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Q Weltraum.Pdf Titel.qxd 18.05.2005 12:31Uhr Seite 1 Q_Weltraum 18.05.2005 12:33Uhr Seite 2 Inhalt Freie Fahrt ins All: Private Raumfahrt 4 Raumfahrt im Leichtbau: SpaceShipOne 9 Raketentriebwerke 11 Space-Shuttle: Problemkind statt Erfolgsstory 13 Raumstation ISS – eine Idee scheitert 16 China: die neue Raumfahrt-Nation 18 Visionär oder Spinner? 20 Plattdeutsch ins All 22 Linktipps 25 Impressum Text: Tristan Chytroschek, Heinz Greuling, Jenni Rieger, Silvio Wenzel Weltraum-Abenteuer Redaktion und Koordination: Wolfgang Lemme Copyright: WDR März 2005 Weitere Informationen erhalten sie unter: www.quarks.de Gestaltung: Designbureau Kremer & Mahler, Köln Diese Broschüre wurde auf 100% chlorfrei gebleichtem Papier gedruckt. Bildnachweise – alle Abbildungen wdr ausser: Tom Hanks – Rechte: dpa Anousheh und Hamid Ansari – Rechte: X-Prize Foundation Unfall der Columbia – Rechte: EVN Schadensentstehung bei der Columbia – Rechte: NASA Explosion der Challenger – Rechte: NASA Ein Space Shuttle in Startposition – Rechte: NASA Startvorbereitung eines Space Shuttle – Rechte: NASA ISS Animation der Pläne – Rechte: ESA Start der Protonrakete – Rechte: EVN, WDR Yang Li Wei in seiner Shenzhou 5 Kapsel im Orbit – Rechte: EVN, WDR Start der Rakete Langer Marsch 2F – Rechte: EVN, WDR 2 3 Q_Weltraum 18.05.2005 12:33Uhr Seite 4 Freie Fahrt ins All: Private Raumfahrt Neuer Wettlauf ins All Vorbild waren Wettbewerbe, die Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts die Luftfahrt beflügelten. Der wohl berühm- teste darunter ist das Rennen um den ersten Nonstop-Flug von New York nach Paris. Ein reicher Hotelier hatte den Preis ausgeschrieben. Es gewann 1927 ein junger Pilot, der vorher Postpakete über Land geflogen hatte: Charles Lindbergh. Der Erfolg des bis dahin unbekannten Lindbergh weckte das öffentliche Interesse am Fliegen und legte den Grundstein für die heute milliardenschwere Flugzeug- industrie. Die Stifter des Weltraum-Wettbewerbs wollten Oscar-Preisträger Tom 1996 einen ähnlichen Wettlauf auslösen, diesmal für die Hanks träumt davon, private Raumfahrt. Astronaut zu sein Eine Frau greift nach den Sternen Niedergang einer Raumfahrt-Nation Die entscheidende Schubkraft für den Preis kam von einer zierlichen Raumfahrt-Nation USA – das war einmal: Pleiten, Pech und Frau. Am 5. Mai 2004 wurde aus Pannen verfolgen die NASA schon seit langem. Und ihre dem X-Prize der AnsariX-Prize. Bürokratie -– sagen Kritiker – erstickt neue Ideen. Eine Dem Gewinner winkten nun 10 Gruppe vermögender Amerikaner kam daher 1996 auf den Millionen US-Dollar, gespendet Gedanken, der bemannten Raumfahrt mit einem privaten von Anousheh Ansari, einer welt- Wettbewerb neue Impulse zu geben. Sie fand sofort raumbegeisterten Unternehmerin. Unterstützung bei Prominenten, unter anderem bei Schau- Anousheh Ansari wurde 1967 in spieler Tom Hanks und dem Science-Fiction-Autor Arthur Teheran geboren, wanderte mit C. Clarke. Den X-Prize sollte der bekommen, der es schaf- siebzehn in die USA aus und stu- fen würde, vor dem 1. Januar 2005 zweimal innerhalb von dierte dort Elektrotechnik und zwei Wochen ins All zu fliegen und wieder sicher auf der Informatik. Zusammen mit ihrem Erde zu landen. Der Preis war nicht als Elite-Unternehmen Mann Hamid gründete sie 1993 für NASA-Profis gedacht, sondern sollte kreative Bastler die Firma Telecom Technologies, Inc. Die beiden machten Die Unternehmerin Anousheh ansprechen. Ziel war die kommerzielle Raumfahrt, Aus- ein Vermögen, und schon sieben Jahre später konnte Ansari mit Ehemann Hamid flüge ins All für jedermann. Die Stifter waren sicher, dass Ansari ihr Unternehmen für 440 Millionen Dollar verkau- es dafür einen Markt gibt: Seit über 30 Jahren wartet die fen. „Wer so viel aufgegeben hat wie wir, sollte nach Öffentlichkeit auf die Gelegenheit, das Weltall auf eigene etwas Besserem streben“, sagte sie. Und: „Als Kind Faust zu entdecken – man hoffte auf zahlreiche Bewerber schaute ich oft in den Himmel und träumte davon, durchs und ungewöhnliche Ansätze. Weltall zu reisen“. Mit ihrem Beitrag zum X-Prize wollte sie diesen Traum wahr werden lassen. 4 5 Q_Weltraum 18.05.2005 12:33Uhr Seite 6 Butterfahrt ins Universum Der Wettbewerb sollte vor allem die Entwicklung von kom- „Starchaser“: Steve Bennett, ein Professor der eng- merziellen Raumschiffen fördern, für einen öffentlichen lischen Universität Salford, wollte mit einer einstufi- Markt. Die Anforderungen waren entsprechend: gen Rakete ins Weltall fliegen. Zum Test baute er eine 13 Meter hohe Versuchsrakete. Die endgültige Das Raumfahrzeug muss von privater Hand Rakete sollte einmal doppelt so groß sein. Im No- finanziert und gebaut werden. vember 2001erreichte sein Testsystem eine Höhe Das Raumschiff muss zweimal innerhalb von zwei von immerhin 1,5 Kilometern. Obwohl er den Preis Wochen an die Grenze der Erdatmosphäre nicht gewann, bastelt der Professor weiter: Mitte Durch den Ansari X-Prize soll (100 km Höhe) fliegen können. 2005 will er eine Höhe von acht Kilometern erreichen. jeder bald zum Astronauten Es muss den Piloten und mindestens zwei Passagiere werden können transportieren können. Wenn keine Passagiere mit- „Canadian Arrow“: Alte Pläne für Hitlers „Wunder- fliegen, muss entsprechend schwerer Ballast waffe“ V2 hat der kanadische Ingenieur Geoff Sheerin (jeweils 90 kg) mitgenommen werden. für seine Rakete ausgegraben. Die Nazis entwickel- Mindestens 90 % des Raumschiffs muss wieder ten die V2 gegen Ende des Krieges und bombardier- verwendbar sein. ten damit Städte in England und Belgien. Sheerin Die Flüge müssen bis zum 1. Januar 2005 durchgeführt baute das alte Triebwerk nach und hat es bereits ge- werden. testet. Um die V2 für Touristenflüge zu benützen, verlängerte er sie um 3 Meter und ergänzte sie um eine Trotz dieser harten Vorgaben meldeten sich weltweit 2. Stufe. Auch er arbeitet weiter an seinem Projekt. immerhin 26 Teams an. „American Advent“: Der pensionierte NASA Ingenieur James Akkerman wollte seine Rakete aus Sicherheits- Tollkühne Männer in ihren fliegenden Kisten gründen nicht vom Land, sondern vom Meer aus starten. Die Rakete sollte im Wasser gezündet wer- Obwohl die meisten Teilnehmer nie über die Ideenphase den und die Passagiere innerhalb von zwei Minuten hinauskamen, bestachen einige Projekte durch ihre auf 100 Kilometer Höhe schießen. Bisher ist Akker- Kreativität und ihre technische Brillianz: mans Projekt nur eine Idee. Er sucht immer noch nach Geldgebern, um sein Vorhaben zu finanzieren. Das „daVinci“-Projekt: Der Kanadier Brian Feeney Die American Advent Rakete wollte seine Rakete nicht vom Boden, sondern „ARCA“: das finanzschwächste Team der Bewerber- startet aus dem Meer von einem in 21 Kilometer Höhe schwebenden riege. Der Rumäne Dimitru Popescu, ein 27-jähriger Heliumballon aus starten, um teuren Treibstoff Student, bastelte sechs Jahre lang an seiner Rakete, und schwere Tanks zu sparen. Das Raumschiff setzte sie im Garten seines Schwiegervaters zusam- sollte von dort auf die geforderten 100 Kilometer men und ließ sie von einem Nachbarn mit einem Höhe geschossen werden. In Bodennähe sollten umgebauten Staubsauger lackieren. Am 9. Septem- Fallschirme den Fall verlangsamen. Feeney und ber 2003 führte er einen Testflug durch. Obwohl das Die Rakete des sein Team hatten zwar schon einige Teile fertig Triebwerk durch einen Kurzschluss unkontrolliert „daVinci“-Projekts wird von gestellt, aber schafften es nicht, die Frist einzu- zündete, war es ein perfekter Flug. Schon 2005 will einem Heliumballon halten. Trotzdem arbeiten sie auch im Jahr 2005 Popescu sein nächstes Modell der Öffentlichkeit aus gestartet weiter an ihrem Projekt vorstellen. 6 7 Q_Weltraum 18.05.2005 12:33Uhr Seite 8 Raumfahrt im Leichtbau: SpaceShipOne Der Sieger steht fest – das Rennen geht weiter Die Überflieger: Burt Rutan und Paul Allen Es war ein amerikanisches Team, das schließlich die Er ist der Paradiesvogel in der Flugzeugbranche: der Millionen einstreichen konnte: eine Gruppe um Burt Amerikaner Burt Rutan. Schon mit acht Jahren entwarf er Rutan. Der Ingenieur hatte 1986 weltweit Aufsehen erregt, Modellflugzeuge, mit sechzehn meisterte er seinen ersten als die von ihm konstruierte „Voyager“ zum ersten Mal Alleinflug, und 1986 erregte er weltweite Aufmerksamkeit, nonstop und ohne aufzutanken um die Welt flog – ein als die von ihm konstruierte „Voyager“ zum ersten Mal Rekord, den der ebenfalls von Rutan konstruierte „Virgin nonstop und ohne aufzutanken um die Welt flog. Auch die Global Flyer“ am 3. März 2005 sogar noch einmal verbes- „Virgin Global Flyer“, mit der Bob Fosset am 3. März 2005 serte. um den Globus sauste, entstammt Rutans Werkstatt. Millionär Paul Allen, Rutan galt zu Recht als einer der Favoriten im Rennen um Siegerteam feiert mit Pilot Michael Melvill und Als bekannt wurde, dass Rutan am Ansari X-Prize teilneh- den Ansari-X-Prize, mit dem Weltraum-Begeisterte die Champagner Konstrukteur Burt Rutan men wollte, galt er zu Recht als einer der Favoriten. Zudem kommerzielle Raumfahrt beflügeln wollten. Mithilfe des hatte er finanzkräftige Unterstützung: Paul Allen, millionenschweren Unternehmers Paul Allen, Mitbegrün- Mitbegründer des Software-Giganten Microsoft, finanzier- der des Software-Giganten Microsoft, schaffte es Rutan, te das Projekt mit 20 Millionen Dollar. Der geniale Kon- 25 Mitbewerber zu schlagen. Im Oktober 2004 flog sein strukteur und der weltraumbesessene Millionär schafften „SpaceShipOne“ zweimal innerhalb von zwei Wochen von es, in nur zweieinhalb Jahren ein funktionsfähiges der Erde aus bis an die Grenze zum Weltall in 100 Raumschiff zu bauen – zu einem Spottpreis. Es kostete
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