nang City - Na Ba Outsite ( IMPORTANT) Conservation Project Non Nuoc Built villas, hotels, sporting District Hoa Vang EU bank Hoa Vang NA 2002 2002 3,356 x 667 NA 2 Ben Thanh- Non Nuoc Upgrading villas, Hoa Hai town, Outsite ( IMPORTANT) Non Nuoc x 7,205 NGO ODA GOV Da Nang Name of Program, Main Interventions Areas Target Core (C), Corridor (c), GOV Donors/ Project Life of Project Financial Detail

89 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape (in US$ 000: 15,000 VND = US$ 1) Year Year to Date Start End Loan Grant GOV TOTAL Expended NGOs Code Program, etc. Finnida 76904501 2000 2003 x 4,500 1,222 Agency Implementing Ngo, Phong Xuan, Thuong , Nham, Hong Ha, Phong, Huong Son, Thuong Phong My (C), Phong Thu(T), DPC Huong Van, Huong Son, Huong Van, PMU 18 WB P059864 2000 2005 x 4,901 1,143 Second year: Huong An, Chu, Huong Huong Ho, Phu Phu Ho,My, A Huong Phu, Loc Dien, Hong Quang, Hong Bac, Quang Thanh, Quang Tho, Binh Thanh (C), A Luoi,Thuy Thuong Bang, Lo, Huong Son, Hai, Vinh Hien, Vinh Vinh An, Huong Loc tho, Huong Ho, Hong Bac, Thuy Thanh, Thuy Van, My, Hong Quang (T) Huong So, Kim Long, Huong Ho; An, An, Phu Phu Thuy My, Phu Mau, Phu Thuong, Quang Phu, Quang Vinh, Sia, Thuy Bang, Phu Son, Thuy Phuong, Thuy Chau, Giang, Loc Vinh Dien, A An, Son Loc Thuy, Ngo, A Luoi, Phong Binh, Phong First year: Thuy, Dong Son, Thuy, Huong Lam, Hong Quang, Bac Son, Hong Bac, Huong Phong, Huong Son, Thuong Nhat, Nhat, Thuong Long, Thuong Quang, Phong Hong Tien, Son, Phong Xuan, Phu Thuong Vinh Long, Thuong Quang, Binh Thanh, Hong Hong Bac, Hien, Bac Hai, Son, Vinh Hong Vinh Tien, Duong Hoa (C), Binh Thanh, Quang, (T) Hong Trung Phong Chuong, Phong Xuan, Phu, Phong Vinh Son, Vinh Ha, Phu Thai, Vinh Da, Phu Son, Duong Hoa, Quang Phong Xuan, Phong My, Phong Dien Thai, Quang Loi. DEVELOPMENTAND PROJECTS: PROGRAMS THUA THIEN HUE PROVINCE construction and improvement Hong Huong Tra, Quang, Nham, Thuong Lo, Huong Nham, Hong Thuong, Giang, Huong Loc, irrigation construction, Thuong, Nham, Hong Trung, Road and Bridge training and capacity A Hong Ha, Roang, Hongbuilding A Roang, Dong Son, Huong construction, training, Dien hai, Phong hai, Phong Xuan (C) and agricultural sevelopment, water supply systems Chuong, Hoa, Phong Thu, Phong Phong Binh,Phong An, Phong Hien, Phong Son, Programs Programs and Project Corridor (c), Border (B), Infrastructure project care station and A Dot, Hong Thai, Hong A Dot, Hong Thai, Hong ODA Projects/progams Development in Phong irrigation, dam Dien Loc, Dien Hoa, Phong Son(C), Phong 2 Community Based Rural School, roads, health Huong Nguyen, Hong Van, Huong Nguyen, Huong Van, MPI/DPI WB 20013 2006 Project Rural Transport II x 5,600 17 1 Rural Infrastructure School, road, Dien Huong, Dien Mo, Category Development Main Interventions Project Commune Area: Core (C), Target GOV Donors/ Project Life of Project Financial Detail

90 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape 91 13,127 0 (in US$ 000: 15,000 VND = US$ 1) Year Year to Date Start End Loan Grant GOV TOTAL Expended NGOs Code Program, etc. Agency Implementing Huong Giang (C) Van, Hong Trung, Bac Hong Trung, Son, Van, Bac Son, Hong Quang, Dong Son, Hong Thuy, Huong Nguyen, Hong Ha, (C); Hong Phu Trung, Vinh Hong ANham Bac of (c); Luoi Dist.; Thuong Nhat, Huong Huu, Thuong Long, Thuong Quang, Thuong Long, Thuong Thuong Nhat, Huong Huu, Quang, Thuong Lo, Huong Huong Phu, Huong Loc, Son, Huong Phu, Huong Loc, Thuong Lo, Huong Son, Huong Giang of Binh Thanh, Hong Tien, An, Phong Phong My, Binh Thanh, Hong Tien, Phong My (C) Huong Giang, Huong Loc Phong Hoa Nam Dong Dist. Huong, Binh Thanh, Huong Tho, Huong Ha, Xuan, Tu Huong Phu, Huong Van, agriculture development, Atraining, Quang, Ngo, Son Thuy, capacity building, Hong Kim, Phu Vinh, Dong credit Hong Kim, Phu Vinh, Thuong, Hong Thai, HongA Hong Thai, Ngo, Son Thuy, Son, Huong Nguyen, Hong A Luoi, Hong Bac, Hong Ha, ANham (C), Luoi, construction Huong Binh, Binh Dien, Huong Binh, Binh Dien, regeneration, forest protection, seedling Nam Dong, Phu Vang, Quang production, Dien. protected area management, etc. Programs Programs and Project Corridor (c), Border (B), Improvement Project construction, Lam, Huong Phong, Hong Huong Phong, Hong Thuong, DFID VIE Diversification Project plant cultivation, road Huong Phu, Thuong Quang, Thuong Quang,Huong Phu, Reforestation Program reforestation, natural APhu Huong Tra, Loc, Luoi, DARD Improvement Project inlet sluiceImprovement Project water inlet sluiceProject District Phong Dien District inlet sluice 4 Agricultural 5 Rubber planting, crop Huong Son, Thuong Nhat, Central Region Livehood Rural infrastructure Huong Son, Thuong Nhat, AA Roang, Dot, Huong DARD AA Roang, Dot, Huong Lam, WB MPI/DPI ADB / VN-PE-48441998 TA 3392 2005 2002 2006 x 10,2426 494 2,3 Hoa My Lake 14,155 3,047 water Spillway, Phong My of Phong My (C) DARD WB - 2000 2001 x 884 730 GOV. 9 Projects/ Programs/ Plans Five Million Hectare Afforestation, Phong Dien, Huong Thuy, A Phu Loc, Luoi (T) MARD/ Gov. 5MHP 1999 2010 x 556 556 3 An , Phong Xuan, Dien 78 Phu Bai Lake lake Truoi Improvement water Spillway, Spillway, District Phu Vang Thuy Phu of Huong Thuy NA NA DARD DARD WB WB - - 2000 2001 2001 2001 x x 910 428 910 300 Category Development Main Interventions Project Commune Area: Core (C), Target GOV Donors/ Project Life of Project Financial Detail

91 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape is for is plan for ment plan yearly yearly Capital estmated Capital estmated (in US$ 000: 15,000 VND = US$ 1) Year Year to Date Start End Loan Grant GOV TOTAL Expended NGOs Code Program, etc. Agency Implementing Bac Son; (3) Hong Quang, Hong Thai, Hong Thuong, Hong Bac, Nham, Hong Thai; (4) Huong Nguyen, Thuong Long, Son Thuy, Hong Ha, Phu (5) Son Thuy, Nhat, Binh Loc Thanh, Tri, Thuong Quang, Thuong Hong Thuong; Vinh, (6) Thuong Long, Thuong Duong Hoa (C), Xuan Loc, Quang; (7)Thuong Nhat, Phong Xuan, Phong My, Huong Giang, Huong Huu; Hong Hong Trung, Van, Loc Hoc, Hong Bac, Hong (8) Xuan Loc, Loc Hoa; (9) Loc Binh, Loc Tri; Quang, Huong Tho (T) (10) Hong Hong Tien, Dien, Binh Thanh, Huong Tho, Huong Binh; Phong (11) Xuan, Phong My; Binh Thanh (12) Duong Hoa, Phu Son. Huong Phu, Thuong Lo, Huong Son, Thuong Nhat, Nhat, Thuong Long, Duong Hoa, Binh Hong Tien, Huong Huu, Thuong Long, Thanh (C), Loc Hoa, Duong Hoa, Loc Hoa, Xuan Hong Trung, Hong Van, Loc, Loc Binh, Hong Tien, Hong Bac, Hong Quang (T) transfomer station, road and irrigation A Phong, A Dot, Roang,system contruction Dong Son; (2) Hong Van, Huong Hong Giang, Trung, Hong Thuy, Huong Van, AA Dot, Roang, Dong Son, Nham, Hong Thai, Hong Ha, water supply, roads, water supply, Atransformer ADot, station, Huong Doang, lam, (C,B), Huong Tra Huonghealth care Dong station Son, Huong Phong,and irrigation Nguyen, AHong Ha, Hong Thuong, Hong Thai, Dot, construction, training Hong Bac, Hong Kim, Huong Lam, Huong Phu, and agricultural development, etc. Nham, AHong Quang, Ngo, Huong Huu, Nham, Hong Huong Phong, Huong Son, Bac Son, Hong Trung, Hong Thuy, Hong Van, Thuong, Hong Thai, Hong Kim, Thuong Lo, Thuong 135 ment Capacity Building, Thuong Long commune ofmedical bag, Thuong Long (C)Enviroment Development, School construction DPC ICCO - 1999 2002 x 150 98 Programs Programs and Project Corridor (c), Border (B), Donstruction Project station, water supply, (1) Huong Lam, Huong Huong Nguyen, Huong Huu, Development Project cultural conservation, Nam Dong Construction ProjectNGO projects constructionCorridor Conservation province Dong Nam Dong (C) 11 Commune Group Center School, Health Care 12 commune group Centers:Huong Lam, Huong phong, CEMMA Gov. 1997 200512 Irrigation System x Invest- Irrigation System All communes of the DARD/CPC Gov. 1999 2006 x 12,857 4,040 10 Program 135 School, markets, Huong Nguyen, Hong ha, A Luoi, Nam Dong, Phu Loc, CEMMA Gov. Program 1999 2000 x Invest- 1,463 1314 The Central Tiger Thuong Long Community A Luoi, Phong Dien, Nam Phong Dien, Phong Dien, WWF 2001 2001 x 33 Category Development Main Interventions Project Commune Area: Core (C), Target GOV Donors/ Project Life of Project Financial Detail

92 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape (in US$ 000: 15,000 VND = US$ 1) Year Year to Date Start End Loan Grant GOV TOTAL Expended NGOs Code Program, etc. Agency Implementing agricultural demonstration, enviroment and school construction Thuong Thuong Quang, nhat Thuong Quang, Thuong Nhat (C) agricultural demonstration, enviroment and school construction Nham AA Dot, Doang, Nham(C) Programs Programs and Project Corridor (c), Border (B), Project in Nam Dong medical bag, Huong Huu, Huong Loc, Huong Huu (T), Huong Loc, DPC Project in AProject in Luoi medical bag, Hong Thuong, Hong Trung, Thuy (C,T), Hong Thuong , 16 General development community Training, Huong Giang, Huong Hoa, Huong Giang, Huong Hoa, Nam Dong NAV 1994 2004 x 357 300 15 General development community Training, AA dot, Doang, Hong Thuy, Hong (c), Trung Hong DPC NAV - 1994 2002 x 571 500 Category Development Main Interventions Project Commune Area: Core (C), Target GOV Donors/ Project Life of Project Financial Detail

93 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape 0 1,000 (in US$ 000: 15,000 VND = US$ 1) Year Year to Date Start End Loan Grant GOV TOTAL Expended 2001 2006 x x x 91,350 0 NGOs Code Program, etc. WB/DFID Agenc MPI/DPI Implementing Giang, Tra Nu Giang, Tra (T), Tra Giac (T), Tra Giac Nam (T), Tra (C), Dong Giang (T), Tra Phuoc Hiep (C), Phuoc Chanh ALang (c), Rooih(T), Don (T), Tra (C) My of Tra Thanh (C) (T), Phuoc Nang (C) of Phuoc ien Ky, Tien Lap, Tien Cam, Lap, Tien Tien ien Ky, ien Son, Binh Lam, Trung, Que Trung, Son, Dai, Thang, Dia Loc, Cam Thanh Phuoc Dist.; Duy Trung, Chaval, Duy Trung, Que Thuan, Que Hiep, Que Chaval (C), Que Thuan, Que Tho, Thang Ky, Phuoc, Tien Tho, Que Hiep (T), Thang Hiep, Canh, Tien Tien Tien Duy Son, (T), Duy Trung Phuoc ngoc (T), Tien (C), Ngoc, Kham Duc, Phuoc Thanh, Tam My, Chanh, Tam Phuoc chanh (T), My Tra (C), Canh Tien Hiep (T), Tien (T) Duong,Giang, Tra Tra My, Tra Tra NuTra My Duong (T), Tam (T), Tam Phuoc Kim, Phuoc Hiep, Lang, ALang, Rooih, Macooih, Za Macooih (C), Za Hung (T); AHung, Nong, Zo Ngay of Kot, Tra Van, Doc, Tra Tra Hien Van,Doc, Dist.; Tra Tra Tra My of Tra Dist.; Phuoc Gia, Dist.; Phuoc Gia, Phuoc Tra, Thang Phuoc Phuoc, Tra, Binh Lam, Binh Son, Que Thang Phuoc, Que Luu (T) Luu of Hiep §uc Dist.; Tien of Hiep Duc Dist.; Tien Canh, Lap, Loc, Tien Tien Loc, Phong, Tien Tien My, Ha Lanh, Tien Tien (T) Canh, Lap, Tien Tien Tien Phuoc of Tien Dist.; Son, Ngo, Lanh, Tien Tien Ha Cam, Tien Tien of Tien Song Kon, Bha Le , Ca Dang, Nam, Giac, Kot, Tra Tra Tra Mai, Tra Tan, Nu, Tra Tra Mai, Tra Tan, Nu, Tra Tra Dong,Bui, Giap, Tra Tra Tra Giap Tra Bui (T), Tra (C), Tra Vinh Don, Giang, Tra Tra Tra Binh Qui, Binh Nguyen, Ky Tien Lap (T), Tien (T), DPI ADB & VIE-95- 1998 2004 x 10,500 5,500 DEVELOPMENTAND PROJECTS: PROGRAMS QUANG NAM PROVINCE transformer station, Xuan, Anh, Tam health care Giang, Tam station and T irrigation construction, T training and capacity Loc, Kinh, Tam An, Tam Tam building Phuoc, Trung Que Trao, construction Dai Son, Duy Phu, Duy Son, Son, Dai Lanh(C), Duy Phu, School, markets, water transformer station, health care Bhing, of Thanh station Phuoc My and Ta Son of Dist.; Ca Dyirrigation construction,Nam Giang Dist.; Ch'om, Son Dist., Ch'om (c), Tr'hy Atraining (c), and capacity Lu(c), xan (c), Ta A Tr'hy, xan, Lu,Ga Ri, ATa A (c), Vuong (c, T), Tieng building Dang (C), Song Kon (c,T), AA Vuong, Dang, Tieng, Bha Le (c,T) , Ca Dang (C), School, markets, water Programs Programs and Project Corridor (c), Border (B), ODA projects Sector Project roads, supply, Binh Phuc, Binh Dao, Binh (C) Que Trung AFD CO1 Infrastructure Project roads, supply, Phuoc Chanh, Phuoc Nang 2 Rural IITransport Rural road and bridgeA Ca Dang, Dai Lanh Tieng, A Ca Dang(C), Dai Tieng(c), PMU 18 WB/DFID P059864 2001 2006 x 106,00 1 Community Based Rural 3 Rural Infrastructure Category Development Main Interventions Project Commune Area: Core (C), Target GOV Donors/ Project Life of Project Financial Detail

94 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape (in US$ 000: 15,000 VND = US$ 1) Year Year to Date Start End Loan Grant GOV TOTAL Expended NGOs Code Program, etc. AusAID /041) Agenc Implementing Thanh (C), Tra Thanh Kot (C), Tra (T), Hiep (T), Phuoc Hiep (C), (C), Chaval (C), Dacpree, Thanh (C), Tam Hiep Thanh (T),Tam (C), Tam Hiep (T), (C), Que Trung Que Lam (C), Que Phuoc (C), Que Thuan (T), Thang Phuoc (T), Chanh (C), Dai Nghia (T), Phuoc Kim, Phuoc Thanh (C) Trieu, Binh Trieu, Hai, Duy Vinh, Duy Chau, Duy Hoa, Duy Hai, Duy Phu, Duy Thu, Phong (T), Que Phong (T), Anh, Tam Duy Ngia, Tam Que Loc (T), Que Ninh (C), Thanh, Son, Tam Hiep, Tam Ha Tho Tien (T), (T), Tien Lap Tien Ngoc (T), Tien (C), Xuan, Tam Tam Tien, Tam Lanh Tien Hiep (C), Tien (T), Hoa, Ngia, Tam Tam Tra, Hoa Ninh, Hoa Bac, Hoa AAn (T), Tien (c), Ting Song Phu, Hoa Phong, Hoa Son, Cooih (C), Za Hung (T), Bhalrr (c), Que Tho, Phu Que Tho, Que Hiep, Que Thuan, Que Chau, Que Ninh, Luu (T), Hiep Hoa (C), Hiep Que Phong, Que Loc, Que Que Trung, Ninh, Que Phuoc, Phuoc Phuoc Tra, Gia (C), Tam Que Lam, DienDien Trung, Doc Tra Nu (C), Tra (T), An, Dien Minh, Dien Tho, Dien Dien Tien, Mai Hoa, Tra Giang, (C), Dien Tra Tra Dong Don (T), Tra (T), Tra Phong, Dien ngoc, Tien ha, Tho, Tien Phong, Tien Lap, Son, Tien Tien Tien Giap Leng (T), Tra (C), Tra Duong Giac (T), Tra (C), Tra Ngoc, An, Tien Hiep, Tien Tan Dakpring (T), A Laee Lanh, (C), Tien Xa Tu, ting, Song Kon, AXa Ba, Vuong, Zuoih (C), Dai Son (C), Dai Lanh (C), Dai Hong (C), Dai Ma Cooih, Za Hung, Bhalee, Ka Dang, Lang, Que Tho, Tam Phu, Thanh, Tam Gia, Tam Lanh, Tam Loc, Tam Tam Phuoc, Tam Tam Vinh, Doc, Kot, Thang, Tra Tra Bui, Mai, Nu, Tra Tra Tra Giang, Tra Tra Tan, Tra Vinh, Don, Dong, Tra Tra Giap, Leng, Tra Tra Tra Giac, Duong, Tra Chaval, Dacpree, Dakpring, Laee, Dai Zuoih, Chanh, Dai Tan, Dai Hong, Dai Lanh, Dai Son, Cam Thanh, Cam Ha, Cam Nam, Cam Kim, Tam Hiep, Phuoc Phuoc My, Hiep, Phuoc Thanh, Phuoc Kim, Phuoc Cong, Phuoc Chanh Binh Duong, Binh Nam, Binh Sa, Binh Lanh, Binh (C), Tra Que Son (C), Tam Binh Son, Hiep Thuan, Thang Phuoc, Que Luu, Hiep Hoa, Phuoc Phuoc Tra, Phuoc My (C), Phuoc Chanh (T), Phuoc Cong (C), Programs Programs and Project Corridor (c), Border (B), Development Fund construction Binh Tri, Que, Binh Giang, ODA projects 4 Rural Infrastructure Road, Irrigation An, Binh Binh Dinh, Binh Duy Hoa, Duy Phu (T), Tam DARD UNDP/ (VIE/97 1994 2001 x 8,837 3,357 Category Development Main Interventions Project Commune Area: Core (C), Target GOV Donors/ Project Life of Project Financial Detail

95 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape (in US$ 000: 15,000 VND = US$ 1) Year Year to Date Start End Loan Grant GOV TOTAL Expended NGOs Code Program, etc. Agenc Implementing CEMMA Gov. VCCP 2000 2005 x 379 67 Don , Tra Giap, Tra Don Giap, , Tra Tra r'hy (c), ALang (c), tieng (c), Phuoc Thanh (C) Phu (T) Phuoc Tra (C), Phuoc Tra Phuoc Gia (C), Dai Nghia (T), Dai Chinh (T), Que Phuoc (C), Que Ninh (C), (T), Que Trung Que Loc (T), Thang Phuoc (T), Dong Don, Tra Linh, Tra Nam,Linh, Don, Tra Tra Tra Zo Ngay Dang (C) Dong, Dai Quang, Dai Nghia, Dai Dong (T), Dai Quang (T), Dai Chinh, Que Tho, Que Binh, Thang Phuoc, Que Phuoc, Dong Phu, Que Ninh, Que Que Trung, Loc Que Tho (C), Que Binh (T), Hoa, Hiep Thuan, Binh Son, Hiep Hoa (C), Hiep Thuan (T), forestation Dai Son, Dai Lanh, Dai Dai Son (C), Dai Lanh (C), (KFW) 2002 2006 x 4,000 water supply, roads, water supply, Ngoc, Lanh, Son, Tien Tien An Ngoc (T) Tien (C), Tien water supply, roads, water supply, Phuoc Kim, Phuoc Thanh, transformer station, health care station Hiep (C), Phuoc Nang Phuoc (C), Nang, Phuoc My, Phuoc Hiep Phuoc My (C), Phuoc Cong (C), Phuoc Kim (C), water supply, roads, water supply, Dacpring, Zuooil, Laee transformer station, cutural building roads, water supply, Dong kot, Tra Tra Anong, Bhalee, Gary, T Don Nam, Tra Tra (C) health care station health care station transformer station, health care station An Lap, Tien Tien roads, water supply, Que lam transformer station, health care station Lanh Tien (C) transformer station, health care station A tieng, Macooih, Dang, Ca Dang, ASong Kon, ting, Bhalee(c), Song Kon (c), A tinh (c), Macooih (C), Ca water supply, roads, water supply, Tra transformer station, Giac, Tra health Vinh, care Tra station, Van, Tra Giac, (T), Tap, Tra Tra Van Nu,Ca, Giap, Tra Tra Tra Linh, Cang, Mai, Tra Tra Tra water supply, roads, water supply, transformer station, Thang Programs Programs and Project Corridor (c), Border (B), Phuoc Son School, markets, Phuoc Chanh, Phuoc Cong, Phuoc Chanh (T), Phuoc CEMMA Gov. VCCP 1996 2005 x 1,293 587 Nam Giang School, markets, Chaval, Ladee, Dacpree, Outsite (important) CEMMA Gov. VCCP 1996 1996 x 897 520 Hien Distrcit School, markets, A Lang, Tr'hy, Xan, Ch'om, A Ch'om (c), Xan (c), CEMMA Gov.Hiep Duc VCCP 1996 PhuocTien 2005 School, markets, Phuoc Phuoc Tra, Gia, Hiep Que Son School, markets, Ha, Cam, Tien Tien Tien Ha Tien Lap (T), Tien (T), x School, markets, CEMMA 827 Gov. Que Phuoc, Que Ninh, VCCP Outsite (important) 473 1997 2005 CEMMA Gov. VCCP 2000 2005 x 1,387 387 x 352 153 Afforestation Afforestation Project PACSA Project Development Program My Tra Distict School, markets, Cang, Tra Tap, mai, Tra Tra Dong Nu, Kot, Tra Tra Tra , CEMMA Gov. VCCP 1996 2001 x 867 493 ODA projects environment projectthe Area Coastal - Sandy construction Nui Thanh Dist. GOV.10 Projects/Programs Commune Group Center 78 Afforectation Protective Afforestation Economic and proctective Af Duy Xuyen Duy Phu, Duy Hoa, Duy Son (JIBIC) 2003 2008 x 3,000 56 supply and Water Afforestation Project of Afforestation and latrine Well Phuoc Son Ky, Thang Binh, Tam Phuoc Son (C, T) (JICA) 2202 2001 2003 2005 x 6,200 7,000 Category Development Main Interventions Project Commune Area: Core (C), Target GOV Donors/ Project Life of Project Financial Detail

96 Category Development Main Interventions Project Commune Target Area: Core (C), GOV Donors/ Project Life of Project Financial Detail Programs and Project Corridor (c), Border (B), Implementing NGOs Code Program, etc. (in US$ 000: 15,000 VND = US$ 1) Agenc Start End Loan Grant GOV TOTAL Expended Year Year to Date GOV. Projects/Programs 11 Program 135 School, markets, Phuoc Thanh, Phuoc Duc, Phuoc Thanh, Phuoc Duc, PPC Gov. 135 1999 2005 x 9,067 4,453 water supply, roads, Phuoc Nang, Phuoc My, Phuoc Nang, Phuoc My, transformer station, Phuoc Hiep, Phuoc Chanh, Phuoc Hiep, Phuoc Cong (C), health care station Phuoc Hiep, Phuoc Chanh, Phuoc Chanh (T) of Phuoc and irrigation Phuoc Son Dist.; Ca Dy, Ta Son Dist.; Ch'om, Tr'hy, construction, training Bhing, Cha Va, La De, La E, A xan, Ga Ri, Tu, A Vuong, and agricultural Zuoi, Dac Pre, Dak Pring of A Ting, Dang, Song Kon, development, etc. Nam Giang Dist.; Ch'om, Bha Le , Ca Dang, Ta Lu, Tr'hy, A xan, Ga Ri, Tu, Lang(c) , A Rooih, A Vuong, A Ting, Dang, Macooih (C), Za Hung (T), Song Kon, Bha Le , Ca A Tieng (c) of Hien Dist.; Dang, Ta Lu, Lang, A Rooih, Tra Tap (C), Tra Don(T), Tra Macooih, Za Hung, A Tieng, Cang (C),Tra Cot(T), Tra Nu, A Nong, Zo Ngay of Hien Tra Giang (T) of Tra My Dist.; Dist.; Tra Tap, Tra Don, Que Lam (C) of Que Son Tra Cang, Tra Doc, Tra Pui, Dist.; Phuoc Tra, Thang Phuoc, Tra Cot, Tra Nu, Tra Giang Hiep Hoa (T) of Hiep Duc Dist.

of Tra My Dist.; Que Lam TruongLandscape Central Son the in Initiatives Development of Assessment An of Que Son Dist.; Phuoc Giang, Phuoc Tra, Thang Phuoc, Hiep Hoa of Hiep §uc Dist. 12 Five Million Hectare Afforestation, Hien, Giang, Phuoc Son, Gov. 5MHP 1999 2010 x 10,133 1,073 Reforestation Program reforestation, natural Tra My, Tien Phuoc, Nui regeneration, forest Thanh, Que Son, Hiep Duc, protection, seedling Duy Xuyen production, protected area management, etc. 13 Rural road improvement 11 km road Dai Loc Dist. Dai Loc ( C, T) Gov. 2000 2002 x 394 80 improvement 14 Commune road 2.58 km road 2.58 km road Tra My ( C, T) Gov. 2001 2002 x 60 construction construction 15 Residential area and Water supply, roads, Tam Xuan II Commune, Outsite (important) Gov. 2000 2002 x 54 33 infrastructure bridge construction Nui Thanh Dist. construction 16 Rural infrastructure Water supply, roads, Binh Nguyen Commune, Outsite (important) Gov. 2000 2002 x 34 34 construction bridge construction Thanh Binh 17 Living condition Que Son Dist. Gov. 2002 2003 x 10,000 improvement for mountainous people . GOV. Gov. Project ( Outside of Target Area) 2 Agriculture and Tra My, Phuoc Son, Giang Tra My, Phuoc Son (C,T) 2000 2002 x 394 80 residence settlement plan Nam Dist. Natural conservation in Natural regeneration, Natural Convervation zone Outsite (important) 2001 2003 x 870 233 Thanh river forest protection, of Thanh River in Giang protected area Thanh, Phuoc Son management and biodiverity tourism

97 potential development, etc. 98 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central TruongLandscape Central Son the in Initiatives Development of Assessment An Category Development Main Interventions Project Commune Target Area: Core (C), GOV Donors/ Project Life of Project Financial Detail Programs and Project Corridor (c), Border (B), Implementing NGOs Code Program, etc. (in US$ 000: 15,000 VND = US$ 1) Agenc Start End Loan Grant GOV TOTAL Expended Year Year to Date GOV. Gov. Project ( Outside of Target Area) Residential area An Xuan Ward, Tam Ky Outsite (important) 2000 2003 x 453 133 construction for water supply factory in Tam Ky Market and residential Tam Anh, Nui Thanh Outsite (important) 2000 2001 x 221 200 area construction Resettlement area Tam Dan ward, Tam Ky town Outsite (important) 1999 2001 x 82 82 construction Residential area Tan Thanh commune Outsite (important) 1999 2001 x 267 267 construction NGO Community development School, water supply, Duy Xuyen, Hiep Duc, Tra My , Nui Thanh, Hiep EMWF 2000 2001 x 100 program roads, transformer Thanh Binh, Nam Giang, Duc (C,T) station, health care Tra My, Tien Phuoc station construction Community and region Hiep Duc, Thanh Binh, Tra Hiep Duc, Tra My, Tien Phuoc, WVI 2000 2001 x 667 development program My, Tien Phuoc, Que Son Que Son (C,B) Pascal Dam construction Nui Thanh Nui Thanh (C,B) ICCO 2000 2001 x 27 Community and region development program Hien Hien (c, B) RIDEP 2000 2001 x 217 DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS: QUANG NGAI PROVINCE

Category Name of Strategy, Plan, Main Intervention Target Area Core, Corridor, GOV Donor/ Project Life of Project, Financial Detail (US$ 000) Program, Project Border, Outside Implementing NGOs Number Program, etc. Agency Start End Loan Grant GOV TOTAL Expended Year Year to Date

I Infrastructure, Sedentarization and Resettlement 1 Construction Infrastructure in Commune Wells construction, road Inhabitant in the Some in border MARD Gov. 135 1999 2005 x 7,333 1,764 with Extreme Difficulties rehabilitation, school, hospital, remote area of etc. mountainous districts 2 Rural Infrastructue Based on the Road, wells construction, Mountainous Some in border MARD WB 2000 2010 x 16,000 5,700 communities school, water supply, etc districts and 3 flat districts 3 Rural Infrastructue Projects Electric, road, school, Tra Bong, Son Some in border CEMMA ADB, 2000 2004 x x 5,667 1,867 hospital, etc. Ha and some flat AFD districts 4 Chau O-Tra Bong, Son Ha-Tra Bong Roads Road rehabilitation Son Ha Tra Bong Some in border MARD ADB 1564-VIE 2000 2002 x 3,740 667 districts 5 Tra Bong - Tra Phong Road Road rehabilitation Tra Bong district Some in border Transportation Plan of 2001 2003 x 2,933

Department province TruongLandscape Central Son the in Initiatives Development of Assessment An 6 Quang Ngai Rural Infrastructure and To build and maitain rural Rural in the all Some in border MARD Aus.AID 1999 2005 x 12,584 233 Services Projects infratructure, and build districts of capacity in relevant provicial province agencies 7 Program on Mountainous and Road, wells construction, Mountainous Some in border MARD Gov. 1999 2010 x 22,100 1,633 Sendenterization and Fix Cultivation school, water supply, etc for districts Ethnic Minorrities 8 Son Ha - Son Tay Road Road Rehabilitation Son Ha, Son Tay Transportation Plan of 1999 2003 x 2,840 1,140 ditricts Department province II Forestry, Biodiversity Conservation 9 Afforestation Forestry Development Mountainous Some in border MARD Gov. 661 1996 2005 x x x 42,335 14,480 districts 10 Delineate areas for protection and take Forestry Development Mountainous Some in border MARD Gov. 661 1996 2005 x x 830 500 care of the forest districts 11 Projects of Science, Technology and Environment Whole Province Some in border MoSTE Gov. 1996 2005 x x 2,150 970 Environment III Agriculture, Livestock Production, Irrigation 12 Rubber Master Plan Agriculture Development Whole Province Some in border MARD 2001 2005 x x 933 13 Di Lang Irrigation System Irrigation for agricualtural crops Son Ha district Some in border MARD JIBIC 2002 2006 x 1,860 14 Sugar Cane Project Agriculture Development Whole Province Some in border MARD 2000 2005 x x 2,360 15 Program for Hunger Eradication and Living Standart Whole Province Some in border Ministry of Gov. 137 1999 2005 x 12,450 5,120 Poverty Reduction of poor farmers Labour and Social Policy 16 Programme on Rural Development Crop production, seed Rural Area Some in border MARD ODA 2001 2003 x 33 mill AUD 333 production, livestock breeding, Australia construction of irrigation installation, etc. IV Institutional Strengthning 99 100 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central TruongLandscape Central Son the in Initiatives Development of Assessment An Category Name of Strategy, Plan, Main Intervention Target Area Core, Corridor, GOV Donor/ Project Life of Project, Financial Detail (US$ 000) Program, Project Border, Outside Implementing NGOs Number Program, etc. Agency Start End Loan Grant GOV TOTAL Expended Year Year to Date V Industry, Tourism, Handicrafts 17 Sugar Cane Factory To construct sugar cane factory PPC Quang Ngai France- 1997 2000 x 19,022 19,022 AFD VI Health, Education 18 Programme on Training and Education Equipment provision, training Whole Province Somes in border Ministry of Gov. 1996 2005 x 15,750 8,080 and construction Training and Education 19 Heath Care for the Women and Children Heath Mo Duc, Tu Somes in border Ministry of Australia 1995 2005 x x 33000 (AUD) 2,333 Nghia, Nghia Heath Care Govern- Hanh, Tra Bong, -ment Son Ha districts 20 Nation Heath Care Support Heath Hospitals in the Ministry of 1996 2005 x x 10,430 3,100 province Heath Care VII Other Sectors 21 Socio-economic Development Agro-forestry development BaTo district Ministry of 1999 2005 x x 5,780 490 Conservation and construction Planning and Investment An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape 1,608 Year Year Loan Grant GOV TOTAL to Date Start End Expended Department /day Industrial 1997 2002 x 8,710 1,880 3 dams: 2, drains: 5, electricity network: 250 house-holds, infant schools: 6 small rural roads dams: 4, drains: 5, households, water infant schools: 6, can use clean network: 750 households, infant schools: 5, small dams: 2,6; small rural in core, in border, Son (C,B) inh Thanh (C), Length: 29 km, MARDADB WB, 135 1994 2005 x x x 6,939 1,779 inh Thanh, drains: 10, small Hoai An (C,B), Hoai our target Phu Cat (C,B), Core:Wells: 50, small MARDCore:Wells: Canh Hoa outside 1998 roads, etc. 2005 2,667 Hoai An; An An; Hoai Lao (C&B); electricity Bok Toi network: 150 An An dung, Quang Outside MARD 2001 2005 x 135 Hoai An; An An; Hoai Lao (C&B) dams: 8, electricity Van Canh Van Thanh, Vinh An Lao, Vinh Vinh Son, Vinh Son, Vinh Vinh Bok Toi, Canh Hoa Bok Toi, An Dung, An An Quang Dung, communes in Vinh Thanh, An Thanh, communes in Vinh Tay and Tay Son districts and Tay Toan in An Lao, in An Dac Toan Mang, Hoa, Vinh Kim, Vinh Thinh, Vinh Kim, Hoa, Vinh Vinh Hiep areas of the An Lao, Vinh Thanh, areas An of Lao, the Vinh Son districts Tay Thanh, Hoai An, Thanh, Hoai Nghia, Bok Toi An in Nghia, Hoai Bok Toi An) (Hoai An An, Lao, Phu Hoai Cat, Phu My Thanh, Hoai An, Van Canh districtsAn, Thanh, Van Hoai V DEVELOPMENTAND PROJECTS: PROGRAMS BINH DINH PROVINCE ells, hospital, school Communes with Extrene Difficultie V Project Outside Program, Program, Border, interventions Difficulties Difficulties Infrastructure in Commune with construction, road Extrene rehabilitation, etc.An An, Lao, Thanh, Hoai in Vinh An Lao (C,B), Son, Phu Canh, Tay Cat Van the fourth grade Phu My (C), asphalted road in districts, of wich 4 resettlement projeects, 4 inter- Ethnic Minorities 2,000 huoseholds commune center districts; projects (An Lao), sanitation Project Immigration Sanitation and ourside rural population resettlement in provinces Water and Water Projects New Economic Zone and 1 Construction W 2 Safe Drinking Supply Water Qui Nhon city Outside 45,000m 3 Program of Farmers from other 4 and Clean Water Supply Water Area Rural Core, border 2005: 80% To MARD 1996 2005 1,276 642 5.3 Third Stage Ethnic Minorities 6,120 households in the remote Core and border 23, small Wells: MARD 1998 2000 x 3,500 5.1 First Stage: 4 Ethnic Minorities An 1,300 Lao, huoseholds Vinh Core: 120, Wells: MARD 1998 2010 x 1,335 I Infrastructure, Sedentarization and Resettlement 5 Program on Mountainous and Sendenterization and Fix Cultivation (22 projects) 5.2 Second Stage: 8 projects Binh Name of Main InterventionArea Target Core, Quantity/ GOV Donor/ Project Life of Project, Financial Detail Dinh Strategy,Plan, Corridor quality of Implementing NGOs Number Program, etc. (in US$ 000: 15,000 VND = US$1)

101 102 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central TruongLandscape Central Son the in Initiatives Development of Assessment An Binh Name of Main Intervention Target Area Core, Quantity/ GOV Donor/ Project Life of Project, Financial Detail Dinh Strategy,Plan, Corridor quality of Implementing NGOs Number Program, etc. (in US$ 000: 15,000 VND = US$1) Program, Border, interventions Project Outside Start End Expended Year Year Loan Grant GOV TOTAL to Date 5.2 Second Stage: 8 projects 6 Upgrading Road: Road rehabilitation Phu Cat districts Outside Transportation 1998 2000 x 6,050 1,590 Ong Do-Cat Tinh Department 7 Construction of Water Supply 3 mountainous districts: Van Canh, Vinh Thanh, 35% rural Committee of AFD 2000 2001 x 350 50 drinking water ` Vinh Thanh and An Lao An Lao (Core) population can Mountain and System use clean water Ethnic Minorities 8 Rehabilitation and Road Rehabilitation An Hoa, An Tan, An Trung, An Border Length:17.5 km, Committee of Province 2000 2001 x 610 25 Improvement of Vinh communes in the An Lao the fuorth grade Mountain and An Hoa - An Tan - district asphalted road on Ethnic An Lao Road muontainuos in Minorities our target 9 Rural Infrastructue Rural Infrastructure Vinh Thanh, An Lao, Hoai An, Core and border linked with no 1, MARD ADB, AFD 1998 2001 x x 4,260 3,410 Development Tay Son, Van Canh, Phu Cat, above Project Phu My districts 10 Construction Road Rehabilitation Qui Nhon city, Van Canh district Outside Transportation 2002 2002 x 2,054 Road No 632 Department 11 Community- Rural Infrastructure linked with no 1, MARD WB 2001 2006 x 350 based Rural above Infrastructure (for 1,700 poorest communes) II Forestry, Biodiversity Conservation 12 Afforestation Forestry Development Mountainous districts (30,000 ha) Core:13,359 ha MARD, ADB, WB, 2001 2005 x 3,350 Vinh Thanh, province and Hoai An; An district Lao (C&B); Bok Toi in core, An dung, An Quang in border, Canh Hoa outside 13 Protection of Forestry and An Son, An Toan communes in An An Lao (C,B), 222 ha in our MARD, ADB, WB 1996 2000 x 1,470 Special-use Forest Biodiversity Lao district, Vinh Son in Vinh Vinh Thanh (C) target province and Conservation Thanh districts and Genh Rang- district Quy Hoa in Quy Nhon town Reforestation in 13 provinces Outside Have not in our MARD WFP 202/TTg 1992 2001 23,383 Coastal Viet Nam Forestry target Forestry Sector Forestry ia Lai, Quang Tri, Phu Yen, Outside Have not in Binh MARD ADB 1515 1997 2003 40,000 and Community- GThanh Hoa Dinh province based watershed rehabilitation and Managem't III Agriculture, Livestock Production, Irrigation Agricultural Agriculture 7 Provinces ? Have not MARD AFD Diversification Development projects yet Project Binh Name of Main Intervention Target Area Core, Quantity/ GOV Donor/ Project Life of Project, Financial Detail Dinh Strategy,Plan, Corridor quality of Implementing NGOs Number Program, etc. (in US$ 000: 15,000 VND = US$1) Program, Border, interventions Project Outside Start End Expended Year Year Loan Grant GOV TOTAL to Date III Agriculture, Livestock Production, Irrigation FAO Programme Agriculture 18 provinces Outside MARD NORDAD for Community Development FAO Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in Asia) 14 Planting and Crop production An Nhon, Phu Cat, Phu My, Hoai Phu Cat (C, B); To 2010: MARD 1998 2010 x 5,267 Upgrading cashew Nhon, Tay Son Districts Phu My (C, B); 13,585* ha Garden Tay Son (C,,B) 16 Planting Mango Crop production Tay Nam, Tay Son, Phu Cat, Phu Tay Son (B, C); To 2010: MARD 1998 2010 x 1,333 Trees My, An Lao, Hoai An, Phu Cat (B,C); 1,500* ha and coastal area Phu My (B,C); An Lao (B,C); Hoai An (B, C) 18 Irrigation System Irrigation for plants Thuan Ninh district Outside MARD 19 Reclamation of Irrigation for plants An Lao district Outside MARD ADB, AFD 2000 2002 x 820 500 Tan An - Dap Da

System TruongLandscape Central Son the in Initiatives Development of Assessment An 20 Dinh Binh Lake Irrigation for plants Vinh Thanh district Vinh Thanh Basin area: MARD 2001 2005 x 60,000 Project (C, B) 826 km2 Irrigation: 15,515 ha 21 Program Living Standart of Whole province of wich: An Toan An Lao (C), To train cadres:Ministry of ADB, WB 133 1996 2005 x 18,840 7,270 for Hunger poor farmers in An Lao, Vinh Son, Vinh Hoa, Vinh Thanh (C), 108* people plus Labour, Invalid Eradication and Vinh Kim, Vinh Thinh, Vinh Hiep Hoai An (C) items: and Social Affair, Poverty Reduction in Vinh Thanh,Dac Mang, Bok Toi 1,3, 4, 5, 9, 12, 25 province and in Hoa An district budgets 22 Upgrading Hon Irrigation Outside MARD 2002 2002 x 639 Lap Reservoir Irrigation Irrigation Van Hoi, Hoi Son reservoir An Border Basin area:38 km2 MARD WB 1995 2001 100,000 46,190 Rehabilitation Tin-Hoai An district Water: Project 14.5 mill m3 IV Institutional Training and support to institutions Strengthning

V Industry, Tourism Masterplans, infrastructure, zoning Handicrafts 23 Ngo may Town's Water supply Ngo May town Outside Industrial 2002 2002 x 1,110 Drinking Water Ministry System 24 Tan Phu - Hoai Electric supply Tay Phu commune - Hoai An Outside Industrial 2002 2002 x 70 An's Electricity district Ministry System 25 Development of Electric supply Some rural area in province An Lao (B) 1500* households Industrial Japan 2000 2001 x 348 205 Rural Electricity Vinh Thanh (C), have use Ministry Network Hoai An (B,C) electricity network 26 Upgrading An Electric supply An Nhon town Outside Industrial 2001 2004 x 3,650 103 Nhon's Electricity Ministry Network 104 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central TruongLandscape Central Son the in Initiatives Development of Assessment An Binh Name of Main Intervention Target Area Core, Quantity/ GOV Donor/ Project Life of Project, Financial Detail Dinh Strategy,Plan, Corridor quality of Implementing NGOs Number Program, etc. (in US$ 000: 15,000 VND = US$1) Program, Border, interventions Project Outside Start End Expended Year Year Loan Grant GOV TOTAL to Date VI Health, Construction, equipment provision, training Education 27 Secondary Training and Whole Province Some communes Supply Ministry of 2000 2001 x 138 56 Education Equipment provision in core and instruments, Training and Assistance border construc Education secondary schools for chidren 28 Nation Heath Heath Hospitals in the province Outside Ministry of WEB 1996 2003 x 1,410 1,018 Care Support Heath Care VII Other Sectors 29 Improving Flood No information MARD 2001 2001 x 540 51 Protection Network DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS: KON TUM PROVINCE

Category Name of Program Main Intervention Target Area Core, Corridor, Quantity and GOV Donor/ Project Project, Financial Detail (US$ 000) or Project Border, Outside Quality Implementing NGOs Number Program Start End Expended Year Year Loan Grant GOV TOTAL to Date I Infrastructure, Road rehabilitation, wells construction, Sedentarization school renovation, water supply, etc. and Resettlement 1 Construction Wells construction, Communes with KonPlong(C,B); Ngoc Construction: Primary MARD WB, ADB 135 1996 2005 x x 7,842 1575.6 Infrastructure in road rehabilitation, extrene difficulties Hoi (B,C); Dak Blei schools: 34, Wells: Commune with school, hospital, etc. in Kon Plong, (C,B); Dak Ha (B, 205, drinking water Extrene Difficulties Ngoc Hoi, Dac Out); Dak To (B,C,c) supply: 10 systems, Glei, Dac Ha, Dac small hydroelectric: To and Sa Thay 426, rural roads: Districts 138 km, bridges:11, small dams: 19, drains: 1232m. 2 Program of Farmers from other Kon Plong, Ngoc KonPlong(C,B); Ngoc Receive 15249 people MARD NA 1996 2005 x 4,219 1145.1 resettlement in provinces Hoi, Dac Glei, Hoi (B,C); Dak Glei from other provinces: New Economic Dac Ha Districts (C,B); Dak Ha (B, Thai Binh, Ha Tay, Ha Zone and Out); Dak To (B,C,c) Nam, Nam Dinh, etc. Immigration 3 HO CHI MINH Road constuction Dac Glei, Ngoc Dac Glei (C, c) Ngoc Length: 36 km, the Ministry of NA 1999 2005 x x 25,133 8153 TruongLandscape Central Son the in Initiatives Development of Assessment An Road Hoi districts Hoi (B) fourth grade asphalted Transportation road 4 National Road Road Rehabilitation Ngoc Hoi, Sa Ouside The third grade Ministry of NA 1998 2001 x x 3,400 2533 No 14C Thay Distrticts asphalted road on Transportation mountain 5 National Road Road Rehabilitation Ngoc Hoi district Plei Can - Ngoc Length:21 km, the Ministry of NA 2003 2004 x x 1,333 No 40 Hoi (B) fourth grade Transportation asphalted road on mountain 6 National Road Road Rehabilitation Kon Plong district, Kon Plong (C, c) Length:41 km, the Ministry of NA 2000 2002 x 3,200 333 No 24 Kon Tum town Kon Tum (B) fourth-fifth grade Transportation asphalted road on mountain 7 Clean Water and Water Supply Rural Area Core and corridor, MARD, province 237/1998/ 1996 2005 x 1,276 641.7 Sanitation border and outside QDTTg date: Oct.03/ 1998 8 Program on Ethnic Minorrities Mountainous Kon Tum (B), 2611 housholds was MARD, province 668/DCDC 1996 2005 x 3387..8 1607.8 Mountainous and districts KonPlong(C,B); Ngoc and 6,905 peole to be date: Sendenterization Hoi (B,C); Dak Glei sendenterization and 11/10/1995 and Fix Cultivation (C,B); Dak Ha (B, fix cultivation in our Out); Dak To (B,C,c) target 9 Rehabilitation and Road Rehabilitation Kon Plong district Core and corridor Length: 51 km, the CEMMA, province Province NA 2003 2005 x 8,000 Improvement of fourth-fifth grade M.Den-Ngoc Ring asphalted road on Road (No 676) mountain 10 Rehabilitation and Road Rehabilitation Dac Glei ditrict Dac Glei (C, c) How many hectares in Transportation Province NA 2002 2005 x 8,667 Improvement of our communes; quality Departmeent 105 prrovinciaal Road of road No 673 106 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central TruongLandscape Central Son the in Initiatives Development of Assessment An Category Name of Program Main Intervention Target Area Core, Corridor, Quantity and GOV Donor/ Project Project, Financial Detail (US$ 000) or Project Border, Outside Quality Implementing NGOs Number Program Start End Expended Year Year Loan Grant GOV TOTAL to Date I Infrastructure, Road rehabilitation, wells construction, Sedentarization school renovation, water supply, etc. and Resettlement 11 Rehabilitation and Water Supply Kon Tum Town Outside Ministry of Gov. Frence x 4,000 Improvement of Industrry Kon Tum Water Station 12 Dac Ta - Ngoc Road Rehabilitation Dac Glei, Dac To Core, corridor and Length: 41 km, the Transportation Gov. Kuwait 2002 2002 x 6,933 Linh Road ditricts border fifth grade asphalted Departmeent (No. 673) road on mountain II Forestry, Afforestation, Biodiversity reforestation, natural Conservation regeneration, forest protection, seedling production, protected area management, etc. 13 Afforestation Forestry Mountainous All communs in 120,305 ha MARD 2001 2010 x 107,462 Development districts our target (153,287 ha) 13.1 Afforestation: Paper Material Whole Province 31 communes in our 90,368* ha MARD 2001 2010 102,600 1000 Paper Material (123,350 ha) target Production 13.2 Afforestation: Environment Kon Plong, Ngoc 22 communes in our 27,569* ha MARD 2001 2010 x 4,255 Protective Forests Hoi, Dac Glei, target Dac Ha Districts (27,569 ha) 13.3 Afforestation: Biodiversity Mountainous 5 communes in our 2,368 ha MARD 2001 2010 x 607 Special Use Forest Conservation districts (2,368 ha) target 14 Natural Forestry Kon Plong, Ngoc All communes in our 216,000* ha MARD 2001 2010 x 2,483 regeneration and Development Hoi, Dac Glei, target forest protection Dac Ha Districts (240,000 ha) Forest Protection In the next row Binh Phuoc, Kon Outside MARD WB 1998 2004 26,670 and Rural Tum, Dak Lak, Development Lam Dong, Project Dong Nai 15 Forest Protection Biodiversity 7 communes and 1 Ourside MARD 1998 2006 x 6,697 56 and Rural Conservation and township of Sa Development Rural Development Thay district Project 16 Dac To Nursery Seedling Production Dac To district Dac To township (B), Nursery garden: 3ha, MARD, DARD Provincial 1999 2002 x 587 133 Garden Tan Canh ( O) seedling forest: 103ha, of province budget and experimental model: Dong Nai 84ha, seedling garden Paper for parper: 15ha Company 17 Chumoray Natural Forestry Sa Thay District Ourside MARD 2001 2010 x 6,667 National Park Conservation Category Name of Program Main Intervention Target Area Core, Corridor, Quantity and GOV Donor/ Project Project, Financial Detail (US$ 000) or Project Border, Outside Quality Implementing NGOs Number Program Start End Expended Year Year Loan Grant GOV TOTAL to Date III Agriculture, Crop production, Livestock industrial crop Production, promotion, seed Irrigation production, livestock breeding, vaccination, construction/ rihabilitation of irrigation installation, etc. 18 Rubber Master Agriculture Whole Province C, c, B and ourside Planted: 5,013 ha, MARD Tan Lap, 1995 2010 x x 24,046 10000 Plan Development additional planting Plei Can, (2002): 400ha in Duc Nong, our target Tan Canh, Dac Hrin, Dac Tre, Ngoc Wang, Thanh Trung Rubber FEs

19 Coffee Plantation Agriculture Whole Province C, c, B and ourside Planted: 4,500* ha, MARD Duc Nong, 2001 2005 x x 2,600 TruongLandscape Central Son the in Initiatives Development of Assessment An Development additional planting: Dac Uy 0 ha in our target Coffee Fes Agroindustrial Rubber planting Dak Lak, Kon C, c, B and outside Planted area: 209 ha MARD AFD Cr.3099VN 2001 2010 x 30,000 rubber crop project Tum (23 in our target communes in our target) 20 Improving and Upgrading Plan: Dams and Reservoirs ADB, AFD 20.1 Dac Yen Irrigation Irrigation Kon Tum town Outside MARD ADB, AFD 2002 2006 x 2,944 System 20.2 Dac Phat Dam Irrigation Dac Cam-Kon Border Basin area: 2.5 km2, DARD ADB, AFD 2001 2005 x 7 Tum town water: 220,000 m3 20.3 Dac KoWel Dam Irrigation (50 ha) DacBla-KonTum Border Basin area:13 km2 DARD ADB, AFD 2001 2005 x 167 town 20.4 Dac Uy Dam Irrigation (55 ha) Dac Uy - Dac Ha Border Basin area:39 km2 DARD ADB, AFD 2001 2005 x 180 20.5 Dac Tin Reservoir Irrigation (75 ha) Dac Choong-Dac Core Basin area:4.4 km2 MARD ADB, AFD 2001 2005 x 227 Glei 20.6 Dac Hring Dam Irrigation (65ha) Dac Hring- Border Basin area:62 km2 DARD ADB, AFD 2001 2005 x 100 Dac Ha 20.7 Dac Ne I Dam Irrigation (7 ha) Dac Sao-Dac To Core Basin area: 18 km2 DARD ADB, AFD 2001 2005 x 27 20.8 Dac Cai Dam Irrigation (21 ha) Dac Choong-Dac Core Basin area: 6 km2 DARD ADB, AFD 2001 2005 x 20 Glei 20.9 Dac Trang Dam Irrigastion (10ha) Dac Mon-Dac Glei Core+border Basin area: 1.8 km2 DARD ADB, AFD 2001 2005 x 42 21.10 Dac Phin, Dac Pret, Irrigation (16 ha) Ngoc Reo - Dac Border Basin area: 12.5 km2 DARD ADB, AFD 2005 2010 x 167 Dac Plai, Dac Ha Pngat Dams 20.11 Tu Mo Rong, Tu Irrigation (4 ha) TuMoRong - Dac Border Basin area: ? km2 DARD ADB, AFD 2005 2010 x 43 Cap Dams To 20.12 Dac Re Dam Irrigation (15ha) Dac Bla-Kon Border Basin area: ? km2 DARD ADB, AFD 2005 2010

107 Tum town 20.13 Nuoc Phia Dam Irrigation (18ha) Dac Su - Ngoc hoi Border Basin area: 5.5 km2 DARD ADB, AFD 2005 2010 x 60 108 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central TruongLandscape Central Son the in Initiatives Development of Assessment An Category Name of Program Main Intervention Target Area Core, Corridor, Quantity and GOV Donor/ Project Project, Financial Detail (US$ 000) or Project Border, Outside Quality Implementing NGOs Number Program Start End Expended Year Year Loan Grant GOV TOTAL to Date 20 Improving and Upgrading Plan: Dams and Reservoirs ADB, AFD 20.14 Dac Pam Dam Irrigation (13ha) Dac Blo - Dac Border Basin area: ? km2 DARD ADB, AFD 2005 2010 x 47 Glei 20.15 Dakcron Ga Irrigation Dac To district Border Basin area: 4.8 km2 MARD ADB, AFD 2005 2010 x 4,000 Reservoir 20.16 Dac Tep, Ngoc Irrigation (7+ha) Dac Ha - Dac To Border Basin area: ? km2 DARD ADB, AFD 2005 2010 x 60 Leng Dams 21 To Build new Dams and Reservoirs 21.1 Dak Loh Reservoir Irrigation (700ha) Ngoc Wang - Dac Border Basin area: 62 km2 MARD 2003 2005 x 2,087 Ha 21.2 Dac Ronong Irrigation (40ha) Dac Bla-Kon Border Basin area: 2 km2 MARD 2001 2005 x 100 Reservoir Tum town 21.3 Dac Nong Dam Irrigation (15ha) Dac Mon-Dac Border+Corridor Basin area: 4 km2 DARD 2001 2005 x 27 Glei 21.4 Ngoc Tem Dam Irrigation (60ha) Ngoc Tem-Kon Core Basin area: 71.2 km2 DARD 2001 2005 x 120 Plong 21.5 Dac Roi Dam Irrigation (110ha) Mang Xang- Dac Core Basin area: ? km2 DARD 2001 2005 x 167 To 21.6 Dac Pxi II Dam Irrigation (50ha) Ngoc Lay- Dac Core and corridor Basin area: 60 km2 DARD 2001 2005 x 167 To 21.7 Dac Sul Dam Irrigation (50ha) Dac Ang - Ngoc Core and border Basin area: 12.6 km2 DARD 2001 2005 x 100 Hoi 21.8 Dac Dro Dam Irrigation (40ha) Mang Xang - Dac Core Basin area: 30.7 km2 DARD 2001 2005 x 107 To 21.9 Mang But I Dam Irrigation (50ha) Mang But-Kon Core, corrido Basin area: 34.3 km2 DARD 2001 2005 x 100 Plong and border 21.10 Dac Co Si Dam Irrigation (25ha) Ngoc Yeu-Dac To Core and border Basin area: 14.2 km2 DARD 2001 2005 x 67 21.11 Dac long Dam Irrigation (30ha) Dac long - Dac Core Basin area: 10 km2 DARD 2001 2005 x 80 Glei 21.12 Dac Tim Reservoir Irrigation (250ha) Dac Nong - Ngoc Border Basin area: ? km2 MARD 2005 2010 x 1,000 Hoi 21.13 Dac Ro Ly II Dam Irrigation (90ha) Dac Long - Dac Core Basin area: 13.7 km2 DARD 2005 2010 x 67 Glei 21.14 Dong Song Dam Irrigation (70ha) Dac Choong - Dac Core Basin area: ? km2 DARD 2005 2010 x 333 Glei

22 Program for Living Standart of Dac To, Sa Thay, Core, corridor, border 46 communes in our Ministry of Labour GOV, ADB, 133 1996 2010 x x x 33,889 12889 Hunger Eradication poor farmers Kon Plong, Dac and outside target and Social Policy WB, etc. and Poverty Glei districts Reduction 23 Multi Credit Credit Whole province (C, c, B and outside) All communes in our Financial Ministry Gov. 1999 - x 3,200 Program target, loans for production development IV Institutional Training and support Strengthning to institutions Category Name of Program Main Intervention Target Area Core, Corridor, Quantity and GOV Donor/ Project Project, Financial Detail (US$ 000) or Project Border, Outside Quality Implementing NGOs Number Program Start End Expended Year Year Loan Grant GOV TOTAL to Date V Industry, Tourism, Masterplans, Handicrafts infrastructure, zoning 24 Paper Powder Paper Production Dac To district Border To produce parper Industrial Ministry 2000 2004 x 288,066 14 Factory from planted trees Paper Company 25 Production Support Rural Inhabitant Whole Province 2001 2005 507 and Small Commecial Development 26 Cassava Powder Cassava Production Sa Thay district Outside 100 tons cassava Industrial Ministry Vietnam- 2002 x 4,400 Production Factory powder per day German Joit Venture VI Health, Education Construction, equipment provision, training 27 Improvement Equipment provision Kon Tum Town Outside Ministry of ODA 2002 1,333 Medicial Heath Care Germany Equipment Provincial Hospital

28 Education Support Training Whole Province Ministry of ADB x 1,067 TruongLandscape Central Son the in Initiatives Development of Assessment An Training and Education 29 Nation Heath Care Heath Hospitals in the Ministry of Gov 467 Support province Heath Care VII Other Sectors 30 Woman Loan Credit Whole Province Ministry of Labour 1998 - x 1,000 Program for and Social Policy Production Caritas Austrailia Development 109 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape Financial Detail (US$ 000) Loan Grant GOV Total to Date Program, Program, etc. Life of Project, 1999 2005 Decision No Year Year WB, ADBWB, 135 Agency Department Department Department Department and primary schools, and province Hai duong, Yen, Hung Nam Ha, Thai Binh, Nam Ha Tinh, Dinh, An, Cao Nghe Bang, Thanh Hoa, Quang Binh, Quang Nam, Lang Son, Quang Ha Tinh, Ngai, schools: 31, Wells: schools: 200*, 31, Wells: rural roads: 125* km, bridges: 9, small dams: 15, drains: 1250*m. Binh Dinh road on mountain target Mang Yang (B) Yang Mang Border, OutsideBorder, Quality Implementing NGOs Program or Start End Expended Kbang in Kon Pne of in Kbang district hydroelectric: 320*, district DEVELOPMENTAND PROJECTS: PROGRAMS GIA LAI PROVINCE and construction of new road 28 communes, of wich a new road to centre fourth grade gravel Department road on mountain in province Road rehabilitation, wells construction, school renovation, etc. water supply, Fix Cultivation & Program of Resettlement in New school renovation, Economic Zone and Immigration houses, hospitals, etc. small rural roads and prrovinciaal Road drains, supply instruments for the 2390 peole from Sendenterization and road rehabilitation, Sanitation in Rural Improvement of Enviroment Road No 25No 662 Improvement of prrovinciaal Road No 668 Improvement of prrovinciaal Road communes in targetNo 669 Improvement of prrovinciaal Road No 670 Improvement of prrovinciaal Road No 675 fifth grade asphalted Ministry districts Yang fourth grade asphalted Department road on mountain province and Resettlement Infrastructure in Commune with Extrene Difficulties road rehabilitation, school renovation, etc. which: Dac Kon Rong,Pne, Dong, Kon Pne (C); So Pai (C); drinking water supply: So Pai communes Dong (C) 12 systems, small Sedentarization Plan, Program, Project 2 Program on wells construction, Mountainous districts Kbang (C,B), Construct wells, infrant MARD, gov't 3 and Cleaned Water Supply Water 5 Pleiku City Rehabilitation and Road Rehabilitation 1997 Pa Kong Chro-Ayun Outside 2005 Outside x x x 68,720 11450 Transportation MARD ADB 2001 2005 1999 x 2005 1,487 x 3,400 565 4 Upgrade national Road rehabilitation It's not going across the Outside6 Rehabilitation and Road Rehabilitation Length: km, 112 the 7 Pa district Ayun Rehabilitation and Transportation Road Rehabilitation8 WB An Khe-Kbang districts Rehabilitation and Outside govt plan Road Rehabilitation9 2000 Chu Pah-Mang Rehabilitation and 2010 Road Rehabilitation Outside Chu Se Chu Prong x Outside Length: 46 km, the Transportation Transportation Transportation ADB WB WB Plan of 2001 2005 Transportation 1996 2001 x 2005 WB 2005 x x 2001 1,667 2005 3,300 x 275 1640 800 1 Construction wells construction, Poorest Coomunes of Dak Rong (C); Construction: Primary MARD 10 District Roads Road Rehabilitation 28 roads to centre of One in core Length: 30 km, the Transportation WB plan of 2001 2005 x 3,800 Category Name of Strategy, Main InterventionArea Target Core, Corridor, Quantity, GOV Donor/ Project/ I Infrastructure,

110 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape Financial Detail (US$ 000) Loan Grant GOV Total to Date Program, Program, etc. Life of Project, Decision No Year Year and Agency MARD several 661 Technology Department Environment in our target plants in target area Dong, So Pai(core) Dong: 582 ha, So Pai: 138 ha MARD 202/TTg 1999 2010 x 8,400 All communesin target (C, B) 36,400 ha in our targetDong, So Pai MARD 500,000* ha in our Core and MARDborder 202/TTg 1999 2010 202/TTg 1999 MARD, 2010 gov and province x 221/1999/ 4,000 1998 QD/TTg x 3,310 x x 28,000 Border, OutsideBorder, Quality Implementing NGOs Program or Start End Expended and other (core) communes district Core MARD, gov 2000 2004 x 1,239 Kbang, An Khe, Kbang, Chu Par Yang, Mang (60,000 ha) in target (C, B) 2002-2010: 6000ha and province in Dak Troi Yang Mang District. Ha Tam, An An Khe in Cuu Mang Yang Mang Chu Par Yang, Mang districte (40,000ha) An Khe, Kbang, Chu Par Yang, Mang districts (60,000ha) An Khe, Kbang, districts (60,000ha)An Khe, Kbang, borderDistricts communesKbang and province District (On the following item) vaccination, construction/ infrastructure Kon Ar, Chieng De Crop production, industrial crop promotion, seed production, livestock breeding, Afforestation, Afforestation, reforestation, natural regeneration, forest protection, seedling production, protected Material afforestation mountainous districtsfor the MDF factory Border 1999-2000: 603 ha, MARD AFD Plan of 2001-2010: No more 2000 2001 province 580 area management, etc. Conservation districts (910,000 ha) rihabilitation of irrigation installation, etc. Plan, Program, Project Program Area: Kon Ka Kinh conservationCommunity-Based Watershed reforestation, naturalRehabilitation& Mgmt Lo Ku, Dong,ToTung regeneration, forest protection, road in Kbang District Hra, Kon dong, Ayun, rehabilitation, social Lo Pang, Kon Thup, (41,710 Province ha) and province Holland Production, Production, Irrigation Conservation Pleiku City Management and Biodiversity MaterialWooden material Program Project in Gia Lai Natural Resources & Envi-protection resourses border Area Raw Material Development for the MDF Manufactory Science, Five Million Hectare Rubber Planting Promotion 11 Supply for Water Supply Water Pleiku City Outside Industrial WB 1996 x x x 7,000 13 Forest enrichment Forestry conservation 12 Afforestation Forestry Development Mountainous districts All communes 1999-2001: 1825ha MARD, gov 661 199920 2010 Forestry Sector and Afforestation, "Krong, So Pai, x 20,000 MARD ADB/ 1515 1997 2003 40,000 14 Forest Protection15 Forestry conservation Forest Conservation Forestry Development 17 Forestation Project for Afforestation for 18 Rational Use of Forest and Water 19 Natural Conservation Whole Province Biodiversity Core and 21 Ministry of 2001 2005 x 330 16Allocation Forest land Forestry Development Mountainous Core and 27,000* ha in our MARD, gov 2001 201022 Reclaimation & Industrial Crop x Whole Province 22,640 Border MARD 1999 2010 x 3,310 550 Category Name of Strategy, Main InterventionArea Target Core, Corridor, Quantity, GOV Donor/ Project/ III Agriculture, Livestock II Biodiversity Forestry,

111 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape Financial Detail (US$ 000) Loan Grant GOV Total to Date Program, Program, etc. Life of Project, Decision No Year Year province France Newzeland x 900 Agency Education Education Training and Training Training and Training in our target target communescommunes of raw material / year and Sfos in dis. commune Outside Irrigation 80 ha DARD 2006 2010 x 83 district Dac Dwe and Border 2010: 5,750* To ha MARD FDI- 1997 2010 x 2,300 Kbang An Khe area: 70,000ha) rubber in target Kon Rong Gia Lai Chro dis., Yang Mang Duc Co dis. Chu Prong dis.Yunba Ya in and investment to institutions Masterplans, infrastructure, zoning provision, training Promotion Construction, equipment Training and Training support Amidon Processing adjacent district in our communes Thailand Project development Dong Nai, Dak Lak, of our target QD-TTg Factory (total material 2001-2010: 4,500 ha and Sfos Development Strengthning Handicrafts Factory Factory France Sugar Factory Hydro-electricCareActivities districtYang Mang and training equipment -Japan & Caring ProjectKon Rong Dam Promotion in ProjectProject equipment Care Support Nam in Krong Yang outside districts outside of Health Care France Heath Care Support Project Krieng in Ya dis.. of Plaanning Community Health equipment provision of Heath Care for Production In Chu Pah dis. Australia Plan, Program, Project Outside Border, Quality Implementing NGOs Program or Start End Expended 28 Cotton Development Agriculture Tau, Ba Ria-Vung 30 Outside An Khe plywwood production Wood Material area in outside An Khe township32 MARD Joint-venture Cassava Cassava processing AFD 168/1999/ 1998 54,000 m3 Total of 2004 MARD province 1999 8,600 2010 x 24,000 6667 31 Rubber Processing Rubber production Pleiku town Border 2000 year: 2,700* ha, MARD province 1999 x x 4,800 27 Landused Project Agriculture Landuse Whole Province Border Have not project MARD 33 Joint-venture with Sugar processing Ayunpa36 and Training Education and Training Outside Whole Province MARD FDI- Ministry of 1996 x 2001 2010 x 18,667 x 29,600 29 An Khe Sugar Factory Sugar cane An Khe township 2500* ha sugar cane in MARD Budget 1999 2010 x x 10,000 1333 25 Construction: Irrigation 37 Elementary Education and Training 38 Leprosy Patient Support Health Whole Province Hneng in Dac Doa dis.40 Border and Community Heath Health and Krong pa AyunBa Border and Department Ministry of AFRF- WB Ministry of Holland 1998 x 2004 x x 245 700 100 39 Leprosy Patient Health Bo Ngong in Chu Se Outside Department Norway 1997 x 166 23 Coffee Plantation Industrial Crop Whole Province MARD 1999 2010 x 49,500 8250 35 Programme on Construction, Whole Province Ministry 2001 2005 x 200 24 Cashew Nut Planting Industrial Crop Whole Province Outside MARD 1999 2010 x 26,650 4450 34 Small Scale use Water commune, Trang Border MARD NGO x 2,500 26 Loan Program Woman Hoa Phu comm. Outside MARD Caritas 1998 x 7 V Tourism, Industry, Category Name of Strategy, Main InterventionArea Target Core, Corridor, Quantity, GOV Donor/ Project/ VI Health, Education IV Institutional

112 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape Financial Detail (US$ 000) Loan Grant GOV Total to Date Program, Program, etc. Life of Project, Decision No Year Year Agency MoLISA Several 135 1998 2005 credit, supply seed, instrument for production, plus items: 1, 2, 4, 10, 12, 14,16, 22, 23, 24 Border people, price subsidy, Border, OutsideBorder, Quality Implementing NGOs Program or Start End Expended 1715 poorest communes The same 1 Development of Socio-Economic Poorest Poorest Communes Plan, Program, Project 41 42 Hunger Eradication The poor households In the poor communes Core and train cadres: To 115* Several 137 1998 2005 Note: * apporoximate data Category Name of Strategy, Main InterventionVII Other Sector Area Target Core, Corridor, Quantity, GOV Donor/ Project/

113 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

114 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

ANNEX VIII: REPORT SERIES OF THE CENTRALTRUONG SON INITIATIVE

Towards a Biodiversity Vision for the Forests of the Lower Mekong Ecoregion Complex Compiled by: Michael C. Baltzer, Nguyen Thi Dao, and Robert G. Shore a) Main Report This report, commonly termed "the biovision", details the biodiversity of the Forests of the Lower Mekong Ecoregion Complex (FLMEC). The FLMEC is an amalgamation of four ecoregions - one of which is the Greater Truong Son. This report is responsible for the delineation of the Greater Truong Son Ecoregion. Within the report is a description of the ecoregion, its biological features of importance, and the threats faced by the ecoregion. The report goes further by identifying and ranking conservation priorities within the Greater Truong Son, with the ultimate goal of ensuring the conservation of all biodiversity of the ecoregion for future generations b) Technical Annex The Technical Annex is the second document in the "biovision" series. This report expands on the information provided in the main report by providing more detailed information about each area identified as a conservation priority (termed a "priority landscape"). In addition, the Technical Annex contains condensed versions of the scientific desk studies on the birds, mammals, vegetation and fish of the entire FLMEC.

Socio-economic Scoping Report for the Forests of the Lower Mekong Ecoregion Complex Compiled by: John Baker, Bruce McKenney and Jack Hurd

To compliment the large scale biological assessment conducted for the FLMEC, a socio- economic scoping study was also conducted.

This "situational analysis" is less detailed than the biological assessment, with the intention of providing only essential background information about the main threats to biodiversity and the underlying and exacerbating socio-economic factors. In conclusion, goals and recommendations for improving biodiversity conservation are outlined.

1. A Biological Assessment of the Central Truong Son Landscape Compiled by: Andrew W. Tordoff, Robert J. Timmins, Robert J. Smith and Mai Ky Vinh

Biodiversity Advisory Group: Nguyen Xuan Dang (IEBR); Jack Tordoff (Birdlife International); Le Trong Trai (FIPI); Le Xuan Canh (IEBR); Nguyen Cu (IEBR/Birdlife International); Nguyen Tien Hiep (IEBR); Nguyen Kim Son (IEBR); Vu Van Dung (FIPI); Do Tuoc (FIPI); Pham Mong Giao (FPD); Tran Quoc Bao (FPD); Pham Nhat (Xuan Mai Forestry College); Phan Ke Loc (Hanoi University); Nguyen Van Sang (IEBR); Nguyen Huu Duc (Hanoi Pedagogical University); Rob Shore (WWF Indochina); Alexander Monastyrski (VRTC); Andrey N. Kouznetsov (VRTC).

115 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

This is the first report produced under the Central Truong Son Initiative. Covering one of the Greater Truong Son most critical priority landscapes, A Biological Assessment of the Central Truong Son Landscape follows a similar process to the "biovision" report for the Forests of the Lower Mekong Ecoregion Complex (FLMEC).

This report details the biological importance and status of the Central Truong Son priority landscape, and identifies threats to the region. Furthermore, the report outlines conservation priorities for the region and develops broad targets for each of these priorities. Subsequent Geographical Information Systems (GIS) analyses aid in defining a "conservation landscape" for the Central Truong Son Landscape.

2. Socio-economic Issues in the Central Truong Son Landscape Compiled by: Nguyen Lam Thanh

This report provides an extensive overview of the socio-economic situation and issues found within the Vietnamese portion of the Central Truong Son priority landscape.

The report contains a great deal of "benchmark data" that is essential to planning for successful conservation and development efforts. This information highlights clear differences between provinces within the priority landscape, and to a lesser extent within individual provinces. Due to the diverse nature of the region, resulting from vast geographical, climatic and cultural differences, the benchmark data is needed to tailor conservation efforts to each area.

3. An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape Compiled by: Aylette Villemain, Herbert Christ, Nguyen Thanh Hai, Tran Kim Long, Bach Tan Sinh and Do Duc Tho

The Central Truong Son Initiative aims to combine successful biodiversity conservation with sustainable development. In order to achieve a balanced result, it is essential that existing and planned development initiatives are identified and integrated into conservation strategies.

This report focuses on the provinces located within the Vietnamese portion of the Central Truong Son priority landscape. Planned and existing development initiatives, such as road construction and poverty alleviation projects, are detailed in the report and the potential effects on conservation are commented upon.

4. Existing Land-use Management in the Central Truong Son Landscape Compiled by: Tran An Phong

Research Team: Tran An Phong, Dao Van Can, Ta Hoa Binh vµ Nguyen Xuan Phuong

Within Vietnam, extensive work has been carried out in designating land-use management practices. This report attempts to pool the often confusing and scattered information into one cohesive map of existing land-use management practices in the Central Truong Son Landscape.

116 An Assessment of Development Initiatives in the Central Truong Son Landscape

The main outputs of the study are detailed Geographical Information System (GIS) data and maps; they may be combined with additional data for further analyses. However, a brief accompanying report provides some explanation of land-use management within the Central Truong Son Landscape.

5. People, Land and Resources in the Central Truong Son Landscape Compiled by: Huynh Thu Ba

Research Team: Huynh Thu Ba; Le Cong Uan; Vuong Duy Quang; Pham Ngoc Mau; Nguyen Ngoc Lung; Nguyen Quoc Dung

In addition to extensive biological and situational data, an understanding of how local communities utilize and interact with their environment is essential to developing effective and integrated conservation strategies.

This report aims to develop a more detailed understanding of the current issues related to people, land and resources - in particular Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM). The study focuses on two pilot sites within the Central Truong Son Landscape, where extensive fieldwork was conducted. Detailed comparisons both within and between the sites are made and key recomendations are listed.

6. Tourism potential of the Central Truong Son Landscape Compiled by:Hoang Phuong Thao

Tourism within the region is a rapidly expanding sector. If developed properly, this could provide significant financial benefits to the inhabitants of the Greater Truong Son.

This report investigates existing tourist attractions and facilities with a view towards their potential enhancement. The study also examines the potential of developing additional tourism infrastructure, investigating the full range of possibilites (including ecotourism), as all tourism has the potential to either benefit or harm conservation in a direct or indirect manner.

7. Hunting and Collecting Practices in the Central Truong Son Landscape Compiled by: Le Trong Trai, Dang Thang Long, Phan Thanh Ha and Le Ngoc Tuan

Phong Dien Nature Reserve (Thua Thien Hue Province) is a critical part of the Central Truong Son conservation landscape as it protects one of the last remnants of lowland forest and is home to important species such as Saola and Edward's pheasant.

This study builds on existing data collected from Phong Dien, and expands the scope to include seven villages. The study investigated which natural resources are used in the area, where they are collected from and their value in financial and cultural terms. The analyzed information points out a local dependence on natural resources.

117 WWF embarked on Ecoregion-Based Conservation in 1998 in response to concerns about the increasing pace of biodiversity loss and the need to increase the scale and integration of global conservation efforts. Thinking and acting across large scales (such as ecosystems, bioregions, or - in WWF's case - ecoregions) can better address both the need to conserve viable species populations and ecosystem processes, and the need to integrate conservation and human development.

Ecoregion conservation begins with the "Global 200" ecoregions - 238 large, biologically-defined regions identified as representing the highest priorities for conservation across all the Earth's major habitat types. The Forests of the Lower Mekong is a complex of four diverse and threatened ecoregions, three of which are listed as Global 200 ecoregions. Established in 1999, the Ecoregion Action Program (EAP) in the Forests of the Lower Mekong is currently working to conserve the beautiful and endangered biodiversity of two of these ecoregions - the Greater Truong Son and the Central Indochina Dry Forests.

The Greater Truong Son ecoregion comprises some of the world's most unique and threatened wildlife - from it's charismatic endemic species such as the stunning Douc langur and the remarkable saola, to some of the world's most endangered and evocative species like the Asian elephant, tiger and Javan rhinoceros. The future of these, and many other species is dependant on successful, long-term conservation of the ecoregion as a whole that must be undertaken immediately, before they are lost forever. EAP in the Greater Truong Son aims to conserve this ecoregion through:

Mobilising conservation throughout the entire Greater Truong Son ecoregion Protecting key sites and species through integrated conservation and development activities in priority landscapes Promoting a supportive policy environment for conservation and sustainable development Laying the foundations for lasting conservation

The Central Truong Son Initiative is a pilot initiative being developed by WWF's Greater Truong Son EAP in cooperation with the Governments of Vietnam and Lao P.D.R.. The aim of this fledgling initiative is to create partnership of a broad range of stakeholders - from local communities to government institutions and international organisations - working together to secure biodiversity conservation and sustainable development in the Central Truong Son Landscape. WWF is one of the world's largest and most experienced conservation organizations, with almost five million supporters and a global network active in more than 90 countries.

WWF's mission is to stop the degradation of the planet's natural environment and to build a future in which humans can live in harmony with nature, by:

Conserving the world's biological diversity Ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable Promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption

WWF produced the Central Truong Son Initiative Report Series with the cooperation and support of the FPD and USAID.

Vietnam's Forest Protection Department (FPD) is a government partner in the Central Truong Son Initiative.

The FPD, located under the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD), is responsible for providing technical advice and guidance in regard to Special Use Forests, and for wildlife management and law enforcement.

The United States Agency for International Development (USAID), in conjunction with WWF-US, has generously provided funds towards the Central Truong Son Initiative.

USAID, an independent federal government agency, is the principal U.S. agency to extend assistance to countries recovering from disaster, trying to escape poverty, and engaging in democratic reforms.

This publication was made possible through support provided by the Office of Environment, Bureau for Economic Growth, Agriculture, and Trade, U.S. Agency for International Development.