ENG THE ROOM CHINESE EXPORT PORCELAIN these that over 45 examples have been selected to be represented in the exhibition. LUÍSA VINHAIS, JORGE WELSH Alongside the first orders is also a small group of rare, contemporary objects made for the Islamic market, all showing Persian/Arabic inscriptions and one example of a Safavid bowl, a copy of its Chinese original. Shown next to each other, they are The production of Chinese porcelain made specifically for export started long before the emblematic of how inspiring and copied Chinese porcelain was worldwide. arrival of the Europeans to China, via the sea routes in the early 16th century. As early as the Han dynasty (206 BC– AD 220 ) its ceramics could already be found in Annam (present- THE TABLE (PAGES 9 –15) day Vietnam) and the Malay Archipelago. Other products were also being exported by Coinciding with the ever more increasing popularity of Chinese export porcelain in , land, along the Silk Road, which heralded the arrival of silk and other goods into Rome. the reconstruction of the kilns was taking place during the reign of the Kangxi During the (618 – 907) the export of porcelain expanded to other regions emperor (1662–1722) and driving a new and flourishing era in the manufacture and trade such as Japan, Persia, Mesopotamia, the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, India and of this product. The demand was such that some kilns started to manufacture exclusively Egypt. The markets grew steadily and by the Yuan dinasty (1279 –1368) missionaries export wares. By this time some of the production was based on European ceramics, and merchants from Europe, such as Marco Polo, were already traveling to China and in wooden and silver prototypes, in particular the more elaborate pieces made for the doing so taking their own products, techniques, customs, tastes and culture, thus having fashionable dinner services that were being ordered from late Kangxi period, but mostly their own influence on the production of porcelain. But it was during the Ming dinasty during the Qianlong period (1736 –1795). (1368 –1644) that the export market became increasingly important, initially with the Amongst the most desirable and spectacular shapes of tureens made for export appealing and blue during the 15th century, then quickly are those made in naturalistic forms representing animals, birds, Buddhas, fruit, and gathering momentum to become the first truly global commodity once the first Europeans vegetables. These were created from around the 1760s, for the amusement of guests started trading and commissioning porcelains to bring back to the West. dining in wealthy households and made for extraordinary table sets. Shapes included Chinese export porcelain is indeed a commodity, often made for a clearly utilitarian those of geese, quails, roosters, boar-heads, carps, ducks, crabs, ox-heads, sows, purpose. But it is also an art manifestation, made by talented ceramists and painters, dormice, tortoises, Buddhas and all manner of fruit and vegetable forms, most of which coveted and collected throughout the world. Its wide reach was not only relevant in are represented in this exhibition. The sources for these shapes were mostly Western economic terms, but also in securing a global presence for this artistic expression. ceramics that were produced across Europe by manufacturers such as Höchst and This exhibition brings together examples of porcelains made for different markets, Meissen in Germany and the Real Fábrica do Rato in Lisbon. religions, and social groups, illustrating how efficient the Chinese were in understanding the taste and demands of the market, and tailoring their production accordingly. THE PORCELAIN ROOMS (PAGES 15 –19) The first examples of Chinese porcelain being used in architectural contexts are thought FIRST ORDERS (PAGES 5–9) to date as early as the 13th century, when bowls and dishes were embedded in the “First orders” is a term usually attributed to the very first commissions of Chinese ornamental areas of houses, mosques and stone memorials in the Swahili coast, in porcelains by the Portuguese after their arrival in China in 1513, when explorer Jorge Eastern Africa. Later, shards were used to the same effect and, up to the 16th century, Alvarez reached by sea the south coast. In the early 16th century Portugal dominated the plates and dishes were also mortared into the ceilings of local palaces. By the 18th century, porcelain trade between China and Europe, being the first to order objects decorated sitting rooms of merchant’s mansions were not unlike some of the European “porcelain with western iconography, such as the Portuguese coat of arms, the armillary sphere (the rooms,” displaying plates and dishes on the walls. device of King D. Manuel I), the sacred IHS monogram (the first three letters in Greek of In Iran, where underglaze blue porcelain started arriving during the 15th century, Jesus Christ’s name: iota eta sigma), family armorials and those for religious orders, as the chini-khaneh (house of chinaware) saw its creation, in the Ardabil shrine, of one of well as a number of pieces with Portuguese inscriptions such as “ISTO MANDOU FAZER the most spectacular displays of Chinese porcelain ever accomplished, following Shah JORGE ALVRZ NA//A ERA DE 1552 REINA” (Jorge Alvarez ordered this to be made in the Abbas I 1611 gift of his collection of 1,162 pieces. era of 1552). During these early days, often described as the beginning of globalization, Chinese porcelain shards were also used in Portugal in impressive architectural the decoration and shape of these porcelains were still entirely Oriental in taste, with features called embrechados, such as those of the Chapel and gardens of the Paço dos the exception of the Western elements copied by the Chinese artists from drawings, Henriques in Alcáçovas, and Palácio Marquês da Fronteira in Lisbon. Later, similar use prints or even prototypes. Only in time, and gradually, did the commissions include the of plates and other shapes were found in the Mexican riscos, such as the fountain of the demand for European forms and decoration, culminating in the beginning of the 18th Casa de Don Isidro Fabela in Mexico City. century, when shapes became almost exclusively Western. Some of the most overwhelming “porcelain rooms” were those created from the early The group of “first orders” shown in this exhibition, arguably the most important, 17th century onwards in European palaces and aristocratic houses, incorporating Chinese rare and historically relevant pieces of Chinese porcelain commissioned by the porcelain with mirrors, lacquer panels and gilded carved wood. Extraordinary rooms were Europeans, is the largest number of early 16th to mid 17th century created all across Europe. Some of the most iconic still survive, such as the ceiling of the porcelains with European iconography ever shown together. Early Western orders are Santos Palace in Lisbon, created between 1664 and 1687 and the porcelain room at the extremely rare, with only around 150 having survived to the present day, and it is from Charlottenburg Palace in Berlin, built between 1695 and 1705.

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The exhibition “The Porcelain Room. Chinese Export Porcelain,” curated by Luísa Vinhais 1 2 3 4 5 and Jorge Welsh, is organized into three groupings: “The First Orders,” featuring the earliest pieces of porcelain commissioned by the Portuguese during the 16th and early 17th century; “The Table,” which explores the impact and exoticism of Chinese porcelain made for Western markets; and “The Porcelain Room,” an insight into the 6 7 8 9 10 used in the magnificent 17th and 18th-centuries room installations completed by a historical overview of Chinese export porcelain. Designed by Tom Postma Design, the exhibition scenography is composed of three spaces. The section “The First Orders” is displayed in the left-hand side room next to the exhibition entrance; “The Porcelain Room” section is built in the right-hand side room 11 12 13 14 to the exhibition exit; “The Table” comprises two vitrines set along both sides of the THE FIRST ORDERS 7 Dish with the arms of an Iberian kilns, Jiangxi Province, China corridor connecting the two rooms. family attributed to Cordero or Porcelain decorated in underglaze This guide includes the checklist of the exhibited porcelains together with drawings Cordeiro blue. RA Collection WALL A Ming dynasty, Wanli period * This cellar is one of the earliest of the exhibition walls and vitrines. All entries include a short caption and are marked 1 Bottle with the arms of the (1573 –1620), 1575 –1600, examples of Chinese porcelains Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi Province, with a distinctly European shape with progressive numbers, each of which is related to the corresponding visual graphic. Portuguese family Vilas-Boas e Faria or Vilas-Boas e Vaz China and function. Salt has been on Some of the most relevant pieces are accompanied by a text with additional historical Ming dynasty, Wanli period Porcelain decorated in underglaze European tables from at least (1573 –1620), 1590 –1610, blue. RA Collection the 5th century BC. Its historical and scientific information. These texts are pointed out by an asterisk. “The Porcelain importance is so great that it Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi Province, 8 Jar with the Pinto Pereira Guedes helped form the modern English China Pimentel coat-of-arms Room” section also showcases tableware sets which are composed of various elements. word “salary,” which has its root Porcelain decorated in underglaze Ming dynasty, Chongzhen period in the Latin sal, or salt, by way of Each set is described by a single caption and is here introduced by an image which blue. RA Collection (1628 –1644). Chinese Porcelain. salarium, meaning the amount of Collection Fundação Carmona e outlines its shape and decoration. 2 Bottle with the arms of the money allotted to a Roman soldier Costa Portuguese family Vilas-Boas e to buy salt. The market in which Faria or Vilas-Boas e Vaz 9 Ewer with the arms of D. Francisco these Chinese porcelain cellars Ming dynasty, Wanli period de Mascarenhas were to be sold has not yet been (1573 –1620), 1590 –1610, Ming dynasty, Tianqi period identified, although their faceted Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi Province, (1621 –1627), 1623 –1627, form suggests a Dutch, German, or China Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi Province, English metal model. Porcelain decorated in underglaze China As a costly condiment and a sign blue. RA Collection Porcelain decorated in underglaze of wealth, salt was placed at the center of the table, and until the 3 Dish with the Melo or Almeida blue. RA Collection 18th century it was common for coat-of-arms 10 Ewer with a western shape a single container to be shared Ming dynasty, Wanli period Ming dynasty, 1610 –1630, during a meal. Chinese porcelain (1573 –1620), c. 1580 –1600, China Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi Province, salt cellars of this shape would Porcelain. Collection of Museu do China have needed an additional shallow Caramulo. Donated by João Filipe Porcelain decorated in underglaze tray at the top, as the deep hollow da Silva Nascimento. FAL 235 blue. RA Collection would hold as much as one pound 4 Bottle with the arms of the 11 Two-handled cup (approximately 450 gr) of salt. kingdoms of Castile and León Ming dynasty, Jiajing period Salt cellars dating to the 16th Ming dynasty, 1590 –1630, (1522 –1566), 1541. century and likely made of Chinese Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi Province, Porcelain decorated in underglaze porcelain were recorded in the China blue. Naples, Museo delle 1548 inventory of the estate of Porcelain decorated in underglaze ceramiche “Duca di Martina,” Margarida Pegada of Elvas in blue. RA Collection Villa Floridiana Portugal, as “a porcelain salt cellar from India” which “looks like fine C 5 Ewer based on a Spanish silver F G 12 Ewer with Peixoto coat-of-arms porcelain,” as well as in the royal model China, Jiajing period (1522 –1566) inventory of King Philip II of Spain Ming dynasty, Chongzhen period Porcelain. Casa-Museu Medeiros (dead in 1598), among others. D THE FIRST THE PORCELAIN (1628 –1644), Jingdezhen kilns, e Almeida, Lisbon B THE TABLE H ORDERS ROOM Jiangxi Province, China E Porcelain decorated in underglaze 13 Dish with Matias de Albuquerque blue. RA Collection coat-of-arms Ming dynasty, Wanli period J I 6 Kraak porcelain bowl A (1573 –1620), c. 1577–1597, China Ming dynasty, Wanli period Porcelain. Museu Nacional de Arte (1573 –1620), c. 1590 –1600, China Antiga, Lisbon Porcelain. Leeds Museums and Galleries 14 Salt cellar with a European shape Ming dynasty, Wanli period (1573 –1620), c. 1600, Jingdezhen

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17 18,19 20, 21 22 23 24 25 15 16

40 39 27 28 29 30 33 26

35 36 37 38 31 32 41 34

WALL B 22 Ewer with quadrangular section is an invaluable contribution containing Arabic sayings by 32 Bottle with the IHS monogram 40 Bowl with the inscription “AVE body with Persian inscriptions to the dating of the first pieces the prophet Mohammed, each Ming dynasty, Jiajing period MARIA GRACIA PLENA,” 15 Bottle with elements of the Passion, Ming dynasty, Zhengde period commissioned specifically for the interspersed with floral motifs (1522 –1566), c. 1540, Jingdezhen the Portuguese Royal arms and the Death and Resurrection of Christ (1506 – 1521), China Portuguese market, reaffirming and medallions filled with Arabic kilns, Jiangxi Province, China armillary sphere Ming dynasty, 1620 –1644, Porcelain (with metal details). the opinion of those specialists inscription relating to glory, power Porcelain decorated in underglaze Ming dynasty, Jiajing period Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi Province, Collection Fundação Carmona e who claim that the oldest Sino- and absolution, all under a band blue. RA Collection (1522 –1566), 1540 –1550, with a six- China Costa Portuguese pieces date from around the rim painted with the character apocryphal reign mark of 33 Dish with the IHS monogram Porcelain decorated in underglaze the time of Emperor Zhengde, a following verse in Persian: Xuande on the base 23 Ewer with the armillary sphere of Ming dynasty, Zhengde period blue. RA Collection contemporary of King Manuel I. “What is lovers” nature? Making Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi Province, king Manuel I of Portugal (1506 –1521), c. 1520, Jingdezhen provisions for destruction, China 16 Jar with the instruments of Christ’s Ming dynasty, Zhengde mark 24 Bottle with the armillary sphere of kilns, Jiangxi Province, China / Clouding their hearts with the Porcelain decorated in underglaze Passion (Arma Christi) and molded and period (1506 –1521), c. 1520, King Manuel I of Portugal Porcelain decorated in underglaze vapors of a censer, / Laying their blue. RA Collection cherubs Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi Province, Ming dynasty, 1520 –1540, with a blue. RA Collection heads on a couch, in despair, The difficulty the Chinese Ming dynasty, 1610 –1630, China four-character apocryphal reign * / Bending their entire beautiful 34 Ewer with IHS monogram artisan had in reproducing the Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi Province, Porcelain decorated in underglaze mark of Xuande on the base, back.” Ming dynasty, Jiajing period design on this bowl denotes a China blue. RA Collection Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi Province, The arduousness of copying (1522 –1566), 1540 –1550, China lack of knowledge of Western Porcelain decorated in underglaze The armillary sphere, which China * foreign devices and lettering Porcelain (with silver details). conventions, especially in the blue. RA Collection is seen on this bottle, was the Porcelain decorated in underglaze is well visible on this censer. Collection Fundação Carmona representation of the arms and the personal device of King Manuel I blue. RA Collection 17 Ewer based on an Iberian silver Although this Chinese piece bears e Costa inscription. One example is the of Portugal (r. 1495 –1521). It was model 25 Dish with the armillary sphere and inscriptions in Arabic, it is possible word “GRACIA ,” where the letters granted to him when he was the 35 Jar Ming dynasty, Chongzhen period the Portuguese royal arms that it was not made for export, “G” and “R” are unrecognizable. Duke of Beja by his brother-in-law Transitional period (1620 –1683), (1628 –1644), Jingdezhen kilns, Ming dynasty, Zhengde period but for the numerous Muslim The five blue shields in the inverted and predecessor King John II. c. 1625–1650 Jiangxi Province, China (1506 –1521), c. 1520, Jingdezhen communities in China or Muslim Portuguese royal arms and the The original motif of the armillary Porcelain painted in underglaze Porcelain decorated in underglaze kilns, Jiangxi Province, China eunuchs who played an important armillary sphere, with an irregular sphere is usually flanked by a blue. Casa-Museu Anastácio blue. RA Collection Porcelain decorated in underglaze role at court and were in charge of arrangement of the parallels poorly-executed inscription “Spera Gonçalves, Lisbon blue. RA Collection imperial manufacturing. (Arctic and Antarctic polar circles, 18 Jar with molded cherubs in Deo et fac bonitatem” (Trust God 36 Jar with the emblem of the hermits tropics of Cancer and Capricorn Ming dynasty, 1610 –1630, and do Good Deeds). The sphere 26 Dish with the emblem of the 29 Bowl with Islamic inscriptions of Saint Augustine and the Equator) and the great Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi Province, has five parallel rings representing hermits of Saint Augustine Ming dynasty, 1610 –1635, Ming dynasty, Wanli period circles or meridians as well as the China the Equator, Tropics of Cancer and Ming dynasty, Wanli period Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi Province, (1573 –1620), 1575 –1600, Jingdezhen representation of the ecliptic with Porcelain decorated in underglaze Capricorn, Arctic and Antarctic. (1573 –1620), 1575 –1600, China kilns, Jiangxi Province, China illegible characters, are also badly blue. Courtesy JWWA (Jorge Welsh From 1504 onwards, Manuel Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi Province, Porcelain decorated in underglaze Porcelain decorated in underglaze represented. Works of Art) began to use the armillary sphere China blue and copper mounts. together with the Portuguese royal RA Collection blue. RA Collection 41 Dish with the armillary sphere and 19 Jar with molded cherubs Porcelain decorated in underglaze coat of arms, initiating a close blue. RA Collection the Portuguese Royal arms Ming dynasty, 1610 –1630, 30 Brush rest with Arabic inscriptions 37 Bottle with Persian inscriptions connection between these motifs. Ming dynasty, Zhengde period Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi Province, Ming dynasty, Zhengde mark and Ming dynasty, Wanli period Although it is not known who 27 Jar with the emblem of the hermits (1506 –1521), c. 1520, Jingdezhen China period (1506–1521), Jingdezhen (1573 –1620), Jingdezhen kilns, ordered ewers with the armillary of Saint Augustine kilns, Jiangxi Province, China Porcelain decorated in underglaze kilns, Jiangxi Province, China Jiangxi Province, China sphere like this example, it is most Ming dynasty, Wanli period Porcelain decorated in underglaze blue. Courtesy JWWA Porcelain decorated in underglaze Porcelain decorated in underglaze probable that they were intended (1573–1620), 1575–1600, Jingdezhen blue. RA Collection blue. RA Collection blue. RA Collection 20 Jar with molded cherubs for Manuel or a close supporter. kilns, Jiangxi Province, China Porcelain decorated in underglaze Ming dynasty, 1610 –1630, This king, who ascended the 31 Jug with Portuguese arms 38 Bowl with Persian inscriptions blue. RA Collection Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi Province, throne after the death of seven Ming dynasty, Jiajing period Ming dynasty, Wanli period (1573 –1620), Jingdezhen kilns, China successors in line before him, 28 Censer with a Persian verse and (1522–1566), c. 1520–1540, Chinese, Jiangxi Province, China Porcelain decorated in underglaze had to assert his position as king Arabic sayings by the prophet for the Portuguese market Porcelain decorated in underglaze blue. Courtesy JWWA at a court accustomed to dealing Mohammed Hard-past porcelain with cobalt with him as a duke. As such, he blue under transparent glaze blue. RA Collection 21 Jar with molded cherubs Ming dynasty, Zhengde period constructed his personal identity (Jingdezhen ware). Ming dynasty, 1610 –1630, (1506 –1521), Jingdezhen kilns, 39 Bowl with the inscription by unifying Portuguese heraldry The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Province, China “AVE MARIA GRACIA PLENA” and the traditional symbols of regal New York; Helena Woolworth China Porcelain decorated in underglaze Ming dynasty, Jiajing period power with his personal emblems McCann Collection. Purchase, Porcelain decorated in underglaze blue. RA Collection (1522 –1566), c. 1540 –1550, China and device, the armillary sphere. Winfield Foundation Gift, 1961 blue. Courtesy JWWA The exterior of this censer Porcelain. Casa-Museu Medeiros The Zhengde mark on this ewer * is decorated with three panels (61.196) e Almeida, Lisbon

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66 42 43 44 45 56 64 54 59 54 67 61 64 66 69

46 47 48 49 50 63 60 65 57 63 62 68 55 58 65 55 60 68

53 51 52

WALL C * Apothecary jars, bottles and 50 Bowl with the “Seven-Headed kilns, Jiangxi Province, China 58 Melon-shaped tureen with cover is a symbolism shared in Europe. pots were principally purchased Hydra” Design Porcelain decorated in underglaze , Qianlong period Tureens in the form of fruit and 42 Bottle with the inscription “Isto by apothecaries, who used them Ming dynasty, Wanli period blue. RA Collection (1736 –1795), China vegetables were very much in mandou fazer Jorge Álvares na era to store both wet and dry drugs, as (1573 –1620), 1600 –1619, decorated in overglaze fashion in Europe in the mid to late 52 Bowl with the inscription “EM de 1552” well as the ointments, conserves kilns, Jiangxi Province, China polychrome enamels. Collection 18th century. TEMPO DE PERO DE FARIA DE Ming dynasty, Jiajing period and other preparations they sold. Porcelain decorated in underglaze Ana Eliza and Paulo Setúbal The origin and exact dating of the 1541” (1522–1566), dated 1552, China However, they were also bought by blue. RA Collection “tobacco leaf” design have not yet Ming dynasty, Jiajing period 59 Peach-shaped tureen with cover Porcelain. Collection of Museu do chemists, doctors and surgeons. This bowl is decorated with been established, although it is * (1522 –1566), dated 1541, China and stand Caramulo. Donated by António de Apothecary bottles of this form a pseudo-armorial design which thought that the motif was probably Porcelain. Museu Regional de Beja. Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Carvalho e Silva. FAL 234 are rare, with the majority of includes a winged hydra with seven based on textile samples imported Beja – Portugal (1736 –1795), c. 1740, China 17th-century apothecary jars being heads. The history of the hydra is by the East India Companies. The 43 Apothecary jar with the inscription Porcelain decorated in overglaze modeled in cylindrical form with complex and has its roots in Greek 53 Kraakware charger with a seven- asymmetrical arrangement of this “V.PLVMBI.” enamels and gold. pinched-in waists and known as mythology. According to this, the headed hydra design suggests the influence of Ming dynasty, 1610 –1630, RA Collection Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi Province, albarellos. slaying of the Lernaean Hydra, 1590 –1620, Jingdezhen, China Western perspective, similar to the China The inscription “A-BORRAG” which guarded an entrance to the Porcelain. Peabody Essex Museum, 60 Pair of fruit-shaped tureens with asymmetry of the designs Porcelain decorated in underglaze stands for Aqua de Borago, thus Underworld near the lake of Lerna Salem, Massachusetts. Museum covers and a stand produced in Europe at the time. blue. RA Collection indicating that this particular in the Argolid, was the second Purchase, 1994, E84086 Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Despite its name, these stylized bottle was used to hold borage of Hercules’ twelve labors. The (1736 –1795), 1770 –1780, China leaves may not actually represent 44 Ewer with the decorative theme water. Borage, a plant native to many-headed hydra appeared Porcelain decorated in overglaze those of the tobacco plant, which known as the “Magic Fountain” the Mediterranean, has been earlier on a shell-inlay plaque THE TABLE famille rose enamels and gold. was unknown in Asia at the time, Ming dynasty, Jiajing period attributed with sudorific (flowers), dating to Sumeria’s Early Dynastic RA Collection but rather the tropical variegated- (1522 –1566), mid–16th century, diuretic (leaves and petioles) and period (c. 2800 – 2600 BC). A seven- WALL D leaf foliage of Southern Asia and Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi Province, emollient properties (cataplasms headed hydra is also found in the 61 Tureen with cover and plate the Pacific Ocean islands. They China of leaves). Distilled water was Book of Revelation, the final book 54 Pair of lotus bud-shaped tureens Qing dynasty, Tao Kuang period resemble the leaves of the anona or Porcelain decorated in underglaze also made from borage and of the New Testament, where it is with covers and stands (1821–1850), China custard apple, by which this pattern blue and silver mounts. RA Collection described as a pleasantly flavored described as “a great red dragon, Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Enameled Biscuit. Casa-Museu was known in the early 20th century. drink with limited medicinal uses, having seven heads and ten horns, (1736 –1795), 1770 –1789, China Anastácio Gonçalves, Lisbon 45 Bottle with the decorative theme 65 Pair of melon-shaped tureens with strongly recommended in cases of and seven crowns upon its heads.” Porcelain decorated in overglaze known as the “Magic Fountain” 62 Gourd-shaped tureen with cover covers and stands rheumatism. Apothecary jars and This hydra shows two human famille rose enamels and gold. Ming dynasty, Jiajing period Qing dynasty, Daoguang period Qing dynasty, Qianlong period bottles were made in a wide variety heads, one of a man and another RA Collection (1522 –1566), mid–16th century, (1821–1850), China (1736 –1795), 1750 –1760, China of forms and sizes appropriate of a woman, who may possibly Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi Province, 55 Pair of Pomegranate-shaped Porcelain with enameled Porcelain decorated in overglaze to their function. The form of the represent Adam and Eve after their China tureens with covers and stands decoration on the biscuit. polychrome enamels and gold. current example suggests that expulsion from Paradise. Porcelain decorated in underglaze Qing dynasty, Qianlong period RA Collection RA Collection it would have been used to hold The exact source of the winged blue. RA Collection (1736 –1795), China medicinal liquids, as opposed to hydra motif found on Chinese 63 Pair of melon-shaped tureens with 66 Pair of “Buddha’s hand” citron- Porcelain decorated in overglaze 46 Bottle with the Portuguese dry medicine; which is consistent porcelain and Safavid fritware is not covers and stands shaped tureens with covers famille rose enamels and gold. inscription “ISTO MANDOU FAZER with the bottle’s inscription. known. The format of the shield and Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Collection Ana Eliza and Paulo JORGE ALVRZ N/A ERA DE 1552 scroll bears the Latin motto Sapienti (1736 –1795), China (1736 –1795), 1750 –1760, China 48 Apothecary Jug with the inscription Setúbal REINA” nihil novum, which is an abbreviated Porcelain decorated in overglaze Porcelain decorated in overglaze “S.RHODOM.” Ming dynasty, Jiajing period version of a more complete motto, 56 Peach-shaped tureen with cover polychrome enamels and gold. green and yellow enamels and Qing dynasty, Shunzhi period (1522 –1566), dated 1552, Sapienti nihil novum, aut inopinatum, and stand Courtesy JWWA gold. RA Collection (1644–1661), 1650 –1660, Jingdezhen Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi Province, accidit, which means, “to the wise Qing dynasty, Qianlong period kilns, Jiangxi Province, China 64 “Tobacco leaf” pair of 67 Pair of chrysanthemum flower- China man nothing new or unexpected (1736 –1795), China Porcelain decorated in underglaze pomegranate-shaped tureens with shaped tureens with covers Porcelain decorated in underglaze happens.” The combination of Porcelain decorated in overglaze blue and silver mounts. RA Collection covers and stands Qing dynasty (1644 –1911), blue. RA Collection devices suggests that it was copied famille rose enamels and gold. Qing dynasty, Qianlong period 1735 –1745, China 49 Bowl (the design follows a Chinese from a Western armorial design. Collection Ana Eliza and Paulo 47 Bottle with the inscription (1736 –1795), China Porcelain decorated in overglaze porcelain original with Latin Setúbal “A-BORRAG” 51 Bowl with the Latin inscription Porcelain decorated in underglaze famille rose enamels and gold. inscription and European heraldic Ming dynasty, Wanli period “AVER A MARIA GRACIA PLENA 57 Tureen with cover and plate blue and overglaze famille rose RA Collection shield). Iran, 1630–1660 (1573 –1620), 1600 –1619, Jingdezhen DOMINUM” Qing dynasty, Tao Kuang period enamels. Collection Ana Eliza and The large size and shape of this Fritware, painted in underglaze * kilns, Jiangxi Province, China Ming dynasty, Jiajing period (1821–1850) Paulo Setúbal chrysanthemum-like pair of tureens blue and black. Victoria and Albert Porcelain decorated in underglaze (1522–1566), 1540 –1550, with a six- Enameled biscuit. Casa-Museu In Chinese art, the pomegranate is very unusual. Tureens in the form Museum, London * blue and metal mount. RA Collection character apocryphal reign mark Anastácio Gonçalves, Lisbon (anshiliu) represents fertility of leaves, peaches, aubergines, of Xuande on the base, Jingdezhen because of its many seeds, which

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91 98 101 102 107 85 89 87 91 104 78 93 90 106 83 96 67 70 77 98 88 104 73 75 75 81 104 78 88 92 104 70 96 95 103 83 97 88 87 108 89 80 84 88 104 69 72 86 92 76 82 104 104 71 74 93 82 84 86 88 80 94 100 71 73 104 104 79 90 88 99 104 97 105

pomegranates, melons, gourds and Porcelain decorated in underglaze 80 Pair of artichoke-shaped tureens Porcelain decorated in underglaze Porcelain decorated in overglaze Porcelain decorated in underglaze Buddha’s hand citrons are among blue and gold. Collection Ana Eliza with covers blue. Courtesy JWWA famille rose enamels. Courtesy blue; wooden handle. Courtesy a wide variety of Chinese porcelain and Paulo Setúbal Qing dynasty, Qianlong period JWWA JWWA 88 Six candlesticks plant-shaped tureens. This type (1736–1795), China 73 Pair of leaf-shaped tureens with Qing dynasty, Qianlong period 96 Pair of four-light candelabra 104 Set of ten ladles of vessel was probably used to Porcelain decorated in overglaze covers and stands (1736 –1795), China Qing dynasty, Yongzheng period Qing dynasty, Qianlong period contain jam, preserved or candied polychrome enamels. João Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Porcelain decorated in underglaze (1723 –1735), c. 1725 (1736 –1795), c. 1770, China fruit, sweets or confectioneries at Marques Pinto (1736 –1795), 1760 –1770, China blue and overglaze famille rose Porcelain decorated in overglaze Porcelain decorated in overglaze the dinner table. The playful nature Porcelain decorated in underglaze 81 Cabbage-shaped tureen enamels and gold. Courtesy JWWA polychrome enamels and gold. famille rose enamels and gold; of these tureens, as well as their blue and gold. RA Collection Qing dynasty, Qianlong period RA Collection wooden handles. RA Collection bright color palette, must have 89 Pair of candlesticks (1736–1795), China suited the dessert course. 74 Gourd-shaped tureen with cover Qing dynasty, Qianlong period 97 Pair of candlesticks 105 Ladle Porcelain A symbol of autumn, the Qing dynasty, Qianlong period (1736 –1795), China Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Casa-Museu Medeiros e Almeida, chrysanthemum is an important (1736–1795), c. 1760, China Porcelain decorated in overglaze (1736 –1795), China (1736 –1795), China Lisbon flower in China. It has been a Porcelain decorated in overglaze iron-red and gold. Courtesy JWWA Porcelain decorated in overglaze Porcelain decorated in overglaze popular motif in art since the Tang famille rose enamels and gold. 82 Pair of pomegranate-shaped famille rose enamels. Courtesy famille rose enamels and gold; 90 Pair of candlesticks dynasty, representing longevity and RA Collection tureens with covers and stands JWWA wooden handle. Courtesy JWWA Qing dynasty, Qianlong period health-giving properties. Qing dynasty, Qianlong period 75 Pair of leaf-shaped tureens with (1736 –1795), China 98 Pair of candlesticks 106 Ladle (1736–1795), China 68 Pair of leaf-shaped tureens with covers and stands Porcelain decorated in overglaze Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Porcelain decorated in underglaze covers and stands Qing dynasty, Qianlong period famille rose enamels and gold. (1736 –1795), China (1736 –1795), China blue, overglaze famille rose Qing dynasty, Qianlong period (1736 –1795), 1780 –1790, China Courtesy JWWA Porcelain decorated in overglaze Porcelain decorated in overglaze enamels and gold. Courtesy JWWA (1736 –1795), 1760 –1770, China Porcelain decorated in underglaze famille rose enamels and gold. famille rose enamels and gold; 91 Pair of candlesticks Porcelain decorated in overglaze blue. RA Collection 83 Pair of leaf-shaped tureens with Courtesy JWWA wooden handle. Courtesy JWWA Qing dynasty, Qianlong period famille rose enamels and gold. covers and stands 76 Pomegranate-shaped tureen with (1736 –1795), China 99 Candlestick 107 Ladle RA Collection Qing dynasty, Qianlong period cover and stand Porcelain decorated in overglaze Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Qing dynasty, Qianlong period (1736–1795), China 69 Pair of lotus-shaped tureens with Qing dynasty, Qianlong period famille rose enamels and gold. (1736 –1795), China (1736 –1795), China Porcelain decorated in underglaze covers and stands (1736 –1795), China Courtesy JWWA Porcelain decorated in overglaze Porcelain decorated in overglaze blue and gold. Collection Ana Eliza Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Porcelain decorated in overglaze famille rose enamels and gold. famille rose enamels and gold; and Paulo Setúbal 92 Pair of candlesticks with arms (1736 –1795), China famille rose enamels and gold. Courtesy JWWA wooden handle. Courtesy JWWA attributed to the English family Porcelain decorated in overglaze Collection Ana Eliza and Paulo 84 Pair of pomegranate-shaped Bonwick 100 Candlestick 108 Ladle polychrome enamels and gold. Setúbal tureens with covers and stands Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Private Collection Qing dynasty, Qianlong period 77 Leaf-shaped tureen with cover (1736 –1795), c. 1760, China (1736 –1795), China (1736 –1795), China (1736–1795), China 70 Pair of lotus-shaped tureens with and stand Porcelain decorated in overglaze Porcelain decorated in underglaze Porcelain decorated in overglaze Porcelain decorated in underglaze covers and stands Qing dynasty, Qianlong period famille rose enamels and gold. blue, overglaze famille rose famille rose enamels and gold; blue, overglaze enamels and gold. Qing dynasty, Qianlong period (1736 –1795), 1760 –1770, China Courtesy JWWA enamels and gold. Courtesy JWWA wooden handle. Courtesy JWWA Courtesy JWWA (1736 –1795), China Porcelain decorated in underglaze 93 Pair of candlesticks 101 Candlestick Porcelain decorated in overglaze blue and gold. RA Collection 85 Candlestick Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Qing dynasty, Qianlong period polychrome enamels and gold. Qing dynasty, first half of the 18th 78 Pair of melon-shaped tureens with (1736 –1795), China (1736 –1795), China Private Collection century, China covers and stands Porcelain decorated in overglaze Porcelain decorated in overglaze Porcelain decorated in underglaze 71 Pair of pomegranate-shaped Qing dynasty, Qianlong period famille rose enamels and gold. famille rose enamels and gold. blue, overglaze iron-red and gold, tureens with covers (1736–1795), 1760–1770, China Courtesy JWWA Courtesy JWWA in the so-called “Chinese imari.” Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Porcelain decorated in underglaze Courtesy JWWA 94 Candlestick 102 Candlestick (1736 –1795), China blue and gold. RA Collection Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Porcelain decorated in underglaze 86 Pair of candlesticks 79 “Buddha’s Hand” citron-shaped (1736 –1795), China (1736 –1795), China blue and overglaze famille rose Qing dynasty, Qianlong period tureen with cover and stand Porcelain decorated in overglaze Porcelain decorated in overglaze enamels and gold. Collection (1736–1795), China Qing dynasty, Qianlong period famille rose enamels and gold. famille rose enamels and gold. Ana Eliza and Paulo Setúbal Porcelain decorated in underglaze (1736 –1795), c. 1760, China Courtesy JWWA Courtesy JWWA blue. Courtesy JWWA 72 Peach-shaped tureen with cover Porcelain decorated in overglaze 95 Candlestick 103 Ladle and stand famille rose enamels and gold. 87 Pair of candlesticks Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Qing dynasty, Qianlong period RA Collection Qing dynasty, Qianlong period (1736 –1795), China (1736 –1795), China (1736 –1795), China (1736–1795), China

10 11 WALL E

109 144 143 118 129

131 139 140 109 116 135 120 123 127 141 117 133 137 114 117 125 129 138 121 132 141 130 138 124 134 115 122 139 126 128 145 110 142 112 113 130 111 119 146 112 128 136

WALL E polychrome enamels and gold. Porcelain decorated in overglaze (1736 –1795), 1760 –1770, China Qing dynasty, Qianlong period polychrome enamels. Ferreira Coleção Chaves Costa polychrome enamels and gold. Porcelain decorated in overglaze (1736 –1795), 1770 –1780, China dos Santos Collection 109 Two fish tureens with covers Private Collection polychrome enamels. Collection Porcelain decorated in overglaze 114 Fish tureen with cover and stand 141 Pair of rooster tureens with covers Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Ana Eliza and Paulo Setúbal famille rose enamels and gold. Qing dynasty, Qianlong period 122 Duck tureen with cover Qing dynasty, Qianlong period (1736 –1795), China RA Collection (1736 –1795), 1750 –1780, China Qing dynasty, Qianlong period 130 Two duck tureens (1736 –1795), China Porcelain. Casa-Museu Medeiros e Chinese porcelain tureens Porcelain decorated in overglaze (1736 –1795), China Qing dynasty, Qianlong period * Porcelain decorated in overglaze Almeida, Lisbon modeled in the shape of animals polychrome enamels and gold. Porcelain decorated in overglaze (1736 –1795), China polychrome enamels and gold. became fashionable export 110 Perch tureen with cover RA Collection polychrome enamels and gold. Porcelain. Casa-Museu Medeiros e Collection Ana Eliza and Paulo items in the 18th century, usually Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Courtesy JWWA Almeida, Lisbon Setúbal (1736 –1795), China 115 Fish tureen with cover and stand commissioned through private Porcelain decorated in overglaze Qing dynasty, Qianlong period 123 Goose tureen with cover 131 Goose tureen with cover trade. These tureens were 142 Spaniel tureen with cover polychrome enamels. Private (1736 –1795), China Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Qing dynasty, Qianlong period probably based on European Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Collection Porcelain decorated in overglaze (1736 –1795), China (1736 –1795), China models, which were made at Delft, (1736 –1795), c. 1760, China polychrome enamels and gold. Porcelain decorated in overglaze Porcelain decorated in overglaze Chelsea, Strasbourg, Höchst, Porcelain decorated in overglaze 111 Perch tureen with cover Collection Ana Eliza and Paulo famille rose enamels. Ferreira famille rose enamels and gold. Bayreuth and Marseilles, among polychrome enamels and gold. Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Setúbal dos Santos Collection Private Collection others. Known in large and small RA Collection (1736 –1795), China sizes, such tureens were a novel Porcelain decorated in overglaze 116 Carp tureen with cover 124 Quail tureen with cover 132 Duck tureen with cover addition to increasingly extensive 143 Rooster tureen with cover polychrome enamels. Private Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Qing dynasty, Qianlong period dinner services and could contain Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Collection (1736 –1795), 1750–1780, China (1736 –1795), 1760 –1770, China (1736 –1795), China different foods. The coat of arms (1736 –1795), China Porcelain decorated in overglaze Porcelain decorated in overglaze Porcelain decorated in overglaze on this tureen and stand belonged Porcelain decorated in overglaze 112 Pair of dragon carp tureens with polychrome enamels and gold. polychrome enamels. Private enamels and gold. Private to the Spanish merchant Pedro polychrome enamels and gold. covers and stands Private Collection Collection Collection Lamberto de Asteguieta, who Private Collection Qing dynasty, Qianlong period was born in Foronda (Álava) on (1736 –1795), 1750 –1770, China 117 Two carp tureens with covers 125 Quail tureen with cover 133 Goose tureen with cover 144 Rooster tureen with cover September 17, 1706. He lived in Porcelain decorated in overglaze Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Manila from at least 1742 and died iron-red enamel and gold and (1736 –1795), 1760 –1780, China (1736 –1795), 1760 –1770, China (1736 –1795), 1760 –1780, China (1736 –1795), China there without descendants on famille rose enamels. Porcelain decorated in overglaze Porcelain decorated in overglaze Porcelain decorated in overglaze Porcelain decorated in overglaze December 30, 1774. This tureen RA Collection polychrome enamels and gold. polychrome enamels and gold. famille rose enamels. RA Collection polychrome enamels and gold. and stand are part of an extensive Carps are frequently Meyportaf SL Private Collection Private Collection * 134 Duck tureen with cover service comprising 240 pieces, of represented in Chinese art, as they 118 Duck tureen with cover 126 Duck tureen with cover Qing dynasty, Qianlong period which survive at least five armorial 145 Crab tureen with cover and fixed have auspicious associations with Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Qing dynasty, Qianlong period (1736 –1795), China animal-shaped tureens, including stand achieving success and abundance (1736 –1795), China (1736 –1795), China Porcelain decorated in overglaze this cockerel, a goose, and a boar’s Qing dynasty, Qianlong period due to the Chinese word for carp Porcelain decorated in overglaze Porcelain decorated in overglaze polychrome enamels and gold. head, with their respective stands. (1736 –1795), c. 1770, China (li) being a homophone for “profit” polychrome enamels and gold. famille rose enamels and gold. Private Collection Porcelain decorated in overglaze or “benefit.” The symbolism of Private Collection – Lisbon Collection Ana Eliza and Paulo 138 Pair of duck tureens with covers famille rose enamels and gold. the “dragon carp” swimming in 135 Goose tureen with cover with the Setúbal and stands RA Collection choppy waters, as depicted on 119 Fish tureen with cover Spanish arms of Domingo Esteban Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Crab-shaped tureens similar these stands, derives from early Qing dynasty, Qianlong period 127 Duck tureen with cover and stand de Olza y Domezáin * (1736 –1795), 1750 –1760, China to the present are extremely rare, Chinese mythology about a carp (1736 –1795), China Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Porcelain decorated in overglaze with only a restricted number that transformed itself into a dragon Porcelain decorated in overglaze (1736 –1795), China (1736 –1795), China polychrome enamels. RA Collection of other examples known. It is on its journey upstream along the polychrome enamels and gold. Porcelain decorated in overglaze Porcelain decorated in overglaze possible that this type of tureen Yellow River by leaping the rapids at Private Collection polychrome enamels and gold. polychrome enamels and gold. 139 Pair of rooster tureens with covers was used as a butter-dish, as a Dragon’s Gate. In China, this story RA Collection José Luis Diaz Qing dynasty, Qianlong period 120 Duck tureen with cover reference was made in the 1783 often served as a metaphor for a (1736 –1795), China Qing dynasty, Qianlong period 128 Pair of quail tureens with covers 136 Duck tureen with cover inventory of the assets of Joaquim poor scholar, who might one day be Porcelain decorated in overglaze (1736 –1795), China Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Inácio da Cruz Sobral to tureens able to transform himself into a high- polychrome enamels and gold. Porcelain decorated in overglaze (1736 –1795), 1760 –1770, China (1736 –1795), China shaped like a heart, a pomegranate ranking official by working hard to Collection Ana Eliza and Paulo polychrome enamels and gold. Porcelain decorated in overglaze Porcelain decorated in overglaze and a crab, all with covers and pass the Imperial examinations. Setúbal Private Collection polychrome enamels and gold. polychrome enamels. Private stands, used for that purpose. 113 Fish tureen with cover RA Collection Collection (Portugal) 140 Rooster tureen with cover The high technical and decorative 121 Duck tureen with cover Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Qing dynasty, Qianlong period quality of this piece is tangible Qing dynasty, Qianlong period 129 Pair of quail tureens with covers 137 Rooster tureen with cover and (1736 –1795), China (1736 –1795), China proof of the excellence of the (1736 –1795), China Qing dynasty, Qianlong period stand with the Spanish arms of Porcelain decorated in overglaze Porcelain decorated in overglaze artistic skill of Chinese potters. Pedro Lamberto de Asteguieta

12 13 WALL E WALL F WALL G

170

166 171 172 155 150 156 147 167 173 153 160

149 174 175 154 160 149 162 168 152 164 157

148 151 154 161 159 163 158 165 148 151 165 169 176

146 Crab-shaped tureen and cover 154 Pair of hawk tureens with covers possibly produced for the Anglo- sows, dormice, tortoises and ducks THE PORCELAIN ROOM 172 Frog-shaped kendi Qing dinasty, Qianlong period Qing dynasty, Qianlong period colonial market. have been recorded, among other Ming dynasty, Wanli period (1736 –1795), c. 1770 (1736 –1795), 1750 –1770, China shapes. Some animal tureens also (1573 –1620), Jingdezhen kilns, 160 Pair of boar’s head tureens with Porcelain decorated in overglaze Porcelain decorated in overglaze had stands decorated with an image WALL F Jiangxi Province, China covers polychrome enamels and gold. famille rose enamels. RA Collection of the same animal as seen here. Porcelain decorated in underglaze Qing dynasty, Qianlong period 166 Pair of café-au-lait vases Private collection Usually commissioned through blue. RA Collection 155 Hawk tureen with cover (1736 –1795), 1760–1770, China Qing dynasty, Qianlong period private trade, these tureens 147 Ox’s head tureen with cover Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Porcelain decorated in overglaze (1736 –1795), China 173 Ewer and basin based on an became so popular in Europe that Qing dynasty, Qianlong period (1736 –1795), 1750 –1770, China polychrome enamels. Ferreira dos Porcelain decorated in overglaze Islamic metal model the Dutch (1736 –1795), 1760 –1770, China Porcelain decorated in overglaze Santos Collection famille rose enamels on a coffee- Qing dynasty, Kangxi period placed an order for them in decorated in overglaze famille rose enamels. Private brown ground. Private Collection (1662–1722), late 17th–early 161 Dormouse tureen with cover and in 1763. The Company records from polychrome enamels. Private Collection [one of the two vases in displayed 18th century, Jingdezhen kilns, fixed stand that year reveal that it ordered Collection on WALL J] Jiangxi Province, China 156 Hawk tureen with cover Qing dynasty, Qianlong period twenty-five boar’s head tureens Porcelain decorated in underglaze 148 Pair of tortoise tureens with covers Qing dynasty, Qianlong period (1736 –1795), China along with twenty-five goose- 167 Bottle with the instruments of the blue and silver mounts. Qing dynasty, Qianlong period (1736–1795), 1750 –1770, China Porcelain decorated in overglaze shaped tureens. In 1764, nineteen Passion of Christ and the biblical RA Collection (1736 –1795), second half of the 18th Porcelain decorated in overglaze famille rose enamels and gold. more boar’s head and goose scene of the circumcision of Jesus century, China famille rose enamels. Private RA Collection tureens were shipped. Interestingly, Edo period (1615–1868), 1670–1720, 174 Jar with the arms of Cardinal Porcelain decorated in dark brown Collection no other request was ever made by decorated in Holland in the late D. João Cosme da Cunha e Távora 162 Boar’s head tureen with cover and enamels on the biscuit. RA Collection the Company for this type of tureen, 1740s –1750s, Arita kilns, Kyushu, Qing dynasty, Kangxi period 157 Boar-head-shaped tureen and stand although private orders continued. Japan (1662–1722), Jingdezhen kilns, 149 Pair of deer ewers and covers serving dish Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Porcelain redecorated in overglaze Jiangxi Province, China Qing dynasty, Kangxi period Qing dynasty, Qianlong period (1736 –1795), China 165 Pair of sow tureens with covers polychrome enamels. RA Collection Porcelain decorated in underglaze (1662 –1722), China (1736–1795), China Porcelain decorated in overglaze Qing dynasty, late Qianlong powder blue, overglaze iron-red Porcelain decorated in famille verte Porcelain. Casa-Museu Medeiros polychrome enamels and gold. (1736 –1795) / early Jiaqing period 168 Helmet-shaped ewer and blue enamels, and gold. enamels on the biscuit. e Almeida, Lisbon Private Collection (1796 –1820), China Qing dynasty, Kangxi period RA Collection RA Collection Porcelain decorated in underglaze (1662–1722), China 158 Boar’s head tureen with cover 163 Dormouse tureen with cover and blue. RA Collection Porcelain decorated in underglaze 175 “The Abduction of Europa” coffee pot 150 Ox’s head tureen with cover Qing dynasty, Qianlong period fixed stand There is a small number of blue, overglaze iron-red and gold. Qing dynasty, Kangxi period Qing dynasty, Qianlong period (1736 –1795), 1780 –1790, China Qing dynasty, Qianlong period * porcelain animals decorated in Courtesy JWWA (1662–1722), c. 1710, Jingdezhen (1736 –1795), China Porcelain decorated in overglaze (1736 –1795), China underglaze blue with related kilns, Jiangxi Province, China Porcelain decorated in overglaze polychrome enamels. Porcelain decorated in overglaze 169 Triple-gourd vase scenes depicting crenelated city Porcelain decorated in underglaze famille rose enamels and gold. RA Collection famille rose enamels and gold. Qing dynasty, Kangxi period walls and gates over which are blue. Courtesy JWWA Meyportaf SL F. Hariri (1662–1722), early 18th century, 159 Elephant tureen with cover and inscriptions identifying specific Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi Province, 176 Armorial soldier vase 151 Pair of tortoise tureens with covers stand 164 Boar’s head tureen with cover and locations. The various inscriptions China Qing dynasty, beginning the 18th Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Qing dynasty, Qianlong period stand seen on the gates, pavilions and Porcelain decorated in underglaze century, China (1736 –1795), second half of the (1736 –1795), c. 1770, China Qing dynasty, Qianlong period banners depicted on each of these blue. RA Collection Porcelain painted blue and 18th century, China Porcelain decorated in overglaze (1736 –1795), China sow-shaped tureens refer to the city white and glazed. Museu de Porcelain decorated in dark brown polychrome enamels and gold. Porcelain decorated in overglaze of Nanchang, the capital of Jiangxi Artes Decorativas Portuguesas. enamels on the biscuit. Private F. Hariri polychrome enamels and gold. province in southeast China. Both WALL G Fundação Ricardo do Espírito Collection This tureen is among a small Collection Ana Eliza and Paulo the city and the Teng Wang Ge * 170 Elephant-shaped kendi Santo Silva, Lisboa number of similar pieces recorded Setúbal (Pavilion of Prince Teng) became 152 Ox’s head tureen with cover Ming dynasty, Wanli period in the form of recumbent elephants, Porcelain tureens in the form of famous after the early Tang dynasty Qing dynasty, Qianlong period * (1573–1620), Jingdezhen kilns, which were made for the export birds and animal heads became poet Wang Bo (AD 648 – 675) (1736 –1795), 1760 –1770, China Jiangxi Province, China market during the Qianlong period. particularly fashionable in the 1760s. wrote the classic Teng Wang Ge Porcelain decorated in overglaze Porcelain decorated in underglaze This form is most likely European Impressive centerpieces, these Xu (Preface to the Prince Teng’s polychrome enamels. Meyportaf SL blue. RA Collection in its origin; elephants were not tureens often accompanied table Pavilion), where he described a banquet in which guests were 153 Ox’s head tureen with cover and native to China and they were also services and were created for the 171 Squirrel-shaped kendi invited to present a written tribute to stand infrequently represented in the amusement of guests dining in Ming dynasty, Wanli period a newly appointed official. Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Chinese domestic arts. In the case wealthy households. Large tureens (1573–1620), Jingdezhen kilns, (1736 –1795), 1760 –1770, China of the present tureen and stand, are known in the form of fish, geese, Jiangxi Province, China Porcelain decorated in overglaze some scholars have suggested roosters, boar- and ox-heads. Porcelain decorated in underglaze polychrome enamels. RA Collection that it might reflect contemporary Smaller vegetable and sauce blue. RA Collection colonial interests in India, and was tureens in the shape of crabs, fish,

14 15 WALL H WALL I WALL J

178 177 166 189 190 191 179 180 178

192 193 194 195 196 198 181 182 183 184 185

187 186 199 188 197

(1662 –1722), 1700–1720, Jingdezhen It is uncertain, however, which WALL H means “cloth sack” and refers Ornaments in the shape of a WALL J kilns, Jiangxi Province, China individual member ordered * to the bag in which he carried all ship were made in precious metals 177 “Bacchus” mug Porcelain decorated in overglaze them, as there is no documental 198 “The Gate of Calais” vase his worldly possessions. Images in Europe from as early as the 13th Qing dynasty, Qianlong period polychrome enamels and gold. evidence available regarding Qing dynasty, Qianlong period of Budai were produced in China century. Known as nefs, these ship (1736 –1795), c. 1785, China Courtesy JWWA the commissioning of the pieces. (1736–1795), c. 1780, China for the domestic market and later models were intended as table Porcelain decorated in overglaze Porcelain bearing the Sampaio e Porcelain decorated in overglaze 184 Pair of chapel candlesticks with the became fashionable in the West. centerpieces and could be quite polychrome enamels and gold. Melo coat of arms is extremely rare famille rose enamels and gold. arms of the Sampaio e Melo family Images of Chinese people in seated elaborate in design. This Chinese RA Collection and forms the most outstanding RA Collection Qing dynasty, Kangxi period poses were referred to in Europe as porcelain ship was conceived as an and extravagant group of Chinese 178 Two “Neptune” mugs (1662 –1722), 1700 –1720, Jingdezhen pagods, meaning a religious idol, exotic, yet fanciful, hybrid design armorial porcelain ever made, due 199 Triple-gourd vase Qing dynasty, Qianlong period kilns, Jiangxi Province, China but their later detachment from the by the imagination of a potter, who to the large sizes of the pieces, the Qing dynasty, Kangxi period (1736 –1795), c. 1785, China; decorated in overglaze original meaning as Budai is noted used inspiration from both the East uniqueness and variety of shapes, (1662 –1722), 1700 –1720, Porcelain Factory, 1780–1785, polychrome enamels and gold. through the adoption of the French and the West. The Dutch figures many of which are not known in Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi Province, England RA Collection term magot, an ugly man. with black tricorn hats standing on any other service, and intricate China Porcelain decorated in overglaze the deck of the boat and the square- Porcelain decorated in overglaze 185 Armorial cutlery box decoration. In fact, no other service 192 Figure of a European polychrome enamels and gold. rigged sails indicate a Western famille verte enamels and gold. Qing dynasty, Kangxi period of this kind is known to have been Qing dynasty, early 18th century, Courtesy JWWA influence. The aftercastle in the RA Collection (1662 –1722), China made for any of the European Dehua kilns, Fujian Province, China shape of a , the hull with An extremely auspicious item in 179 “Neptune” Mug Porcelain, decorated with glazed markets. Over four different groups Blanc de Chine porcelain with * a shape that slightly resembles a China, gourds were in fact widely Qing dynasty, Qianlong period enamel under cobalt blue, green of pieces have been identified, carved and applied decoration. Chinese junk and the Asian figures reproduced in various media. The (1736 –1795), c. 1785, China and red and gold on the glazed. based on the diversity of decorative RA Collection on the bow evoke the Chinese popularity of this shape was based Porcelain decorated in overglaze Museu de Artes Decorativas elements. [see nos. 176, 180, 181, 193 Wine ewer modeled as a female connection. on its associations with Daoism, as polychrome enamels and gold. Portuguesas. Fundação Ricardo do 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 197 ] dancer The earliest recorded porcelain it was one of the attributes of the RA Collection Espírito Santo Silva, Lisboa Ming dynasty, Wanli period ship model copies a Chinese junk Immortal Li Tieguai, who carried 180 Armorial sugar caster 186 Jar with the arms of the Sampaio WALL I (1573 –1620), late 16th century, and is dated 1506. This piece the elixir of longevity in a gourd Qing dynasty, Kangxi period e Melo Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi Province, is now in the British Museum, vessel. Thus, the gourd itself came 189 Female figure (1662 –1722), China Qing dynasty, Kangxi period China London. Another porcelain model to symbolize longevity, as well as Qing dynasty, 1735 –1745, China Porcelain, decorated with glazed (1662 –1722), 1700 –1720, Jingdezhen Porcelain decorated in underglaze of a Chinese junk belonged to the abundance and good luck. Due to Porcelain decorated in overglaze enamel under cobalt blue, green kilns, Jiangxi Province, China blue, overglaze polychrome obsessive porcelain collector, the numerous seeds, the gourd is famille rose enamels. and red and gold on the glazed. Porcelain decorated in underglaze enamels and gold. RA Collection Augustus the Strong (1670 –1733), also a popular symbol of fertility. RA Collection Museu de Artes Decorativas blue, overglaze polychrome Elector of Saxony and King of Though this shape was traditionally 194 Model of a ship Portuguesas. Fundação Ricardo do enamels and gold. RA Collection Poland. It was described in the Chinese, porcelain gourd-shaped 190 “Toby” cistern Qing dynasty, Kangxi period Espírito Santo Silva, Lisboa 1779 inventory of his collection bottle vases were also produced Qing dynasty, Qianlong period (1662 –1722), Jingdezhen kilns, 187 Cooler with the arms of the and survives in the Staatliche for the export market, particularly 181 Pair of chapel candlesticks with the (1736 –1795), 1760–1780, China Jiangxi Province, China Sampaio e Melo family Kunstsammlungen Dresden. during the Kangxi period. The arms of the Sampaio e Melo family Porcelain decorated in overglaze Porcelain decorated in overglaze Qing dynasty, Kangxi period The present model of a boat present vase is part of a pair Qing dynasty, Kangxi period polychrome enamels and gold, famille verte enamels on the (1662 –1722), 1700 –1720, Jingdezhen decorated in famille rose enamels is and was almost certainly made (1662 –1722), 1700 –1720, Jingdezhen metal tap. Courtesy JWWA biscuit. RA Collection kilns, Jiangxi Province, China the only known example of its type. for export. A label affixed to it kilns, Jiangxi Province, China Porcelain decorated in underglaze 191 “Budai Heshang” tureen and stand 195 “Budai Heshang” tureen with the indicates that it was once part Porcelain decorated in underglaze blue, overglaze iron-red and green 197 Jar with the arms of the Sampaio e Qing dynasty, Qianlong period arms of Juana Antonia Bucareli y of the Collection of Edward T. blue, overglaze polychrome enamels and gold. RA Collection Melo family (1736 –1795), 1770 –1780, China Baeza Stotesbury (1849 –1938), one of the enamels and gold. RA Collection Porcelain decorated in overglaze Qing dynasty, Kangxi period 188 Jar with the arms of the Sampaio e Qing dynasty, Qianlong period wealthiest men in Philadelphia in famille rose enamels and gold. (1662 –1722), 1700–1720, 182 Bottle with the arms of the Sampaio Melo family (1736 –1795), c. 1785, China the early 20th century. Following RA Collection Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi Province, e Melo family Qing dynasty, Kangxi period Porcelain decorated in overglaze his marriage to his second wife, The shape of this tureen derives China Qing dynasty, Kangxi period (1662 –1722), 1700 –1720, Jingdezhen * famille rose enamels and gold. Lucretia Roberts Cromwell, in 1912, from figures of Budai Heshang, Porcelain decorated in overglaze (1662 –1722), 1700 –1720, Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi Province, China RA Collection the banker and financier built a one of the many forms in which famille verte enamels and gold. kilns, Jiangxi Province, China Porcelain decorated in underglaze grand estate named Whitemarsh Maitreya, the Buddha of the future, 196 Model of a Dutch ship RA Collection Porcelain decorated in underglaze blue, overglaze polychrome Hall as a wedding present. is depicted in China. Owing to Qing dynasty, Yongzheng blue, overglaze polychrome enamels and gold, bronze mounts. Completed in 1921, it was lavishly his smiling demeanor, he is often period (1723–1735), 1730 –1735, enamels and gold. RA Collection Courtesy JWWA decorated and this vase and its known as the “Laughing Buddha” Jingdezhen kilns, Jiangxi Province, The coat of arms shown on pair were displayed in the main 183 Bottle with the arms of the Sampaio * in the West. His physical attributes China these pieces has been attributed hall. e Melo family also influenced his common Porcelain decorated in overglaze to the Sampaio e Melo family. Qing dynasty, Kangxi period Chinese name, Budai, which literally famille rose enamels. RA Collection

16 17 PORCELAIN SETS

200 201 202 203 204 205 206 214 215 216 217 218 219 220

207 208 209 210 211 212 213 221 222 223 224 225 226

PORCELAIN SETS in the center a flower with green 212 Dinner service 217 Set of plates wares were ordered in hopes and yellow leaves. Courtesy JWWA Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Qing dynasty, Qianlong period that they would be more popular 200 “Double Peacock” dinner service (1736 –1795), China (1736 –1795), China with Westerners than the Chinese 205 “Adams” dinner service Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Porcelain decorated in underglaze Porcelain decorated in underglaze designs traditionally imported by Qing dynasty, Qianlong period (1736 –1795), China blue with a figure holding a seven– blue. Courtesy JWWA the trading company. Although (1736–1795), China Porcelain decorated in overglaze petal flower. Private Collection there are no recorded documents Porcelain decorated in overglaze 218 Dinner service famille rose enamels and gold. with the description of these famille rose enamels and gold; 213 Set of dishes Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Courtesy JWWA designs, it is generally believed in the center a flower with green Qing dynasty, Kangxi period (1736 –1795), China * By the mid–18th century, dinner that the scene seen here and leaves. Courtesy JWWA (1662 –1722), China Porcelain decorated in underglaze services became more elaborate known as “Dame au Parasol” and extensive, as more utensils Porcelain decorated in underglaze blue. Courtesy JWWA 206 Dinner service corresponds to the design were required to serve the meal blue. Courtesy JWWA Qing dynasty, Qianlong period 219 “Madame de Pompadour” dinner supplied in 1734, sent to Batavia in elegantly. Their increasing (1736 –1795), 1740–1760, China 214 Set of “Madame de Pompadour” service 1735, and from there delivered to popularity is thought to have Porcelain decorated in overglaze dishes Qing dynasty, Qianlong period China in 1736. The original drawing been related to the development famille rose enamels and gold. Qing dynasty, Qianlong period (1736 –1795), China of a plate decorated with a lady of more refined table manners Courtesy JWWA (1736 –1795), China Porcelain decorated in overglaze and servant under an elaborate in Europe at this time. Orders of Porcelain decorated in underglaze polychrome enamels and gold. parasol feeding three birds, within up to 500 – 600 pieces are known 207 Dinner service blue. Courtesy JWWA Courtesy JWWA a dense trellis and honeycomb- in the Qing dynasty, Qianlong period There has been much patterned rim, survives in the archives. Larger services might (1736 –1795), China * 220 Dinner service speculation as to the significance Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. include sauce boats, salts, butter Porcelain decorated in overglaze Qing dynasty, Qianlong period of the fish and eagle cartouches dishes, salad bowls and fish famille rose enamels and gold. (1736 –1795), China 224 Four café-au-lait plates depicted on this decorative design, platters, as well as wine coolers Courtesy JWWA Porcelain decorated in overglaze Qing dynasty, early to mid–18th which are the only indication of a and candlesticks. A smaller polychrome enamels and gold. century, China 208 Dinner service special commission. These pieces service of around 80 pieces might Courtesy JWWA Porcelain decorated in grisaille Qing dynasty, Qianlong period have traditionally been thought only include plates, dishes, meat and iron-red enamels on a coffee- (1736 –1795), China to have been made for Jeanne- 221 “Tobacco leaf” dinner service dishes and tureens. [see no. 215] brown ground. Courtesy JWWA Porcelain decorated in overglaze Antoinette de Poisson, marquise de Qing dynasty, Qianlong period 201 “Double Peacock” dinner service famille rose enamels and gold. Pompadour, also known as Madame (1736 –1795), China 225 Pair of café-au-lait plates Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Courtesy JWWA de Pompadour (1721–1764), who was Porcelain decorated in underglaze Qing dynasty, 1730 –1750, China (1736 –1795), China a courtesan and the official royal blue, overglaze famille rose Porcelain covered in brown glaze 209 Dinner service Porcelain decorated in overglaze mistress of King Louis XV of France enamels and gold. Courtesy JWWA with raised decoration painted in Qing dynasty, Qianlong period famille rose enamels and gold. (r. 1715 –1774) from 1745 to 1750. This overglaze famille rose enamels. (1736 –1795), China 222 “Tobacco leaf” dinner service Courtesy JWWA attribution is based on the fish and Courtesy JWWA Porcelain decorated in overglaze crowned eagle cartouches, which Qing dynasty, Qianlong period 226 Set of café-au-lait plates 202 Dinner service famille rose enamels and gold. have been related by some authors (1736 –1795), China Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Courtesy JWWA to her maiden name “Poisson” (fish Porcelain decorated in underglaze (1736–1795), China blue, overglaze famille rose (1736 –1795), China 210 Dinner service with the French in French) and to the symbol of the Porcelain decorated in overglaze enamels and gold. Courtesy JWWA Porcelain decorated in overglaze arms of Pierre-Marie de French king. There is, however, no famille rose enamels and gold. famille rose enamels on a coffee- La Villehunault Gesril documentary evidence that supports 223 “Dame au Parasol” dinner service Courtesy JWWA brown ground. Courtesy JWWA Qing dynasty, Qianlong period this attribution. Qing dynasty, Qianlong period 203 “Adams” dinner service (1736 –1795), c. 1778, China 215 Set of plates (1736 –1795), China Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Porcelain decorated in overglaze Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Porcelain decorated in underglaze (1736 –1795), China famille rose enamels and gold. (1736 –1795), China blue, overglaze iron-red and gold. Porcelain decorated in overglaze Courtesy JWWA Porcelain decorated in underglaze Courtesy JWWA famille rose enamels and gold; Between 1734 and 1738 the 211 Dinner service with the English blue with a figure holding a three– * in the center a flower with pink board of directors of the Dutch arms of Ingham petal flower. Courtesy JWWA leaves. Courtesy JWWA East India Company commissioned Qing dynasty, Qianlong period 216 Set of plates to Cornelis Pronk (1691–1759), 204 “Adams” dinner service (1736 –1795), 1740 –1755, China Qing dynasty, Qianlong period a painter in Amsterdam, four Qing dynasty, Qianlong period Porcelain decorated in overglaze (1736 –1795), China designs for porcelain sets that (1736 –1795), China famille rose enamels, bianco- Porcelain decorated in underglaze were to be manufactured in China. Porcelain decorated in overglaze sopra-bianco and gold. Courtesy blue. Courtesy JWWA These specially made patterns famille rose enamels and gold; JWWA for an extensive assortment of

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THE PORCELAIN ROOM TORRE SALA III 30.1.2020 – 10.01.2021