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Regenerative Rainwater Harvesting Systems Summer 2016 Center for Sustainable Development Ethan Rohrer Rachel Warburton Regenerative Rainwater Harvesting Systems ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to acknowledge all the people who We would also like to thank Kasey Faust, Jason advised and assisted us with this project. First, the Sowell, Kate Catterall, Sarah Wu, and Markus staff of the Center for Sustainable Development, Hogue for serving as judges in the Kinsolving namely Sarah Wu and Allan Shearer. Sarah and cistern redesign competition. Allan helped us every step of the way with this project. From making new contacts to guidance on Finally, we would like to especially thank Markus how the project should be conducted, Sarah and Hogue for all his help throughout the project. Allan where always ready to give helpful insightful Markus was always available to meet with us and input. Also, we would like to thank our faculty whether it be to show us the University’s current advisor Jason Sowell for his guidance throughout and future rainwater harvesters, review simulation the project. results, or to help us analyze the University’s current water usage. He was an invaluable asset We would like to send our thanks to The University throughout the duration of the project. of Texas’s Office of Sustainability and Green Fee Committee, specifically Jim Walker and Karen Once again we would like to thank all of the Blaney. Without their help, we would not have been aforementioned people for their commitment and successful in producing findings that will affect the patience with us as we progressed throughout this planning of the University’s future projects. project to the final solution outlined in this report. We would like to thank the Master Planning Committee, especially Dean Frederick Steiner, for attending our final presentation and providing useful feedback that we were able to incorporate into this report. Thank you to the staff of the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower center, specifically Michael Abkowitz and Phillip Schulze. Their in-depth tour of the Center’s rainwater systems allowed us to better understand the practical considerations of installing new systems on to existing infrastructure. Thanks are due to Larrimie Gordon, Facility and Operations Coordinator for The University of Texas Athletics. He was able to provide us with insight on the current irrigation practices of the Athletics department along with tentative schedule and information regarding the construction of new facilities. 4 CONTENTS 9 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT 13 CHAPTER 2: IMPORTANCE OF RAINWATER HARVESTING 24 CHAPTER 3: AESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS 28 CHAPTER 4: FEASIBILITY STUDY 37 CHAPTER 5: PROPOSED & FUTURE BUILDINGS 44 CHAPTER 6: DESIGN PRECEDENTS 50 CHAPTER 7: PUBLIC OUTREACH 57 CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSION Executive Summary This report presents the findings from the Regenerative Rainwater Harvesting Systems Green Fee project. The project was developed to investigate The University of Texas at Austin’s current rainwater harvesting systems as well as the potential for any additional innovative and cost-effective systems on Campus. In addition to determining the feasibility of potential new systems, the team also sought to engage with the general public and relevant campus stakeholders to determine the practical considerations for new rainwater harvesters. This outreach included meeting with the Master Planning Committee, Facilities and Landscape Services, Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, as well as several others. The rainwater harvesters currently installed on campus make use of pitched roofs to collect and store rainwater in cisterns. This non-potable water can then be used to irrigate the surrounding landscapes which reduces the University’s dependence on the municipal water supply. As the University continues to grow in the drought prone climate of central Texas, the benefits of drought resistant technologies, such as rainwater harvesters, have become increasingly recognizable. In order to investigate potential locations for new rainwater harvesting systems on existing campus buildings, a rudimentary feasibility simulator was built by the project team using Microsoft Excel. Using this program, it was determined that the construction of rainwater harvesting systems on existing campus buildings are unlikely to yield a positive return on investment within the system’s projected lifetime. This is predominantly due the installation of dedicated irrigation water meters throughout campus. By using these meters, irrigation water is not subject to the city’s waste water disposal fee. With this reduced cost of water the initial installation cost of the system cannot be justified economically. More information on the development of this analysis can be found in companion paper Rainwater Harvester Feasibility Study: Technical Manual. Once it was determined that existing buildings were not economically justifiable, the team began to investigate the University’s athletic facilities. Using the same feasibility simulator as before, the University’s football, soccer, and baseball stadiums show potential for economically viable rainwater harvesting systems due to their lack of dedicated irrigation water meters and large collection and irrigation areas. Furthermore, the construction of new campus buildings also offer the potential for cost effective rainwater harvesters. This is due to the fact that during the construction of a new building, much of the expense to add a rainwater harvester can be considered a sunk cost. Therefore, it is suggested that rainwater harvesters be considered during the design phase of all new campus construction. By designing buildings with rainwater harvesters in mind, architects are able to optimize both the system’s collection and irrigation areas and thus the system’s performance. 8 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT The Regenerative Rainwater Harvesting Systems Green Fee evaluative standards, the project was Green Fee project was developed to investigate required to have publicity, education, and outreach the need for innovative and cost-effective water considerations as well as provide a mechanism for conservation practices within The University of evaluation and follow up after funding has been Texas at Austin campus. Central Texas’ diminishing dispersed (Green Fee Committee, 2015). water resources are becoming increasingly vulnerable by pipe and pump processes that move precipitation through grey infrastructure. PROJECT GOALS The implementation of regenerative rainwater The team met with a series of campus stakeholders harvesting systems could thus decrease the and organized a comprehensive feasibility study of amount of water piped in from municipal sources existing buildings and sites for potential cistern by capturing rainwater to use for irrigation. locations. Due to the findings from these studies, as The focus of this interdisciplinary, student led well as the conversations held with stakeholders, project, is to respond to the rising need for water the project goals were adjusted to better suit conservation by investigating the potential for the University’s needs. The original proposal fiscally sound systems that can be appropriately to highlight potential new catchment systems incorporated into the University’s building systems. on existing campus buildings was modified to The project began with the hiring of two Graduate focus more on future campus developments and Research Associates (GRAs) —Ethan Rohrer, a projects. This section will detail the original layout first-year Mechanical Engineering student at of the project, with brief explanations as to why the Cockrell School of Engineering, and Rachel some components of the layout have been altered Warburton, a second-year Landscape Architecture to better suit the needs of the University. student at the School of Architecture. In addition to the GRAs, Sarah Wu, Program Coordinator for the Center for Sustainable Development, served as the FEASIBILITY STUDY project administrator and Jason Sowell, Program Director for Landscape Architecture, served as the The team conducted a fiscal feasibility study to faculty advisor. determine five possible rainwater harvesting demonstration sites based on aesthetics considerations established in The University of GREEN FEE Texas at Austin’s Campus and Landscape Master PROGRAM Plans, capture capacity and construction costs, and short and long-term fiscal feasibility. This study The funding for this project came from the Green began with a roof analysis which distinguished Fee Committee, a student led task force which was pitched from flat roofs. Extra attention was given to established in 2011 to “solicit, review, and award campus buildings with pitched roofs because their funds for environmental service related projects external rainwater catchment system allows for on campus” (The University of Texas at Austin, easier integration with a rainwater harvester. here 2016). The Regenerative Rainwater Harvesting the GRAs were able to narrow down potential sites Systems project was awarded $60,000 for the and compile a list of the specs for buildings with yearlong project. In order to meet the general pitched roofs. 10 From here the GRAs were able to narrow down Strategy Benefits potential sites and compile a list of the specs for Bioswale Conveys water, improves buildings with pitched roofs. Building specifications water quality, slows flow included building style, square footage, and waste water disposal fee. Next, a feasibility simulator was