Of the American Museum of Natural History Was

THE PA ST PRESENT A ND FUTUR , E

OF TH E

A M E R I C A N M U S E U M O F

NA T U R A L H I S T O RY

4 8

H ISTO RY PLAN AND S OPE , C

OF T H E

AM ERICAN M USEUM O F NAT URAL H ISTO RY

HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN PRES ID ENT

PRELIM INA RY REPORT PRINTED FOR T HE

FORTY- FIRST A N NUA L M EETING OF T HE TRUSTEES F BR RY 1 4 1 1 0 E UA , 9

NEW Y ORK TH E I RV I NG PRESS 1 9 1 0

FOREWORD

O plan for the future it is well , ﬁrst , to review the past, to

w ork of Board Museum T follow the our , to see what the is ontains to of and what it c , think the present and coming

C TY O F NEW Y ORK I , and then to endeavor to be as large minded

- as the Fo UNDE Rs were forty one years ago .

T r here are no models in this country o abroad to follow . Let us make our own model and set our own standard of a public educational institution and home of science in every branch of nature . Th e plan outlined in this Report is not a crystal . It is a growing thing to be developed and improved under criticism and suggestion and with the advance of science and discovery . But it is well to have a for clear vision ahead the next two or three decades at least, so that everything which may be done now will ﬁnally ﬁt into its place as

a of part of continuous scheme , with an arrangement and sequence the whole designed to give as clear an impression to the public as is given in each of the single exhibits of the present time . In preparing the materials for this Report I have been assisted by

H . H Director, ermon C Bumpus, by the Assistant Secretary , George . f Th f Sherwood , and by members of the Scientiﬁc Staf . e basis o the

. r history is that prepared by Mr Louis P . G atacap some years ago .

It will be interesting to ﬁll out many details as time goes on .

HENRY FA RF ELD S BO N I I O R ,

Pr de esi nt. AMER CAN M S E M I U U ,

anuar 3 1 19 10 . J y ,

CONTENTS

PA G E O RIG IN O F T H E MUSEUM

STO RY O F T H E SE M I I . HI MU U

STO RY O F T H E EP RTMENTS I I I . HI D A

I V F N N C L A D M N ST R T ON . I A IA I I A I

FUTU RE O F T H E MUSEUM

O R IG I N O F T H E M US E UM

I ORIG IN O F MUS . THE EUM

UI AGA IZ O S SS , the great Swiss naturalist , came to this country 1 4 H in 8 8 on a call to arvard College , and his inﬂuence

- was immediate and far reaching . One of his best gifts was that of inspiring all who heard him with a love of natural

history . Among his many pupils at Cambridge was Albert S . Bick 186 1—65 more , who studied under him for four years ( ) and who 1 caught his enthusiasm . Coming to New York in 865 to arrange for E an exploring expedition into the Far ast , funds for which had been

E . provided by New ngland friends, Mr Bickmore made the acquaint E d of . 2 ance Mr William arle Dodge, , and broached to him his plan f for a great museum o natural history in the metropolis . Such a H museum had been projected by Agassiz for arvard College . 1865— 67 E After three years ( ) spent in the Dutch ast Indies, m China , Japan, and Siberia , Mr . Bick ore, on his way home , stopped in

of London where he showed Sir Richard Owen , Director the British

of H lans for Museum Natural istory , his p a natural history museum in New York , which had been maturing during his long journey in the f E . o ast Owen expressed general approval the plan , thereby greatly encouraging the young traveler . T his general conception of a very large and comprehensive museum , as developed through the action of the Trustees and the original

x . architects , Calvert Vau and J Wrey Moulder , together with the

of h fortunate selection the site of Man attan Square, resulted in the

l one - of bo d projection of the great American Museum building, third which is now completed .

On his return from London, Mr . Bickmore again called upon Mr .

too Dodge , who at that time was much occupied with other matters to give his personal attention to the new project , and therefore sent the

T . young man with a message to Mr . heodore Roosevelt , Sr , in whom [ 13 ] HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

the museum project found a strong friend and energetic supporter .

T . . . H hrough Mr Roosevelt and through Messrs William A aines ,

H . Benjamin Field , and Robert Colgate , a remarkable group of men was brought together which ultimately resulted in the establishment

T . H of the ﬁrst Board of rustees Mr . William A . aines was both a merchant and a student ; he had brought together a large collection of shells ; he had in conversation and in correspondence emphasized his

of in hope of seeing a museum natural history erected New York, and his talent as an organizer led to his taking a prominent part in the E movement and being elected chairman of the xecutive Committee .

he or ori inal l T Founders , g Board , included the fol owing :

T . John David Wolfe, William Blodgett , H Robert L . Stuart, Andrew . Green ,

. esu Robert Colgate, Morris K J p ,

H . . d Benjamin Field , D Jackson Stewar ,

Richard M . Blatchford , J . Pierpont Morgan , H Adrian Iselin, Moses . Grinnell ,

Benjamin B . Sherman, A . G . Phelps Dodge,

H . Will iam A . aines, Charles A Dana ,

H . Theodore Roosevelt, Joseph Choate, H Henry G . Stebbins, enry Parish , H oward Potter .

The steps in the organization of the Museum were as follows : The

ﬁrst letter to the Commissioners of Central Park, dated December 0 1868 3 , , with nineteen signers, received favorable response from f H . o Mr . Andrew Green, as Comptroller Central Park , dated January

The 1 1869 . 3 , signers of the letter then took immediate steps to raise a fund for the purchase of important collections which were then offered for sale . The Special Committee appointed to perfect the organization con sisted of H H William A . aines, oward Potter,

Theodore Roosevelt . 14 ] ORIGIN OF THE MUSEUM

T T f his Committee nominated the rustees o the new Museum . Mr . H T t . a a John D . Wolfe was elec ed Chairman, and Mr ow rd Potter, re surer

r The T p o tem. next meeting of the rustees was held at the residence T A of H . Mr . aines, and heodore Roosevelt was made Secretary plan for subscriptions was then considered and this eventful meeting, the results of which actually installed the ﬁrst great museum devoted to natural science in New York City, adjourned .

The of conception the Museum , its original purposes and its future may be gathered from passages in the First Annual Report of President “ : T of Wolfe hat , recognizing the necessity such a Museum as a means of education and recreation, and desiring its establishment upon a scale commensurate with the wealth and importance of our great city we have, if properly supported and aided with funds by our l i of rm fe low c tizens, a guarantee a prosperous future in the fo ation of H a Museum of Natural istory that will be second to none , and which , f while a fording amusement and instruction to the public , will be the means of teaching our youth to appreciate the wonderful works of the ” Creator . The original ofﬁcers were the following

President

JOH N DAV ID WOLFE

Vice-Presidents

ROBERT . TUART LL AM HA NE L S WI I A . I S

S ecretary

. PH EL D E A G . PS D O G

Treasurer

HOWA RD PO TTER

Chairman of the Executive Committee

LL M NES WI IA A . HAI

The original letter of application was sent to the Commissioners of T 30 1868. he Central Park on December , commissioners accepted “ 1 1869 of f on January 3, , the responsibility the establishment o a [ 15 ] HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

Museum in the Park that shall become an aid in the Great Educa tional of f System the City, concentrate and develop Scientiﬁc e forts H in all departments of Natural istory , and at the same time be an

s in tructive and acceptable resort for the people of the city , and for f ” U the throng o strangers that visit it . nder the presidency of John

of H David Wolfe and the able guidance William A . aines, Chairman E 6 of the xecutive Committee , the Museum was incorporated April ,

The T 1869 . ﬁnancial relations between the rustees and the City were 2 1 69 ﬁ laid down December 3 , 8 , and nally became embodied in the f law relating to the Department o Parks . A most fortunate circumstance in the educational history of the City of New York was the discovery and embodiment in the Con

of m tract with the City a new idea in municipal govern ent , namely , the erection of the building and its maintenance by the munici

lit T of pa y , and the donation by rustees and other citizens all the col T lections . his idea appeared in all the early correspondence , in the

first contract , and was finally and formally expressed in the contract drawn up by Mr . Choate and Mr . Green when the Museum entered the original building on Manhattan Square . This reciprocal adjustment was stimulating both to public expe ndi ture and to private munificence ; it formed the model on which the re lations of the American MuSeum and of the Metropolitan Museum of

on Art were established , and which , in later years , the Botanical

Garden and the Zoological Park were founded . It is by far the wisest and best adjustment which has ever been devised , since it has proved ,

to or by experience , be superior to exclusive municipal state control ,

The or to private control . essential features in these agreements are as follows

The Trustees of the American Museum to employ their of own Curators for the care and arrangement their collection ,

and to pay them their salaries, all such persons to be subjected

to the regulations of the Park Commissioners . The collections already acquired and those which may

from time to time be acquired and so deposited , to remain [ 16 ] ORIGIN OF THE MUSEUM

f H the property of the American Museum o Natural istory , to be removed by them immediately after the expiration of six ’ months previous notice in writing to the Commissioners of r Six the Park, o within months after receiving a written notice from the Commissioners asking them to withdraw their ” property from the Park . The Board of Commissioners of the Department of Public Parks in the City of New York is hereby authorized and to to contract, direct , maintain in and upon that portion of the Central Park , formerly known as Manhattan Square, or ai any other public park , square , or place in s d city , a suitable ﬁreproof building for the purpose of establish ing and maintaining therein a Museum of Natural H H istory , by the American Museum of Natural istory and it Shall be the duty of and lawful for the Comptroller of the City of New York to create and issue in the manner in this act provided such additional amounts of a public ‘ or The of fund stock, to be denominated Museums Art H ’ and Natural istory Stock, as shall be necessary to provide for the money required erecting said buildings , for an amount not exceeding the aforesaid

m 2 6 The t m L tt f om W A . H to A d H . G D b 3 18 9 . e er r . aines n rew reen , ece er , er s t d Mr G J 2 1 187 b 0. were accep e y . reen , anuary ,

Act of the L l t of the St t of New Yo k d A l 22 1876 . T egis a ure a e r , p asse pri ,

[ 17 ]

JO H N DAVI D WO LFE

FIR ST PRESI DENT

186 9— 1872

Fro m M us e um Po rtra it by Da n iel H unting ton, The Charter . JO HN DAVID WO LFE

l ‘l l l ‘l‘ PR ESIDENT

18439-1879 THE PRESIDENCY OF JOH N D AVID WOLFE

1869— 1872

HERE was a universal predisposition to assist the new in

stitution , and public administrators as well as individuals

welcomed its foundation, endorsed its aims , and promised assistance .

It was almost immediately realized that the Museum, thus tenta tiv el y organized , needed a charter, to give it corporate functions and H H responsibility , and Messrs . Joseph . Choate, William A . aines, and H oward Potter were made a committee to prepare a charter, suggest a name and apply to the Legislature for the passage of an act of in corporation .

26 a T h On February meeting of the rustees was held at the resi C arter . of dence the President , and the committee appointed at the previous meeting to prepare a draft of a charter presented their report which was adopted section by section, and as a whole . T his charter, which ﬁrst contained the name American Museum

‘ of H in Natural istory , was referred back to the committee under

u i n str ct o s to present it to the Legislature .

It was introduced to the Assembly by Mr . Kiernan, to the Senate

. T by Mr William M . weed , read twice , and referred to the Committee on E — Public ducation reported favorably from that committee , and

— on 6 1869 committed to the Committee of the Whole and April , , it

c had passed both houses of the Legislature . It was immediately a

ce ted T . T p by the rustees his act , signiﬁcant (by its prompt passage

f of si niﬁ by the Legislature) o general recognition its utility , and g cant as emanating from a representative body qualiﬁed to support the m clai s it created, was hailed with general pleasure . [ 2 1 ] HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

o tit t o . The T f on o . C ns u i n rustees at once, motion Charles A Dana , at the same

Act meeting in which the of Incorporation was accepted , appointed f T a committee o three to draft a constitution . his committee was T composed of Messrs . Charles A . Dana , heodore Roosevelt , and Joseph

H . Choate . The Constitution of The American Museum of Natural History was

ul w 4 1869 s as caref ly framed and as adopted May , , preci ely originally i drafted by Mr . Choate . It was a document embody ng fundamentally the aim of the founders of the Museum to restrain and limit all gov

ernm e nt of T T the Museum within the body of rustees . his design

appears throughout the document , and its wisdom has been amply

The illustrated in the whole subsequent history of the institution .

Constitution was a simple and adequate fabric . It was purely regu

lative, and its provisions have met the requirements of nearly forty

years .

t o u Subscrip i ns . Meanwhile the ﬁnancial outlook was nexpectedly promising, and

The the response to solicitation generous . personal prestige repre

T ow n sented in its rustees, their pledges and the quick appreciation

f of o the educational purposes the Museum , established at once a basis 1 of appeal that was irresistible . By November of the ﬁrst year ( 869)

’ of the Museums corporate existence had been subscribed . o t o f C llec i ns . Several large collections had been o fered and negotiations were

The T opened for their purchase . rustees ﬁnally acquired the col E lection of American birds of the ornithologist , D . G . lliot , consisting of about specimens ; the important collections of Prince Maxi

millian of Neuwied on the Rhine above Bonn, comprising 600 mounted birds, mounted animals, and about ﬁshes and

of reptiles mounted and in alcohol , and the principal parts the Ver reaux and Vedray collections— the former embracing mounted 22 of m birds, 0 mounted animals and mounted skeletons ma mals, 250 of u birds, reptiles , and ﬁshes , and the latter, specimens mo nted T mammals and birds of Siberia . hese four collections formed the

nucleus about which the Museum has grown .

[ 22 ]

HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM of citizens made up of what was best and most valuable in New York T society . he petition begged for an appropriation sufﬁcient to begin of the building an Art and of a Scientiﬁc Museum, and the unanimity of the appeal, its extraordinary strength , brought almost instant a o quiescence to this request .

The Legislature responded to this appeal , and passed an act

for authorizing the Department of Parks to contract , erect , and main tain in and upon that portion of the Central Park formerly kn own as h Man attan Square, or any other public park, square or place in said city , a suitable ﬁreproof building for the purpose of establishing and maintaining therein, under rules and regulations to be prescribed by the said Board from time to time, a museum of natural history to be m u H occupied by the A erican Muse m of Natural istory . Steps were taken to grade Manhattan Square and to prepare it for

of the erection the building . It is interesting to note that the original committee in preparing a report containing preliminary re comme nda

s tion as a basis for the designs, was instructed to consider both the

u T e Metropolitan Muse m and the American Museum . h preliminary preparatory stages toward the submission of designs for the new T building were entered upon in earnest . Meetings of the rustees were

of convened for a discussion of the location the new building, and inspection trips were taken through the Park to consider this important question in detail . At ﬁrst there was an evident impression that the

or o site should be near the Menagerie Zo logical Gardens, that is, near

The ff the Arsenal . ﬁrst position o ered for the American Museum was the site subsequently allotted to the Museum of Art . A special H Committee on Site, composed of Messrs . aines, Jesup , and Stuart, was ﬁnally appointed to confer with the Department of Parks with

for reference to selecting a site the new building, either within Central f a or . T o Park, Reservoir Squ re , Manhattan Square hus the sites the Metropolitan Museum of Art and of the New York Public Library were both originally considered by the American Museum, and we must regard it as a most fortunate circumstance that both were re

n . T j e cte d and that Manhatta Square was ﬁnally chosen his , however, [ 24 ] JOHN DAVID WOLFE

as described below, was not until after a site within the Park itself was

ﬁrst selected .

The - The P action regarding plans was most broad minded . It was ﬁrst lans

H r . . . . J resolved that Messrs R M unt , Russell Sturgis, , and Renwick

The and Sands be invited to be united to furnish designs . united

T on 13 1872 plans were received by the rustees May , , and again referred H to a Committee on Plans composed of Messrs . aines , Steward , Blodgett and Roosevelt . At the same time, to insure a full discussion, it was resolved that letters be written to prominent scientiﬁc gentlemen asking their V iews in regard to the scope that should be comprised at

d H of this ay in a Museum of Natural istory for the City New York , E and Mr . D . G . lliot was requested to communicate with Professor

Asa Gray and Professor Richard Owen, asking them to submit a report furnishing a plan and a policy best calculated to promote the success of the Museum . In the midst of these promising steps toward the founding of a

on 17 great Museum , President Wolfe died Friday evening, May ,

1872 of , after a long and very honorable career of service to the city

His New York . presidency covered only three years , but this forma f m tive period ﬁxed the outlines and assured the future o the Museu .

he He lived long enough to see the prospect of its future greatness . T Museum owes its foundation in large measure to his aid and wise counsel, and will always count among its best treasures the name and

I s character of t First President .

[ 25 ] PRESIDENCY OF

ROBERT L . STUA RT

1872—1881

B T O ERT L . S UART was unanimously elected to succeed i . H s Mr Wolfe . identiﬁcation w ith the Museum had been close from the start ; he had been one of the ﬁrst contributors H and his sympathies were thoroughl y enl isted in its success . e was a

deeply interested observer of the beauties of nature, and his succes

of sion, inﬂuenced doubtless by considerations his age and standing in

the community and his ﬁnancial responsibilities, was natural .

T t The rus ees. Board of Trustees at that time included two men of some H scientiﬁc training, William A . aines and D . Jackson Steward ; the i u . former prom nent as a collector, the latter skilf l as a critic A few changes in the personnel of the Board occurred in 1872 : ﬁve

of r the Founde s , Messrs . Blatchford , Grinnell , Dodge, Dana, and Parish retir ed and to their places succeeded ﬁve Trustees who became

m . . strong supporters of the Museum, na ely , Messrs Percy R Pyne, T E 2 . d John B revor, James M . Constable , William . Dodge, , and Joseph

W . Drexel .

The of plans of the new building, the purchase new collections and the ﬁnancial interests of the Museum principally engaged the at

T of tention of the rustees . Manhattan Square on the west side the

of Park, comprising eighteen acres very rough land, quite inaccessible

from the lower part of the City , was assigned . It had been proposed

of s to make a Zoological Garden this square , and extravagant plan T had been prepared . hese plans, however, were pronounced immature

by the Park Department , and when the Museum proposition arose,

of T nh somewhat against the deliberate judgment the rustees , Ma attan

Square was chosen as its site . [ 26 ] O B R L T ‘ A R' ' R E T . S L I

S EC O ND PRES | UENT

1872 - 1981

M 71: Pw t'm it by Da niel ”mutin y: m ROBERT L STUART

l m l hﬁ l ,

T T ' ’ OBER L . S I AR T wa s mmatime mly eiec ted to succee d

close from the M ' he ha d bee n one of the ﬁrst contributors

si n iuﬂw m sd i w m b s o f e o , e y consideration his ag and sta nding in

T t e T t rus e s. he Emmi of Trus e es at that t ime i nc lud e d two men of some

me r mine nt as c lle c o a te r s i f l as a c r t c . for r p o a o t r , the l t k l u i i A

few changes in the pe rs onne l of the . Board oc curre d in 1872 : ﬁve

of e s e r es r . n e d ans and the Found , M s s Blatchford , G ri n ll , Do g . D , Parish retire d and to their places succeeded ﬁv e Truste es who be came

orter of e m mel e rs . Perc . P e strong supp s the Mus u , na y , M ss y R yn ,

T e v m E d John . o Jame . C s W a . 2 B r r , s M on table , illi Dodge, , and Joseph

exe W . Dr l .

The of of l o plans the new building, the purchase new col ecti ns and the ﬁna ncial interests of the Museum principally e ngage d the at

o ha tan re on e west ri e at the tention f the Trustees . Man t Squa th d

Pa teen re of v er rou h an u te mam e rk, comprising eigh ac s y g l d, q i bl

r the lo r of the C t w as a si ne . It ha d een ro ose f om wer p a t i y , s g d b p p d

n d mma t re een r e . T e e n wev er r o ce ha d b p epa r d h s pla s, ho , we e pron u i u

b the Park e r men and e the s m ro osit o n - r y D pa t t, wh n Mu eu p p i a ose, “ the Tr ee Ma a some wha t aga ins t the delibe rate judgme nt of mt s, nhatt n

s. e Square wa chos n as its site . R S A RT RO BE T L . TU

S EC O ND PR ESID ENT

1872— 1881

From rlfuseum Portra it by D an iel Hun ting/ton

HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

H Museum of Natural istory , costing ere its ﬁnal completion , not less than and embracing a collection of objects of scientiﬁc interest second to none other in the world . What nobler exhibitions could be given of the crowning achievements of this municipality than those which this n Museum and its sister i stitution , the Art Gallery , will afford !”

i m t Equ p en . 2 1874 to 22 1877 From June , , December , , was occupied in the

building and equipping of this section, the City having appropriated

The for the purpose . new building was opened to the pub

on 22 1877 f lic December , , and at this time a contract o great importance was concluded between the Trustees of the Museum and T the Department of Parks . his contract , or it might be called H Charter of the institution, was drawn by Messrs . Andrew . Green

and Joseph H . Choate . It was entitled Contract with the Depart f f ” ment of Public Parks or the Occupation o the New Building . It recited the previous correspondence and legislation relating to the

of m of respective rights and obligations the Museu and the City , and embodied all the previous provisions in a new and comprehensive

r document . It was adopted by the Park Commissioners Janua y 30,

1878 .

’ The Museum s collections had now greatly increased in all depart

ments of natural history . A generous donation by Miss Catherine

of L . Wolfe, in memory her father, had established the Library ,

1874 . in March ,

The of building up the study collections, as distinguished from

1873 on the exhibition collections, had begun in , and from this time the Museum as a center of study and research became increasingly

The of of prominent . great collection fossils of the State New York,

H . brought together by Professor James all , was acquired It had been said by Louis Agassiz that “ whoever gets Hall’s collection gets the ” The T Geological Collection of America . rustees acquired it for a sum which put a severe strain upon the ﬁnances of the

Museum for several years . ROBERT L . STUART

t c The f The M . question of maintenance was also a serious di ﬁculty . ain enan e City had not carried out its original agreement to maintain the insti

tution 1878 . , and in , Messrs Potter and Choate were appointed a special committee to prepare a bill to enable a permanent contract to be made between the Museum and the Department of Parks for adequate

1 7 . annual maintenance . In 8 9, Messrs Auchincloss and Bickmore solicited the Legislature for an increase in maintenance to The appropriation obtained for the Museums of Art and Natural His tory for a common maintenance had been In 1875 they

1876 The of received and in , growth the mainte nance fund from the beginning to the present time is shown in another part of this report .

The f of 1 St . sta f of the Museum at the opening the year 878, was as aff follows

m . Professor Albert S . Bick ore, Superintendent

H . J . B . older, Assistant f o . Professor R . P . Whitﬁeld , Curator Geology

The coming of Professor Whitﬁeld added greatly to the scientiﬁc strength and prestige of the Museum . Alliances had been formed with 4oth the United States National Survey of the parallel , and several f distinguished members o its Corps were housed in the Museum, includ

Pum ell H ing Clarence King, Raphael p y , Arnold ague and others .

1 one f . T 7 o . In 8 5, the Museum lost its Founders, Mr William

1 T -ﬁfth 878 . Blodgett , and in , Mr heodore Roosevelt died in the forty 1 H ﬁf . 880 . . t year of his age In , Mr William A aines died in the y T T eighth year of his age . he ruste es recorded their great appreciation of the services of these founders and active friends . h Man attan Square , far beyond the residence district , was grad

ll The ua y becoming approachable . Park Board developed its walks

of T 1 on the south side . It is interest to record that the rustees in 876 petitioned the Legislature to allow them to establish an Aquarium

of f in connection with the Museum , su ﬁcient Size to enable the public to learn on a somewhat satisfactory scale the form and habits of a [ 29 ] HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

T large class of marine fauna . he estimated cost was In this connection it was stated that the visitors to the Museum at that time exceeded by per week the number visiting the British Museum T ’ in London . his petition was one of the last acts of Mr . Stuart s administration . H on 14 1881 . is Mr . Stuart resigned the presidency February , connection with the Museum had been made memorable by important changes both in the erection of the building and in the equipment of the collections . An increase in maintenance had been secured from the City . It can be said that the Museum had entered in a way upon its present scientiﬁc career .

[ 30 ]

MO RRIS KETCH UM JESUP

T H IR D PR ES I D ENT

l HHl — l SNH

From Museum Portrait by E astma n John so n JESUP

of an endow

Experienc e .

only ﬁxed annual income oi the Museum of and the interest from the MO RRIS KETC HUM JESUP

T uu m PR ESI D ENT

18814 9014

- Fr om Man ual Por trait by Eastman Jo hrmm

HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

T f ’ he o . esu s n spirit Mr J p admi istration is, perhaps, best expressed his own language in one of his later reports ( 1884)

It would appear to be very desirable to place the Museum on such a permanent basis of maintenance that the ann ual con tributions of the Trustees and Members could be appropriated

exclusively to the purchase of objects of science . Valuable

collections, which the Museum needs, are continually being f for o fered us sale, but we are obliged to decline their pur for of chase want funds . “ The great Museums of Europe are chieﬂy sustained by

public funds, through the force of an enlightened public

sentiment both as to their educational and economic value . “ The value of what y ou have already accumulated in your l halls rises to a large figure commercially, but it is a difficu t task to estimate the money value of what belongs to science T and scientific institutions . o their value must be added i their ameliorat ng power, their educational force , and the scope they afford the higher facul ties of man to apprehend l f the wonderfu phenomena o nature , and to master and

utilize her great forces . “ T o the multitude shut up in stone walls, to whom are f or denied an acquaintance with the beauty o natural objects,

the study of nature in its usual aspects and conditions, the f f advantage o your Museum is , that it a fords opportunity ; and out of a great number who look on vaguely and experience only one the healthful excitement of a natural curiosity, here and there may be foun d endowed with special aptitude and of susce tibili tastes . Perhaps some child genius, whose p

ties and faculties once aroused and quickened , will repay of of in the ﬁeld discovery and science , through the force ex endi some new law in its manifold applications , all your p

ture a hun dred fold . “ Commercial values and purely scientiﬁc values meet often on common ground ; but their essential life belongs T r to opposite poles . o some it appears necessa y to vindicate the employment of large amounts of public money in such an institution as that which you control from the charge of extravagance ; their ideas of value appear to be limited to [ 32 ] - J. PIERPO NT H O RN l

A FO UND ER AND HISTO RY OF THE M USEUM

T M ’ he ri of r. es s a minist n s e rh s be t e sp i t J up d ratio i , p ap , s xpresse d his own language in one of his la te r re ports

It would appear to be. very desirable to pla ce the Muse um ' on such a pe rmane nt In n of maintenance tha t the annual con tributions of the Truste es and Members could be appropriate d the m exclusively to w hase of obj ects of science . Valuable w ic h the M e m e are n collections , h us u n eds , continua lly be i g f r e offered us o sal . but we are oblige d to decline their pur ant of he a chase for w d s . “ The gre a t MW of Europe are chiefly susta ine d by nds fl i public fu . m gh the force of an enlighte ned public m n o t t n m senti e t b h as o the ir educational and e co o ic value . “ The va lue cl wha t you have al ready ac cumulated in your all r es to a r mm l ut f l h s is M ﬁgu e co ercial y , b it is a di ﬁcu t task to es t ima te t he mone y va lue of w ha t be longs to science To their v alue must be added

r s me lt-war o we e d uc t na rce and thei m p r , their a io l fo , the scope the y affo rd the highe r fa cultie s of man to appre he nd e w -us ir r ful he nome f e d to ma te th p na o natur , an s r and l iz e t uti her m tome s. " T t he mu t t all to om are c l i ude shut up in stone w s , wh

a e e f r l e c or ( h ul d an am intanc with the be a uty o na tu a obj ts , u f s the the st dy o nature in its usual aspe cts an d con dition ,

a V e t e of m f s r n d a a g your Museu is, that it a ford oppo tu ity ; and out of a great number who look on vaguel y and e Xpe rie née only m one r the healthful exci te e nt Of a natural curiosity , he e and there may be foun d e ndowed with special aptitude and P a som of o e sus ce tibili taste s . erh ps e child genius, wh s p

' i k d re a ties and faculties once arouse d and quic ene , will p y of r u h the rce of in the ﬁeld discovery and scien ce, th o g fo m all r ex endi some new law in its anifold applications, you p

ture a hundred fold . “ Commercial values and pure ly scientiﬁc values me e t ofte n on common ground ; but the ir esse ntial life balmy s T ar e r to indica e to oppo ite poles . o some it appe s n cessa y v t the e mplo yment of large amounts of public mone y in such

‘ an inst itut ion as that which you control from the charge of extravagance ; the ir ideas of value appear to be limited to [ 32 ] NT M R A N J. PIERPO O G

- A FO UND E R A ND T R UST EE

MORRIS KETCHUM JESUP

that which is exchangeable in the current coin of the market ; but the highest results of character and life offer something

which cannot be weighed in the balances of the merchant , ” be he ever so wise in his generation .

T his remarkable series of sentences contains the secret of Mr .

’ Jesup s administration which crowned it with success : his sympathy with the ideals of science , his dominant desire that they should be brought within the comprehension of all classes of people, his firm conviction that truth values are higher than money values, his love t f . he o the beautiful It does not , of course , indicate other qualities

f to o character which enabled him carry these ideals into effect , namely ,

of his business instinct , his incessant energy mind , his excellent judg ment , his liberality .

The T w as t Board of rustees at the opening of his administration Trus ees , constituted as follows :

esu Morris K . J p , James M . Constable ,

r . l E 2d Robe t L Stuart , Wil iam . Dodge , ,

Robert Colgate, Joseph W . Drexel , H e m . H B nja in Field , Andrew . Green ,

Adrian Iselin, Frederick W . Stevens ,

. H J Pierpont Morgan , Abram S . ewitt,

D . Jackson Steward , Charles Lanier, H . H Joseph Choate, ugh Auchincloss,

. H Percy R Pyne, Oliver arriman , T . John B revor, Cornelius Vanderbilt .

Many of these Trustees contributed largely both of their time

- of and of their means to the support the administration .

’ Among Mr . Jesup s ﬁrst acts was the establishment of the Depart ment of Woods and Forestry, under the direction of Professor Charles

. on T S Sargent , of Cambridge , the leading authority this subject . he opportunity of making the collection arose in connection with the

of T U oo preparation the enth Census of the nited States, which embodied W ds .

of of the plan a report upon the wood resources this country . Parties [ 33 ] HI STORY OF THE MUSEUM

of U were sent to all parts the nited States to gather the woods, and

the services of Mrs . Sargent were engaged to add the element of beauty f to the collection through her paintings o the leaves , ﬂowers , and fruits .

S tones . At the same time the collection of Building Stones forecast the ultimate development of an economic department which should em r brace the ores and industrial products of the ea th , and give also

s of section of mines and the products and systems metallurgy . After

thirty years this project is in the way of being put into execution .

A rapid review of the chief steps in this administration will, per

’

. esu s of haps, give the best idea of Mr J p originality and his high ideals

f r The o the scientific future of the Museum . year preceding his ap l pointment, popu ar lectures in natural history had been instituted 1 1 f by Professor Bickmore . In 88 came the issue o the first number B ti ulle ns . l 1 4 s . 88 . of the Scientific Bu letin In Professor Joel A Allen, a dis

in uishe d of t g zoologist and pupil of Agassiz , was appointed as head the

f To Department o Zoology . systematize the free lecture courses the Department of Public Instruction w as organized under Professor

’ Bickmore . Mr . Jesup s religious views were cons tantly broadening ; in 1885 he issued an elaborate pamphlet advocating the Sunday opening f o the Museum, a step which was regarded by many persons at the time as hostile to religion and which led to the withdrawal of certain ﬁnancial

of . The support the Museum plan, however, was pursued , and , in 1887 the Sunday opening was carried through with the result that more visitors— especially among the laboring classes— were attracted than

ever before . With the same motive, evening opening was arranged

for in 1888.

m The of of Taxider y . ﬁrst step toward the artistic display the collections f M E o rs . zoology was taken in the engagement Mogridge, an nglish

lady , from the British Museum, who introduced the ﬁrst bird groups

T for and accessories . his opened the way the perfected series of

Habitat groups in which the American Museum now leads the world .

s 1888 Ex o t o A new policy of exploration in the ﬁeld was in tituted in by pl ra i n .

- esu an expedition for the fast vanishing bison, supported by Messrs . J p T and Constable . his was the ﬁrst step toward an exploring policy [ 34 ]

m mv f l! rm: M05 8 0) !

w e ie a mt M al n a -e it s mam me teo r the the w i d o ga r oods , and the a s w im of Mr M m WM engaged to add the ele me nt of bea uty

the collmrt m i int in s f e s to n. a r . W p g o the l ave , ﬂowe s, and fruits

At the n e w time the sa in t hi a of B uilding Stones forecast the

ul timate zh m sm e e x v l an e cono mic department which should em

b ce t he l ustria r t rt nd u w m ind l p oduc s of the ea h , a give also

s tio ns t mm the d nd te ms f me e c a and pro ucts a sys o tallurgy . After

rty mM ti i e s in the of e in n e c thi W m Wd t is way b g put i to xe ution .

A r t ! re l ic s of the ch e st s s a minis a er ap i f ep in thi d tr tion will , p ’ h s ‘" the M dea o f . s s al it n of his ap , W i Mr Je up origin y a d high ideal s

fo r the mm ﬁk ture The ea reced n his fu of the Museum . y r p i g ap ’ mintn ee nt r ec t re in nat r l histor ha d ee i d l . po puh l u s u a y b n nstitute

v r e m r Bic kmo re I 1 1 am s of r b P of . n 88 c e the i sue the ﬁ st number

Bu le t ns . l i tinie tiﬁ B le ins . 1 di the s o 884 P sor . s of ul t In rofes Joel A Allen, a

in i e t olo ist an d u of a z o ed a of t g u sh d o g p pil Ag ssi , was app int as he d the

r dlo To s z l k pu rtment o f Zo gy . ystema ti e the free lecture co urse s the ( W t of Public Inst ruction wa s organiz ed unde r Professor ’ h de n e Mr. s e s s iu Bi lomo re . Je up s r ligiou view were constantly m g ; in he issued an c lalm ate pamphle t adv oc ating the Sunday ope ning t e te w ich w as r e rs ns irns of h Museum , a s p h ega rded by many p o at the t as hostile to re ligion and which le d to the withdra wal of certain ﬁnan cial

f u m. The an o rs ed and support o the Muse pl , h wever, was pu u , , in

" 1887 the Sunday ope ning was ca rried through with the result that more — — vis ito rs espe cially among the laboring classes we re attracted than

m i n o e was arr e ver be fore . With the same ot ve, eve ing p ning anged

for in 1888.

- The ﬁr t te to ar the a t a of c of I n tact my . s s p w d rtis ic displ y the colle tions

in the n a m of Mrs . r E s z oology was take n e g ge ent Mog idge, an ngli h

m the rit sh M e m n ro e ﬁr t in ro lady , fro B i us u , who i t duc d the s b d g ups

o the the e rie e te d se rie of and a ccesso ries . This pe ne d way for p s

Ha bitat groups in whic h the American Muse um now lea ds the world .

' A ne w policy of exploration ia the ﬁeld was inst ituted in 1888 by

- e n n i or e e rs . e an e xp dit ion for the fast va ishi g b son, supp t d by M ss J sup

T s was the ﬁrst ste ar an ex r and t a ble . hi p tow d plo ing policy [ 34 ] O EPH H CH J S . O ATE

A FOUND ER AND TRUST EE

MORRIS KETCHUM JESUP which has now developed (as the history of the various departments shows in subsequent pages of this report) into the sending of expedi tions to all regions of the world . In 1888 the economic importance of insect life was emphasized in

Be ute nmiille r of E the appointment of Mr . as Curator ntomology and in the beginning of a collection of economic entomology showing the

The relations of insect life to forestry . naturalistic methods introduced in the bird and mammal department were followed here with equal success .

V t t In 189 1 Professor Henry F . Osborn was called from Princeton as er ebra e

Pal aeon tol ogy ' P a u Curator of Mammalian al eontology , and the Muse m entered on a new line of scientiﬁc development in the long history of the vertebrate

s life of the earth , in which it has now attained ﬁr t rank . Mr . Jesup contributed liberally to the purchase of three great collections and to the despatching of an expedition to Africa .

In the meantime the spirit of hospitality to various scientiﬁc insti Scien tific

so i t ’ ns of insti u c e ies tutio the city and country , and of cooperation with other t

of tions , led to the opening courses of lectures both by Columbia E University and by the Board of ducation, in addition to the mul ti

’ in f plying courses given the Museum s Department o Public Instruction .

The 1895 f to year was noteworthy as marking the ﬁrst e fort bring Peary . E Robert . Peary home from the Arctic regions . In response to an appeal from Mrs . Peary , Mr . Jesup ﬁtted out a relief expedition, and

of thus began his interest in the work the explorer, which was con

’ d to Pe ar s s tinue in successive contributions y expedition , ﬁnally result

of ing in the discovery the Pole . Indirectly the Museum has beneﬁted

’ of Pe ar s by becoming the depository of all y remarkable collections ,

ni including several a mals new to science .

’ te w rth no o th o o o . The most v scientiﬁc feature of Mr . Jesup s administra An r p l gy tion was the establishment of the Department of Anthropology on a i commanding basis , under the nspiring direction of Professor Frederick

of . The n of W . Putnam Cambridge begin ing the Department dates back to the inception of the Museum and includes the acquisition of many valuable collections which were now rounded into more complete [ 35 ] HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

of form under the direction a remarkable group of men , including

. Lumholtz Joch ls n Messrs Putnam , Boas , Saville , Bandelier, , Smith , e o ,

Bo oras The and g and others . ﬁnancial and scientiﬁc cooperation of H Messrs . yde , Loubat , Villard , and others was enlisted , and the Museum

of sprang into the front rank, both of exploring and special institutions f o a . in the ﬁeld arch eology and ethnology British Columbia , the Plains

region, the Southwest , Mexico , Colombia , and Peru were visited by

special parties and rich collections brought back . The central feature of this great work was the North Paciﬁc Expedi 1 ’ 8 7 . tion, which began in 9 and which bore Mr Jesup s name . In his “ : annual report of that year, Mr . Jesup says In closing my reference to the work of this Department it is proper to a dd a few words regard

of ing a subject of great interest , not only to the student Anthropology ,

but also to persons interested in scientiﬁc research in other ﬁelds . I refer to the theory that America was originally peopled by migratory

Th r tribes from the Asiatic continent . e oppo tunities favorable for solving this problem are rapidly disappearing, and I would be deeply gratiﬁed to learn that some friends of the Museum may feel disposed to contribute means for the prosecution of systematic investigation in the hope of securing the data to demonstrate the truth or falsity f of the claims set forth by various prominent men o science . A map of t he localities which should be covered by such system of research ” His appears in this report . interest in this purely scientiﬁc problem of the origin of American races , like that in the discovery of the Pole ,

’ illustrates Mr . Jesup s enthusiasm for pure scientiﬁc investigation and exploration .

’

of . During the closing years Mr Jesup s administration, he was relieved of much detail and his labors were lightened by the appoint

H of U ment of Professor ermon C . Bumpus Brown niversity as Scientiﬁc

f The of Director o the Museum . institution this ofﬁce had been

h a d strongly urged by Professor Osborn, who for some years been closely associated with the President in the administration of the m Museu .

[ 36 ] MORRIS KETCHUM JESUP

’ ES UP s FT T O TH E E G t . SUMMARY or MR . J GI S MUS UM if s

— of 1884 1908. Collection North American Woods and Forestry ,

f 18 6 . Collection o Building Stones , 8

Portraits of Audubon and of von Humboldt .

1894 . Anthropological Collection from southern Mexico , — i E 1896 1908. Mater als from the Peary Arctic xpeditions , — E 1897 1903 . Jesup North Paciﬁc xpedition , — f e su E 1899 1908. Publications o the J p North Paciﬁc xpedition,

1899 . Anthropological Collection from Colombia and Costa Rica ,

1899 . Anthropological Collection from the Plains Indians ,

f 1902 . Cope Collection o North American Fossil Vertebrates , 1 2 90 . Robinson Collection of Prehistoric Copper Implements ,

19 5 . Anthropological Collection from the Philippine Islands , 0 R 1 05 . Japanese eception Room , 9

1906 . Series of ten marble portraits in the Foyer, — E E 1906 1907 . gyptian Fayum xpedition ,

1907 . Anthropological Collection from Amazonas , f H 1 o 907 . Robley Collection Maori eads ,

su f Altogether Mr . Je p contributed upwards o to the

of Museum , and in his will he left a bequest The material development of the Museum ; the growt h of its build ings from one wing to the magnitude shown in the present report ; the 16 increase of its maintenance by the City from a year to $ 0, 000 a year ; the increase of its endowment fund from to 750 1884 ; the increase of its annual attendance from in , to in 1907 ; the extension of the inﬂuence and example of the

of Museum to every part of the country , were the results the continuous effort of the President and of the generous cooperation of several of the Trustees . The conscientious administration of public funds is notably illus Th trate d in the economic construction of the Museum itself . e build

’ of su s ing, up to the close Mr . Je p administration , cost the City [ 37 ] HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

000 ; owing to the wise expenditure of this fund , a total ﬂoor space

of x square feet had been secured , and a total e hibition space

of square feet . The natural satisfaction which the President felt in the growth of the Museum is simply expressed at the close of his Report for the year 1905 :

“ In concluding this my quarter of a century of service of of H as President the American Museum Natural istory, I cannot refrain from referring to the Report of twenty- fiv e T ‘ years ago , when the rustees stated that they most respect of fully appeal to the generous citizens New York , to aid in the effort to make our Metropolitan City the center of the our highest scientific culture in land , and to join in adding new collections and new departments to the admirable ’ nucleus which has been already secured . As your President f u it has been my constant e fort to f lfill the desires , as expressed T by the rustees, which were so clearly formulated at the time of my appointment , and when we view the stately building in

Manhattan Square, when we wander through the exhibition s halls and study the priceless collection therein displayed , when we realize that thousands of the people of our City are

assembling here to listen to prominent educators, that school children are here receiving their first love for nature and their of first taste of science , and that the influence this institution

is being felt throughout the civilized world , truly we can say that the appeal of 1881 to the generous citizens of New York ” has not remained unanswered .

’ 22 1 The f 908 . o B u . , eq es t . Mr Jesup s death occurred January terms his bequest set forth his views as to the relations of the public funds and

of the private funds in the support of the work of the Museum

I give and bequeath to The American Museum of Natural History in the City of New York one million dollars in to constitute a permanent fund , the principal to be

vested and kept invested , and the income to be applied and of appropriated to the general purposes the Museum , other or of than alterations , additions , repairs erection buildings, [ 38 ]

H IS T O RY O F

T H E D E PA RT M E NT S

GEOLOGY AND FOSSI L INVERTEBRATES

important collection illustrating the geology of Palestine and

1869 of Sinai was given to the Museum in , the ﬁrst year its

H of existence , the olmes collection Post Pliocene fossils from 1 73 H South Carolina was purchased in 8 , and the aast collection of

The of 1874 . New Zealand Moa bones in acquisition this material , T 1 together with other valuable acquisitions , led the rustees in 875 to direct special effort “ toward establishing the Geological Department upon such a basis , both as to its extent and authority , as to render it ” of high and permanent scientiﬁc value . The ﬁrst step toward this end was the purchasing of the collection of fossils and other geological material belonging to Professor James

T Pr Hall of Albany . his material was collected almost entirely by o

s r H fe so all, with whose investigations as State Geologist it is iden tiﬁe d of of , much it having been gathered during the Survey New York

State . Large collections had also been made from the Western States for the purpose of ﬁxing the New York geological nomenclature . It comprised to specimens , including about types and

The ﬁgured specimens . acquisition of this collection placed the Museum in the lead among American institutions in respect to Paleozoic fossils . E H specially noteworthy in the all collection , aside from the New York T series , are the Potsdam fossils from Minnesota ; renton forms from Wisconsin and Iowa ; Niagara fossils from Indiana ; corals from the

of falls the Ohio River ; crinoids from Burlington , Iowa ; and the Lower H T of S er e n . he for Carboniferous fauna p g ill , Indiana price paid the Hall collection was of which was specially subscribed

T of The by the rustees and friends the Museum . duplicates were separated into the collections , some of which were sold , others used in exchange for other material . [ 43 ] HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

The H of olmes collection of fossils South Carolina , vertebrate and

Post lioce ne invertebrate , from the Pleiocene and p periods was purchased 1873 H . f in from Professor Francis S . olmes It included the types o m H ’ the species described in Tuo ey and olmes s works . In 1878 valuable geological material was received from Professor

H . H . f H C itchcock in exchange for two series o all duplicates . It

of H s contained a complete set Vermont and New ampshire rock ,

“ numbering about illustrating the geological survey of those states under the direction of Professor Hitchcock ; types of Tertiary plants from Brandon , Vermont ; also rocks and fossils from Maine . The collection of rocks and fossils gathered by the United States f 4 1 Survey o the 0th parallel was received on deposit in 878. It con taine d s fossils, rock , and also microscopic sections f o rocks . The Department of Geology was greatly enlarged in 1886 by the T of . acquisition the series of building stones his series, a duplicate of f l th that collected under the direction o the 0 Census Commission ,

f . . esu was prepared at the expense o Mr Morris K J p , and contained

- ou - v ariouslv four inch blocks , polished the face and dressed on

T e the other sides . h specimens represent nearly every State and contain samples of all rocks used for building and ornamental purposes . A group of important fossils from the Calciferous and Chazy forma tions of Vermont was received in 1886 as a donation from Professor H f . E o . M Seely , President zra Brainerd , and other members the faculty of Middlebury College . The Tyrrell collection of Placoderm ﬁshes from the Devonian f E . o 1 . rocks Ohio was presented in 899 by Mr . William Dodge

of or Some the collections acquired by purchase exchange, besides

of of ni those mentioned previously , are the series plants the Devo an

1882 ne H age , received in in exchange for o series of all duplicates ;

Palestine fossils purchased in 1886 from Rev . Dr . William Bird of f m 200 Abeih , Syria ; collection o Utica Slate fossils , co prising about

s 1 of of specimens purcha ed in 890 ; collection Silurian fossils Ohio , 1904 l purchased in ; the Woodman collection of fossils , corals , and shel s [ 44 ]

HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

of of 1902 Curator Mineralogy , in charge also Conchology , and in

of of Curator the Department Mineralogy and Conchology , which ofﬁce he still holds . E Dr . dmund Otis Hovey has been associated with the Museum 4 1 . He since January, 89 came at that time as an Assistant Cura

in tor the Department of Geology , Mineralogy , Conchology , and t 1901 Marine Invertebra e Zoology , and in was appointed Associate Curator of the Department of Geology and Invertebrate Palaeontol H f . ogy . Dr . ovey conducted investigations at the volcanoes o Mt é e 1902 1903 1908 Pel and La Soufri re for the Museum in , , and , and the published results of his research have been valuable contributions f to our knowledge o the phenomena .

BENEFACTORS— DONORS OF SPECIMENS TO VALUE OF $200 OR MORE— 18694 909

u E . Beir t Protestant College Mrs . William Dodge Bodwell Granite Company James Douglas

of H . Booth State Geological Survey Georgia

T . . B Brooks William C . Greene H m H Calumet and ecla Mines Co John P . aines pany James Hall

esu Geological Survey of Canada Morris K . J p

esu Central Paciﬁc Railroad Company Mrs . Morris K . J p

D n l . M o d James M Constable ac a , Field and Company

Copper Queen Consolidated Min Jules Marcou v

ing Company 0 . C . Marsh

E . . E . Leonard Corning A Mearns

Sir William Dawson J . Pierpont Morgan

L k w n Delaware , a c a a a and West State Geological Survey of New ern Coal Company Jersey

Sidney Dillon Francis C . Nicholas

D . Stuart Dodge J . W . Powell

E 2d Pum ell William . Dodge , Raphael p y B46 l G EOLOGY AND FOSSIL INVERTEBRATES

T A . L . Rawson Augustus aber and Brothers Rutland Marble Company James Terry

U. . Henry M . Seely S Fortieth Parallel Survey

Samuel Sloan U. S . Geological Survey

E . . Vo des Charles . Slocum A W g

D . Jackson Steward William Wallace

Robert L . Stuart R . P . Whitﬁeld Frank Springer Joseph Willcox

[ 47 ] MI NERALS AND METEORITES

HE mineral collections began with the purchase of the Bailey h Collection , the acquisition of w ich at once led to the estab

l m f of ish ent o a Department Mineralogy .

The of 7 0 Bailey Collection Minerals contained , 00 cabinet specimens and was purchased in 1874 for It was stored in the Arsenal H 1 2 until transferred to the Geology all in 88 . The minerals exhibited at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition

of T by the Governments Canada, Spain, Brazil, asmania , and New

u 18 6 . Zealand , were given to the Muse m in 7 The development of the Department of Mineralogy since the Bailey Collection was secured has been due largely to the generosity

of . . Mr J Pierpont Morgan , to whom the Museum is indebted for its

he gem collection and the Bement collection of minerals . T ﬁrst part

T f 1 of of the i fany gem collection was presented in 890, and consists the exhibits made by the Tiffany Company for display at the Paris f E o 1 . E xposition 889 specially noteworthy are the series of sapphires,

n . The topazes, beryls , garnets, and tourmali es gem collection was more than doubled in 1900 by the acquisition of the Tiffany Exhibit

E of 1 at the Paris xposition 900, comprising entries , which was purchased by Mr . Morgan (estimated value and presented

The T f to the Museum . i fany gem collection has been continuously

its to- increased by gifts from founder, until day it ranks ﬁrst in size, value and importance in the country . The Bement collection of minerals was presented to the Museum

1 . Es . in 900 by J Pierpont Morgan, q (estimated value

T . . his collection was brought together by Mr Clarence S Bement , and had long had the reputation of being the ﬁnest private collection of

s exhibition specimens in the world . It contained specimen ,

including many rare species . MINERALS AND METEORITES

As part of the Bement collection the Museum received a series of 5 meteorites, containing representatives of nearly 00 falls and ﬁnds . Another important collection in the Department of Mineralogy is the series of specimens of malachite and azurite, which was pre sented by the Copper Queen Consolidated Mining Company and added

E . . to by Messrs . William Dodge and D Willis James and Professor

James Douglas . The acquisition of the Spang collection of minerals added a large number of new species, and also made a general improvement in many groups . It was purchased in 189 1 for about In 1904 an endowment of for the Department of Mineralogy

. The was received from Mrs Matilda W . Bruce . income from this fund f has made possible the purchase o many desirable minerals .

’ o it The Museum s collection of meteorites in 1896 represented twenty Mete r es .

of e six falls and ﬁnds, thirteen which were a rosiderites (iron meteorites) ,

' aerosiderolites - é seven (iron stone meteorites) , and six a rolites (stone

of meteorites) , discovered in various parts the world , and received

of i with the Bailey collection m nerals , and through individual purchases and gifts .

The Ward - Coonley collection of meteorites was deposited with the Museum in 1901 . This collection is said to be the largest in the f world and to be exceeded in value only by that o Vienna . It con

6 3 . tains specimens , representing 0 falls and ﬁnds The meteorites now in the Foyer belonging to the Museum collee

: n . h tion are Ca on Diablo , from Arizona, weight lbs ; Bren am 75 75 (two masses, and from Kansas ; Forest Fity ( from Iowa ; and Long Island (86 from Kansas .

The T ucson meteorite is a reproduction in cast iron , the original of which was found in Arizona and is now in the National Museum of

The Insti u Washington . model was presented by the Smithsonian t

. The of of tion weight this cast is the same as that the original , lbs .

The n b three meteorites from Cape York , Greenland , know as A ni ” “ ” “ ” “ ” hito or T The The Do g , the ent , Woman and g, were visited [ 49 ] HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

1894 1895 by Commander Peary in and , and brought to New York in “ ” 1 1 Ahni hi o 895 897 . t and g , the largest and heaviest meteorite

n known, weighs to s and was obtained by Commander Peary in 1 “ ” “ ” 897 . The . The Woman, which weighs lbs , and Dog, 1 . 89 . lbs , were brought back in 5 All were acquired by the Museum

1 . e in 909 as the gift of Mrs J sup .

f . o E . Willamette , the gift Mrs William Dodge (cost, is the largest meteorite ever found in the United States and one of

n . the three largest k own It weighs lbs . , and was discovered 1 2 “ 90 . in near Portland, Oregon With the acquisition of Willamette, 1906 ’ in , the Museum s collection of meteorites became one of the ﬁnest

known to science . “ ” m Sel a . Selma , the largest entire stone meteorite known , was found in

Al abama in 1906 and purchased for It weighs 306 lbs . f . he Guffey T latest addition to this department was the Gu fey meteorite , 2 1 6 . 909 weighing 8 lbs , and purchased in for

CHIEF BENEFACTORS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MINERALOGY

GIFTS TO THE VALUE OF $500 OR MORE

Hugh Auchincloss D . Willis James

e su George S . Bowdoin Morris K . J p

esu Matilda W . Bruce Mrs . Morris K . J p m f . Me ha Brazilian Commission o Genten M . S p E nial xposition J . Pierpont Morgan Copper Queen Consolidated Min New York Mineralogical Club

Pe dr z z ini ing Company Minas a Company, Arizpe ,

James W . Constable Sonora, Mex .

E che rmikow William E . Dodge rnest S

Duf urc . Edward L . o q Robert L Stuart

E . . . A . Foote Mrs Robert L Stuart

H . James B . aggin D Jackson Steward

[ 50 ] S LLS NS C S NV R BR Z O LO Y HE , I E T , I E TE ATE O G

CONCHOLOGY

OLLECTIONS of shells were among the ﬁrst gifts to be received

by the Museum in the early days at the Arsenal , and they soon became one of the chief sources of attraction in the

E 187 one . 0 Museum arly in hundred specimens , representing ﬁfty species , were presented by Mr . Albert Storer, and during the same year a collection of land and fresh water shells from Switzerland and Wurtte mburg were received from Mr . Frank Daulte ; a collection of shells and alcoholic mollusca collected by Professor Bickmore in the East Indian Archipelago ; and the conchological collection gathered

T . and presented by Mr . Coleman Robinson , containing about species represented by about specimens .

T of hese collections formed the nucleus a Department of Conchology , which in 1874 was ﬁrmly established by the acquisition of the Jay

Collection of shells , presented by Miss Catharine L . Wolfe as a memorial of her father . It numbered specimens and contained T species and many varieties . his collection , with the rare concho ” logical library , together known as the Wolfe Memorial , was formed by Dr . John C . Jay , from whom it was purchased by Miss Wolfe for It was exhibited in the Arsenal until the opening of the new building , where it was prominently displayed on the ﬁrst ﬂoor . The number of species in the Conchological Department was

1 . greatly increased in 890 when Mr John J . Crooke presented his valu

of able cabinet land and fresh water shells , containing about specimens and species .

ri of for of A se es marine shells , notable the beauty and perfection the specimens, and containing a large number of very rare examples, was presented in 1890 by Mr . D . Jackson Steward . [ 5 1 ] HISTO RY OF THE MUSEUM

The acquisition of the Haines Collection of shells greatly added to f o . of the quality and scope this Department It consisted marine,

- n . fresh water, and land shells , being especially rich in the last amed

The and 1 collection contained species , was purchased in 895 for

of Nearly specimens land and fresh water shells, with 1898 E species , were received in from the estate of Professor dward D .

Cope . A collection of shells important to the Museum because of the H 1 4 . more showy genera was presented by Mr . Albert . Storer in 90

It comprised about specimens .

T . . o Mr F . A Constable the department is indebted for many ﬁne f o . specimens shells, principally from China and Japan Between 1901 1905 737 464 the years and he presented species from Japan , specimens from China , besides specimens representing species from other localities . The collection of shells from the Philippine Islands numbers about H 70 . . . specimens , 0 of which were gifts from Colonel C A H Mc aule . . a 477 C y , and Dr ugh M Smith , the remainder , cont ining species and varieties , being received through an exchange . The specimens now in the Conchological Department number about Specimens , embracing over species , and rep resenting localities all over the world .

CHIEF BENEFACTORS OF THE DEPARTMENT CONCHOLOGY GIFTS TO THE VALUE OF $500 OR MORE

T n Albert S . Bickmore Coleman . Robi son

John J . Crooke D . Jackson Steward

H . Fred . A Constable Albert Storer

i th s . . W t au E . D . Cope R A

Witthaus Frank Daulte Mrs . M .

Rev . Richard B . Post Miss Catherine Wolfe [ 52 ]

HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

ﬁft - r groups , of which there are y three , we e prepared at the expense of

Mr . Morris K . Jesup .

LEPIDOPTERA— BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS

The present collection of lepidoptera contains about speci mens, representing species .

One of the most important gifts to this section of the department , one f and which extended over several years , is the collection o butter E H f D . D ﬂies presented by the Very Reverend ugene August of man , . , ’ ’ . H f LL D . Dr . o fman s desire was to extend the Museum s collection

of . He so as to include the more important species the world began,

1897 of in , by purchasing a series the butterﬂies , found in

of America north Mexico, containing specimens , representing T 475 species . he next year he added specimens collected in

Mexico , Central and South America , and during the following four

n a n years purchased and presented various collectio s , cont i ing over

and . specimens from South America , Australia , Asia H ff Dr . o man also provided funds for Museum expeditions to the

19 19 1 19 2 . The Black Mountains , North Carolina , in 00, 0 , and 0 material thus obtained numbered fully specimens of various insects , among which were many butterﬂies and moths .

H f 1 2 n After the death of Dr . of man in 89 , ma y additions were made

Be ute nmiil ler as the result of the expeditions by Curator , the expenses

H f . for which Dr . o fman had provided H f 1 2 . . Since 89 , Mr Samuel V o fman has generously continued the f E . H work begun by his father, the Very Reverend ugene A o fman ,

His in his efforts to extend the butterﬂy collection . contributions

4 of include 36 African butterﬂies , specimens North American

1908 of and exotic lepidoptera , and a collection presented in specimens from Mexico , Brazil , Japan , and Africa . E The collection which had been gathered by Dr . S . Lowell lliot

E 1890 . was presented to the Museum by Mrs . lliot in It contained

butterﬂies and moths in absolutely perfect condition , almost

re re all of which were bred specimens , with many of the rarer types p [ 54 ] ENTOMOLOGY sented by entire broods showing the variation and intergradation of the species . A About butterﬂies, moths , beetles , grasshoppers , wasps , etc . , ngus u m on c o e ' 1 1 . were contained in the collection presented by Mr . James Angus in 89 The Harry Edwards collection was one of the largest private col

60 000 1e ido lections in the world . It numbered specimens ( , p p tera) , many of which were types , and species , gathered from Ed w ards 1892 all parts of the globe . It was purchased in for E of which was received from friends of Mr . dwards in response to an appeal from a committee headed by Mr . A . M . Palmer, which had been organized to secure the collection for the Museum . The Schaus collection comprises some specimens of butter 1897 ﬂies and moths and was presented by Mr . William Schaus in and 1906 . About specimens of the collection representing the principal know n genera of Old World moths were gotten together Schaus

for by Mr . Schaus as a study collection comparison with New World forms . It contains many type specimens and species authentically determined by comparison with British Museum types, a feature E making the collection highly useful to specialists and students . ( sti mated value of Old World Collection, Some speci

’ mens were gathered by Mr . Schaus during three years search in Mexico and Central and South America .

A series of butterﬂies and moths from Africa , India , and other Sachs

19 . parts of the world was presented by Mr . William Sachs in 00 It

3 of . contained about 00 specimens , many which were very rare

About 500 butterﬂies were collected in Sumatra in 1895 by Mr .

f m lle Rudolph Weber . Most all o them were new to the Museu co c tions . Seven hundred and ﬁfty were collected by Mr . F . C . Nicholas

H of 1895 . in onduras and U. S . Colombia in

DIPTERA— FLIES

’ The Museum s collection of diptera attained the ﬁrst rank of scientiﬁc

19 of importance in 03, through the addition to its collection over

ni North American ﬂies, contai ng more than species and [ 55 ] HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

1 T 70 . he f types collection was the gift o Dr . William Morton

Wheeler . A collection containing 400 specimens of North American diptera

was purchased in 1906 .

FORMICIDE — ANTS

The collection of ants numbers not less than specimens and

species, received largely through gift and expeditions . To Professor Auguste Forel the Museum is indebted for a large

and valuable collection of ants presented in 1907 . It contains

specimens , representing species .

The of ae of largest collection formicid in this country , and one

1 0 . m the three largest in the world , was presented in 9 8 by Dr Willia

Morton Wheeler . It contained many types and cotypes , and nearly every species is represented by long series of specimens— often many

hundreds in number . The large termite nests and ant hills on exhibition were collected

. H of by Mr Francis Child Nicholas in ayti and U. S . Colombia , and pre 1 H 9 . . sented in 8 7 by Mr enry C Pratt . m 1904 Baha as . On a collecting trip to Florida and the Bahamas in Professor Wh eeler obtained a practically complete series of the ants of Andros

and New Providence Islands, containing about ﬁfty species , together

of . with a ﬁne series mollusks , myriopods , arachnida , etc

r Por to Rico. An extensive collection of the ants of Culebra and Po to Rico, 6 containing about specimens and representing about 0 species, 1 906 . and subspecies , was obtained by Dr . Wheeler on an expedition in A collection of Madagascar formicidae purchased in 1904 contains

373 specimens and 83 species .

COLEOPTERA— BEETLES

The present collection of beetles has been acquired through ex

e dition f Beute nmiille r p s and ﬁeld work o Curator , as well as by gift

and purchase . Among those received as gifts are the specimens [ 56 ] ENTOMOLOGY

collected by the late Mr . George D . Bradford , and presented by his 1 9 5 mother in 8 5 ; 00 North and South American beetles , presented by

ﬁne K n l 1895 . i a bu a Mr . William Menzies , also in ; a collection from Mt ,

‘

19 4 bv . . . G British North Borneo , presented in 0 Messrs G A oss and

A . D . Dodge . The collection was greatly enlarged in 1907 through the generosity of - k E Mr . F . Du Cane Godman, a well nown nglish scientist and author “ ” - T of the famous work Biologia Centrali Americana . he collection contains more than specimens from Mexico and Central America ,

of representing species , many which were described new to “ ” of science in the Biologia . It is great scientiﬁc importance , since it is part of the material upon which the Coleoptera section of the “ ” Biologia was based .

ni Several thousand beetles , contai ng many new to science , also

’ l on many extremely rare specimens , were col ected the Curator s f various trips to the Black Mountains o North Carolina . The additions to the beetle collection by purchase are : speci

of E 1895 300 mens uropean beetles , purchased in , and tiger beetles 1 purchased in 907 .

EXPEDITIONS

The expeditions by Curator Beutenmuller to the Black Mountains of 1 1 0 1906 North Carolina in 895, and between 90 and , yielded an

s immen e amount of insect material . On the last six trips over specimens were collected , among which were many new as well as very many rare species . The funds for the trips made in 1902 and 1903 were provided by

E . . H f H f . the Very Rev . A o fman and Mr . Samuel V . of man

T of hrough local ﬁeld work by the Curator , many thousand insects

of various orders have been obtained , as well as a large collection

out insect galls , and through the cooperation of expeditions sent by

of E other departments the Museum , the Department of ntomology has received valuable collections from many localities— especially [ 57 ] HISTORY OF THE M USEUM

Sumatra , where specimens were collected , and Siberia , Africa ,

I . Patagonia , Jamaica , W . , Mexico , Bolivia , and various parts of the

United States .

The ns accessio of collections through gift , besides those previously

: of mentioned , include specimens various orders , collected by 1 6 George Dexter Bradford , and presented in 89 by his mother ; a

of valuable collection gall insects, containing several thousand speci 1 mens and many types donated in 905 by Mrs . Margaret Bassett ; a

of the U collection of more than vials spiders from nited States , H the work of the young naturalist , orace Britcher, donated by his mother and friends ; butterﬂies , bees , wasps , beetles , etc . , from f o 1 . the State Amazonas, Brazil , presented in 907 by Mr . Morris K

Jesup . Among other important collections purchased in recent years are insects from localities within ﬁfty miles of New York

of Ortho insects from Merida , Venezuela collection p 2 2 tera , containing 8 5 specimens and representing 55 species 700 Cuban insects

SCIENTIFIC STAFF

E Mr . Coleman T . Robinson gratuitously served as Curator of nto

Hi nn mology from 1870 until his death in 1872 . s work was in co ection with the large collection of Lepidoptera which he had presented . Baron Osten Sacken gave valuable assistance in arranging the collection of insects which he presented in 1870 . f E E . . of o Dr . B Southwick was in charge the Department ntomology

H s classiﬁca 18 6 1 . i from July , 8 to 887 attention was devoted to the tion and placing on exhibition of the specimens . Dr . Southwick collected in the vicinity of New York in 1886 .

Be nmiiller 1888 Mr . William C . ute joined the Museum in and since 1893 has been associated with it as Curator of the Department of

E He ntomology . has made frequent expeditions to the Black

of of Mountains North Carolina in Search insects , the published [ 58 ]

HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

out of i to bring more clearly the structure these an mals, and their

relation to man, large models, carefully constructed , have been pre

T in pared . his is especially true the lowest group of the animal king

The dom , namely , the Protozoans . models are constructed in wax and i w a a . glass , and are worked out th the most c reful det il The sponge collection represents extensively the forms found in

a . of m Bermuda, the Bahamas , and Jap n Almost all this aterial ,

o Sp nges . excepting that from Japan , was collected by Professor R . P . Whit

. of ﬁeld A series siliceous sponges from Japan, containing exception

in 1 1 The ally ﬁne examples , was purchased 90 . collection contained

- n - thirty seven specime s , representing twenty six species . The superb collection of corals is representative of the forms found E H in the ast and West Indies, Bermudas, Bahamas, awaiian Islands,

New Zealand , and Florida , and have been acquired largely through

. . n . . . . the generosity of Mr Percy R Py e, Mrs R P Dana , Mr D . Jackson

Steward , the Paciﬁc Mail S . S . Company , Dr . D . Bryson Delavan , and

- . fi Professor R . P . Whitfield One hundred and twenty v e unusually o C rals . fine specimens from Florida and the Pacific Ocean were given by Mr .

Pyne in 1885 . Some beautiful forms were contained in a collection

from the West Indies , given by Mrs . R . P . Dana , and from the

East Indies by Mr . D . Jackson Steward . Most of the corals from

n Florida , Bermuda , and the Bahamas were collected , and ma y

presented , by Professor R . P . Whitﬁeld . Of special note is the

of M adre ora almata specimen p p , which is probably the ﬁnest ever

of Orbicella collected , and the unusually large and perfect specimen

annularis .

A representative series of corals from the Hawaii an Islands was

on . . E . Duer en 1 w obtained an expedition by Dr J d in 905, hen specimens representing between thirty and forty species were col

le cte d H , forming probably the largest collection of awaiian corals ever

made .

An expedition to the Bahama Islands in 1908 under Dr . William Morton Wheeler in search of material for use in a coral reef group

of yielded many choice specimens corals , including an exceptionally [ 60 ] INVERTEBRATE ' ZOOLOGY

of w ﬁne example Madrepore coral , measuring ten feet across and eigh ing nearly two tons . — A series of hydrozoans and actinozoans , containing forty seven specimens mounted in alcohol and representing the marine life of the

1896 . E . Bay of Naples, was received in as a gift from Mr William

Dodge .

of an The other groups invertebrates , namely , the echinoderms ,

l te nu a s, and arthropods (aside from insects) are represented by typ ical

our not . The specimens , although collections are extensive structure and anatomy of the more complicated invertebrates , such as the clam and the oyster, are shown by models enlarged six to seven diameters . Models have also been prepared show ing the consecutive stages

of f : in the development of the eggs di ferent forms, namely mollusk , T . a brook trout , frog, and lancelet hese series, in each c se , embody the researches of investigators in their particular subjects and are e prepared und r their supervision or from their published works . To bring out more clearly the relation between man and the lower

of animals a series models , illustrating the development and structure

of . r the Malaria Mosquito and the life cycle of the Mala ia Organism , has been prepared . The Marine Habitat Groups represent the typical life of several

T sea marine species . hese include urchins, brittle stars, land crabs and sponges .

Marine invertebrate material acquired through expeditions , in m m addition to those previously entioned , includes any species of sea fans , gorgonias , crustaceans , etc . , from Bermuda , and echinoderms , sea anemones, sea cucumbers , starﬁsh , etc . , from the Bahamas , all collected and presented by Professor R . P . Whitﬁeld ; a ctinians and

lVe s E D t . . . ue r e n alcyonarians from the Indies , collected by Dr J d ;

sea . fans , etc , from the Bahamas , collected by Professor William

h . Morton W eeler ; sea urchins , etc , from Newfoundland , collected

‘

L . r t . G a a ca by Mr P . p ; and other invertebrate material from Massa chusetts , Florida , New Mexico , Alaska , Patagonia , Siberia , and the

Philippine Islands . [ 6 1 ] HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

CHIEF BENEFACTORS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY GIFTS TO THE VALU E OF $500 OR MORE

J . A . Britcher M . M . Metcalf

Richard P . Dana Paciﬁc Mail Steamship Company

D . Bryson Delevan Percy R . Pyne

E 2d s William arle Dodge , D . Jack on Steward

Gilman A . Drew U. S . Bureau of Fisheries

Auguste Forel W . M . Wheeler E H H dward . arriman R . P . Whitﬁeld

e Morris K . J sup

SCIENTIFIC STAFF

1 1 H . In 90 Dr . C . Bumpus became Assistant to the President and was also placed in immediate charge of the Department of Invertebrate

His Zoology . time was so fully occupied with administrative work as Assistant to the President that he could devote very little time to f 1 2 o . 90 . the development this Department Accordingly in , Dr m f Willia Morton Wheeler succeeded him as Curator o the Department ,

Dr . Bumpus having been appointed Director of the Museum .

W 1 n Dr . heeler served until 908, when he resigned , havi g been appointed to the Professorship of Economic Entomology in Harvard

T e H University . h Museum at this time made him onorary Curator of to w Social Insects , and as such he will continue be identiﬁed ith the

. W f 1 work . Dr heeler was elected a Patron o the Museum in 908 in

of recognition of his gift of his collection formicidae . E H . The present Curator of this Department is Dr . enry Cramp 1 1 909 . . ton, who assumed his work January , Dr Crampton is well known as a writer and investigator and for several years has held the

Chair of Zoology at Barnard College .

Grata ca of Mr . Louis Pope p has had charge the mollusca since 1 1 1 880 . In 90 he was appointed Curator of Mineralogy , in charge

H s of 1901 of . i also Conchology , and in Curator the latter also present title in this Department is Curator of Mollusca . [ 62 ] INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY

H Mr . G . . Sherwood was appointed Assistant Curator of Inverte f 1 1 . 90 o . brate Zoology in November, During the curatorship Dr

Bumpus he attended to the routine work of the Department , but par ticularly carried out the idea of the Director for bringing about a more intimate relation between the Museum and the educational system

T of col of the City . his included the development the circulating 1903 lections which was begun in December, , and the inauguration

of of the lectures for school children . With the retiring Professor

r 1 5 . Bickmore from active se vice in 90 , Mr Sherwood was appointed 1 Curator of the Department of Public Instruction . In 906 he was appointed Assistant Secretary and Assistant Treasurer . H E . Du Dr . J . e rden was identiﬁed with the Museum as onorary

f H e Curator o Coelenterates from 1902 until 1906 . has contributed

E several papers to the BULL T IN . 1 2 E . Dr . B . Dahlgren joined the Museum in 90 as an Assistant in

H e the Department of Invertebrate Zoology . was appointed Curator of the Department of Preparation and Installation when it was es tablishe d i 19 3 at the beginn ng of 0 , and served in this capacity until 1906 , when he was appointed an Assistant Curator of the Department of Invertebrate Zoology . Dr . Dahlgren was especially interested in

f He 1909 the preparation o biological models . served till

Ro Mr . y W . Miner has been associated with the Museum since

- f 1905 as Assistant Curator in the Department o Invertebrate Zoology . He has given special attention to the installation of the collections on exhibition and is carrying on researches on the sponges and myria pods .

. E Dr Frank . Lutz was appointed Assistant Curator in this Depart 1 ment in 909 . Dr . Lutz has been a research assistant in the Carnegie H Institution at Cold Spring arbor, Long Island , and has published a number of papers on the general subjects of Inheritance and Variation . Other specialists who have served the Museum through this Depart 1894 um ment are Professor Verrill , who was engaged in to identify T H determined invertebrate material ; Dr . arleton . Bean , who iden tiﬁe d and catalogued the ﬁshes received from the Aquarium in 1898 ; [ 63 ] HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

H . t Mr Frederick M . olbrook, who identiﬁed and ca alogued turtles in

1898 . . . of , and Dr L W Williams , who made the large model the com

n mo squid in 1906 . The present Scientiﬁc Staff of this Department includes also three H : . onorary Curators Professor William Morton Wheeler, Dr Alexander

Pe k v T trun e itch . . , and Professor Aaron L readwell

. Petrunkev itch on Dr Alexander , an authority American spiders ,

H f P trunk e ch became an onorary Curator o Arachnida in 1909 . Dr . e v it o has rendered valuable service to the Museum through corresp ndence, f o . exchange , and the general enrichment the collections

T of Professor Aaron L . readwell Vassar College was appointed H onorary Curator of Annulata in 1909 .

[ 64 ] F S S R L S N B R C NS I HE , EPTI E A D AT A HIA

NTIL 1901 , there were practically no batrachians and ﬁshes f on . o exhibition , and very few reptiles Lack space had

made this necessary , and the accumulations of the preced

The f ing thirty years found storage room only . collection o reptiles and batrachians up to this time consisted of specimens received from

and col the Department of Parks the Zoological Society , a number le cte d on Museum expeditions to Florida , Mexico , and Cuba , thirty T seven reptiles and batrachians from the Island of rinidad , twenty U 1 1 ﬁve from tah , Wyoming, and Nebraska , and 0 collected in

. 4 125 Sumatra Fifty snakes , 0 lizards, and embryos of loggerhead turtles , collected in Florida , were presented by Dr . Charles Stover 1 Allen in 1893 . In 899 Colonel Nicholas Pike presented his large collection of reptiles and batrachians containing about mostly from Long Island , New York . Th f e collection o ﬁshes was very small , and consisted mainly of painted wax and plaster models , which resembled but slightly the

ﬁsh in nature . Most of these were received in a collection purchased from the Smithsonian Institution in 1886 It contained colored casts of eighteen species of ﬁsh and fourteen species of rep

of tiles . A series ﬁshes collected by Professor Agassiz was presented - of 1876 by the Museum Comparative Zoology , Cambridge , in , and other specimens were received from time to time through the United

States Fish Commission .

of es When the present Department Invertebrate Zoology was Fishes . tablishe d 1901 f in , the collections o ﬁshes and reptiles were placed in E f f . n or its charge xhibition space was assig ed them , and e forts toward an attractive exhibition series were at once begun . All known f methods o preserving and exhibiting ﬁshes were unsatisfactory, so experiments along this line were begun, and have continued with [ 65 ] HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

h v e rv satisfa ctory results . T e present exhibition series of ﬁshes 125 comprises casts , models , and mounted skins , together with about T the same number of colored plates of the various families . o the New York Aquarium the Department is indebted for very many

U h . specimens , also to the nited States Fis Commission From the — latter, twenty specimens types and cotypes of new genera and

of — 1 19 4 species ﬁsh from the Philippines were received in 903 , and in 0

of 2 H a collection 00 awaiian ﬁsh , besides various smaller collections received from time to time . The exhibition series of reptiles numbers in specimens and groups 54 28 2 1 6 . 50 of turtles, ; batrachians, ; lizards and snakes , About specimens have been received from the Zoological Society, and over

of ﬁfty from the Department Parks . u Four h ndred and sixty batrachians, representing every species U 19 5 of the nited States but one, were presented in 0 by Miss Mary 1 — C . Dickerson . In 907 eighty two exotic lizards from various localities

H - were given by Mr . A . errman and thirty eight reptiles and batrachians

e su from Brazil were presented by Mr . Morris K . J p . The expeditions sent out by other departments of the Museum have added many specimens to the study collections from Mexico,

l Fa ﬁm E Porto Rico, A aska, Patagonia , y Desert ( gypt) , and Siberia . In 1906 an expedition sent to New Mexico and Arizona for reptiles 19 returned with specimens . Another trip to Colorado in 08

- yielded ﬁfty one specimens . A new Department of Ichthyology and Herpetology was estab

l she d 1909 . . i in July, , and Dr Bashford Dean appointed its Curator

H E E E T R THE E T E T HE C I F B N FAC O S OF D PAR M N OF FIS S , E T E T H R P IL S , AND BA RAC IANS

GIFTS TO THE VALUE OF $ 500 OR MORE H Cleveland . Dodge Alessandro Fabbri Ernesto Fabbri

[ 66 ]

MAMMA LS AND BIRDS

HORTLY ’ 1 69 after the Museum s Charter was granted , in 8 ,

T of 1 the rustees began the purchasing collections , and by 870 E i had secured the lliot, the Maxim lian, the Vedray, and

- l e rre aux collections . The most important was that of Prince Alexander Philip Maxi

of milian Wied , which was purchased for sterling . It con 600 sisted of mounted birds, mounted mammals, and about

ﬁshes mounted and in alcohol . Prince Maximilian visited 1815 1816 1817 Brazil in , , and , exploring it through ten degrees of lati

for He tude, and gathering specimens his collection . came to the U 1832 w nited States in , when little was kno n of the Far West , and as an experienced naturalist visited the region between the Rocky Moun

His tains and the Mississippi . collection, containing many types, was E regarded as the most important in urope . The Elliot Collection of Birds consisted chieﬂy of North American species and comprised over specimens , and was purchased from

r E Dr . Daniel Gi aud lliot for

The Ve rre aux Collection , placed on the market because of the

E Ve rre a of death of its owner, dward ux Paris , at that time the largest

for dealer in specimens in the world , was purchased It 220 m 400 comprised mounted mam als , mounted birds , and f o . skeletons mammals , birds , reptiles , and ﬁshes Tw o hundred and ﬁfty specimens of mounted mammals and Siberian

of birds were purchased from M . Vedray , also Paris , for The skeleton of the North Atlantic right whale was one of the

ﬁrst gifts of importance received by the Trustees for the new Museum .

T off his whale came ashore Long Island , and the bones were purchased T by the Honorable Peter Cooper for use in Cooper Union . hey proved too cumbersome, however, and were stored in the basement until , [ 67 ] HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

upon the organization of the new Museum, they were presented to the

The Trustees by Mr . Cooper . specimen was mounted in the Arsenal and ﬁrst exhibited in 1883 . Before the mammals and birds were transferred from the Arsenal 1878 to the new building early in , there were many additions , principally

e of . the mount d specimen of the extinct great auk, the gift Mr Robert 1 ’ . 870 L Stuart in , a collection of birds nests given by the Smithsonian

1874 of Institution in , and skins North American birds presented

E . in 1875 by Dr . Daniel G . lliot

After the new building (north wing) was opened , the collection of

n mammals and birds was constantly e larged by various gifts . e Sev ral mounted mammals , among them an elk , a moose , tapir, camel , and an ostrich , which had been exhibited at the Centennial

Ex of T hibition in Philadelphia, were purchased by a number the rustees

1 T s and presented to the Museum in 878. hey were con idered to be

of one of the result the ﬁnest taxidermy of the time, and formed the chief attractions to the Museum in the early days . T he . E ﬁrst material for study collections was given by Dr . A . 1882 Mearns in , consisting of skins and eggs of North American and

European birds .

The gift of Mrs . Robert L . Stuart made possible the series of 37

of f groups showing the nesting habits our native birds, the ﬁrst o

1 The M which were exhibited in 887 . Museum is also indebted to rs . Stuart for the series of groups of the smaller species of mammals found f within the vicinity o New York .

A valuable collection of humming birds , numbering speci 4 E 00 . . mens and representing species , was the gift of Dr Daniel G lliot T E . . 1 . m in 887 . hat same year Dr A Mearns presented speci ens of birds collected in Arizona . The Snowden Howland Collection of eggs of North American f 1 o . Birds , numbering was the gift Mr Clarence King in 889 . Another collection received in 1889 was that of a number of mam mals and birds and a small collection of eggs and nests from South

b . . Africa , collected y Dr , B N Bridgman and presented by Mr . D . [ 68 ] MAMMALS AND BIRDS

Willis James , Mr . Cornelius Vanderbilt, and Mr . Chas . Smith . In 1890 about 440 bird skins and the skins and skulls of 55 mammals E collected in Florida were given by Mr . W . . D . Scott .

The — ﬁve specimens in the habitat group of orang utans , collected — T H 1 81 . . . in Borneo in 878 by Mr W ornaday , was presented to the

Museum by Mr . Robert L . Colgate .

Mr . James A . Bailey was a frequent contributor to the depart

- ment . A chimpanzee and a two horned rhinoceros , as well as the

f on x o . skeleton of Jumbo all which are e hibition, were his gifts ” The skeleton of Samson , an Asiatic elephant , was presented by

1 7 . . . 88 Mr . W W Cole in In 1895 the Linnaean Socie tv of New York contributed the William i Dutcher Collection of birds , contain ng about specimens , most of which were collected in Long Island . Through the cooperation of the Park Commission and the Zoological

s Society , the department has received many addition to its collection . Ti 1894 p , the Asiatic elephant received in , the Indian rhinoceros , “ ” the e re and the chimpanzee Kitty , all on exhibition , are among s 1 4 e iv e d . 90 c from the Central Park Menagerie Since January , , the accessions from that source have numbered 272 mammals and 341

2 2 41 re birds . During the same period 8 mammals and birds were

of ce iv e d from the Zoological Society . One the best known specimens “ H ” is annibal , the African lion , presented to the Zoological Park by

1 5 . Miss Carnegie , which was given to the Museum in 90 The development of the series of Cetaceans has been largely through

of . . 1 o . the generosity Mr George S Bowd in In 907, through funds

’ : a. provided by him , three skeletons were purchased Gray s whale , Ce taceans .

z i hiioid bottlenose whale, and a rare p whale , which proved to be a

The new species and was named in honor of Mr . Bowdoin . Museum

f ﬁnb k to . o ac is also indebted Mr Bowdoin for the skeleton the whale ,

- and the model of the sulphur bottom , which was prepared from

The photographs and measurements . exhibition series also contains

bla ckﬂsh . models of the , harbor porpoises, and common dolphins

of In the study series there are skulls and skeletons the narwhal , [ 69 ] HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

of and skulls the white whale , collected by Commander Peary and presented by the Peary Arctic Club .

Tw o off North Atlantic right whales, captured Amagansett , Long

Island , were obtained by Mr . Roy Chapman Andrews and Mr . James 1 L . Clark in 907 . One of these whales was the largest specimen of

i The which there has been deﬁn te scientiﬁc record . sum paid for the two skeletons and a complete set of baleen was also the gift of Mr . Bowdoin . Eight specimens of the fur seal for a group illustrating a seal rookery 1 908 . . . T were presented to the department in by Mr D O Mills . he specimens were collected at the Pribilof Islands , Alaska . Among recent gifts of special interest are the following

The of S olenodon aradoxus skins and skeletons the rare p , which H were obtained in Haiti by Mr . A . . Verrill and presented in 1907 by President Jesup ; the small but valuable collection of mammals from

d of T 1908 the bor er ibet, received in through the generosity of the H 19 9 onorable Mason Mitchell (the takin, mounted in 0 , was in this

of collection) ; the group Paradise birds , numbering 75 specimens and

46 of . . containing species , the gift Mrs Frank Sturgis

MAMMAL AND BIRD COLLECTIONS BY PURCHASE

A number of important accessions to the department have been purchased by the Museum .

In 1882 two contracts were made with Professor H . A . Ward of Rochester— one to supply mounted specimens of such mammals of North America north of Mexico as were necessary to complete the

’ of — Museum s collections , not to exceed the value the other to procure for the Museum specimens of all the monkeys in the world . In the ﬁrst four years following the drawing up of these contracts a 1888 large number of specimens was sent in, a few were delivered in ,

2 The and the last received in 189 . funds for the ﬁrst contract were

e u provided by Mr . J s p personally , and for the second , which amounted to over by Mr . Robert Colgate . [ 70 ] MAMMALS AND BIRDS

T he H . . B Bailey Collection of nests and eggs, considered at that 1 time one of the ﬁnest in the country , was purchased in 885 . of this was given by Mrs . Robert L . Stuart .

A collection of bird skins, several hundred eggs , and several

H H . hundred sterna, collected by Mr . erbert Smith in Brazil, was purchased from him in 1887 . On an expedition to South America in

— to 1898 99 Mr . Smith was authorized collect mammals for the Museum 1904— 5 656 to the value of about In , specimens of mam 14 mals, together with 7 birds , eggs , and nests collected by Mr . Smith in Colombia , were received . The Lawrence Collection of American Birds was purchased in 1887 for and added to the collections about specimens, mostly m from Mexico , Central A erica , South America, and the West Indies, containing species and 300 original types . They were the result

f . of o . the life work the ornithologist , Mr George N Lawrence .

' of 400 A collection Bolivian birds, containing several new to science

H H . u . R sb 1 and collected by Dr . y , was purchased in 888.

With the acquisition of the George B . Sennet Collection of birds in 1 9 . 03, the study collection was increased to over specimens T his collection contained about birds, several hundred nests ,

T . and several thousand eggs , largely from Mexico and exas The Price Collection of birds contained specimens from Cali 4 fornia 190 . and Mexico, and was purchased in

An extensive series of Philippine birds , containing specimens, was purchased in 1905 . In 1907 the department acquired 55 specimens of mammals from 1 6 . 90 China, most of which had been heretofore unrepresented In

79 . another collection from China, containing specimens , was purchased

EXPEDITIONS

In addition to the material acquired through gift and purchase, the various expeditions sent out in the interest of this department have procured many valuable specimens which have contributed to [ 7 1 ] HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

B o G o . is n r up both the exhibition and the study series . The ﬁrst organized expedi tion sent out from the Museum was the one from this Department in 1 886 E . , when Dr . Daniel G . lliot and Mr Jenness Richardson went to f Montana in search o material for the Bison group . 1895 Of the six specimens in the Moose group, completed in , two

Moo G o se r up . were obtained on expeditions to Maine in 1888 and New Brunswick

1884. . . in One was presented by Mr John L Cox, and another by Dr .

E . . A Mearns, while the other two were purchased .

The for specimens the Wapiti group, with the exception of the

large male, were collected in the Olympic Mountains in Washington T 1900 . . . 1 in by Mr C Lincoln Free his group was completed in 906 .

The 1905 Collared Peccary group , mounted in , was obtained in

H n 1 2 . . . o 9 . Sinaloa, Mexico , by Mr J Batty his expedition in 0 On the same expedition he also collected the material for the California mule

1905 . deer group, which was mounted in

’ Grant s caribou was discovered by Mr . Andrew J . Stone on an ex 1 — 1 pe dition to Alaska and British Columbia in 901 903 . The specimens

for 1902 this group , completed in , were obtained in the extreme west T ern end of the Al askan peninsula . his expedition also provided the 19 9 specimens for the Dall sheep group , completed in 0 , as well as a E large and important collection of other mammals . specially note

of worthy are the series the golden lemming, Osborn caribou, and

the Stone sheep , both of the latter being species new to science . Through the expeditions of this department a ﬁne series of mam

for mals, both large and small , were received in addition to material

the groups mentioned above . A large collection of mammals from Arctic America was brought 1902 back by Captain George Comer in and comprised, besides a

of number of small mammals, specimens the Barren Ground caribou ,

musk ox , and a few bearded seals . 19 2 On an expedition to Central and Southern Mexico in 0 , under

H . f . . o Mr J Batty , an extensive collection mammals and birds was

obtained . The mammals collected in Eastern Siberia during 1900 and 1901 [ 72 ]

HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

SCIENTIFIC STAFF

m As Superintendent of the Museum , Professor A . S . Bick ore had general charge of the mammals and birds during the early develop H 1 72 . . . ment of this department . In 8 Dr J B older was appointed a genera l assistant to Professor Bickmore and devoted his attention to

H 1881 . the zoological collections . e was made Curator of Zoology in In 1885 the Department of Zoology was divided into two departments — H that of Mammals and Birds, and Marine Zoology . Dr . older was 18 8 Curator of the latter, which position he held until his death in 8 , having been in the service of the Museum for seventeen years . Dr . Holder was an associate of Professor Agassiz and Professor Baird and had made important investigation on the fauna of New England waters

He and later in Florida . was a voluminous writer, and made many important contributions to science . 1 Al In 885 Dr . J . A . len was made Curator of the Department of

. . i Mammals and Birds Dr Allen had studied under Agass z , and served as an assistant in ornithology in the Museum of Comparative Zoology H at Harvard . e had already become an authority in several lines of

. h . research W en Dr Allen assumed charge of the Department , the collection of mammals numbered not far from mounted skins, 300 and about mounted skeletons . The collection of birds numbered

3 00 s about mounted specimens, and about unmounted skin , T ’ besides several hundred mounted skeletons . hrough Dr . Allen s

f of T ef orts the Department axidermy was established in 1886 . H e also started the ﬁrst study collections , which a year after his appointment

s s numbered skin of birds , and from his department also, the ﬁr t expedition organized for collecting and exploring was sent out . Under his guidance this department has had continuous growth , and at the present time the collections comprise more than mammals and

birds in the exhibition and study series . Dr . Allen is recognized

one of as the foremost authorities on mammals and birds, and his numerous contributions to systematic zoology are widely recogniz ed

. r on as of the highest merit Besides car ying his numerous researches , [ 74 ] MAMMALS AND BIRDS in recent years he has devoted much of his time to e diting the scientiﬁc publications of the Museum .

1888 . . In Mr Frank M Chapman was appointed Assistant Curator Mr. F. M . h m n His C ap a , in this Department . attention has been given primarily to orni 1888

tholo e . gy , in which branch of zoology he has attained pre minence It is in a large measure through his untiring energy and careful ﬁeld work that the Museum is indebted for the effectiveness of its bird groups, which competent observers have declared to be second to none . f Mr. C . At the present time the Scientiﬁc Sta f of this department includes R . Andrews Mr . Roy Chapman Andrews , Assistant in Mammalogy , and Mr . W . 1907 W W. D. . a Mr. D . W . Miller, Assist nt in Ornitholo y . g M iller, From time to time the Museum has availed itself of the services 1903 and advice of scientists who have specialized in particular groups of

for the mammals and birds , the proper identification, classification , and installation of the material . Foremost among these should be E mentioned Dr . Daniel Giraud lliot , who served as scientific adviser Ad v isers T and . to the rustees in the purchase of the first collections secured It i i t Spec al s s . was on his recommendation that the Ve rre aux and Vedray collections

of who were acquired . A few the others have assisted in the develop

: E of . . ment the collection of mammals and birds are Dr dgar A Mearns, 1 A . 883 U . S . , who in identiﬁed , labeled , and catalogued a large col

E . . . . . r . lection of uropean birds ; Dr A K Fisher and Dr J Dwight , J , who in 1885 gratuitously labeled and catalogued the Elliot collection of E . . . . . w ho birds ; Mr Charles L Brownell and Mr G Lewis , gave their

i i n of gratuitous serv ces Dep artment Ornithology,

CHIEF BENEFACTORS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MAMMALS AND BIRDS

GIFTS TO THE VALUE OF $500 OR MORE

James A . Bailey John L . Cadwalader

T . P . Barnum W . W . Cole H J . . Batty Robert Colgate

Courtenay Brandreth James M . Constable [ 75 ] HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

Peter Cooper D . O . Mills

of Hon . Department Parks , New York Mason Mitchell New York Zoological Society

r Rev . D . Stua rt Dodge Pea y Arctic Club H William E . Dodge enry Clay Pierce

William Dutcher Henry W . Poor

E . . Daniel G . lliot Mrs F Augustus Schermerhorn

Madison Grant Mrs . Philip Schuyler

H . H . B . ollins George B Sennett

D . Willis James Robert L . Stuart

e su . Morris K . J p Mrs Frank K . Sturgis

esu o T Mrs . Morris K . J p Miss Ph ebe horne Clarence King Samuel Thorne T Linnaean Society of New Mrs . John B . revor

E . A . Mearns Mrs . Robert Winthrop

[ 76 ]

FOSSI L VERTEBRATES

HE Department of Vertebrate Palaeontology was established by

1 9 1 H Fairﬁeld President Jesup in May, 8 , with Professor enry

Osborn as Curator .

‘ b Profe ssor The plan of the department , as outlined y Osborn in

for 1892 re resentative series from the Annual Report , was to form p

h ccessive horiz ons o the West historical develo t e su f , in order to present a p

h r A r ment of the Evolution of t e M amma ls in No th me ica . It was ex pande d subsequently to cover the evolution of the vertebrata in 1909 general , but its chief aim, and since its speciﬁed limitation , has

to Evolution o the Land Vertebrates rimaril o been present the f , p y f

A r North me ica of . , but incidentally other parts of the world These plans have met with a substantial success that places this

of department among the foremost in the world in this branch science , not merely in the size of its collections , but in their quality , and in the high standards of scientiﬁc accuracy , thoroughness , and artistic

a he excellence m intained in all its work . T generous support received from Trustees and friends of the Museum and the interest and appre ciation shown by the people of New York have warranted expanding the original plans to a much larger scale than at ﬁrst contemplated . Where eighteen years ago a single hall seemed adequate to present

of the evolution of the mammalian life North America , the exhibits already require three times this space ; and we look forward to pre

of of senting the broad succession vertebrate life land and sea , from its inception far back toward the beginnings of the geological record ,

l of down to its cu mination in the appearance man, in a succession

to of halls corresponding the great periods of geology . The materials

for this larger plan are rapidly accumulating , and will be prepared for a splendid presentation before the space is available for their exhibition . [ 77 ] HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

COLLECTIONS

l The collections in this department are main y from three sources ,

E E . namely , xpeditions , xchange , Purchase

s b First , and most important , are the collection brought in year y year by expeditions sent out by the Museum to explore various fossil

s U of bearing horizon in the nited States and other parts the world .

Fifty- two expeditions have been sent out in this department between

1 1 1909 of the years 89 and inclusive , at a total cost of upward The expense of these expeditions is borne partly by the General E w T ndo ment Fund provided by the rustees , partly by the special

n of H a nual fund provided by Professor enry Fairfield Osborn, and in some instances by funds for special explorations which have been provided by the late President Jesup , by Mrs . Jesup , by the

. . . . . r . late William C Whitney , by Messrs Percy R Pyne, J P Morgan, J , F ﬁ H ir el . l . a d . Frank K Sturgis , enry Osborn, and George J Gou d More than half of the collections, both in number and value , have been obtained through Museum expeditions .

E D Exp L ATI Ns — 1 1 OR O . FI L Beginning in 89 , the various geological horiz ons and countries have been explored in the following seasons

T 1902 1906 1908. Permian, exas, , ,

T 1894 1895 . riassic, North Carolina , , — 1 97 1 1 . Upper Jurassic, Wyoming, 8 905 ; Montana, 903 1 1 i 897 . 903 . Mar ne Cretaceous , Kansas , S Dakota , “ ” 1892 1900 1 2 Laramie Cretaceous , Wyoming, , ; Montana , 90 9 .

Judith River Cretaceous , Montana . 1 2 1 T 89 896 . Paleocene (Puerco and orrejon) , New Mexico , , E 1 6 . Lower ocene (Wasatch) , Wyoming, New Mexico , 89 1 1 18 6 1 1 E 9 9 905 . Lower ocene (Wind River) , Wyoming, 8 , , , 909 H 1 E . ocene ( uerfano) , Colorado , 897 E 1893 1903—6 1909 Middle ocene (Bridger) , Wyoming, , ,

E 1893 1895 1908. Middle ocene (Washakie) , Wyoming, , ,

U E U 1894 1895 1909 . pper ocene ( inta) , Utah , , ; Wyoming, E 1 — 7 9 . Oligocene (Fayum) , gypt , 90 0 [ 78 ]

FOSSIL VERTEBRATES

1892 1894 1902 . Oligocene (White River) , South Dakota , , ,

h 1898 1901 . Oligocene (W ite River) , Colorado , ,

1902 1909 . Oligocene (White River) , Montana, ; Wyoming,

1902 . Miocene, Montana , 1 899 . Miocene (Santa Cruz) , Patagonia, — — 1 7 1907 8 . . 905 Lower Miocene , S Dakota, Nebraska , — 1898 1901 2 1908 . Middle Miocene, Colorado , , ; Nebraska , — 4 1 98 . U . 189 1902 3 8 pper Miocene , S Dakota , , ; Kansas , 1 —1 1 U T 899 90 . pper Miocene , exas, 1 908 . Lower Pliocene , Nebraska, T 1 —1 899 9 . Middle Pliocene, exas, 00 — 1893 1 9 T 1899 19 1 . Lower Pleistocene, Nebraska , , 8 7 ; exas 0 — — 1903 4 19 7 8 . Later Pleistocene , Arkansas , ; Alaska , 0

of of Second , but ﬁrst in point time, is the collection vertebrate H fossils obtained by Messrs . White and Meek for Professor all and purchased w ith the rest of the Hall Collection for the Museum by the T rustees in 1878.

T of hird , the collection North American Fossil Mammals brought

E . . 1 2 1 90 together by Professor D Cope between 87 and 8 , and pur

of esu . chased for by subscription Mr . Morris K . J p , Mrs William H H F irﬁ l E . . . a e d . . Osborn , Messrs enry Osborn, W Dodge, J Pierpont

T H e me e r . . . av Morgan , James M Constable, heodore A y , D Willis James , m John D . Cri mins , Cornelius Vanderbilt , Adrian Iselin, Charles Lanier,

E of . Frederic . Church , and an unnamed friend the Museum In

of i num this collection about specimens , s included a great ber of skeletons and skulls of extinct mammals of the American

T of ertiary formations , some them unique , and all of great value in illustrating the history and evolution of the mammalia in North

America .

Fourth , the Cope Pampean Collection, obtained in the Pampean

of Formation the Argentine Republic by Messrs . Ameghino , Larroque ,

x E of 1878 and Brachet , e hibited at the Paris xpedition , and pur

b f r chased y Professor Cope . It w as purchase d from his estate o the [ 79 ] HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

H m of 1899 . av e e e r Museum at a cost in by Messrs y , Dodge , T s m. T James, Iselin, Con table , and Osborn, rustees of the Museu his

ﬁn e of - collection contains a series skeletons of ground sloths, glyptodons ,

- of saber tooth tiger, and other extinct South American mammals, high exhibition value .

of Am Fifth , the Cope Collection Fossil Reptiles , phibians , and

of Fishes North America, presented to the Museum in 1902 by Presi dent Jesup at a cost of It includes magniﬁcent skeletons of

- the amphibious, carnivorous, and duck billed dinosaurs, a splendid

of series of the ancient reptiles and amphibians the Permian Period ,

of and other specimens high scientiﬁc and exhibition value .

of H ob Sixth , the Whitney Collections Fossil and Recent orses , taine d and prepared in 1901— 3 by Western expeditions sustained f through a special fund o provided by the late William C . T f . o . Whitney his includes a splendid series skeletons, skulls , etc , of E of H extinct and living horses, illustrating the volution the orse T in Nature and under Domestication . his exhibit has since been much expanded and improved by specimens presented or through H . R . funds provided by Messrs Randolph untington, James Keene ,

R . Frank K . Sturgis, George J . Gould , Arthur Curtiss James, Percy

H . Pyne, Francis R . Appleton, and enry F . Osborn

Seventh , the Warren Collection, brought together by Professor

of H U 1840— 55 J . Collins Warren arvard niversity in , and purchased 1 6 for the Museum from his heirs by J . Pierpont Morgan in 90 at a cost of It includes the famous (Warren) Mastodon, the most per feet skeleton of an extinct elephant ever discovered ; also a skeleton

Z eu lodon of of the extinct cetacean g , a collection Dinosaur footprints , and other valuable specimens .

E ns of ighth, various choice specime fossil vertebrates from Kansas , H T . . Wyoming, and exas, purchased from Mr Charles Sternberg and

. e su . or presented by Mrs Morris K . J p , Mr Charles Lanier, and others,

The purchased through general endowment funds . most remark able of these specimens are the mummiﬁed skeleton of a duck- billed

of of dinosaur, a ﬁne skull the horned dinosaur, a skeleton the great [ 80 ]

HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM funds) the present value of the collections would be between four and f ﬁve hundred thousand dollars , and th e expenditures o the Trustees thereupon would amount to about

SUMMARY

The total number of catalogued specimens is over of which T are mammals . hese specimens, it is estimated , represent about distinct species . They include an exceptionally large

of 4 number of type specimens and casts types . There are 03 original type specimens of valid species of fossil mammals from the North American Tertiary formations ; the total number of type specimens (originals and casts) of fossil vertebrata is estimated at over one thousand . The collections include forty- nine complete mounted skeletons of

- s extinct mammals , twenty four of extinct reptiles and amphibian , and T one extinct bird . here are in addition many complete or nearly

for e complete skeletons which have not yet been mounted xhibition ,

of of many hundreds skulls of extinct vertebrates, and thousands

or of l of jaws , feet , other portions skeletons , on y a small part which

(some two thousand specimens) are placed on exhibition .

SCIENTIFIC STAFF

The scientiﬁc staff of the department at its organization consisted ﬁ l F ir e d . H a . of Professor enry Osborn , Curator, Dr Jacob L Wortman ,

E . Assistant Curator, and Mr . Charles arle, Assistant Professor

. Osborn has contributed his services to the Museum for twenty years E 4 . 189 . without salary . Mr arle remained with the department until In 1895 the Com Collection of Fossil Mammals was presented by

f T . o . . a number the rustees , and Dr W D Matthew was engaged in

1 . connection with its cataloguing and arrangement . In 899 Dr Wortman resigned his position with the American Museum to take

r a . charge of ve tebrate pal eontology in the Carnegie Museum, and Dr [ 82 ] FOSSIL VERTEBRATES Matthew was appointed Assistant and subsequently Associate Curator

’

rtman s . in Dr . Wo place

0 » P. Ha Ha f y . In 1900 Dr . 0 . P . y joined the sta f as Assistant Curator, sub 19004 901 sequently as Associate Curator of Chelonia in connection w ith the cata 1904— 7 logumg of the Cope Collection of Fossil Reptilia , and from took especial charge of the arrangement and exhibition of the col u lections of extinct chelonians , while engaged pon his monograph upon this order of reptiles .

w s H B o In 1903 Dr . Bashford Dean a appointed onorary Curator of ashf rd 6 " 1909 and a P903: Fossil Fishes , and in the living fossil ﬁshes were tr nsferred to a distinct department under his charge .

The . . ta" ﬁeld work of the department was at ﬁrst in charge of Dr J Field S ,

. . . . 1 8 L . Wortman assisted by Mr O A Peterson and others Since 89 Professor Osborn has exercised a general supervision over all ﬁeld

of Fa m E exploration , and he took personal charge the yﬁ xpedition in T 1907 . he various expeditions in the Western States and elsewhere have been conducted by Messrs . Barnum Brown , Walter Granger , T . . E . . W . D . Matthew, J W Gidley , Albert homson , C Case, Charles

H . . . . Sternberg, and L S Quackenbush , assisted by Messrs Peter Kaisen,

. . . . H T . George Olsen, Paul Miller, F B Loomis , R S Lull , andel Martin ,

. . . H H . . W Menke, William Stein , W J Sinclair, Roy L Moodie , arold

. . E . J . Cook, Charles S . Mead , W K Gregory , A . Anderson , G . R .

Wieland , J . D . Irving, Norman Grant , C . Forster Cooper, D . D . Streeter , and others . 1 893 of . Since the laboratory work has been in charge Mr Adam Muse um t f Hermann, who has introduced and improved year by year the careful S a f

of and skillful methods preparation ﬁrst employed by Professor Marsh . f r Under his training has grown up a sta f of expe t laboratory assistants . f 1900 Mr . W . K . Gregory joined the sta f in as research assistant . E T Mr . A . . Anderson as Department photographer, Albert homson in

E . . . ﬁeld photography , rwin Christman, Mrs L M Sterling, and Miss Helen Cox in illustration have also contributed to the success of the

department .

1 . In 895 Mr . Charles R Knight commenced a series of restorations [ 83 ] HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

of extinct animals executed for the Museum under the direction of

. . T Professor Osborn and provided for by Mr J Pierpont Morgan . hese restorations have been a most successful and generally attractive

phase of the work of the Department . H 1902 . . . Since Mr S Chubb has been engaged , in connection with

n the evolution of the horse studies , in the collection a d preparation of

of the material illustrating the osteology the modern horse . A splen did series of mounted skeletons and preparations of skulls are the

result of the work .

The of f Research . collections the Department a ford unsurpassed opportunities

for research in this branch of science . Many preliminary and a few

monographic studies have been completed and others are in progress .

tw o of The published studies include volumes Memoirs (Vols . I and IX) and 1 19 articles in the American Museum BULLET IN from 1892 to 1 909 , besides miscellaneous articles in other publications , by Professor

H . F . Osborn , Professor Bashford Dean, Dr . J . L . Wortman , Dr . 0 .

Ha . . . . . P . y , Dr W D Matthew, Mr Barnum Brown , Mr Walter Granger, H u k f ssa o . E Mr . J . W . Gidley , Dr . L . , Mr Charles arle, and Mr . W . K . f . H M of . . . . . cGre or Gregory the Museum Sta f, and Dr F B Loomis, Dr J g , E E ...... Dr . C Case, Mr arl Douglass , and Dr W J Sinclair

CHIEF BENEFACTORS OF THE DEPARTMENT VERTEBRATE PAL/EONTOLOGY

GIFTS TO THE VALUE OF $500 AND MORE

T E J A M E S M . C O N S A B L J O H N D A N I E L C R I M M I N S C L E V E L A N D H O A D L E Y D O D G E W I L L I A M E A R L D O D G E G E O R G E J A Y G O U L D E D W A R D H E N R Y H A R R I M A N H E N R Y O S B O R N E H A V E M E Y E R H A E M E Y E R T H E O D O R E A . V A D R I A N I S E L I N [ 84 ]

ANTHROPOLOGY

HE Department of Anthropology was formed in 1873 . It re ceiv e d a fresh impetus through the appointment of Professor

F . W . Putnam as Curator in 1895 . Its collections increased so rapidly - by purchase and donation alike— that until the west wing was ready , the question Of exhibition and stora ge room was a most l serious prob em .

a a a Miscellaneous arch eological material , especi lly Indi n implements ,

’ had been received from the very beginning of the Museum s history , ‘ but the ﬁrst a ccession of importance was a collection of rare imple

of ments made by the aborigines Porto Rico, purchased and presented T E H he . . by the Trustees in 1873 . following year the Davis Arobaso

of logical Collection, containing many typical and rare forms pre

m of historic work anship from the mounds Ohio , was purchased . H E on . . The collection of rare antiquities gathered by G . Squire during his several years ’ search in Central and South America was acquired by purchase in 1875 . In 1878 over 200 pieces of Missouri mound pottery were received H as a gift from Mr . . G . Marquand ; a very important collection con taining implements used by the prehistoric men of the valley of the Somme , France, was purchased and presented by the President,

Mr . R . L . Stuart ; and by purchase the Museum acquired the Bement

C nm ollection illustrating the Stone Age of De ark .

The next large collection acquired was that gathered by C0 1.

m of Charles Jones a ong the Indians the southern United States . It

Tw o of represented their art , religion , and industries . thirds this 1 77 collection was purchased by the Museum in 8 , the remainder being

1881 . presented by Mr . Robert L . Stuart in All of these were the collections which comprised the Department [ 86 ]

HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

of E at about this time was that Mr . Andrew llicott Douglass . It num bered specimens, arranged to Show synoptically the various types occurring in North America . Mr . Douglass donated his entire 1 1 collection to the Museum in 90 . 1 2 H In 88 Mr . eber R . Bishop presented a valuable collection il

of lustrating the ethnology British Columbia , gathered at his expense

. . . f by Dr J W Powell , Superintendent of Indian A fairs in that Province .

T e . h It contained costly dresses, implements, carvings , etc large H aida canoe from the Bella Bella Indians, on exhibition at the Museum , was received in this collection .

The T . U. . N. collection of Lieut . G . Emmons, S , was presented to T 1 the Museum by the rustees in 888. It contained nearly speci E mens illustrating the ethnology Of Alaska . ach specimen was oh taine d by Lieutenant Emmons himself and was accompanied by records and full notes regarding the use made of each object by the natives . This collection was supplemented in 1894 by the Emmons Second ” 500 Collection, numbering specimens, among them about from the Bering Sea and Siberia .

The of 1894 Department Anthropology was reorganized in , in order to illustrate the history of man in the same way as we are Show ” The E of . ing the history animal life mmons and Bishop collections, f T together with those o Sturgis and erry , formed the most complete

The collection of anthropological material in this country . develop

of for ment the Department , however, had been somewhat neglected ,

who of en Professor Bickmore, was nominally in charge it , had been gaged in the development of the Department of Public Instruction

since early in the eighties . In 1894 the exhibition collection relating to man was conﬁned to “ ” now H on what is the Shell all the ﬁfth floor, and the western half

T n of the Bird Gallery on the third ﬂoor . here had been o systematic

The explorations, no scientiﬁc publications . Department has grown until at the present time the collections occupy six large exhibition halls

- ﬁv e a. and twenty storage rooms, and the scientific publications ﬁll [ 88 ] ANTHROPOLOGY

score Of volumes . Its growth is largely due to the many expeditions which have carried on research work throughout America and parts f E o Asia . First among these is the Jesup North Paciﬁc xpedition ,

1 9 . . . 8 7 which was organized by Mr . Morris K Jesup , in Mr Jesup provided the means for a thorough investigation of the tribes of the

of a nd North Paciﬁc coast America Asia , to determine their early

1 9 1 of e x relations with each other . Between 8 7 and 903 a number

e ditions p were sent into the ﬁeld , and the tribes of the North Paciﬁc coast , beginning in the west with the Amur River in Siberia , including the various native tribes between the Sea Of Okhotsk and the Arctic

r Wa shin ton Sea , and the peoples of Alaska , British Columbia , and g

The were investigated . collections brought home by the eleven collectors make up a very considerable portion of the ethnological

The of . collection the Department scientiﬁc results are extensive , and important contributions to our knowledge Of these tribes have “ ” T e been published in the Memoirs of the Museum . h expense of the publications, which will ﬁll twelve volumes , was also provided for by Mr . Jesup . The following summary gives by locality the principal collections which the Museum now possesses

NORTH AMERICA

ARCHZE OL O GY

The of T Of accession the erry collection specimens, the 23 000 Douglass collection of , together with the Davis and Jones col lections, and other smaller ones , provided excellent general archae o

not logical material from several localities, but it did represent the

a of arch eology Of any deﬁnite area exhaustively , so one the ﬁrst under takings was to send collectors to carry on researches in a few typical

ﬁelds . Archaeological investigations in New York State— more partien larly in the vicinity of New York City— were begun in 1895 and carried on for of a number years . Much of the expense of this work was [ 89 ] HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

f T defrayed by friends o the Museum : Mr . heodore Cooper provided 1 899 . the funds for the explorations at Pelham Bay in , and Mr William

a for R . Warren the s me year provided the other local work . Other

r . . contributo s toward the ﬁeld work were Mr Charles Pryer, Mrs H E H . . . Esther errman, and Mr enry Pickering

of In the material obtained are found collections human remains,

s . T implements, uten ils, etc , from an Indian burial place in ottenville,

Staten Island ; Indian skeletons , pottery, stone implements , and vari ous objects of Indian make from an Indian burial place at Croton Neck ; various objects from shell heaps and Indian village sites in

Westchester and Rockland Counties ; implements, etc . , from Indian sites in Schoharie County ; Indian Skeletons and other material from

The V illage sites and burial places on Long Island . collectors in the H H ﬁeld at various times were Messrs . arlan I . Smith , George . Pepper, 1 H 1 99— 1903 895 . 8 Frank Wallace , ; M Raymond arrington, ; Marshall — H 1 99 1907 1907 . . Saville, 8 ; Alanson Skinner, A recent accession to the New York State series is the Booth

a m Arch eological Collection, nu bering catalogued specimens, pre

H . sented by Mr . enry M . Booth It was gathered almost entirely from the Hudson River valley in and between Westchester County

of Al and Albany , and well represents the prehistoric culture the

gonkin Indians of that region . E on Ne w Jersey . xplorations were carried along the Delaware River near T r to renton, New Jersey , for several yea s, investigate carefully the question which had arisen regarding the antiquity of man in the

Delaware valley .

The most important discoveries were the remains of several skele tons unearthed from clay belonging to the glacial deposits and a human femur in the vicinity of which were also found an elk bone and frag

- ments of the musk ox. In addition to these there were discovered several pieces of stone which show evidence of human workmanship

that cannot be doubted , which seems to establish the fact that America

The was inhabited by men during Glacial time . research was begun E of in 1893 by Mr . rnest Volk with funds provided by the Duke [ 90 ]

HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

ETH NOLOGY

Researches among the Indian tribes Of North America were begun in 1899 under the North American Research Fund which was estab

lishe d . H through the liberality of Mrs Morris K . Jesup , Mr . C . P . unt H in ton . . g , and Mr enry Villard Later the funds for continuing this

. H work were provided by Mr Archer M . untington, Mrs . Arabella

H . . untington, and Mr Morris K Jesup . Special attention was given T to the ancient customs which were rapidly disappearing . he decora tive art was also carefully studied by all the collectors , and the Museum l now possesses an unrivaled collection illustrating primitive art . Co lections were Obtained from the Eskimo of Bafﬁn Bay and Hudson U Bay , and the following tribes in western nited States, Canada , and

n Ute British Columbia ; the Sioux , Sauk, Fox , Coma che , , Blackfoot,

Gros Ventres, Assiniboine , Maidu, Arapaho , Pitt River , Shasta , Yurok,

O l bw a Crow, Alsea , Shoshone , j , and Iroquois . Another important investigation— the study of the Shoshone — and Algonkin tribes was carried on jointly for the Museum and E of . H . . the Bureau American thnology , by Mr St Clair and Mr . Wm .

The f r . o Jones ethnological work was done the Museum , while the

of linguistic researches, largely based on records tribal traditions , E were made for the Bureau of thnology . The collections from the Plains Indians have been ma de largely from the point of view of illustrating their decorative art and cere

The monials . tribes included in the Plains culture are the Blackfoot , Th . e Cheyenne , Arapaho , Gros Ventres , Sioux , and Shoshone ex hibition series from the Arapaho is especially complete and contains among other things life - sized models of the Arapaho dressed in the regalia used in the various dances . Of special interest in the Black

’ foot collection is the Medicine Man s tepee , which was Obtained by Dr .

Clark Wissler in 1904. The culture of the Indians of California is shown particularly by

of their baskets, which the Museum has gathered a very extensive collection— the exhibition series alone taking up half of one of our [ 92 ] ANTHROPOLOGY

exhibition halls . One of the largest gifts to the basketry collection

190 1 . G was received in from Mr eorge Foster Peabody . It contained 435 baskets made by the Indians of California , Oregon , Washington ,

Alaska , and British Columbia , constituting what is known as the “ ” Briggs Collection .

. H Other large contributors are Messrs Archer M . untington and

. . . . T J G Phelps Stokes , and Mmes Frank L Cross , . K . Gibbs , and C . P .

The Huntington . tribes by which the baskets were made are the

Maidu , Pomo , and Mission , the examples Of each of which ﬁll several

Mo uehumnian W lakie cases , also the q , Yana , and y , Yokuts , Shasta ,

Hat and H Pitt River , and Creek , Modoc , upa . Other material was collected from the California Indians under the North American Re search Fund .

The tribes Of New Mexico and Arizona were visited by members of H E the y de xpedition, who secured a collection illustrating particularly

of H the ceremonials and industries the opi and Navajo , and the bas

The n ke tr Of . a y the Apache , Pima , and Papago Indians physical thro olo ical 80 a o e p g collection contained plaster c sts, v r 500 negatives,

of 900 Ute and measurements more than Zuni , Moki , Navajo, , and

Apache Indians .

BRITISH COLUMBIA

The extensive collections of the Jesup North Paciﬁc Expedition embrace specimens illustrating the archaeology of the interior and

Of im the coast British Columbia , and the ethnology of the most — T portant tribes of that region the hompson River Indians , the

Bella Coola , the Kwakiutl , and the Nootka . The archaeological survey of the Thompson River Region was E H . esu begun by Mr . arlan I Smith for the J p North Paciﬁc xpedition E in 1897 and continued through 1899 . xtensive excavations were

Of conducted near Kamloops and Lytton , where numerous remains previous inhabitants were discovered . Almost all Of the ﬁnds ante

of the date the advent the whites , and give an excellent insight into

The culture of the people of that period . shell mounds on the Lower [ 93 ] HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

of Frazer River, and prehistoric stone monuments Vancouver Island were also studied by Mr . Smith , resulting in many valuable additions

’ to the Museum s collection . The ethnological research among the Indians of British Columbia was carried on by Dr . Franz Boas and Messrs . Livingston Farrand and

H . T H arlan I . Smith , assisted by the Messrs James eit, George unt , T . he Filip Jacobsen, and John R . Swanton information which they succeeded in obtaining regarding the art, traditions , ceremonies ,

s and industries, together with the large collection to illustrate them , form a valuable contribution to our knowledge of the peoples of that region . The collection from the Tsimshian and the Haida of northern British Columbia contains many paintings and totem poles which illustrate fully the use of the crest and the representation Of family T traditions on the carvings . here are also many masks and other

The H ceremonial Objects . material collected from the aida sup H lements . . 1882 p that presented by Mr eber R Bishop in , which together form a very complete collection, illustrating the ethnology of the Queen Charlotte Islands . In the collection from the Bella Coola of Central British Columbia there is a ﬁne set of ceremonial masks illustrating all the important deities of the tribes . A very full collection from the Kwakiutl of Vancouver Island contains a large

of m ni m number cere o al asks, together with objects illustrating the

The industries, ﬁshing implements, etc . Nootka and Coast Salish Of

Vancouver Island are also well represented . From the latter we have

of a ﬁne collection basketry . ALASKA

The ethnology of the Tlingit Indians of southern Alaska is fully illustrated in the specimens acquired through the purchase of

E The t he the mmons collections , already noted . collection from

T s lingit contains numerous mask and other ceremonial objects , and a m great nu ber of excellent Old pieces of superior workmanship . A recent addition to the Tlingit collection w as the gift of Mr . Adolph [ 94 ]

HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

esu of w as J p, with the help which the farthest north record reached , was received in this collection . The Eskimo along the shores of the Beaufort Sea and among the islands east of the mouth of the Mackenzie River are being studied by n a . Mr . V . Stef nsso and Dr . R M . Anderson , who left on a Museum

1908 or expedition in the spring of , to remain in the ﬁeld for two three years . One of the prominent features of the Eskimo Hall is the mural decoration , the funds for which have been generously contributed by

Th n . e o Mr . Arthur Curtiss James paintings the northern end Of the hall, but recently completed , are the work of Mr . Frank Wilbert E 1 2 Stokes , who, as a member of the Peary Relief xpedition of 89 and

l E of 1893 1894 of the Peary North Green and xpedition and , made

of E careful studies the skimo people and their country . On the

of north wall is the largest picture the series, a continuous panorama

’ of Sixty feet long, on which is portrayed the artist s conception the “ ” The Eskimo myth of the Sun and the Moon . three panels on the

E on east wall represent skimo life as it goes during the Arctic night , while three more on the west wall picture it during the long Arctic day . H 1 . to a In 908 the Museum sent Dr Robert . Lowie the Ath bascan

of region, in the northernmost part of the province Alberta , Canada , a region which had not been investigated and which was not re pre

on sented in the collections . Dr . Lowie secured data the mythology and prehistoric culture of the Chippewyan Indians .

James Bay and western Labrador were visited by Mr . Alanson T ’ Skinner on an expedition in 1908. his was the Museum s ﬁrst ex

e ition . p d into this ﬁeld An interesting ethnological collection , num 14 bering 9 pieces , was obtained from the Cree Indians, together with much new and valuable information regarding their religious and social customs .

[ 96 ] ANTHROPOLOGY

MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA

ARCHzE OLO G Y

T of of hrough the interest and generous support the Duke Loubat , and the expeditions and purchases Of the Museum , the Museum has gathered a collection Of Mexican and Central American archaeology which offers unrivaled Opportunities for the study of the ancient civilization Of this portion of America .

The exhibition material occupies an entire hallw name d the Loubat

H Of of . all , in honor the Duke Loubat It is arranged to illustrate the

— h - Columbian the six different cultures all pre Mayan, the Nahuan “ ” - T T Aztec , the Mixtecan Zapotecan, the arascas, the otonacan, and the South Central American . The gifts of the Duke of Loubat include casts of prehistoric sculptures

h H on from the Valley of Mexico, C iapas, Yucatan, Guatemala , and duras ; pottery and other antiques from Mexico and Guatemala ; reproduction of books Of ancient Mexican picture writing and hiero “ ” l hics g yp , among them a photographic copy of the Codex Legislatif, an ancient Aztec book preserved in the Library of the Chambers of

Deputies, Paris, and heretofore practically inaccessible for reference ;

of T and the restoration of the Sanctuary the emple Of the Cross , at

Palenque , Mexico . Among the collections which the Museum has acquired through

- its expeditions and purchases , are terra cotta ﬁgures and stone idols

Ce ntral from West Mexico ; original stone sculptures, principally from

of H - the ruins Copan, onduras ; pottery vessels, terra cotta ﬁgures, sculptured stones , weapons , and ornaments from Mexico and Central

of America , and a collection copper, gold , and carved jadeite Objects which surpasses that in any other museum . A concession w as granted by the Mexican Government early in 1896 enabling the Museum to establish archaeological research in

. the Mexico and Yucatan By the terms of the contract , Museum was permitted to retain all Objects found which were duplicates .

T e f h explorations under this concession were in charge o Mr . Marshall [ 97 ] HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

H s . Saville, who secured cientiﬁc data and exhibition material of great T f . he o importance ruins Mitla were explored , also those of Xoxo Al and Monte ban in Oaxaca , and Xochicalco in Morelos . The casts

of s taken provided the Museum with the splendid series reproduction ,

of made at the expense Of the Duke Loubat, which Show the art of stone carving and the mythology as ill ustrated in the scul pture of the various cultures . The Duke Of Loubat maintained an expedition in Mexico during —19 f H 1898 1900 03 o . . and in under the direction Mr M . Savill e . It

r Guiaroo was du ing this time that the Cruciform Structure , near the ruins of Mitla, a model of which is at the Museum, was explored . Explorations among the Indian tribes of the Sierra Madre Mountains

i lm Lum in Mex co were carried on for a ost four years by Dr . Carl l holtz . Material was co lected illustrating the life and customs Of the

H T T Te ehuan a ns . Cora , uichol, arasco, arahumaras, and p India A full i series of ceremon al objects was obtained, together with data showing their meaning . Photographs illustrating the types and i ceremonies, together w th graphophone records of seventy Indian f o a . 1898 songs, made the collection complete and great v lue In

Lumholtz for Al e H c ni . Dr . S rdli ka accompa ed Dr to collect material

of comparative study of the past and present tribes eastern Mexico . H e made a series of anthropometr ical records and observations on f the physical character of several o the Indian tribes . Plaster casts

of - T H m were taken twenty six arahumaras and uichols , and a nu ber of human skeletons and skulls secured from burial places and caves . The notes and records obtained on this expedition proved of great value and interest and formed the basis for two Memoirs and various T BULLE TIN articles . hese explorations were begun with funds given by

H of Mr . enry Villard , and later continued through the help several

f s . s friends o the Museum , among them Mes rs Corneliu Vanderbilt, H H . . Austin Corbin, enry Marquand, and James Jones, and Dr William

Pepper .

[ 98 ]

HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

the Andaman Islands , the Philippine Islands , and the islands of the

Paciﬁc Ocean .

SOUTH AMERICA

The collections from South America are particularly rich in material

’ l the re historic of illustrating the cu ture of p peoples Peru and Bolivia . The recent acquisition of a collection from the Indians of the Amazon River region greatly increased our representation of the modern

our tribes , so that now collections illustrate, to some degree at least , T South American ethnology from Colombia to erra del Fuego . The collections from Colombia include a general exhibition series arranged to Show the life and industries, and a large collection of

of objects in pottery , stone, and shell, a great part which was collected

. . n by Dr Francis C Nicholas o an expedition maintained by Mr . Morris 1 —1 K . Jesup in 899 901 . A large number of archaeological specimens

materi l from ancient tombs in Santa Marta , and interesting a from the

Goajira Indians were in the collection made by Dr . Nicholas . T H he . n entire collection made by Mr erman Schmidt and Mr .

Tukano —U Louis Weiss among the Indians along the Rio Caiary aupes, the most important tributary of the Rio Negro, was secured for the

1 The Museum by Mr . Jesup in 907 . collection contains ﬁve hundred ethnological specimens , an extensive vocabulary Of the languages,

on of drawings of the painted ﬁgures found rocks , and a number folk

bOIIt Of . a 3 tales In the collection are 00 pieces feather work, such as head dresses, waistbands, ornaments for the legs and arms, and T plumes to be carried in the hand . here are also spears, shields ,

- ﬁshtra s of bows , arrows, blow guns with their poisoned arrows, p

of basketry, and a variety baskets and pottery vessels , together with various musical instruments . The representation of the modern tribes of Colombia was very recently increased by the purchase Of the second Schmidt- Weiss col

. s lection It was gathered among the Indian of the Isana River region, 3 and numbers almost 00 pieces . The archaeological series was greatly enl arged in 1908 by an ex [ 100 ] ANTHROPOLOGY

The change with the Carnegie Museum . accessions from Colombia

150 Of also include pieces curious black ware , gathered by Mr . Frederick

F . Sharpless from graves on ancient burial sites in the Cauca valley ,

and a few pieces of the same type given by Dr . Francis C . Nicholas .

From ancient Peru , which comprised what is now the Republic of

of E Peru and the greater part cuador, Bolivia , and Chile , has been gathered a wonderful collection which illustrates the highest stage of

The civilization attained in prehistoric time in South America . col l ’ lection is the resu t of eleven years ﬁeld work by Dr . Adolph F . Bande

T on lier, in the Lake iticaca region while a Museum expedition between

2 1 The 189 and 903 . expedition was begun under the patronage Of

H 1 4 The 89 . Mr . enry Villard , and continued since by the Museum pottery obtained from ancient graves along the coast and interior of ﬁl ﬁl Peru ls several cases, while several more are led by a general collection Showing the industries, decorative art , amusements — T especially musical instruments and burial customs . here are many

of skulls the ancient Peruvians Showing various forms of trepanation , f artiﬁcial deformation, the ef ects Of injuries and pathological condi m l nor a . tions, and forms

on T From p rehistoric sites the Islands of Lake iticaca , in Peru and

Bolivia , was gathered the valuable Garces Collection , which was

1 The received in 896 as a gift from Mr . J . Pierpont Morgan . col 500 lection numbered about pieces, and contained objects in gold , silver, copper, and bronze , pottery vessels, wooden vases, and gar ments . The importance Of the Peruvian exhibit was greatly increased

1901 f a by the acquisition in Of the Ga fron arch eological collection, the gift of Mr . Morris K . Jesup . It is especially rich in textile fabrics ,

Of in featherwork, ornaments silver and gold , vessels Of beaten silver, and pottery .

i B z i Brazil , both ancient and modern, is llustrated in the accessions ra l .

T of - — from that country . hree the present day Indian tribes the

Tuk ano Mundruchu , the Karaja , and the , are represented , while

Of from ancient Brazil we have the Rempen Collection pottery , gath [ 101 ] HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

ered from a burial mound on the Island of Marajo in the Amazon

River .

The E culture of the ancient inhabitants of cuador, Bolivia , and

in Chile is shown in a general collection illustrating the house life,

dustrie s , amusements, decorative art, modes of personal adornment,

and religious and other ceremonies . Of special interest among the specimens are the shrunk en human heads— war trophies of the Jivaros Indians of Ecuador— and the

mummiﬁed body from Chile, which was found in a copper mine at

Chuquicamata . A very large collection of ancient pottery has been E gathered from Bolivia , and some from cuador .

P araguay . Paraguay is represented by an interesting collection of feather

work, basketry , ornaments, and weapons . Among the collections from the southern extremity Of South Am erica are a several pieces of featherwork made by the Canoe “ ” Yok ar of T P ( g ) Indians erra del Fuego, and a painted capa from unta T H . Arenas, the latter recently given by Dr . Charles ownsend . On a 1 —1 Museum expedition in 899 900 Mr . Barnum Brown collected material

which illustrates, to some extent , the culture and physical character istics of several rapidly diminishing tribes of Patagonia and Terra

Yale ans T who del Fuego , from the Onas g , and especially the ehuelches ,

are noted for their height .

SIBERIA

Extensive collections from the isolated tribes of northeastern

Siberia were acquired through the Jesup North Paciﬁc Expedition .

T o hel nd . he tribes studied by Mr . Waldemar J c son a Mr Waldemar

Bo ora s g , to whom this part of the work was intrusted , include the

u k he e of Ch c c of the extreme northeastern part Siberia , the Koryak f of the north coast o the Sea Of Okhotsk and along the Bering Sea , the

f of Kamchadal o the Peninsula Kamchatka , the Yukaghir and

Tungus along the Arctic Ocean, the Yakut in the Lena River region , T and the ungus along the Sea of Okhotsk, also the Yukaghir and

Churantz ep . [ 102 ]

HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

1 2 acquired through exchange in 90 . It contains a large number Of painted scrolls, besides wearing apparel and ornaments , and objects

n used in religious ceremo ials . INDIA

The of life and industries of the natives the Andaman Islands, in

of s the Bay Bengal , are illu trated in the Anderson collection, which

19 . was presented by Mrs . Morris K . Jesup in 08 Among the 25 1

pieces in the collection are various implements of war and the chase ,

of Specimens basketry , pottery , and ornaments, and a ﬁne example of H a Ghost ouse . A recent accession from India is a series of 71 palaeolithic imple T ments from the Madras Presidency , India . hey were found and

H - m presented by Mr . . W . Seton Karr, and are interesting as co ing from a country archaeologically little known . In addition to these are some axes from the vicinity Of Banda , also received through the

- kindness Of Mr . Seton Karr . A valuable collection Of silver work from the Central Provinces of

1906 . . . India was presented in by Mr J G Phelps Stokes .

KOREA

The Museum has an interesting collection illustrating the ethnology of Korea which was gathered by Dr . C . C . Vinton at various times . More than 2 75 specimens were received in his shipments of 1907 and

1908. JAPAN

of of i A very complete representation the culture the A nu, from

of the Island Yezo , Japan, has been acquired , largely through the liberality of Mr . Arthur Curtiss James . A collection presented by

1 s him in 898 included ornaments, utensils , weapon , and other objects 1 01 illustrating the customs of the Ainu . It was supplemented in 9 by the material gathered by Prof . Bashford Dean and purchased by

a d Mr . James . It comprised religious n ceremonial specimens, and a [ 104 ] ANTHROPOLOGY

— series of photographs relating to the Ainu . Other Ainu material

for esu was collected by Dr . Laufer while at work the J p North Paciﬁc

Expedition . AFRICA

The African material which the Museum possesses comprises col l ections which will probably, in a comparatively few years, be unique and of inestimable value .

on 1907 The o o As a result of negotiations carried early in the Belgian C ng , Government has presented to the Museum four large collections from the Congo Free State , containing more than specimens illus

ratin t of t g the customs, cul ure, and development Of the natives the

Congo . It contains many examples Of native ironwork, basketry ,

- wood carving, musical instruments, and many fetiches, masks, and

s of other objects illustrating the beliefs and Ob ervances the aborigines . 1 Another large collection for the African hall was acquired in 907 Bri tish o th A H S u frica . through the generosity of Messrs . Percy R . Pyne, Cleveland . Dodge , and Arthur Curtiss James . It was gathered by Mr . Richard Douglass on an expedition to Barotseland , South Africa , and contains about

specimens illustrating the basketry , weaving, pottery , musical

of instruments , weapons, etc . , the natives . 200 E More than ethnological specimens from British ast Africa ,

T der 1 i 0 . . 9 7 gathered by Mr Richard ja , were received in Metal work, bead work, wearing apparel , household objects, musical instruments ,

of and a large number baskets make up the collection . The Raff Collection of wood- carvings from the tribes of western

2 T e Africa was acquired by purchase in 190 . h objects are mostly of religious or ceremonial character .

The fast- disappearing culture of some of the tribes of Central Africa is illustrated in a collection which was received in 1903 as a gift from Mr . George S . Bowdoin . It contained implements Of war

n fare, idols, fetiches, and masks, clothing, baskets, and musical i stru

of of ments, household utensils bamboo , ornaments beads, Shell , and brass, and seven carved ivory tusks . [ 105 ] HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

E Among the objects from Benin, ast Africa , there are many bronze

ﬁgures, ornaments , and tusk stands . Of great interest and value are H the four carved ivory tusks, presented by Mr . Archer M . untington

in 1908.

A c he o o . r l gy From Mediterranean Africa , the Museum has long possessed a

E . representative series Of ﬂaked material , secured by Mr . Andrew

Douglass through the kindness of M . Jacques de Morgan . In addition

there are a few stone implements from Somali Land , presented by

- H . . Mr . W . Seton Karr Recently this nucleus has been augmented by a series Of prehistoric ﬂints from ancient villa ge Sites in the Fayﬁm

Desert, apparently belonging to a later period , probably the Neolithic .

ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC

’ The Museum s coll ection illustrating Philippine ethnology is the f largest and most complete in existence . Most o it was contained

E E of in the Philippine xhibit at the St . Louis xposition , a large part

which was purchased by Mr . Morris K . Jesup and presented to the 1 T Museum in 905 . he collection represents the life and industries

of all the important tribes . It includes clothing and textile fabrics,

household utensils , agricultural implements, ﬁsh and game traps, arms,

of houses, articles Of manufacture, and boats and other means trans

porta tion .

ii The E l 1908 1 13 Hawa . Philippine xhibit was further en arged in by speci H . mi of mens collected by Dr ugh M . S th , and a large collection swords,

H ff . knives , and spears, presented by Mr . Charles . Sen The most important specimen in the Hawaiian material is an “ ” elaborate feather war cape, known as the Curran Cape, presented

1 . by Mr . George S . Bowdoin in 908

m t . Su a ra . A small ethnological collection was made by Mr Rudolf Weber 1 4 on a Museum expedition to the east coast Of Sumatra in 89 . A general idea of the culture of the Samoan Island peoples is shown

n in the Zimmerma n collection containing 99 specimens, purchased in

1 fo 906 . Among other things it contains a complete outﬁt r the manu [ 106 ]

HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM Interesting ethnological material from various islands in the

r E Bismarck A chipelago, brought together by Professor ugene Schroeder 1908 during many years as a resident there , was purchased in with

m the funds provided by Mrs . Morris K . Jesup . A ong most valuable and striking of objects in the collection are several idols from a Ghost

T e H . h ouse ; an ancient death drum, and several ceremonial masks

of collection also contains implements war and the chase, musical instruments ; personal ornaments, clothing, and household utensils . A fairly representative collection from the Islands of New Hebrides E and New Caledonia was received in the ngler Collection, presented 1 . 1 by Mrs . Morris K Jesup in 908. It contains something over 00

of specimens, such as bows, arrows for war and hunting, spears many forms, decorated lances, clubs, model of a boat , paddles, baskets, cloth , pottery, dishes, ornaments, etc .

PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

A series of expeditions devoted to the physical anthropology of southwestern United States and northern Mexico was carried on for H u . c the Muse m by Dr A . rdli ka , the means for which were generously

E H The furnished by Mr . Frederick . yde, Jr . main object was the acquisition of knowledge of the physical features of the present as well as the ancient Indian populations over the territory covered

of ff before the advent the whites by the Cli Dwellers, Pueblos, and

The unin er branches of the Nahuas . territory covered extends t rupte dly from southern Utah and Colorado in the United States to

The on the State Of Morelos in Mexico . material obtained the four expeditions comprises measurements of and observations on nearly 300 individuals, more than photographs, about skulls 120 and Skeletons, facial casts, and about ethnological and archaeological specimens . The Museum now has a collection of types from the North Paciﬁc C Coast , alifornia , Dakota , Smith Sound , New York, Mexico, the

Southwest, Siberia , and Japan . ANTHROPOLOGY

An extensive series of typical portrait busts has now been as 500 sembled, more than molds having been taken from the various T living types . hey represent typical individuals of the North American

E of tribes , including the skimo the Arctic regions, the Ainu , the

Chinese, the Japanese, and several Siberian tribes . Molds from the Am Philippine, African, and South erican native tribes who were at E 1 4 the St . Louis xposition were added in 90 .

Several thousand plaster casts of the palates of feeble- minded ul and normal children and ad ts were presented by Dr . Walter Chan

1 . T of f ning in 908 hey are great value in the study o racial characters .

SPECIAL COLLECTIONS

One of the special collections in the Department of Anthropology is the Demuth Collection Of pipes and smoking materials, brought f l o . together through the generous support Mr Wi liam Demuth , to Show the various kinds Of pipes and smoking materials used throughout the world .

CHIEF BENEFACTORS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY

GIFTS TO THE VALUE OF $500 OR MORE

H E . . Bard James Douglas E T . m Belgian Government Lieut . G . m ons

nm of Mrs . Albert Bierstadt Gover ent Nicaragua H H . eber R . Bishop Archer M untington H Henry Booth C . P . untington T H George S . Bowdoin B . . B . yde

E . H Barnum Brown Dr . F . yde

E . H . Dr . Walter Channing F . yde, Jr Christian Missions Arthur Curtiss James

l . e su E H . othe a Miss . C Morris K J p

. esu Mrs . William De Forest Mrs . Morris K J p

William Demuth James H . Jones

H . Andrew Elicott Douglass Dr . Robert Lamborn [ 109 ] HISTORY OF THE MUSEU M Adolph Lewisohn f H Duke o Loubat Charles . Senff

Henry G . Marquand f E . P . Mathewson Jacob Schi f

Clarence B . Moore Alanson Skinner H J . Pierpont Morgan arlan I . Smith

Francis C . Nicholas George Foster Peabody

HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

SCIENTIFIC STAFF

w Professor Ralph W . Tower as appointed Curator of the new f ni n 1 2 H Department o Physiology upon its orga zatio in 90 . e has directed the experimentation in the preservation of anatomical speci mens and has also developed the method of preparing skeletons by the digestion process .

T . In his laboratory work, Professor ower was ably assisted by Dr

Miinchehofe Carl W . F . , who was an assistant in this Department

Miinchehofe from 1904 to 1908. Dr . had had much experience in

r H laborato y methods, having worked under Virchow, uxley, and other

E i ni l important uropean scientists , and had acqu red a tech c especia ly E applicable to this kind of work . specially noteworthy are his corrosion preparations of kidneys, lungs, etc . , and the specimen and w f apparatus sho ing the action of the valves o the heart .

[ 1 12 ] PUBLIC EDUCATION

HE n Of Departme t Public Instruction, although not formally 1 4 1 1 a 88 88 . est blished until , began its work in Its ﬁrst

. m Of in Curator, Professor Albert S Bick ore , was one those

trume ntal s in the foundation of the Museum , and it was he who con ceiv e d and planned the system to make the Museum a factor of large usefulness by taking an active part in the education of the pupils of our public schools . In 1880 the Trustees addressed a letter to the Commissioner of E f the Department of ducation, O fering a course of lectures, delivered k ’ by Professor Bic more , in the Museum and at the Museum s expense, to the principals and teachers of natural history in the Primary

he Schools . T idea met with the hearty approval of the Department 1881 Of Education, and in January , , Professor Bickmore was authorized to prepare a course of lectures on zoology . A small work room on “ ” — 1 1 f the attic floor number , now used by the Department o Orni — 1 1 thology was fitted up as a lecture hall . In 88 the first lecture in the teachers’ course was delivered by Professor Bickmore before a — class of thirty all that could be accommodated . This system of visual instruction, as it was called , proved so successful that the

Museum was requested to provide room for more teachers . The

ni partition separating an adjoi ng work room was removed , which allowed the class to be increased to 150 . A law passed in 1884 placed the work under the State Department “ n of of Public I struction, with an appropriation to establish and maintain a course Of free lectures to the teachers of the common schools of New York City and to the teachers of the common schools

who and normal schools throughout the State, wish to avail themselves ” he of of this training . T Department Public Instruction was at this [ 1 13 ] HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

time Ofﬁcially created , and ten lectures on physiology, zoology , and

for botany prepared the ﬁrst course in the autumn of 1884.

The e 1886 law as re nacted in , with an appropriation of

n for an ually two years, authorized Professor Bickmore to deliver at

one least lecture a year at each of the normal schools, normal colleges,

Law o f 1886 . i and train ng schools in the State, and further provided that the le e “ tures at the Museum should be repeated to artisans, mechanics and ” The other citizens . latter part of the contract , however, was not w 1890 complied ith until , when the new lecture hall was in use . Professor Bickmore traveled abroad extensively to gather the i]

of of lustrations and data for the series lectures on travel , the ﬁrst 1 T which was given in 887 . hey were appreciated to such an extent T H that the rustees had to hire Chickering all for the autumn course, and here Professor Bickmore delivered his lectures before audiences averaging more than

L w 1888 e 1888 a of . By the law re nacted in , annually was appropriated

institu for the next two years, and the privileges accorded the other T " tions were extended to the eachers Institutes of the State .

A new lecture hall , seating was opened in the latter part Of 1889 m , and in the following year Professor Bick ore delivered the

“ ’ ” w ﬁrst series Of the lectures kno n as the Members Course , and also

on . those to the general public, which were given holidays The law providing for the support Of the Department failed to be

e e 1890 r nacted in October, , but the work was continued by the

Law of 189 1 T 189 1 . rustees until January , , when the State made an appropriation f o annually for the next four years , and at the same time entered into an agreement with the Museum by which the Museum 1 9 received an extra allowance Of $700 per month . In 8 3 this was

increased to $750 per month , and the State appropriation for the next

The 1894 four years was increased to following year, , an

extra was appropriated to supply deﬁciencies of former years . “ The 1895 Law of 1895 . system was broadened in by an act to provide the Visual ” Instruction method to the free common schools of the State , thus permitting the school superintendents in all towns and villages to use [ 1 14 ]

HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

400 . The supplying nearly Of the City schools collections include birds ,

s starﬁs he s in ects , mollusks , crabs , , worms, sponges, corals, minerals , and woods . Museum messengers deliver the collections in a sequence agreeable

of to the teacher and call for them at the expiration the loan period .

In the course of a year, this material reaches from to school children .

’ of T Pursuant to a request the New York City eachers Association, the Museum in 1904 arranged for a series of informal lectures to school

of children, the purpose which was to supplement the classroom work

r in geography, histo y , and natural science . These lectures have been attended by thousands Of pupils and have now become a regular part ’ of the Museum s educational work . Further privileges have been extended in connection with the

of use of the lantern slides and lecture room . Including the collection lantern slides deposited by Professor Bickmore , the Museum possesses a collection of Slides numbering of which fully are l beautifu ly colored . Teachers are allowed to select from these slides to illustrate some topic in connection with their work and arrange for special lectures to their pupils .

The free lectures to the public , under the joint auspices Of the

of E 1900 . Museum and the Board ducation , were begun in October, The ﬁrst lecture to the public on holidays was given under the T 1 n . State Department of Public Instruction o hanksgiving Day , 890

They have been continued since 1904 by the Museum . i The lectures in cooperation w th Columbia University were begun 1 2 in 89 . 1 In 906 the Museum appointed an instructor, whose duty it is to h meet classes visiting the Museum and explain to them the ex ibits , thus enabling them to use their time to the best a dvantage . A large number of the schools are making use of the Museum in this way .

’ es Another feature Of this work is the children s room, which was

lishe 19 8 of tab d in 0 , and which is under the immediate supervision the instructor . [ 1 16 ]

HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

H r . . H on exhibition in the Darwin all were p esented by Mr C P . unt

ington in 189 1 .

Six A flawless plank Of the California redwood , measuring feet in

width and seventeen feet in length was added to the collection by Mr . 1 Jesup in 905 . Specimens of foreign woods were among the very early accessions

T 1876 of Of the Museum . hey were received in , being portions ex hibits of the different countries at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposi h i tion . Jamaica and Bermuda presented their entire ex ibit , contain ng

a rich display of tropical woods . Brazil , Argentine Republic , and

of Mexico presented a number specimens from their exhibit , while T H others were received from Japan, urkey , and the awaiian Islands .

SCIENTIFIC STAFF

The Jesup collection of North American woods w as brought to gether under the supervision and direction of Professor Charles Sprague

of H Uni . e su Sargent , arvard versity, under whose charge Mr J p placed

of E 1880 . the Department conomic Botany , when it was established in Professor Sargent was at that time preparing a report for the Tenth “ Census of the United States on The Forest Wealth of the United

He u . States . Professor Sargent is an arboric lturist of note was

of H 1873 appointed Director the Arnold Arboretum Of arvard in , and

since 1879 has been Professor of Arboriculture there .

Mrs . Mary Robeson Sargent executed the water color Sketches fl w which illustrate the foliage , o er , and fruit Of the trees in the Jesup

collection of woods .

. H . . . . . s G . P . C . ringle Mr C G Pringle and Mr A Curtis were engaged to collect

specimens for the wood collection . It was as agents for Mr . Jesup that

Mr . Pringle increased the existing knowledge of the trees of Arizona f . o A H. t . . Cur iss and Southern California , and Mr Curtiss that the semitropical

forests of Southern California .

[ 1 18 ] LIBRARY

HE Founders of the Museum in their Article of Incorporation provide for the establishment and maintenance of a Museum and

of H - Library Natural istory , and it is a well recognized fact that a thoroughly equipped library is a necessary adjunct to an institution

devoted to scientiﬁc research . Since the incumbency of the present T 1902 Curator, Prof . R . W . ower, in it has been the aim of the administration to build up an exhaustive library of natural history l rather than a large ge ne ra library . In 1902 the Museum possessed a good nucleus of standard scientiﬁc

a f works, which had l rgely been received through the gifts Of friends o m the Museum . A ong those Of special importance are the following

The . Wo ﬁrst important gift was the John C Jay conchological library , lfe .

4 . presented in 187 by Miss Catharine L Wolfe . It contained about

s of 850 bound volumes and many pamphlet , gathered at a cost over and forming what was considered the ﬁnest library Of its kind in America .

Th e Brev oort s on Brev oor Carson library on ﬁ hes and general zoology , t .

1 79 . . . deposit Since 8 , was presented by Mr Robert L Stuart It num bered volumes and over pamphlets , and included almost 1 all important works on ichthyology up to 870 .

r of 350 Jew e tt A libra y voyages and travel , numbering about volumes , . H was received in 1886 as the gift of Mr . ugh J . Jewett . Among them were many rare original editions .

The of i E ornithological library Daniel G raud lliot , containing Elliot.

of 987 volumes and 675 pamphlets, and ranking third its kind in the

to 1887 United States, was purchased and presented the Museum in by Mr . Cornelius Vanderbilt and Mr . Percy R . Pyne .

The t largest addition, in point of numbers , which has been received Ellio .

n at any o e time is the library which was gathered by the late Dr . S . E 189 1 Lowell lliot and presented in as a memorial by his widow, [ 1 19 ] HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

El m h . . a Mrs . M Schuyler liot It consisted Of volumes and p p

On s ﬁs . lets in ects, hes , birds , general zoology , geography, and history

E dwards . The Harry Edwards entomological library of 500 volumes and pamphlets was received with the Edwards Collection of butter 1892 ﬂies, which was acquired in , partly through the generosity Of f E . friends o Mr . dwards

Marcou . The Marcou collection of works on geology was presented to the

1 k . . Museum in 898 by Mr . John Bel nap Marcou and Dr Philippe Marcou

au It was brought together by Professor Jules Marcou, an eminent

thorit am h y on geology, and comprises about volumes, p p

. one lets and maps It had the distinction of being , with ex

ce tion a p , the largest private library of geology and pal eontology in

America .

V . um 960 iele A collection of vol es, numbers of serial publications , pamphlets and 66 valuable maps were presented in 1900 by E General gbert Viele . To this gift he later added 676 volumes and a

number of pamphlets .

o t . 2 . C ns able Over 00 volumes on conchology were given by Mr . Frederick A 1 1 Constable in 90 . Following the reorganization of the Library Staff the books on

The hand were catalogued and made available for reference . Library was extended through subscriptions to the important scientiﬁc periodi

. The cals, through exchange, and through purchase New York Academy of Natural Sciences deposited its library with the Museum Library in 1905 under arrangements which permitted of the merging of

the tw o . This library numbers about volumes and is especially

rich in the publications of foreign societies, a branch Of scientiﬁc

literature which had been but poorly represented in the Museum . Following the example of the New York Academy other scientiﬁc

or bodies have presented deposited their libraries with the Museum ,

’ so that at the present time the Museum s Library is the recognized

center in the City for publications on natural science .

Ex changes . Special attention was given to the matter of exchanges, and with the publications of the Academy of Sciences in addition to the large [ 120 ]

HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

During the earliest years Of the history of the Museum the library

was comparatively of small importance, but when the institution

of ow n 1877 took possession its building in , the collection Of books

r of . began to grow . At ﬁ st it was placed under the care Dr Anthony 1 2 . 88 . Woodward , then Assistant in Geology In Dr Woodward was 1902 made Librarian , a position which he held until when he was made 1 2 . 90 . . . Curator of Maps and Charts Beginning with , Prof R W

T ns ower has been Curator Of the Department of Books and Publicatio ,

a position which carries with it the duties Of Librarian . Professor T ower has devoted special attention to increasing the library , and its

present efﬁciency is largely due to his persistent efforts in this direction .

[ 122 ] PUBLICATIONS

HE publications of the American Museum of Natural History “ ” “ ” “ O f l consist the Annual Report , the Bu letin, the Me ” E moirs , Anthropological Papers , an thnographical Al bum, and the American Museum Journal . The Bulletin is a strictly scientiﬁc publication in which are pub lishe d the shorter articles embodying the resul ts of the research work of the various departments of the Museum . These papers are less voluminous and of more general interest than those which appear in “ The 1 1 . 88 the Memoirs ﬁrst number was issued in December,

’ the first year Of President Jesup s administration— and the first volume 1 92 was completed five years later . Since 8 a complete volume has

- . E B ti been issued every year ach volume contains about twenty four ulle n . articles , published separately during the year, which relate about

a E equally to Geology, Pal eontology , Mammalogy , Ornithology and nto m lo 4 o . 00 975 gy It is octavo in size , and contains to pages , with many

750 r plates and text figures . It has an edition of and is dist ibuted mainly to other scientific institutions in exchange for their publica f O . tions , and is thus an important means for the increase our Library “ ” “ ” The l c Memoirs, like the Bu letin , are strictly s ientific , but are

M mo devoted to Special articles requiring more exhaustive treatment . e irs . “ ” e 1 Th issue Of Memoirs was suggested by Professor Osborn in 892 . E ach part forms a separate and complete monograph , usually with T “ ” n . he umerous plates Memoirs are quarto in size , and have been

The published in parts at irregular intervals since 1893 . present edi tion is 600 copies . The amount of material brought in and the observations made by the parties at work under the Jesup North Paciﬁc Exploration Fund made necessary the establishment in 1898 Of a special series Of pub “ ” lications in the Memoir form . At ﬁrst these were issued by the E 19 4 . . Museum, but since 0 they have been published by J Brill, Ley [ 123 ] HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

H n T den, olland , u der a favorable contract . his ﬁrm published the

Ethnographical Al bum also . “ The Of l Anthropological Papers are really a part the Bu letin , devoted exclusively to the results of ﬁeld work and other research f f T conducted by the anthropological sta f o the Museum . hey are

of 350 published in octavo volumes about pages each , issued in parts

The . 1 The at irregular intervals ﬁrst issue was in 907 . present edition is 600 . ” The publication of the American Museum Journal was begun ” of h l 1900 . T e in Apri , , at the suggestion Professor Osborn Journal is

of a popul ar record of the progress the Museum . It was started to give to the members and the public the Museum news in popular and interest

u for of ing form, and as a medi m the prompt acknowledgment gifts and “ n n of he for making widely k ow the needs the Museum . T Journal

of has an edition and is issued monthly from October to May . It has been the policy of the administration of the Museum so to label the Exhibits that visitors woul d have the information desired f without the use of a voluminous general guide . The interest o the m public, however, in various collections led Director Bu pus to suggest

on the publication Of Guide Leaﬂets these special subjects . These

now leaﬂets , thirty in number, appear irregularly and in editions which vary with the popul arity of the subject matter discussed .

. h Prof . R . P W itfield , Curator of Geology , established the form and “ ” character of the Bulletin through the first four articles , which were 1881 1882 contributed by him and published in and , but there was no m definite editor until Prof . J . A . Allen assu ed the editorship with the

1 4 . f issue of Vol . I , Part 5 , in 88 Professor Allen became editor o the “ ” 1893 . P . Memoirs , likewise , when they were established in rof Franz Boas has been the editor of the spe cial series of memoirs pertain ing to the Jesup North Paciﬁc exploration since it was begun . Dr . “ ” Clark Wissler is the editor of the Anthropological Papers . Mr . W . “ of m K . Gregory was made editor the A erican Museum Journal , when E 1 1901 . that was established in 900, but since October, , Dr dmund ” Otis Hovey has been editor of the Journal and the Guide Leaﬂets . [ 124 ]

MAINTENANCE

Y its original agreement , the City undertook to maintain or pay

of the running expenses the Museum , but practically from the

s beginning the maintenance has been in ufﬁcient , as is Show n in

The the preceding pages . annual increments in maintenance are given

in the accompanying table . Successive enabling acts of the Legis lature to incre se have permitted the City authorities a the maintenance . The legal limit is now The last appropriation (that of 1909) was In the same year the maintenance of the Metro politan Museum was raised to the legal limit , The expenditures of the Museum for maintenance during the past ten years are instructive

MAINTENANCE OF MUSEUM BY JOINT EXPEND ITURE OF CITY AND TRUSTEES

Ap prop ri atio ns Ap p rop ria tions

b uste e s . by City . y Tr 00 75

00 8 00 ,

00 04

6 . 9 3 1

The legitimate charges agains t maintenance are Administration

S alaries S cienti c A dministration Workin Staff Re airin , ﬁ and the g , p g and Renewa l o Parts Cleanin H ea tin Li htin of Build f , and g, g and g g the

T for n . i g By law, the rustees may both care and prepare specimens f from the maintenance fund . In practice , the preparation o the specimens is mainly from the endow ment and other funds . The Museum is now administered with the utmost economy in t every depar ment , both as regards salaries and purchases . A recent investigation by the Director of the cost of our heating and lighting [ 127 ] HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM system from our own plant Showed that it was being conducted at a much lower rate than that of other municipal buildings .

The salaries and wages are extremely low, as shown in the table

n o the opposite page . Our sala ries and wages should provide in themselves for some sort of compul sory insurance or retiring fund . At present they are so low that in most cases they barely provide a living wage . To conduct the scientiﬁc departments to the best educational interests of the City , it is necessary that the Museum should attract through its curatorships and associate curatorships men of ability

Of equal to that college professors and associate professors . In other words , the scientiﬁc work Of the Museum demands a very high order f O ability, and men Of the ﬁrst rank can never be attracted to the Museum staff or be kept on the Museum staff unless their compensa

T n e tion is commensurate with their attainments . his will be i cr as

n l i g y the case if, as proposed in this report , the Museum extends its activities into subjects like Public Health and other applied branches

s . l es rit of science, a tronomy , physics and geography On y the p de corps and loyalty which now prevail in the Museum Staff have kept within our ranks several members who have been called to other in f stitutions with the O fer of marked increases in salary . An increase in maintenance to for the year 19 10 is the working minimum . Apart from comparison with other scientiﬁc and

our f on educational institutions , this is required to place staf living

of salaries and wages comparable to those street cleaners, policemen ,

of city clerks , subordinate Ofﬁcials and men higher grade in other de f partments of the City . Certain percentages o increase with length f and efﬁciency o service should be carefully considered and approved .

Of It is not to the economic advantage of the City , through lack T f sufﬁcient appropriations, to compel the rustees to devote parts o the

w The f income from its endo ment fund to maintenance . bequest o

Mr . Jesup Speciﬁcally provided against this , and similar provision should be made in other bequests .

[ 128 ]

TOTA L EXPENDITURES BY TRUSTEES

HE total ann ual expenditures by the Trustees for the last

decade from funds derived from all sources, together with the increase of collections by direct gift of estimated value ’ of T the cost which does not pass through the reasurer s books , are as follows

Total .

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

The comparison of the total expenditures by the City and by the

T n e rustees, in the past ten years, is very i structiv

T TAL EXPEND T RE IN TEN YEAR 1900—1909 O I U S S,

By the City for Maintenance n By the City for Buil di g . Grand Total of Expenditures by the City

— B the T te for All P o 1900 1909 . 83 y rus es urp ses, B the ﬂ uste e s for E owm t 1900 y nd en , since Grand Total of Donations by the Truste es

These ﬁgures Show that during the last decade the private gener osity of the friends Of the Museum has more than kept pace with public appropriation . Similar ﬁgures have not been prepared w l from the beginning , but it i l probably be found that the total amount contributed by the City and by the Trustees will not far from balance . In other words the City Of New York has enjoyed [ 130 ] TOTAL EXPENDITURES BY TRUSTEES

o m m c 0 m m c c c c m c c c c c c c c a n m m o 0 o a o o o o m o o o o o o o o s

m c 0 o n o N m o m “ w c c o o 0 m o w m c © m w N n . . . . . 0 0 m a H o N n n N w o m w m m m E h e o o ﬁ O o m ¢ w 3 2 ” a N m w ﬁ N m N N N N ~ H

a a n m w o o N m N 0 m c c c c 0 m c c c a m N 0 c c c c c c c 0 m a o m m o u e m n we m e 0 N o o o o 0 m o o o n a o 0 o o o o o o o 0 m w s ...... o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o m w o o o o o o o o o o w o s s z S o o S o m o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o s o g m o o o o o o o o o p o o o o o n. o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o m” u . q ; o o n s m n o s n m m s s n n o o o o o o o o o o o o : : E; 3 i 2 ; 2 2 m o m o o o s o o o o o o o n o n w fi fl H H h : : H “ “ fi n g

c c c c c 0 c c c c c 0 “ m c s w m c a N

o o o o 0 3. o e m. m m o o o o o 0 3. o N m w 5e c c m. n o c c c c m N c 0 0 o o o o m m fi m n w N m N N o o o o o m w a o o o o m m a e N 9 o N m 3 3 o o o fi ao ; a m m n m. w vm O o N m m. m w m. N N N N m N w m m m O N m E w o w 9” a 2 Da fi a a a 2 N NN m v e n e

c c c 0 m mw 0 c c c c c c o mm c c c c c c c c m m w m a fi a N m m 2 ; S 2 m e 0 o o o o o o o o m o m 3. n e m. E. 3 m m o o o 0 m o o w m. m o o o o N . o m o o o w o w o o o o m w w o o o o o o o m N c m o w N m N N m m o o o o m 8 o o S S o Eo o n o o o m s o S o S a a o e m e N u o : s n E. w m o o : o o o m o S z. m o a o om o o e o s o o w o “. o n c o w v m. H u s o n ” N m N o o o o o m s e 3 m e m s r s s w m o o N N E m. n o fi Z a a t 2 fi 2 m m. o m e m o o o 8 mm m m m w m m. 5 » o n e m o. v w : a

. . . . . m o a m w n o h w m o N m w m o u w a o a N m w mm h m m c fi N m w m c h w m © u n u h u n h h n w w w w w m m w m m m a m a a a m a m o o O o o o o o o o w w w t w w m w w w w w ww w w w m m w w w w w w w w m w m w m m N o m m m a m a ~ fi fl a fi fi fi a fi fi fi a ~ a fl fi ~ a a fi fi fi fi a fi a fi a fl a ~ a fi H fi a fi a fi fi fi [ 13 1 ] HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

o o o n m s 2 . o o 8 S o w o H n 3. o s . n

s m a o w 0 m 8 m 1ma o m N a h m w 3 k mm m mh B w w o fi Ea a 0 w S o fi o w m B w B 3 fi a o z S o a v O o 8 m fi o o fl Q a n o d 5 m o 8 e a s m Q t 9 3 a — o fi a o 5 fi o e w E g o 8 d a Q n 3 2 a o fi fi g 5 m o u E o a 3 3 fi a o 4 o E o ; w Em fi n 5 a am [ 132 ]

ENDOWMENT

HE project of an Endowment Fund was ﬁrst discussed by the

T 1880 . . rustees in May , , Mr James M Constable urging the establishment of an endowment of for the per ”

. 1 4 manent support of the Museum It was only in 88 , however, f f o o E . . that the bequest from the estate William Dodge, Sen ,

n T formed the begin ing of this fund . At this time the rustees adopted the following resolution

“ Whereas The T of , Board of rustees the Museum of Natural History in Central Park regard it as highly im portant to constitute a permanent endowment fund of which the interest only shall be applied to the use Of the Museum

as Shall be deemed most expedient by the Board, and there fore it is resolved that the Board do hereby establish a fund

to be called the permanent endowment fund . “ T f Resolved o E . , hat the bequest the late William Dodge

E . Of be hereafter known as the William Dodge Fund , and that the same shall constitute a part of the permanent ” endowment fund .

The H . 1 6 ﬁrst large bequest was that of William Vanderbilt , in 88 , of 1890 f In , through vigorous e fort, was added f by Trustees and other friends of the Museum . A number O bequests 1 4 . 90 and individual gifts followed In , was contributed ,

The . e . . su chieﬂy by Mr Morgan and Mr . Jesup bequest of Mr J p , in

1908 of , raised the total amount donations to

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENDOWMENT FUND ESTABLISHED IN 1884

1 4 E E T OF A M 88 B QU S WILLI E .

1 E E T O F A A E 886 B QU S WILLI M H . V ND R

T BIL . 00 ENDOWMENT

WILLIA M WA LDORF AST OR

E BE H H R R . BIS OP GE ORGE BLISS

A E TA B E . J M S M . CONS L

A M E . DGE 2D WILLI DO ,

E B E NJA MIN H . FI LD

H T T C . P . UN ING ON

A M E D . WILLIS J S .

E P . MORRIS K . J SU

H A C A RLE S G . L NDON

H C A RLE S LA NIE R .

BE E TH A . J . FOR S L I

M TH I E E N . . FRA NCIS O . A T S S

D . O . MILLS

E P T GA J . PI R ON MOR N OSWA LD OTTE NDO RFE R

H E A JO N . P RSONS

E E . . P RCY R . PYN HE NRY SE LIGMA N

A MRS . M RY PH EBE ANNA CORNE LIUS VA NDE RBILT

H A . . RIC RD T . WILSON

E E A E . E . B QU ST O F MRS . M RY ROG RS BE QUE ST O F HUGH AUCH INCLOSS

A H E E H . WILLI M C . SC RM R ORN

E E T O F H T H K . B QU S MISS S . M . I C COC

E E T O F E B QU S P RCY R .

M A S . ME W D . R J S R . S OR S

M A A E E RS . S MUE L L WR NC BE QUE ST O F JA ME S

M F . A . A RS . ANN A BR D ORD

M T EV S EM Y H . R . IL R OR

M H T K E A T A . RS . M R FIS HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

B E QUE ST O F OSWA LD OTTENDO RFER

E T F H E B E QU S O NRY VILLA RD . . B E QUE ST O F JO E L GOLDE NBE RG

E E T O F A E A B K . B QU S S MU L D . B COC M E H . RS . MILY TRE V OR

E MORRIS K . J SUP

E P T A . J . PI R ON MORG N 00

GE ORGE S . BOWDOIN

HA E H . Y V M E E . . O R

ED E K . FR RIC A CONSTA BLE .

A K E WILLI M ROC FE LLE R .

R E D E Y . Y 2 . P C R P N , BE QUE ST O F SOLOMON LO E B

H C A RLE S LA NIER .

AT A . R E M ILD W B UC .

M E H . T E RS . MILY R V OR

A . BE QUE ST O F BE NJA MIN P . D V IS

E P B E QUE ST O F MORRIS K . J SU

A B E QUE ST O F WILLIA M R . S NDS . .

BEQUE ST O F PH E BE ANNA TH ORNE . 00

BE QUEST O F DA RIUS OGDE N MILLS . . 00

. 75

Adequate endowment is the most important advance that can be made by the Museum at the present time .

The E 1 1 1 of ndowment Fund on January 3 , 9 0 (at the time the

in publication of this report) , viz . , should now be creased to and within a few years to a larger amount . Comparison between our Endowment Fun d (as invested in 1909) and that of other similar institutions in this country is shown in the fol lowing table

Metropolitan Museum of Art Field Museum of Natura l History Am M m of Hi erican useu Natural story . Carnegie Museum m f h B k n n Museu o t e roo ly I stitute . t t te t o M Uni ed S a s Na i nal useum .

HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM Yet it must be plainly stated that the Museum is constantly run ning behind ; that the preparation, exhibition and description of

specimens are not keeping pace with the additional collections . If “ ” s it be asked , Why, then, increase the collection , the ans wer is simple

i . of and conv ncing In very many departments science , especially in

a anthropology, ethnology, arch eology and in some divisions Of zoology, if we do not get a Specimen now we never Shall get it . Other Museums in other parts Of the world are keenly alive to this fact and are more or less well endowed with funds ; some are better endowed than ourselves .

In any case, we do not have a monopoly, and we ﬁnd that rare Objects f of natural history are in as great demand as antique works O art , Th although the prices are incomparably lower . e cost of a single ol d ” master would ﬁll an entire wing of the Museum with a splendid array Th Of specimens . e prices which Obtain in natural history are n ot the c but f pri es which rule in art, the rarity o certain objects is equally great . w Long experience has sho n that , on the average , it costs as much

’ on to place a specimen exhibition, including the curator s time and that Of the preparator, as it does to bring it in from the ﬁeld . Some specimens cost far more to prepare than they do to secure . This is a new element in museum administration , brought about by the double standard of meeting both the aesthetic and educational requirements which we have set for ourselves . To put a bird on a painted wooden

- ﬁv e perch , as was done twenty years ago , costs very little , and the T bird taught very little . o place a bird in its natural surroundings

The costs a great deal and the bird teaches a great deal . educational results repay the increased cost . A survey of every department Of the Museum will support the statement that we are getting behind instead of keeping pace in the

f our . preparation o collections We now have very large collections, numbering many thousands Of beautiful and interesting objects , which have not been placed on exhibition an d which cannot be placed on

x . e hibition, without an increased income from endowment Very few donors of collections realize this , and in many cases it would appear [ 138 ] ENDOWMENT most ungracious for us to inform the donor that we could not accept

his collection because we had not the means of placing it on exhibition .

of The The gift the Duke of Loubat is a case in point . Museum was presented with a valuable series Of casts from Mexico and Central America without any means for mounting the casts or placing them on

The exhibition . cost of preparation rose so rapidly that President

Jesup was alarmed . It equalled , if it did not exceed , the cost of the

t Of gift . A misunders anding arose , in consequence , as a result which the D uke Of L oubat withdrew his support from the Museum . w Finally, an increase Of the endo ment Should precede the exten

u n sion of our b ildi g, and should accompany a recommendation to the City for an increase in maintenance to

[ 139 ]

HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

GREATER NEW Y ORK !

1914 1919 1924 1929

The New Yo k Times A l 25 19 09 . 9 . r , Sunday , pri , , p

While the rate Of increase of the past ten years may not continue im f as in the above est ate, owing to increased facilities o transit which will tend inevitably to spread population into New Jersey and Long

Island, all this country may be regarded as more or less tributary to New York and dependent upon its public educational institutions ; in l other words, the improved transit which will distribute the popu ation will also bring these great institutions within reach of the people of a

m mmic n s . A a 2 wider radius For exa ple, the Mu eum is now within 5 H minutes Of Borough all , Brooklyn ; it was formerly over an hour from

H The Borough all . Brooklyn subway connection has increased enor mously the attendance at the New York Aquarium ; it has undoubt e dly affected the American Mus eum also ; the proposed East Side f subway will Similarly a fect the Metropolitan Museum .

F rei n Po ulation . Am n o g p We ericans are u der the impression ,

our o ula which is not altogether justiﬁed by the facts , that native p p

our - bom l tion is superior to foreign and foreign popu ation, and that one of the greatest arguments for public education is the Americanizing

U of of the foreign elements . ndoubtedly there is a great deal force in

T our this idea . hose who closely observe the attendance at great public institutions are impressed by the very large foreign or foreign e 1 1 U w not 9 . born element . nfortunately have the statistics for 0 In

1 u of l 900, when the pop lation New York was much smal er than at

: present, namely , the foreign population was as follows Of German parentage Of Irish parentage . Of Russian parentage Of Italian parentage Of English and Scotch parentage Of Austrian parentage Po nt Of lish pare age . Of Hungarian parentage Of French parentage Of Swedish parentage ot o t Of her f reign coun ries . Total foreign -born population [ 144 ]

GROWTH OF THE BUI LDING N order to understand clearly the past and future building opera tions it is well to review the steps which have been taken from

the start .

1 7 1 s Of In 8 , in respon e to the petition a large number of citizens, the Legislature authorized the erection of a building for the exclusive h use of the Museum in Man attan Square, and an appropriation Of

was made for this purpose .

The ﬁrst section to be constructed was the present North Wing .

2 1874 - On June , , the corner stone Of the new building was laid by

U . of President lysses S Grant , before a large assemblage representative

he f f . T o of o citizens presence the Secretary State, the Secretary War,

of f the Secretary the Navy , and the Governor o the State lent Official importance to the event . This section was completed in 1877 and the collections which had been acquired by the Trustees were installed for exhibition . On the m first floor were exhibited the Jay Collection Of Shells, the mam als,

f The and an economic collection o woods and building stones . birds

on were the second ﬂoor, the anthropological collections on the third , “ ” n The for and the fossils o the fourth . attic story was reserved workrooms and the library . Through lack of space it was necessary

h n to ex ibit the reptiles , ﬁshes , corals, mi erals, and duplicates in the

n i Arsenal, which was used as an annex to the Museum u t l it was ﬁnally 1 vacated in 886 .

22 1 of On December , 877 the new building the Museum was opened U to the public by the President Of the nited States , in the presence

f T mmIS I ne r f o the rustees , the Co S O o Public Parks, and the State and

City authorities . In 1887 the City made an appropriation of for completing [ 146 ] 7 “ 7 7 5 T R E E T

— 1 8 1 08 . SUCC ESSIVE A NNUAL A D DITIONS To TH E A M E RICAN M US EUM . 77 9

[ 147 ] HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM the North Wing and for the beginning of the central section of the

South Facade, which was to contain a lecture hall . A further appropriation of was made in 1889 for the com i ple t on Of the new section of the building . This was ready for occu

' 1892 on pancy in , and was formally opened November 2d of that year .

It provided three exhibition halls, besides room for a library and a lecture hall . At this time the City had expended for the two sections of the T building It was estimated that the rustees , their friends , and the public had contributed in money and specimens,

The Ea i w a s fourth addition to the building, namely, the st W ng, provided for in an appropriation of made by the Legislature 1 f 93 o 4 . in 8 , and an additional appropriation made in 189

T i - his portion of the bu lding, with a frontage on Seventy seventh

of one ﬁft - f Street hundred and y seven feet , was opened in the fall o

4 The f 189 . o ground ﬂoor contained the Jesup collection woods .

The second ﬂoor was used for the large mammals , including the Bison and Moose groups . On the third ﬂoor were the small mammals , the

H . ins ect collections , and the overﬂow material from the Bird all The fourth ﬂoor was given over to the new Department of Vertebrate

Palaeontology .

The of m construction the West Wing im ediately followed this , f T and was provided for in an appropriation o in 1895 . his

e section was completed in 1897 . Th West Wing was almost entirely occupied by the various collections of the Department of Anthropology with the reservation of a small space for the Library . t Besides the provision required for the new grow h , the architectural symmetry of the building demanded the erection Of the Southeast and T Southwest ower Wings , by which the entire South Facade Of the T 1 . 7 Museum would be completed his work was authorized in 89 , as was also that for a new lecture hall to be erected at the north end of the North Wing . The Southeast and Southwest Tower Wings were 1 completed in 899 .

The H of new Lecture all , with a seating capacity was com [ 148 ]

HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM will be submitted to the Department of Parks before detailed draw ings are prepared .

The main features of this plan , so far as considered , are

F rst H i , in planning each all and each Section to consider carefully

to ll the uses to which it is be put , so that in both proportion and i umi nation it may so far as possible be adapted to its purpose .

econd for S , to provide mural decoration , both in painting and l f scu pture , in order to add to the artistic interpretation o Nature by

of means Similar to those now being instituted in some the older halls .

ird Th , to continue the policy of very economic and simple interior i construction adopted by previous admin strations, and to make the exterior conform architecturally with the Romanesque style of the l south facade, the on y exception to be the east grand entrance , which m is to give, it is proposed , an i posing architectural appearance com mensurate with the grand dimensions of the future Museum as a whole .

rth i Fou , to proceed with the west side of the bu lding around toward the east and southeast , completing the two south courts .

The proposed order of building is as follows NEW WEST PAVILION OR SEVENTY—NINTH STREET EN E ul ni TRANC , a pop ar eve ng and stormy weather entrance , because most accessible to all transit routes ; to be distinguished as the entrance to the anthropological side of the Museum by the location there of the great Mexican and Central American archaeo

logical collections .

T T E T NEW WES RANS P , connecting with the Central Rotunda , with provision for the entire heating and lighting plant of the com

le te d . p Museum Of the future , beneath and to the south side

Temporarily the engines will be left in their present position . It is proposed to make this transept twelve feet wider than the

original South Transept .

CENTRAL PAVILION OR ROTUNDA , to be treated externally

the f of . . as part the court, i e without external architectural e fect [ 150 ] GROWTH OF THE BUILDING

suggested in the original design, in which this rotunda was to be surmounted with a very high tower ; internally to provide

a complete east and west transept corridor through the building . Both the Central Rotunda and the circular corridors around it are Th to be used as exhibition spaces . e top ﬂoor is to accommodate

r the Libra y , Reading Room , and Stack Room , as the central

of feature the completed Museum , equally accessible to all its

parts . The location Of the administrative ofﬁces has not been con

side re d .

TH T E T TE THE ENLA E NOR RANS P , SI OF RG D LECTURE H U T U ALL AND A DI ORI M, with seating capacity of

E T T E T E AS RANS P , connecting the Central Rotunda with the ast T Pavilion, to be twelve feet wider than the present South ransept

or wings .

E T AS PAVILION on Central Park, to be connected by a proposed

of broad new driveway with the West Drive the Park, and

to be the future grand entrance hall of the Museum, archi

te cturall of y imposing, like the entrance hall the Metropolitan f Museum o Art .

UTHE T SO AS WING, connecting the present Southeast Pavilion

and thus completing the east circuit .

U T . not GLASS CO R S It has been suggested, but has as yet been m considered by the Com ittee, that the two south courts might be

- on utilized by placing therein glass covered areas e story high .

RATE OF GROWTH AND COST

Th h e Museum as hitherto been constructed in sections, namely E transepts , pavilions, wings, and central rotunda . ach section may

r Ie f be considered as a unit . By a ev w o the past rate Of growth and [ 151 ] HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM total cost an estimate may be made Of the future rate of growt h and Of the ﬁnal cost of the completed building .

on 147 h The diagram page , ex ibits the years in which successive additions have been made . On the supposition that owing to increasing efﬁciency in mechanical appliances cons truction in the future will not be more expensive than

to in the past, the following tabular statement enables us form an ap proximate forecast

Constructed 1877- 1909

Exte nsion now being plann ed o t half of M um not e t n N r h use , y pla ned

Total

T - hese ﬁgures Show that during the past thirty two years, that is, 1 1909 between 877 and , the Museum has completed eight units, or a ! unit every four years . If the city continues to erect the building at the same rate, the extension now being planned , comprising six units, will

- Th be completed in the next twenty four years . e entire Museum will cost between and It is interesting to compare these ﬁgures with those of other

ri expenditures or approp ations by the city in recent years .

The S e e dw ay Ne w ork Public Library . Metropolitan Museum of A rt ni New Mu cipal B uilding . H all of Records In the past the rate Of growth of the building provided by the city

of s T has been in response to the crowding collection ; that is , the rustees

to have not asked the city build in advance Of their needs , but have acquired collections and then asked the city to erect adequate space for them . The stored collections of the Museum if properly displayed will ﬁll a very considerable space, perhaps a half of the extension now being

The Of planned . rate increase of collections has been steadily growing

- tw o n during the past thirty years , therefore we are acquiri g collections

The b ld m t s and f n h of the v t has b ui ing , equip en , ca ing ur is ing a erage uni een 152 ]

GROWTH OF THE BUILDING

more rapidly now than ever before . It thus appears desirable that the Trustees should prepare plans for the extension of the building and that when these are thoroughly matured, so that we may assure the ofﬁcers of the Park Department and of the Board of Estimate and

Apportionment that the best possible plan to be devised is prepared , recommendation be made for construction of the six new units in the course of the next twelve years .

[ 153 ] FUTURE SCOPE AND ARRANGEMENT OF THE EXHIBITIONS

HE f wonderful growth o the American Museum , which gives l i it a rank second on y to the Br tish Museum, which places it among the ﬁrst Of our educational and research institu tions in this country, which relates it to the college and university l U system not on y of New York but Of the entire nited States,

l on shou d encourage us not to stop , but to go with increased vigor

. l and intelligence If this is to be a tru y great country , its intel lectual growth must keep pace with or in advance of its material prosperity . It is important to realize that only a beginning has been made ; that the new methods which have been developed in certain depart ments Should be extended to all departments ; that some Of our 0 0 1

s w of or of lection , as compared ith those the British Museum, even

nf other American museums , are in their i ancy ; that certain depart

to ments of science, which properly belong a natural history museum , have barely been suggested ; that everywhere the lack Of sequence in the

of arrangement the collection is most confusing to the visitor . Finally , while gratifying progress has been made in connection with the public

of educational system the City, we should render even greater service than we have been doing to the common schools , the high schools, the colleges and the universities . In other words, the Museum ,

n on l through its i ﬂuence on teachers and pupils, shou d become a

of more vital part of the educational system the City , which alone will justify increased appropriations for maintenance and will justify the Trustees in their appeal to liberal - minded citizens for an increased endowment . [ 154 ]

HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

H student of t his subject . e is ready to plan a hall which Shall be

of devoted to the great surface phenomena the earth , to the mountains,

n s the rivers, the glaciers , the s ow peak , the volcanoes, the valleys, the

’ cations and all the other wonderful features of the earth s surface

which may be displayed through photographs and through models . The beginning which has been made by the Museum in geography in the projection of the Arctic and Antarctic regions has attracted so much attention and such close study by visitors that it is clear that the

G o . h . Al e graphy way is open for a complete geographic ex ibit ready , through an m arrangement with the A erican Geographical Society , under President H f untington, a typical globe, embodying the very latest results o

geographical research , has been prepared , which will serve as the basis on which can be recorded not only all the geographical and physical

of i n features Of the earth , but the distribution plants and an mals a d

of the races of men . It is Obvious that geography is the subject above all others through which we may get into close touch with the work

of of the public schools ; that advanced museum methods geography ,

wil to l such as we shall adopt , l be a great aid both to teachers and pupi s

— in ll fact , it wi put the whole science on a new basis in the City of

New York . Thalassography is another of the new subj ects which it is proposed

on — to develop , both its physical side the content of the sea and Of the — geographical sea bottom— and on its living Side the marvelous and

peculiar forms of sea life . America has been one Of the leaders in this “ ” “ ” of subject , through the voyages of the Blake and the Albatross, Al “ l under exander Agassiz and others . At the present time , the A ba ” tross has been offered to us by the United States Department of

Fisheries for use in the Antarctic , which will enable the Museum to secure its ﬁrst thalassographic collections and train its ﬁrst Observers

in this ﬁeld . The following conspectus of the present and future scope of the exhibitions is the taking stock of what we have and of what we need

to carry out these plans .

[ 156 ] FUTURE SCOPE AND ARRANGEMENT OF EXHIBITIONS

CONSPECTUS OF THE PRESENT CONDITION AND THE FUTURE SCOPE OF EXHIBITIONS

A stronomy

Solar and planetary system Exhibitions begun . E E arth and the moon as planet and satellite xhibitions begun .

O . Star system and evolution of the worlds . N exhibitions ready

Meteorites Creditable collections .

Physical S ciences Practically no exhibi tions ready

Preliminary exhibitions

begun . Physical Geography Preliminary exhibitions

begun . Geology and Palaeogeography Exhibitions and colle c

tions begun . Mineralogy and Mines Minerals extensive ; no exhibitions of mines

ready . The S ea S ciences

Thalassography Creditable beginning on

abyssal forms of life .

The Life S ciences

Woods and Forestry Full exhibitions . Meth ods of Forestry to be

added . Z oology and Palaeontology Invertebrates E Shells . xtensive series .

Other invertebrates . Incomplete collections . Vertebrates

Fishes . Very incomplete e xhibi

tions and collections . [ 157 ] HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

' Z oology and Palaeontology Continued

Amphibians Very incomplete exhibi

tions and collections .

Reptiles . Very incomplete e xhibi

tions and collections .

Birds Complete exhibitions .

Much to be done .

Mammals . Fair collections . Much

to be done .

Anthr olo A rchaeolo and Ethn l op gy, gy , o ogy America North America

New York and Atlantic coast Indians . Fair collections .

Central States, Mound Builders Abundant collections .

Indians Of the Plain s . Growing collections .

Indians Of the Southwest Growing collections .

California . Small collections .

North Paciﬁc Coast , British Columbia

and Alaska . Creditable collections .

E . Eskimos . xtensive collections Mexico and Central America

Mexico . Fair collections . Yucatan Honduras Scanty collections . Guatemala Costa Rica South America Ecuador Bolivia Colombia Little ethnology ; more

a Peru of arch eology . Chile

Eastern Coast of South America . No collections . [ 158 ]

HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

SEQUENCE AND ARRANGEMENT OF COLLECTIONS

The natural sequence Of the exhibitions in each hall and in suc c essiv e r ﬁ halls is an educational principle of ve y rst importance . It is as important in natural history as it is in art . Visitors to the Berlin Museum will recall the educational advantage of the arrangement of the picture gall eries according to the sequence of schools in various E countries . xactly the same idea applies to a museum of natural f . o history Yet with the exception the Agassiz Museum in Cambridge ,

to our no large museum, knowledge, has grasped the idea of the natural

r grouping of halls o the natural sequence of subjects . T here are two principal ideas in sequence, namely Geographical Arrangement — In this the visitor passes from country

u in . for to country, as he wo ld traveling In American anthropology,

of example, he passes from east to west and studies the tribes New

of York, of the Central West, the Plains region, of the Southwest , Of

i of Am . Mexico, and of Central erica Such l nes travel furnish a very

of in desirable arrangement for certain classes exhibits, both anthro pology and in zoology .

— f The Evolutionary S equence This is the sequence o development .

e visitor compares primitive races with more civilized races . H fol

f a lows the progress O eolithic , pal eolithic , and neolithic man, or he traces

f of the ﬁrst steps o nature, the lower into the higher forms plant and

He w m ni of of animal life . begins ith the Si ple orga sms the water and traces the evolution step by step into the higher organisms of the earth and of the air .

r Brieﬂy, it may be said that both the geographical and evolutiona y

or of . arrangements, kinds sequence, are necessary in a great museum Sometimes the geographical arrangement is better ; someth e s the

or . evolutionary , and sometimes both may be more less combined One thing is absolutely essential : a well- ordered museum should present a natural arrangement which the visitor can grasp and which will have the same inﬂuence on the mind as travel or the direct Observation Of evolutiona ry Objects in the state Of nature . 160 ] 7 7 S m e a r

B S M C N CS P N ERS ND C RP EN ERS E EN T M E . A . HA I , AI T A A T

[ 16 1 ] HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

Fortunately the original plan of the American Museum by Calvert ux 1873 g in , of a great square with intersecting transepts, admirably for — pr ides such sequence both geographical and evolutionary . In fac with all the advance which has been made in the construction

of r and design museum buildings , within the last thi ty years , nothing

r: of superio to the ground plan the American Museum has been devised .

This is a most fortunate circumstance . It was undoubtedly arrived at accidentally— one of those happy accidents which relieves the Trus tees of a mass of difﬁculties and embarrassments from which other lni f stitutions are suf ering .

BASEMENT — The new Basement Entrance provides not only for

for the central distribution of fuel , but also a receiving and distributing

r re lac department of eve ything which enters and leaves the Museum , p E ing the present South ntrance . A level trolley and track system will connect the receiving department with the entire basement area , and thus with all the stairways and elevators which may be constructed .

In the basement all the work Of mechanics, painters , carpenters, and joiners is provided for, as well as comfortable rooms for the employes between hours . Provision is made also for the reception and storage of large collections, casts , etc . , in a rough state , and certain rough

The i grades of preparation work . heating and l ghting plant will be T placed economically south Of the West ransept .

FIRST FLOOR — The ﬁrst ﬂoor will be devoted on the east side

of to certain physical and biological branches science, and on the f west to American Anthropology especially o North America . It will

E of be appropriate to devote the FOY R, after the removal the meteor

to of T ites and the planetary system , entirely memorials the rustees,

of f of of prominent members the Scientific Staf , and men distinguished in the history of American science . The scientific sequence Of this floor will be understood by beginning T with AS RONOMY in the Rotunda , in which , in a darkened hall ,

a of photogr phs the heavens will be displayed by transmitted light, as

The E T Ea E explained a bove . adjoining ast ransept and st ntrance [ 162 ]

HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

ma of a Pavilion y be devoted appropriately to the sciences the e rth , to H E H E E AL Y R OG . T P YSICAL G OGRAP Y, G OLOGY, and MIN his ﬂoor and the space under the entrance steps leading to the second ﬂoor entrance lends itself to the display of sections of mines an d sections of the interior Of the earth . In the adjoining Southeast Wing the visitor will pass into THALASSOGRAPHY the geography and phy sical constitution Of the sea bottom and sea water as an introduction E THE EA i to the LIF OF S , which , in turn, w ll lead into the Southeast

of Pavilion devoted to a synopsis the ANIMAL KINGDOM , especially

of r the lower forms life , a hall which was dedicated to the memo y of

e Charles Darwin on the one hundredth anniversary of his birth . Th communicating South Hall will be devoted to WOODS AND FOR

E T of a e su n S RY, an extension the already remark ble J p Collectio , into l E the domain of App ied Forestry . Passing through the M MORIAL H T ALL we enter the South ransept, which will be devoted entirely

a T l a to the North P ciﬁc ribes of Indians from British Columbia to A ask , the Eskimo Exhibit to be removed to the ﬂoor above . Passing from the Memorial Hall to the West we enter the South

H to NE all devoted the INDIANS OF W YORK , of the eastern coast U E T T TE of the nited States, and the C N RAL S A S , including the T Mound Builders . his is a natural geographic introduction to the

THE ma INDIANS OF PLAINS , which y occupy the Southwest Pavilion and lead naturally into the Southwest Hall devoted to the

THE UTH E T a INDIANS OF SO W S , especi lly to the splendid col lections assembled by the Hyde Expeditions and the present Hunt ington Expeditions . A grand feature of the Museum will be the new West Entrance

v E E T E Pavilion , de oted to M XICAN AND C N RAL AM RICAN

ARCHZEOLOGY - re , a two story hall with gallery , suitable for the ce tion p of reproductions Of portions of the great temples, altars, and

ae Of Zato e can stel the Aztec , p , and Mayan cultures , in which the native

- art and architecture Of America reaches its high water mark . It is proposed to add to the Loubat Collection by fresh expeditions in

now Mexico , and to secure by exchange and purchase other collections [ 164 ] FUTURE SCOPE AND ARRANGEMENT OI“ EXHIBITIONS

SO in this country , that it is believed this grand hall will be comple te ly

Of ﬁlled , and constitute one of the ﬁnest features the Museum . Studie s are being made for the architectural and mural decoration of the h all in keeping with its contents , so that it will be for all time the anthro

olo ical p g gateway to the Museum and the main evening entrance . Adjoining this hall will be tw o smaller auditoriums capable of seating three hundred persons each , for the use of public school teachers and pupils , the New York Academy of Sciences and other afﬁliated societies . The West Transept will be devoted to the ARCHZEOLOGY AND ETH NOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA and the South Paciﬁc coast .

— E . The S COND FLOOR second , or main ﬂoor Of the Museum , may be devoted on the east to the Geographic or Faunistic arrange

of H ment the igher Animal Life of the World , and On the west to a

E The continuation of American Anthropology and thnology . Rotunda will be occupied by an elaboration of the PLANETARY SYSTEM

' E nd West which is now placed in the Foyer . A grand new ast a Transept connecting the East Entrance Hall with the West Entrance Hall will provide space for the permanent display of the relative f distances o the remote planets . The entrance point of the second ﬂoor will be the grand new East

E H tw o or - ntrance all , a possibly three story opening surrounded by H galleries . Facing the visitor will be the East Tra nsept all devoted

E for to the LIF OF AFRICA , which collections are now being made E U e in British ast Africa , in the ganda Prot ctorate , and in the Congo , in addition to the already considerable collections in the Museum . It is proposed here to give the visitor an impression of the entire life of

of as Africa , its most distinctive mammals, birds , reptiles , and ﬁshes , well as types of man . Supplementing these exhibits will be photo graphs and transparencies Of characteristic African scenery . Models will display the principal geographic and physiographic characters . H In brief, a visit to the African all will resemble as nearly as is possible T f t i in a museum a visit to Africa itself . his method o treatmen s [ 165 ] EC O N O M 1C

G E O L O G Y

P E R U

EC U A

C O L U

7 7 O f ﬁ c e ! J AN

Z OOLOG Y . A NT HROPOLOG Y M RE I ES A B OF NORTH AND SO UTH AMMALS , BIRDS , PT L , MPHI IANS

M R CA AND FISH Es IN G EOG R P C RD ER . A E I . A HI O

SECOND FLO OR (M AIN) .

[ 166 ]

HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

This circle completes the circuit of the world and will be equivalent t to a great journey around the globe and from pole o pole .

The anthropological section to the west may include tw o halls devoted to AMERICAN ARCHE OLOGY extending into the South

west Pavilion , rich materials for which are already in the possession

Of the Museum . From this we pass into the Southwest Hall which may be devoted to the Archae ology and Ethnology of ECUADOR

our AND COLOMBIA , in which materials are at present very limited . This naturally connects with the gallery ﬂoor of the MEXICAN AND E T E H C N RAL AM RICAN ALL , and leads into the PERUVIAN

H T our ALL in the West ransept, in which collections are particularly

of . He nrv rich through the gifts Mr Villard and others .

THIRD FLOOR — The third ﬂoor may be devoted on the east

ﬁ or to the Animal Kingdom , arranged by natural af nity classiﬁcation ,

on of E - and the west to the Anthropology urope , Asia , Indo Malaya , and Australia . If the second ﬂoor is especially devoted to the needs of the general

for student , the third ﬂoor may be arranged especially the needs of

. Of special students of zoology high school , college , and university

for . the grade, as well as animal lovers On this ﬂoor we enter south W H T T U im transept ith its beautiful ABI A GRO PS OF BIRDS , TE proved by the widening of the galleries . We pass into a SYS M ATIC COLLECTION OF BIRDS arranged according to afﬁnity in E T the Rotunda Gallery and also in the ast ransept, and extending , if f E H r . T necessa y , into the galleries o the grand ntrance all his leaves four halls for the SYSTEMATIC COLLECTIONS OF MAMMALS . T E T One may be devoted appropriately to a SYNOP IC COLL C ION ,

r of E T o key to the classiﬁcation mammals, another to a COLL C ION T OF WHALES . he Central South Pavilion may be devoted perma ne n l C f E E t y to the ollection o MONK YS AND AP S , extended to include the Transition to Primitive Man . This hall will naturally connect with that devoted to the RACES

MEN on OF the west , a subject of the utmost importance which we [ 168 ] ‘ ’ S PIE C IA L M U N l C I PA L l E X H I B I T S I 1

R O PO LO

A U S T R A L IA R O T U N D A B l R D S

M A mm L s

M A M M A L S M A M M A L S

T “ ‘ ‘ 7 7 5 T R EE 1 J AN

MM LS B RDS R EPT L ES M A A , I , I , ORIG IN OF M A N . A M PHIBIANS AND FISH ES I N E URO PE ASI . , A

O RD ER OF KINSHI P. HISTOR Y OF CIV I LIZ ATION . Y T HIRD FLOOR (GALL ER ) .

[ 169 ] HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

have hardly begun to treat . It is important to observe that this

us H of ﬂoor will give the istory of the Origin Civilization . We Shall have a passage from the anthropoid apes to the most primitive races o f s men, and be able to trace the succes ive human cultures , as dis played only in Old World remains . Valuable collections are already in the Museum illustrating these culture stages, but we need to sup plement them by others , and to give the entire collection arrangement

The under the best scientiﬁc authorities . subject is na turally one

for where the American Museum the ﬁrst time touches the historian . ASIATIC ANTHROPOLOGY and ARCHE OLOGY will naturally H out E . our lead of the uropean ere again collections are very limited . Similarly we have only made a beginning in the INDO— MALAYAN H E U T ARC IP LAGO and in A S RALIA , which will complete this

Anthropological Circuit .

FOURTH FLOOR — The Fourth Floor is the ﬁnest in proportions of any of the ﬂoors and best lends itself to the display of Objects Of

s large size requiring con iderable vertical space . It is therefore pe cu liarl T H T THE E TH y suited to the display Of the PAS IS ORY OF AR ,

n e of s of o the east Sid , and the anthropological collection Africa ,

e Polynesia , the Philippines , China and Japan , and the Sib rian tribes ,

e of In on the w st Side . Again, the circular arrangement the halls the completed south plan enables us to present a perfect evolutionary

on sequence on the east , and a natural geographic sequence the west .

The H of E Past istory the arth , as told by fossils , begins with the

PALZEOZOIC or AGE U , OF MOLL SKS , provided for by the great James H all Collection and additions which have been made to it , in its present

H e T . The r location, namely, the South ransept all collections await

of arrangement , the elimination certain parts which more properly

' s of a belong el ewhere, and the addition pal eogeographic maps Showing

of m of the past history the A erican continent , based upon the researches

hu h The Professor Sc c ert of Yale University and others . student at this point begins with the ﬁrst stages of life in the Cambrian and pre [ 170 ]

HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

. He Cambrian , estimated at years ago passes into the gallery surrounding the rotunda and is introduced to the AGE OF E him FISH S by a collection of living ﬁshes , which , in turn , will lead

E T a r into the ast ransept devoted to later pal eozoic times , o close of the H f . Age o Fishes ere the Museum is rich in the Newberry Collection , U deposited by Columbia niversity , and , through the Dodge Fund , is in a position to a cquire and arrange most ins tructive exhibits of the

life of this great period of time . The East Entrance Hall may be partly devoted to exhibits of the larger ﬁshes of modern times and to the Carboniferous and Permian H E T E periods , when the AMP IBIANS AND R P IL S ﬁrst make their

. T of appearance on the earth his is the Age the Coal Formations, and

mural decorations , illustrating the Carboniferous or Coal Period and its rich ﬂora will be appropriate . Following this is the Permian in

The which we have unsurpassed collections . next hall in the Southeast Wing leads us into Jurassic times and may be known as the FIRST U HALL OF DINOSA RS , for which imposing materials have already

Brontosauru been assembled , namely , the great s and other giant reptiles

. of of this period Splendid specimens these animals , as yet unmounted , from the Museum ’s expeditions and from the Cope Collection pre

e su f . sented by Mr . J p , await the space which a new hall will a ford In the south end of the same hall one may pass into that long period of time known as the Middle Cretaceous , when the Rocky Mountain region was beneath a series Of Shallow seas which swarmed with

E E T E Of MARIN R P IL S , over which hovered various types ﬂying

s. a reptiles and primitive bird Ag in , the collections now in the Museum , those unprepared and those being brought together by our western

. The now expeditions , are ready to ﬁll a considerable Space visitor passes into the Southwest Pavilion , which will be known as the E H U S COND ALL OF DINOSA RS , and which will portray the second H and ﬁnal great period of dinosaur life in North America . ere we are

I ua adons c rniv now ready to make a most imposing display of g n , giant a orous T rannosaurus reptiles, or y , great horned dinosaurs and the small

f The f forms o life from this remarkable period . ﬂora O this period is [ 172 ] FUTURE SCOPE AND ARRANGEMENT OF EXHIBITIONS

also known and may be splendidly shown both in transparencies

and in large mural restorations . At this time the ﬁrst small mammals were discovered and gave

Caeonoz ic of H transition to the life the South all , which will be devoted

to TE T . T the R IARY MAMMALS his hall , which represents the

results Of twenty years of exploration and purchase , is now overcrowded , and it is proposed to move the Q uaternary mammals into the Pavilion H t all beyond , the ample propor ions of which lend themselves admirably

to E E T E E the crowning forms Of LIF OF PL IS OC N times , the great h elep ants and mastodons of North America , as well as the ponderous

of our forms South America , assembled in Pampean Collection . This will complete the circuit of the Past HistOIy Of Life in a

manner which will be unrivaled in any museum in the world , and it is peculiarly appropriate to present in mural paintings on the walls here the Pleistocene man as a hunter Of these great mammals in Europe and North America and as the artist who depicted forms with rare ﬁdelity E Of E . T T E E on the walls caves in urope his PL IS OC N hall , there

it z oOlo ical fore , like that below , connects perfectly the g with the anthropological section to the west , and gives us a perfect sequence .

T e H TH h all of AFRICAN AN ROPOLOGY , to the west , is rapidly

for muniﬁce nt of being prepared the gifts of the late King the Belgians ,

of through a number important purchases , through photographs donated to us by several explorers and through our ow n expeditions

one in various parts of Africa . It is of the halls in which a splendid

e arrangement and exhibition is already in Sight . Th visitor then passes into the Southwest Pavilion displaying the anthropology of

of E of H the PACIFIC ISLANDS , POLYN SIA , AWAII , where our collections are still in the initial stage .

o of In the adj ining hall the Southwest Wing , however, we enter the

E our PHILIPPIN ISLANDS , where collections are really very rich

of and promise to be nearly complete in the course a few more years . The next section west of the Entrance Pavilion brings us naturally to CHINA AND JAPAN , from which we have already secured , through H f . E . the East Asiatic Committee , gifts from Mr J . . Schi f, Mr . dward D fl 173 ] _ A N D W 0

7 7 O r R E E T J AN .

LOOR DM N S R ON R EPA R O N ORAGE . F . A FI TH F I I T ATI , P ATI , ST

HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM

MUSEUM EXTENSION

The Museum has already entered upon a method of M useum Exten sion which reaches the entire school system O f the City through

a of the circul tion small traveling museums . Within its walls there H E ’ has been established a C ILDR N S ROOM , which promises to

’ become a more important feature as time goes on . Children s Rooms have been successively established in the Brooklyn Museum of Arts

and Sciences , and the Smithsonian Institution at Washington . The American Museum has also made a beginning in reaching the blind U EU THE through a M S M FOR BLIND , the ﬁrst of its kind to our knowledge . The ﬁnal recommendation of this report is that the Trustees should be willing to consider the advisability of establishing an

EAST SIDE BRANCH MUSEUM

of placed in the most congested district of the City , in the center a population eager for education and keenly appreciative both Of the

Of The Branch Library and the Free Lecture Systems . attendance at

of the Aquarium , which is within easy reach the congested East Side

ns district , amounting to three and a half millio a year, gives some idea of of old the number people, both and young, who could be reached and educated through a branch . Such an institution should be the

n gift of some special benefactor a d philanthropist . It Should be amply

to on . endowed , so as not be a tax the parent institution It should enjoy a maintenance fund from the City which would provide merely

not s The for its upkeep and administration , but for its collection . parent Museum could contribute to such a branch , without sacriﬁce , many admirable educational exhibits . Such a branch would be a great force in the public education of the newcomers of all lands who are E crowding into the ast Side of the City . Similar undertakings in

London have met with extraordinary success and popular approval . [ 176 ]