Church History Church History and and Religious Culture 99 (2019) 183–227 Religious Culture brill.com/chrc A Swarm of ‘Locusts’ Pro/Persecution and Toleration of Catholic Priests in Utrecht, 1620–1672 Genji Yasuhira Musashi University
[email protected] Abstract In the Protestant Dutch Republic, Catholic priests were represented as one of the dead- liest “enemies” in view of both their confessional doctrines and political inclination. Under pressure from the Reformed Church, numerous anti-Catholic edicts were issued for the prosecution of priests streaming like a swarm of “locusts” to the Utrecht city, the stronghold for Reformed and Catholic Churches alike in the Northern Netherlands. In theory, the policy of the political authorities barred priests from their pastoral duties to Catholics living in the city. In practice, however, the Utrecht magistracy publicly recognised, and non-publicly connived at, the presence of priests. Political practices of pro/persecution and toleration served to manage and regulate the precarious envi- ronment of confessional coexistence. In defying persecution and seeking toleration, Catholic priests tactically and discursively mobilised their civic status based on their and/or their families’ close relationship with, and contribution to, the civic community of Utrecht. Keywords persecution – toleration – coexistence – confessionalisation – Dutch Republic – early modern Catholicism – priest In 1655–1656 the Reformed synod of Utrecht demanded of the Provincial States of Utrecht that it immediately deny the “tolerance and connivance” (tole- rantie ende conniventien) being shown to Catholic priests. According to the official policy in place, any priests wishing to stay in Protestant Utrecht were to observe the existing anti-Catholic edicts prohibiting “conventicles or assem- © genji yasuhira, 2019 | doi:10.1163/18712428-09902004 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY 4.0Downloaded License.