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Herbs for Horses

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Herbs for Horses Herbs for horses Photo: Pia Fors, 2009 By Maria Fors Svensk titel: Örter till hästar Handledare: Cecilia Müller Institutionen för husdjurens utfodring och vård Examinator: Peter Udén Husdjursvetenskap – Examensarbete 15hp Litteraturstudie SLU, Uppsala 2009 Herbs for horses Örter till hästar Av Maria Fors Handledare: Cecilia Müller Examinator: Peter Udén Nyckelord: Horses, herbs Detta arbete har genomförts inom ramen för kursen EX0553, Kandidatarbete i Husdjursvetenskap – C15. Kursen består i huvudsak av handledd litteraturgenomgång som leder fram till examensarbete inom ämnesområdet husdjursvetenskap. I kursen ingår undervisning i att söka och värdera vetenskaplig litteratur samt i muntlig och skriftlig presentation. Institutionen för husdjurens Examensarbete utfodring och vård 15 hp C-nivå Kurskod EX0553 Swedish University of Agricultural Science Uppsala 2009 Department of Animal Nutrition and Management 2 Abstract The aim of this study was to find out how many and which of the herbs used for horses that have been scientifically studied with results to justify the use. In order to find out which herbs that are commonly used by horse-owners a phone interview was performed where six companies selling herbs for horses was contacted and asked to provide information on the most sold herbs for horses in Sweden. Devil’s claw (Harpagophytum procumbens), chamomile (Matricaria recutita), dandelion (Taraxacum officinalis), nettle (Urtica dioica) and monk’s pepper (Vitex agnus-castus) where the most sold herbs, followed by marshmallow (Althaea officinalis), burdock (Arctium lappa), marigold (Calendula officinalis), purple coneflower (Echinacea angustifolia/purpurea), cleavers (Galium aparine), licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), rose hip (Rosa canina), thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and vervain (Verbena officinalis), in no particular order. Of the most used herbs, research with focus on the use for horses was found for purple coneflower, licorice, devil’s claw, monk’s pepper, rose hip, thyme, and vervain. These studies did not cover the whole range of traditional use for the mentioned herbs, and more studies are needed to be able to claim that these herbs have, or have not, scientific support for use in equine management. Sammanfattning Syftet med det här arbetet var att undersöka hur mycket vetenskapliga fakta det finns bakom användningen av örter till hästar. För att få en uppfattning om vilka örter och örtprodukter som är de mest sålda i Sverige utfördes telefonintervjuer med sex företag som säljer örter specifikt till hästar. Djävulsklo (Harpagophytum procumbens), kamomill (Matricaria recutita), maskros (Taraxacum officinalis), nässla (Urtica dioica) och munkpeppar (Vitex agnus-castus) var de mest sålda örterna, följda av läkemalva (Althaea officinalis), stor kardborre (Arctium lappa), ringblomma (Calendula officinalis), röd solhatt (Echinacea angustifolia/purpurea), snärjmåra (Galium aparine), lakritsrot (Glycyrrhiza glabra), nypon (Rosa canina), timjan (Thymus vulgaris) och järnört (Verbena officinalis), utan inbördes ordning. Studier gjorda på häst återfanns inte för alla de nämnda örterna och de studier som finns täcker inte alla aspekter av traditionell användning. Fler studier behöver göras för att man skall kunna påstå att det finns vetenskaplig bakgrund för användande eller förkastande av dessa örter till hästar. Introduction Herbs have a traditional use as medicines all around the world; even some animals, such as chimpanzees, have demonstrated use of herbs for medicinal purposes (Page, 1992). It has also been noticed that different primates, including humans, have the same preferences when selecting herbs for particular diseases (Huffman, 1998). Some of the earliest known books deal with the subject of medicinal herbs. The first known Materia Medica was written in ancient Greece by Dioscorides, and included 24 different books, where 500 different herbs with medical uses were described. The medicine developed in prehistoric China has largely survived by continuous use, and today it represents the most comprehensive clinical strategies for the use of herbal medicines (Mills & Bone, 2000). Today, herbal supplements comprise approximately 0,5 % of the global drug prescription for humans. Even though this sounds like a small percentage, the global market for herbal supplements was $5.6 billion in 2006. The market is predicted to grow to $6.1 billion by 2011 3 (Gray, 1996). This does not include all the herbs that are possible to grow on your own or collect from nature. In a survey done in the US in 1998, 70% of the horse-owners stated that they used some kind of supplement for their horse. Of these, 4.9 % were pure herbal supplements (United States Department of Agriculture, 1998). Williams & Lamprecht published a review paper in 2008 containing information on commonly fed herbs and other functional foods in equine nutrition. Herbs such as flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum), garlic (Allium sativum), ginger (Zingiber officinale), ginseng (Panax spp.), valerian (Valeriana spp.), devil’s claw (Harpagophytum procumbens), purple coneflower (Echinacea angustifolia/purpurea) and yucca (Yucca schidigera) were included. However, no corresponding paper exists for Swedish conditions. Herbs have played an important role in our history, and still attract many people. It is no wonder that horse owners like the idea to give herbs to their horses, but are there any evidence that herbs are useful for horses? Can we assume that the herbs we would use on our selves are beneficial for similar conditions in horses? This essay is an attempt to collect some of the scientific information about the use of herbs for horses. The herbs included in this essay were selected after performing a phone-interview with companies in Sweden selling herbs for horses, where the companies were asked to provide information on which herbs were most sold. These herbs have been included in the essay. Material and Methods To get an idea of which herbs are most popular among horse owners and horse keepers, a telephone interview was performed. Six companies selling herbs specifically for horses were selected on the Internet and the following questions were asked: 1. Which herbs/herb products are the most sold? If a blend; which herbs are included? 2. In which forms does your company sell herbs? 3. Is there any control of the active ingredients in the herbs? 4. Are you aware of any research done on herbs with horses as the main focus? Results Out of the six companies contacted, four answered the questions. Twenty-seven herbs were mentioned as parts of the most popular blends or as the most sold single herbs (Figure 1). 4 3 2 1 0 Popularity (tiems mentioned in survey) vulgaris Thymus recutita Apium glabra Solidago ulmaria virgaurea castus officinalis Matricaria Calendula officinalis Filipendula graveolens Glycyrrhiza Rosmarinus Urtica dioica Vitex angus- Allium Allium sativum Crataegus spp. Mentha piperita Papaver rhoeas Herbs Figure 1. The most sold herbs according to four companies selling herbs for horses (see appendix 1 for English and Swedish names of the herbs). 4 Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis), burdock (Arctium lappa), marigold (Calendula officinalis), purple coneflower, cleavers (Galium aparine), liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), devil’s claw, chamomile (Matricaria recutita), rose hip (Rosa canina), dandelion (Taraxacum officinalis), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), nettles (Urtica dioica), vervain (Verbena officinalis) and monk’s pepper (Vitex agnus-castus) were mentioned more than once by the companies. Among these, devil’s claw, chamomile, dandelion, nettle and monk’s pepper were mentioned more often than the others. 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 product 1 1 Number of companies Companies selling the 0 0 Dried Liquid Control done by the No control The different forms herbs were sold in manufacturer Figure 2. Four companies sold herbs in Figure 3. Two of the companies had control dried form and two of the companies also of active constituents in the herbs sold. sold herbs in liquid form. Most companies replied that most herbs were sold in dried form (figure 2); only devil’s claw seemed to be sold more as a liquid solution. Some blends where also available in liquid solution. On the question about control of active ingredients, two of the companies where not aware of any controls and two stated that there was control done by the manufacturers and that the products were approved by the rules of racing and the Fédération Equestre Internationale, FEI. Devil’s claw was specifically mentioned as a herb with controlled levels of harpagosides, with a minimum 1.2%. When the companies were asked about research done on herbs for horses, no one was able to give specific references to any research done on horses regarding herbs. Literature study Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis) Traditional internal uses in humans for marshmallow root are respiratory diseases involving the mucus membranes, kidney and urinary tract infections, and gastrointestinal irritations and inflammations. Topically it has been used on wounds, swellings and bruises. The leaves have been used internally for bronchitis, respiratory catarrh and different urinary problems and topically for abscesses, boils and ulcers. Demulcent and emollient actions1 are attributed to marshmallow. The active constituents in both the root and the leaves are acidic polysaccharides forming mucilage, but the concentration is higher in the root (Bone, 2003). No research seems to have been done on the use of marshmallow to horses, but research has been performed in
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